A single spring-mass system One mass + Two springs

2 mx  k ( x)  k ( x)
d x
m 2  kx  2kx
dt
x  Acos( t+ ) 2k

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m
Coupled oscillators

SHM Coupling
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term term
 Considering small-angle approximation
x1 xo
sin 1  ; sin  o 
l l
Equation of motion
Total force on Mass-1
x1
mx1   mg  k ( x1  x0 )
l
Total force on Mass-0
x0
mx0   mg  k ( x0  x1 )
l

SHM Coupling
term term
Mass-0 Mass-1
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 g
Let  
2
0
Natural freq. of each pendulum
l
k
x0   x    x0  x1 
2
0 0
m
k
x1  0 x1    x1  x0 
2

Adding: x1  x0   2
0  x1  x 0   0
 2 2k 
Subtracting: x1  x0   0    x1  x 0   0
 m
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 Normal Co-ordinates
Which gives a set of linear
x1  x0  q1 differential equations with
constant coefficients in which
x1  x0  q2 each equation contains only one
dependent variable (our Simple
Harmonic equations in q1 and q2
only)

Normal modes

q1   q  0
2
0 1 A vibration involving only one
dependent variable is called a
normal mode of vibration and has
 2 2k  its own normal frequency.
q2    0  q2  0 The importance of the normal
modes of vibration is that they are
 m entirely independent of each other
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Normal mode: A way in which the system can move in a steady
state, in which all parts of the system move with the same
frequency. The parts may have different (zero or negative)
amplitudes
Normal modes of Benzene

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 Normal frequencies

Slow mode 1  0
1/ 2
 2 2k 
Fast mode 2   1  
 m
Solutions

q 1  x1  x0  q10 cos 1t  1 

q 2  x1  x0  q20 cos 2t  2 
Normal modeIIT KGP
amplitudes
PH11001 Spring 2020
: q10 and q20
 In-phase vibration (Pendulum mode)

q2  0(x0  x1 )
q1   q  0
2
1 1

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 Out-of-phase vibration (Breathing mode)

q1  0 (x0   x1 )
 2 2k 
q2   1   q2  0
 m

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 Let us choose the following example

x1  2a & x0  0 at t 0

How will the system evolve with time?

q 1  x1  x0  q10 cos 1t  1 

q 2  x1  x0  q20 cos 2t  2 
Following the initial conditions:

q10  q20  2a
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 Pendulum displacements

1
x1   q1  q2   a  cos1t  cos2t 
2

 2acos
 2  1  t
cos
 1  2  t
2 2

1
x0   q1  q2   a  cos1t  cos2t 
2

 2asin
 2  1  t
sin
 1  2  t
2 2
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Superposition of Normal Modes

1
x1  (q1  q2 )
2

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Evolution with time for individual pendulum

x1(t)
x0(t)

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 Condition for complete energy exchange

The masses M0 and M1 have to be equal and-

For (2  1 )t  n (n is odd integer), x1=0

(2  1 )  n
x0  2a Sin
cos
(2  1 )  2
(2  1 ) m
 m is odd integer
(2  1 ) n

Else, neither of the two pendulums will ever be stationary

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