1.

Bernoulli’s principle

 the concept that an increase in a liquid's speed creates a pressure

decrease and a decrease in a liquid's speed creates a pressure

increase.

2. Blowers

 a machine to move air at a moderate pressure.

3. boundary layer

 the layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface

where the effects of viscosity are significant.

4. characteristic curves

 a graph of the relationship between the amount of exposure given a

film and it’s corresponding density after processing.

5. compressible fluid

 a fluid in which significant density variations that occur during its

flow have to be considered in which the cases for vapors and gases.

6. Compressors

 a machine which reduces the volume of gas or liquid by creating a

high pressure.

7. continuity equation

 the product of cross sectional area of the pipe and the velocity of the

fluid at any given point along the pipe is constant.

8. Couette Flow

 the flow of a viscous fluid in the space between two surfaces, one of

which is moving tangentially relative to the other.

9. Dimensional analysis

 The systematic procedure of identifying the variables in a physical

phenomena and correlating them to form a set of dimensionless

group.

10. Fans

 a machine used to move fluid or air.

11. flow nozzle

 used for determining fluid's flowrate through pipes.

12. fluid dynamics

 subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids—

liquids and gases.

13. Fluid Mechanics

 the study of fluid behavior (liquids, gases, blood, and plasmas) at

rest and in motion.

14. fluid metering

 the measurement of fluids, liquids in particular, in the form of flow

rate and/or fluid volume.

15. fluid statics

i. or hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies

"fluids at rest and the pressure in a fluid or exerted by a fluid

on an immersed body".

16. hagen-poiseuille equation

i. a physical law that gives the pressure drop in an

incompressible and Newtonian fluid in laminar flow flowing

through a long cylindrical pipe of constant cross section.

17. Heat Transfer

i. deals with the transfer of heat and how energy moves around.

18. hydrostatic equilibrium

i. the pressure at any point in a fluid at rest (whence,

“hydrostatic”) is just due to the weight of the overlying fluid.

19. incompressible fluid

i. the fluids with constant density. They could be liquids and

gases.

20. isothermal flow

i. a model of compressible fluid flow whereby the flow remains

at the same temperature while flowing in a conduit.

21. Manometer

i. simple and inexpensive device of measuring pressure and

pressure difference and usually bent to form a U-tube and

filled with liquid of known specific gravity.

22. Mass Transfer

i. the net movement of mass from one location, usually meaning

stream, phase, fraction or component, to another.

23. mechanical energy balance

i. a type of energy balance that can tell us a great deal about

simple flow systems.

24. net positive suction head

i. defined as the NPSH at which the pump total head (first stage

head in multi stage pumps) has decreased by three percent

(3%) due to low suction head and resultant cavitation within

the pump.

25. Newtonian fluid

i. defined as one with constant viscosity, with zero shear rate at

zero shear stress, that is, the shear rate is directly

proportional to the shear stress.

26. newton's law of viscosity

i. the relationship between the shear stress and shear rate of a

fluid subjected to a mechanical stress.

27. non newtonian fluid

i. a fluid whose viscosity is variable based on applied stress or

force.
28. non-isothermal flow

i. fluid flows with temperatures that are not constant. When a

fluid is subjected to a temperature change, its material

properties, such as density and viscosity, change accordingly.

29. Orifice

i. An opening, in a vessel, through which the liquid flows out

and the measurement of discharge.

30. Parallel pumps

i. Operated when two or more pumps are connected to a

common discharge line, and share the same suction

conditions.

31. pipe network analysis

i. the analysis of the fluid flow through a hydraulics network,

containing several or many interconnected branches.

32. pitot tube

i. used to measure air flow in pipes, ducts, and stacks, and

liquid flow in pipes, weirs, and open channels and detects the

flow velocity at only one point in the flowstream.

33. Pumps

i. a machine or device that is used for raising, compressing or

transferring fluid that may be liquid or gas.

34. reynolds number

i. a dimensionless number used to categorize the fluids systems

in which the effect of viscosity is important in controlling the

velocities or the flow pattern of a fluid.

35. Rotameter

i. a device that measures the flow rate of liquid or gas in a closed

tube.

36. series pumps

i. operated when the discharge of one pump is connected to the

suction side of a second pump.

37. Shear Viscosity

i. measures is resistance to flow. A simple flow field can be

established in a system by placing it between two plates and

then pulling the plates apart in opposite directions.

38. shell momentum balance

i. used to determine how fluid velocity changes across a flow.

39. skin friction

i. a friction force experienced along a surface and opposite in

direction to the motion of the fluid along the solid surface.

40. steady flow

i. the velocity of a fluid particle changes with the position.

41. Streamline

i. the path of imaginary particles suspended in the fluid and

carried along with it.

42. Streamtube

i. a tubular region of fluid surrounded by streamlines.

43. Transport Phenomena

i. studies the transport of mass, momentum and heat in

physical and (electro)chemical processes related to advanced

materials processing, energy conversion and storage, and

health.

44. unit operations

i. involve a physical change or chemical transformation such as

separation, crystallization, evaporation, filtration,

polymerization, isomerization, and other reactions. It forms

the fundamental principles of chemical engineering.

45. unsteady flow

i. A flow in which quantity of liquid flowing per second is not

constant, and is a transient phenomenon in which, It may be

in time become steady or zero flow.

46. velocity profile

i. a factor, that you could find the velocity in any depth of fluid

by changing the variable.

47. Venturi Meters

i. are used to measure the velocity of flow of fluids in a pipe.

48. Viscosity

i. The property of a fluid to resist the growth of shear

deformation.

49. Weirs

i. A structure, used to dam up a stream or river, over which the

water flows.

50. weymouth equation

i. appropriate for natural gas pipelines at certain sizes under

fully turbulent flow, is a simple formula for determining

friction factor based only on pipeline diameter.

Chemical engineering occupies a unique position at the interface between molecular sciences and engineering.

Intimately related with the fundamental subjects of chemistry, biology, mathematics, and physics — and

in close collaboration with fellow engineering disciplines like materials science, computer science, and

mechanical, electrical, and civil engineering — chemical engineering gives unparalleled opportunities to

do overwhelming things.

Chemical engineering is applied in the manufacture of wide variety of products. The chemical

industry proper manufactures inorganic and organic industrial chemicals, ceramics, fuels and

petrochemicals, agrochemicals (fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides), plastics and elastomers,

oleochemicals, explosives, fragrances and flavors, additives, dietary supplements, and

pharmaceuticals. Closely allied or overlapping disciplines include wood processing, food

processing, environmental technology, and the engineering of petroleum, glass, paints and other

coatings, inks, sealants, and adhesives.

Chemical engineers aim for the most economical process. This means that the entire production

chain must be planned and controlled for costs. A chemical engineer can both simplify and

complicate "showcase" reactions for an economic advantage. Using a higher pressure or

temperature makes several reactions easier; ammonia, for example, is simply produced from its

component elements in a high-pressure reactor. On the other hand, reactions with a low yield can

be recycled continuously, which would be complex, arduous work if done by hand in the

laboratory. It is not unusual to build 6-step, or even 12-step evaporators to reuse the vaporization

energy for an economic advantage. In contrast, laboratory chemists evaporate samples in a single

step.

Chemical engineers are first and foremost process engineers. That is, chemical engineers are responsible for
the design and operation of processes that produce a wide range of products from gasoline to plastics to
composite materials to synthetic fabrics to computer chips to corn chips. In addition, chemical engineers work
for environmental companies, government agencies including the military, law firms, and banking companies.
The trend of chemical engineering graduates taking employment in industries that can be designated as
bioengineering is a new feature of the twenty-first century. Not only have separate bioengineering or biomedical
departments been established, but some long-standing chemical engineering departments have modified their
names to “chemical and bioengineering” to reflect the research and fresh interests of students and faculty.

Chemical engineering is the newest of the four major engineering disciplines. As recognized professions,

civil and mechanical engineering both predate it by over 100 years. Chemical engineering arose as a

separate, distinct profession somewhat slowly, almost reluctantly, between the end of the 19th and the early

20th century. Once established, its rise was fast, however, becoming a well-recognized engineering

discipline by the late 1920's. This relatively late beginning and long adolescence tends to conceal the fact

that many procedures and techniques now considered standard were practiced long before the profession

came about.

The first high-volume chemical process was implemented in 1823 in England for the production of soda ash,
which was used for the production of glass and soap. During the same time, advances in organic chemistry led
to the development of chemical processes for producing synthetic dyes from coal for textiles, starting in the
1850s. In the latter half of the 1800s a number of chemical processes were implemented industrially, primarily
in Britain.

And in 1887 a series of lectures on chemical engineering which summarized industrial practice in the chemical
industry was presented in Britain. These lectures stimulated interest in the United States and to some degree
led to the formation of the first chemical engineering curriculum at MIT in 1888. Over the next 10 to 15 years a
number of U.S. universities embraced the field of chemical engineering by offering fields of study in this area. In
1908, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers was formed and since then has served to promote and
represent the interests of the chemical engineering community.
In 1824, French physicist Sadi Carnot, in his On the Motive Power of Fire, was the first
to study the thermodynamics of combustion reactions in steam engines. In the 1850s,
German physicist Rudolf Clausius began to apply the principles developed by Carnot to
chemicals systems at the atomic to molecular scale.[1] During the years 1873 to 1876,
at Yale University, American mathematical physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs, the first to be
awarded a Ph.D. in engineering in the U.S., in a series of three papers, developed a
mathematical-based, graphical methodology, for the study of chemical systems using
the thermodynamics of Clausius. In 1882, German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz,
published a founding thermodynamics paper, similar to Gibbs, but with more of an
electro-chemical basis, in which he showed that measure of chemical affinity, such as
the “force” of chemical reactions is determined by the measure of the free energy of the
reaction process. Following these early developments, the new science of chemical
engineering began to develop. The following timeline shows some of the key steps in
the development of the science of chemical engineering:[2]
 1805—John Dalton published Atomic Weights, allowing chemical equations to be
balanced and establishing the basis for chemical engineering mass balances.
 1882—a course in “Chemical Technology” is offered at University College, London
 1883—Osborne Reynolds defines the dimensionless group for fluid flow, leading
to practical scale-up and understanding of flow, heat and mass transfer
 1885—Henry E. Armstrong offers a course in “chemical engineering” at Central
College (later Imperial College, London).
 1888—Lewis M. Norton starts a new curriculum at Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT): Course X, Chemical Engineering
 1889—Rose Polytechnic Institute awards the first bachelor’s of science in
chemical engineering in the US.
 1891—MIT awards a bachelor’s of science in chemical engineering to William
Page Bryant and six other candidates.
 1892—A bachelor’s program in chemical engineering is established at
the University of Pennsylvania.
 1901—George E. Davis produces the Handbook of Chemical Engineering
 1905—the University of Wisconsin awards the first Ph.D. in chemical engineering
to Oliver Patterson Watts.
 1908—the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) is founded.
 1922—the UK Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) is founded.
 1942—Hilda Derrick, first female student member of the IChemE.

Chemical engineers work in too many different fields to possibly cover all of them in the time we have. In

the remaining six topics we will break the discipline into three areas: (1) the environment, (2) technology,

and (3) biological systems. For each of these three areas we'll use two topics to look in more depth at some

important problems, their impact on society, the role of the chemical engineer, and notable successes and
notable failures. Along the way we'll find that, although these fields appear extremely different from one

another, there is a relatively small set of underlying principles that governing the way things behave.