Me7228 Module2 Wave Equation

Wave Equation: Derivation & Solutions
P Chandramouli
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
January 15, 2020
Mouli (IIT Madras) Acoustics & Noise Control January 15, 2020 1 / 22
Solution in Cartesian Co-ordinates
Let us use the separation of variables method to solve
I p(x, y, z, t) = X(x)Y (y)Z(z)T (t)
Substitution in wave equation yields
2 2 2 XY Z d2 T
I Y ZT ddxX2 + XZT ddyY2 + XY T ddzZ2 = c2 dt2
Dividing throughout by p(x, y, z, t) one gets

1 d2 X 1 d2 Y 1 d2 Z 1 d2 T
I
X dx2 + Y dy 2 + Z dz 2 = c2 T dt2
Each term is a function of only one variable and to be equal for

all x, y, z and t they each must be a constant
1 d2 T d2 T
I
c2 T dt2
= −k 2 or dt2
+ ω 2 T = 0; ω = ck
The solution in complex form is T (t) = At eiωt + Bt e−iωt

I We will retain the form T (t) = Bt e−iωt for all our further
discussions
Solution in Cartesian Co-ordinates - 2
1 d2 X 1 d2 Y 1 d2 Z
We let X dx2
= −kx2 Y dy 2
= −ky2 and Z dz 2
= −kz2
I kx , ky and kz are each a constant but kx2 + ky2 + kz2 = k 2
We then have the following forms for the solution
I X(x) = Ax eikx x + Bx e−ikx x ; Y (y) = Ay eiky y + By e−iky y ;
Z(z) = Az eikz z + Bz e−ikz z
Solutions of the form ei(kx x−ωt) represent forward travelling

waves
While e−i(kx x+ωt) represents backward travelling waves
I Assuming kx and ω are positive
I Why so? ForwBack
Solutions in Cartesian Co-ordinates - 3
In an infinite domain without any boundaries

I p(x, y, z, t) = Aei(kx x+ky y+kz z−ωt)
Only forward wave exists assuming source only at origin
This is called a plane wave
I Surfaces of constant phase are infinite parallel planes normal to
the direction of propagation PlnWaves
I Propagation direction vector is ~k = kx î + ky ĵ + kz k̂
I kx x + ky y + kz z = ~k.~r
I At a given time instant constant phase implies the above
represents the equation of a plane
Propagating Plane Wave: 2D
Interpretation: 2D
The fact that kx2 + kz2 = k 2

implies that kx -kz pair lies on
the circle shown
I Termed radiation circle
One can write kx = k cos θ
and kz = k sin θ
~k represents direction of
propagation
Interpretation: 3D
The fact that

kx2 + ky2 + kz2 = k 2 implies
that kx -ky -kz triplet lies on a
sphere
I Centre at origin
I Called radiation sphere
One can write
kx = k sin θ cos φ;
ky = k sin θ sin φ and
kz = k cos θ
From: Fourier Acoustics: Sound Radiation and Nearfield
~k represents direction of Acoustical Holography, Earl G. Williams, 1999, Academic Press:
London
propagation
Evanascent Plane Wave: 2D
In the animation shown 2 slides before we had
I k = 18.48 and kx = 10 and we let ky = 0
I From radiation circle this yields kz = 15.54
Now what if kx > k ?
This would mean that kz2 = k 2 − kx2 is negative
p
I kz = ±i kx2 − k 2
The sound pressure becomes p(x, z, t) = Ae∓kz z ei(kx x−ωt)

If we take the negative sign for positive z then we have
I p(x, z, t) = Ae−kz z ei(kx x−ωt)
I Wave decays in z direction and propagates along x
I This is called an evanascent wave
Evanascent Wave Animation
Key Takeaway
Plane wave propagation happens if the triplet kx − ky − kz lies

on the radiation sphere surface
If any one of these is greater than k or the combinations of
kx − ky or kx − kz or ky − kz lie outside the sphere then we have
evanascent waves
Solution in Spherical Co-ordinates
Plane Waves
I Leads to wavefronts which extends to infinity in at least one
dimension
Spherical geometry leads to finite compact wavefronts
Realistic problems better modelled using spherical waves
I Especially in machinery vibro-acoustics
Defining Spherical Coordinates
Relation to Cartesian frame

of reference
I x = r sin θ cos φ
I y = r sin θ sin φ
I z = r cos θ
θ referred to as polar angle is
between ~r and z axis
φ referred to as azimuthal
angle is between projection of
~r on xy plane and x axis
Spherical Coordinates
p
r= x2 + y 2 + z 2
√
x2 +y 2
tan θ = z
tan φ = xy
Wave Equation in Spherical Coordinates
Wave equation in spherical coordinates is given by
∂2p 1 ∂2p
I 1 ∂
r2 ∂r
(r2 ∂p
∂r ) + 1 ∂
r2 sin θ ∂θ
(sin θ ∂p
∂θ ) + 1
r2 sin2 θ ∂φ2
= c2 ∂t2
1 ∂2
Useful to remember that 1 ∂
r2 ∂r
(r2 ∂p
∂r
) = r ∂r2
(rp)
Suppose we look for a solution that is independent of θ and φ
∂2 1 ∂2
I
∂r2
(rp) = c2 ∂t2
(rp)
Using separation of variables leads to the solution
I p(r, t) = 1r Aei(kr−ωt) Wavefront
Recall our earlier discussion about sound pressure amplitude

reducing with distance?
I The above solution mirrors that while plane wave solution does
not
Key Takeaways
We have seen that the spherical wave solution is more realistic

I Demonstrates 6 dB drop in sound pressure with doubling of
distance
I Useful for modelling problems of vibro-acoustics in most
situations
F Sound waves generated by vibration of machine surfaces
I Of course at large distances from the source spherical
wavefronts can be approximated as plane
Key Takeaways 2
Plane wave models can be used for

I Duct acoustics where length dimension significantly larger than
the cross-section dimensions
F Application to mufflers
I Interface between media assuming infinite extent
I Wave propagation through acoustic materials
F With viscous and thermal dissipation
F Again assuming infinite extent of material
Most of these involve using a one-dimensional approximation of
the plane wave equation developed
We start looking at these in the next two modules of the course
Longitundinal Wave
Back
Longitundinal Wave2
Back
Forward Wave
Next
Backward Wave
Back
Plane Wave Propagation
Back
Wave with Radial Symmetry
From http://resource.isvr.soton.ac.uk/spcg/tutorial/tutorial/Tutorial files/Web-basics-pointsources.htm Back

Me7228 Module2 Wave Equation

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Me7228 Module2 Wave Equation

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Wave Equation: Derivation & Solutions

January 15, 2020

Dividing throughout by p(x, y, z, t) one gets

Each term is a function of only one variable and to be equal for

The solution in complex form is T (t) = At eiωt + Bt e−iωt

Solutions of the form ei(kx x−ωt) represent forward travelling

In an infinite domain without any boundaries

The fact that kx2 + kz2 = k 2

The fact that

The sound pressure becomes p(x, z, t) = Ae∓kz z ei(kx x−ωt)

Plane wave propagation happens if the triplet kx − ky − kz lies

Relation to Cartesian frame

Recall our earlier discussion about sound pressure amplitude

We have seen that the spherical wave solution is more realistic

Plane wave models can be used for

From http://resource.isvr.soton.ac.uk/spcg/tutorial/tutorial/Tutorial files/Web-basics-pointsources.htm Back

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen