SUMMER

INTERNSHIP
REPORT

Submitted By:-
Saurabh Gupt
108142
EC-1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to Mr.

ASHISH, Emtech institute, Delhi for giving us
full support to carry out my summer internship
successfully. I thank him for timely advice and
for guiding me through various stages. Without
his conscious efforts, this internship would have
been impossible.

Saurabh Gupt
108142
EC-1

DIGITAL CLOCK
INTRODUCTION
A digital clock is a type of clock that displays the time
digitally, as opposed to an analog clock, where the time is
displayed by hands. Usually, digital clocks are associated with
electronic drives, but the "digital" description refers only to
the display, not to the drive mechanism. (Analog clocks are
driven mechanically or electronically.)

DISPLAY
To represent the time, most digital clocks use a seven-segment
LED, VFD, or LCD display for each of four digits. They generally
also include other elements to indicate whether the time is AM or
PM, whether or not an alarm is set, and so on.

Since they run on electricity, digital clocks must be reset every

time the power is cut off. This is a particular problem with alarm
clocks that have no "battery" backup, because even a very brief
power outage during the night usually results in the clock failing to
trigger the alarm in the morning.

To reduce the problem, many devices designed to operate on

household electricity incorporate a battery backup to maintain the
time during power outages and during times of disconnection from
the power supply. More recently, some devices incorporate a
method for automatically setting the time, such as using a
broadcast radio time signal from an atomic clock, getting the time
from an existing satellite television or computer connection, or by
being set at the factory and then maintaining the time from then on
with a quartz movement powered by an internal rechargeable
battery.
 ADVANTAGES
 Even if there is power failure, the clock displays the right
time that it should display, when the power supply is back.

 Simplicity of the system.

 Accuracy of the system.

USES
Because digital clocks can be very small and inexpensive
devices that enhance the popularity of product designs, they are
often incorporated into all kinds of devices such as cars, radios,
televisions, microwave ovens, standard ovens, computers and cell
phones. Sometimes their usefulness is disputed: a common
complaint is that when time has to be set to Daylight Saving Time,
many household clocks have to be readjusted. The incorporation of
automatic synchronisation by a radio time signal is reducing this
problem.

COMPONENTS USED
 Components Quantity

• Bread Board 1
• Seven Segment Display 4
• Transistor (npn) (BC 547) 4
• Transistor (pnp) (BC 557) 1
• Resistance (330 Ω) 7
• Resistance (2.2 kΩ) 5
• Resistance (10 kΩ) 4
• Resistance (1 kΩ) 1
• Resistance (670 Ω) 1
• Capacitor (22 pf) 2
• Buzzer 1
• Oscillator (4 MHz) 1
• Oscillator (32.768 kHz) 1
• RTC battery(3V) 1
• Keys 4
• PIC 16F873A (microcontroller) 1
• DS 1307 (RTC IC) 1

BLOCK DIAGRAM
Keys Seven
For Segment
Display
Setting
Time
Microcontroller
PIC 16F873A

DS1307
(RTC)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CODING
#include<pic.h>
#define EN_1 RC7
#define EN_2 RC6
#define EN_3 RC5
#define EN_4 RC2
#define SET_KEY RA0
#define INC_KEY RA1
#define DEC_KEY RA2
#define OK_KEY RA3
#define BUZZER RC0
#define SDA RC4
#define SCL RC3
#define FOSC 4000
#define BAUD 100
#define i2c_device_addr 0xD0
#define SSD PORTB
//----------------------------------------
void ssd_num_dis(unsigned char,unsigned char);
void ssd_hour_dis(unsigned char);
void ssd_min_dis(unsigned char);
void i2c_byte_write(unsigned char, unsigned char); //address,data
unsigned char i2c_byte_read(unsigned char); //address
void send_i2c_byte(unsigned char);
void check_ack(void);
void wait_mssp(void);
void delay(unsigned int);
void set(void);
void inc(void);
void dec(void);
void detect(void);
unsigned char
ssd_table[]={0X3F,0X06,0X5B,0X4F,0X66,0X6D,0X7C,0X07,0
X7F,0X67};
unsigned char
ssd_table2[]={0xBF,0X86,0XDB,0XCF,0XE6,0XED,0XFC,0X87,
0XFF,0XE7};
unsigned char hour=15,min=53,count=0;

//----------------------------------------------------------
void main()
{
ADCON1=0x06;
TRISB=0x00;
TRISA=0xFF;
TRISC=0x00;
SSPCON=0x28;
PORTC=0X01;
SSPSTAT=0x80;
SSPCON2=0x00;
SSPADD=FOSC/(4*BAUD)-1;
while(1)
{
count=0;
if(SET_KEY==0)
{ min=i2c_byte_read(0x01);
ssd_num_dis(min,hour);
hour=i2c_byte_read(0x02);
ssd_num_dis(min,hour);
if((hour==6)&&(min==0))
{
BUZZER=0;
}
else BUZZER=1;
}
else
{
set();
i2c_byte_write(0x01,min);
delay(500);
 i2c_byte_write(0x02,hour);
delay(500);
}
}

}
//----------------------------------------------------------
void i2c_byte_write(unsigned char i2c_addr,unsigned char
i2c_data)
{
RSEN=1; // START
wait_mssp(); //Check_SSPIF

send_i2c_byte(i2c_device_addr|0x00);
check_ack();

send_i2c_byte(i2c_addr);
check_ack();

send_i2c_byte(i2c_data);
check_ack();

PEN=1; //STOP
wait_mssp();
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------
unsigned char i2c_byte_read(unsigned char i2c_addr)
{ unsigned char i2c_read_data;
RSEN=1; // START
wait_mssp(); //Check_SSPIF

send_i2c_byte(i2c_device_addr|0x00);
check_ack();

send_i2c_byte(i2c_addr);
check_ack();
 RSEN=1; // RESTART
wait_mssp(); //Check_SSPIF

send_i2c_byte(i2c_device_addr|0x01);
check_ack();

RCEN=1; //read
wait_mssp();
i2c_read_data=SSPBUF;

ACKDT=1;
ACKEN=1;

PEN=1; //STOP
wait_mssp();
return(i2c_read_data);
}
void send_i2c_byte(unsigned char i2c_byte)
{
SSPBUF=i2c_byte;
wait_mssp(); //Check_SSPIF
}
void wait_mssp()
{
while(!SSPIF);
SSPIF=0;
delay(500);
}
void check_ack()
{
while(ACKSTAT)
{
BUZZER=0;
delay(30000);
BUZZER=1;
 delay(30000);
}
}
void delay(unsigned int mdelay)
{
while(mdelay--);
}
//-----------------------------------------------
void ssd_num_dis(unsigned char smin,unsigned char shour)
{unsigned char stimes;
for(stimes=0;stimes<50;stimes++)
{
EN_1=EN_2=EN_3=EN_4=0;
SSD=ssd_table[smin%16];
EN_4=1;
delay(200);
EN_1=EN_2=EN_3=EN_4=0;
SSD=ssd_table[smin/16];
EN_3=1;
delay(200);
EN_1=EN_2=EN_3=EN_4=0;
SSD=ssd_table2[shour%16];
EN_2=1;
delay(200);
EN_1=EN_2=EN_3=EN_4=0;
SSD=ssd_table[shour/16];
EN_1=1;
delay(200);
}
}
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
void ssd_hour_dis(unsigned char shour)
{
unsigned char stimes;
for(stimes=0;stimes<50;stimes++)
{
 EN_1=EN_2=EN_3=EN_4=0;
SSD=ssd_table[shour%16];
EN_2=1;
delay(200);
EN_1=EN_2=EN_3=EN_4=0;
SSD=ssd_table[shour/16];
EN_1=1;
delay(200);
}
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------

void ssd_min_dis(unsigned char smin)

{
unsigned char stimes;
for(stimes=0;stimes<50;stimes++)
{
EN_1=EN_2=EN_3=EN_4=0;
SSD=ssd_table[smin%16];
EN_4=1;
delay(200);
EN_1=EN_2=EN_3=EN_4=0;
SSD=ssd_table[smin/16];
EN_3=1;
delay(200);
}
}
//----------------------------------
void inc()
{
if(count==0)
{
if(hour==0x23)
hour=0x00;
if(hour<0x23)
 hour++;
if(hour==0x0A||hour==0x1A)
hour=hour+6;
}
if(count==1)
{
if(min==0x59)
min=0x00;
if(min<0x59)
min++;
if(min==0x0A||min==0x1A||min==0x2A||min==0x3A||
min==0x4A)
min=min+6;
}
}
//-----------------------------------------------
void dec()
{
if(count==0)
{
if(hour==0x00)
hour=0x23;
if(hour>0x00)
hour--;
if(hour==0x0F||hour==0x1F)
hour=hour-6;
}
if(count==1)
{
if(min==0x00)
min=0x59;
if(min>0x00)
min--;
if(min==0x0F||min==0x1F||min==0x2F||min==0x3F||
min==0x4F)
min=min-6;
 }
}
//-------------------------------------------------------
void detect()
{
if(INC_KEY==1)
inc();
if(DEC_KEY==1)
dec();
if(OK_KEY==1)
{count++; while(OK_KEY==1);}
}
//--------------------------------------------------------
void set()
{
while(count==0)
{
ssd_hour_dis(hour);
detect();
}
while(count==1)
{
ssd_min_dis(min);
detect();
}
}

WORKING
I2C PROTOCOL
 The I2C-bus supports any IC fabrication process (NMOS,
CMOS, bipolar). Two wires, serial data (SDA) and serial clock
(SCL), carry information between the devices connected to the
bus. Each device is recognized by a unique address (whether it’s a
microcontroller, LCD driver, memory or keyboard interface) and
can operate as either a transmitter or receiver, depending on the
function of the device. Obviously an LCD driver is only a receiver,
whereas a memory can both receive and transmit data.
In addition to transmitters and receivers, devices can also be
considered as masters or slaves when performing data transfers. A
master is the device which initiates a data transfer on the bus and
generates the clock signals to permit that transfer. At that time, any
device addressed is considered a slave.
The I2C-bus is a multi-master bus. This means that more
than one device capable of controlling the bus can be connected to
it. It should be noted that master-slave relationships are not
permanent, but only depend on the direction of data transfer at that
time.

TERM DESCRIPTION

Transmitter-The device which sends data to thebus.

Receiver-The device which receives data from the bus.

Master-The device which initiates a transfer,generates clock

signals and terminates a transfer.

Slave-The device addressed by a master.

Multi-master-More than one master can attempt to control the bus

at the same time without corrupting the message.

Arbitration-Procedure to ensure that, if more than one master

simultaneously tries to control the bus, only one is allowed
to do so and the winning message is not corrupted.
Synchronization Procedure to synchronize the clock
signals of two or more devices.

DS1307

X1 1 5 Vcc
X2 2 6 SQW/OUT
Vbat 3 7SCL
GND 4 8 SDA

PIN DESCRIPTION

VCC - Primary Power Supply

X1, X2 - 32.768 kHz Crystal Connection
VBAT - +3V Battery Input
GND - Ground
SDA - Serial Data
SCL - Serial Clock
SQW/OUT - Square wave/Output Driver

DESCRIPTION

The DS1307 Serial Real Time Clock is a low power, full BCD
clock/calendar plus 56 bytes of nonvolatile SRAM. Address and
data are transferred serially via a 2-wire bi-directional bus. The
clock/calendar provides seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month,
and year information. The end of the month date is automatically
adjusted for months with less than 31 days, including corrections
for leap year. The clock operates in either the 24-hour or 12-hour
format with AM/PM indicator. The DS1307 has a built-in power
sense circuit which detects power failures and automatically
switches to the battery supply.

OPERATION

The DS1307 operates as a slave device on the serial bus.

Access is obtained by implementing a START condition and
providing a device identification code followed by a register
address. Subsequent registers can be accessed sequentially until a
STOP condition is executed. When VCC falls below 1.25 x VBAT
the device terminates an access in progress and resets the device
address counter. Inputs to the device will not be recognized at this
time to prevent erroneous data from being written to the device
from an out of tolerance system. When VCC falls below VBAT the
device switches into a low current battery backup mode. Upon
power up, the device switches from battery to VCC when VCC is
greater than VBAT +0.2V and recognizes inputs when VCC is
greater than 1.25 x VBAT. The block diagram in shows the main
elements of the Serial Real Time Clock.

DS1307 ADDRESS MAP

SECONDS
MINUTES
HOURS
DAY
DATE
MONTH
YEAR
CONTROL
RAM 56X8
00H
07H
08H
3FH
WORKING

Setting of Time
In order to set the time, four keys are provided. The first key is
set key, second is increment key, third is decrement and fourth is
OK key. When you feel the need of setting the time, press ‘set’
key, now hours start blinking. Change hours by ‘increment’ and
‘decrement’ keys. Increment will result in increase in hours and
decrease will make hour to decrease. After you reach the desired
hours, press ‘OK’ key.
Now you will find minutes start blinking. Set the minutes in
the same way as hours. After you press ‘OK’ key again, the time
changes from this current value.
What basically happens is that when ‘OK’ key is pressed twice
the data, which is set by user, is written at the corresponding
registers in the DS1307. It initializes the two registers and next
time when the change is made, the change is displayed in the last
value written in the register and hence the desired time is obtained.
The data is first converted to BCD code from its hexadecimal
counterpart and then it is sent to DS1307.

Displaying Time
The clock starts displaying time as soon as the power supply is
fed to the circuit. When power supply is given to the circuit, the
data present in the two registers (at locations 01H and 02H –
corresponding to minutes and hours respectively) of DS1307 is
read by microcontroller using I2C which further displays time on
seven segment display. For displaying time on seven segment
displays, the data coming from DS1307, in the form of BCD, is
converted into hexadecimal code and then it is send to the port.
 When there is no power, data automatically changes in
DS1307 due to the presence of secondary battery in the circuit and
is fed to microcontroller when the power supply is applied to the
circuit.

APPLICATIONS
Because digital clocks is very small and inexpensive devices
that enhance the popularity of product designs, they are often
incorporated into all kinds of devices such as

• cars
• radios
• televisions
• microwave owens
• standard ovens
• computers
• cell phones.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
• http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_clock
• www.best-microcontroller-projects.com
• PIC microcontroller and embedded systems by Muhammad Ali
Mazidi.