PLANT CELL
● CELL WALL – outer boundary; non living structure secreted
by the living parts; main component: cellulose
LAYERS OF THE CELL WALL
a. PRIMARY WALL – develops into new cell wall
b. MIDDLE LAMELLA – cement that holds the individual
cells together to form the tissues;
found between primary cell walls
of neighboring cells
c. SECONDARY CELL WALL - formed in the inner
surface of the cell wall
√ PITS- thin areas of the cell wall to which fine
Strands of protoplasm pass between
One cell to the next
√ PLASMODESMATA – cytoplasmic bridges which
aids in the transfer of substances and
impulses from one cell to another
● PROTOPLASM – (protoplast) living material surrounded by
the non living cell wall ; viscous, colorless,
transparent material
NOTE: CYTOPLASM is the cell substance between the cell
membrane and the nucleus which contains the cytosol,
organelles, cytoskeleton and various particles while
PROTOPLASM is the living content of the cell that is
surrounded by the cell membrane
COMPOSITION : chief organic compound are proteins ,
fats , carbohydrates and organic acids
and inorganic salts less than 1% . water is
from 85-90%
● PLASTIDS - round, oval or disk-shaped bodies found in
the green cells of plants except for photosynthetic
bacteria and blue green algae
KINDS OF PLASTIDS
a. PROPLASTIDS – found in young cells from which
other plastids develop; present in
meristematic cells
b. CHLOROPLASTS – green pigment
THYLAKOIDS – site of light reaction
STROMA – dense fluid in the chloroplast; dark reaction
GRANA- stacks of thylakoids
c. CHROMOPLASTS – responsible for the red, yellow,
brown or orange color of many fruits and
vegetables
d. LEUCOPLASTS- colorless plastids who’s main
function is for storage of STARCH; occur
in plants cells that are not exposed to light
KINDS OF LEUCOPLASTS
√ AMYLOPLASTS – starch
√ ELAIOPLASTS – oils or fats
√ ALEURONEPLASTS – proteins
● INCLUSIONS- non living structures present within living cell
a. CELL SAP – fluid vacuole
b. PIGMENTS- substances that give color
√ FLAVONES – yellow color
√ ANTHOCYANIN – red color to purple
√ MINERAL SALTS – inorganic salts
√ ORGANIC ACIDS – citric, pyruvic, succinic,
tannic and tartaric acids
c. METABOLITES
● ERGASTIC MATERIALS – food particles
a. STARCH GRANULE - appear in the form of grains
b. PROTEIN GRANULE – found in seeds
c. OIL GLOBULES – commonly present in seeds and
fruits
● CRYSTALS – products from the metabolic activities of the
protoplasm
a. raphide crystals
b. styloids or pseudoraphides
c. prismatic – rectangular or pyramidal
d. druse – spherical crystals
e. rosette crystals – flower-like
f. calcium carbonate crystals
g. siliceous crystals
● ORGANIC COMPOUNDS – most dry weight of plants
a. ALKALOIDS- nitrogenous organic substance of
alkaline reaction usually bitter in taste
and poisonous to animals
b. SAPONIN - a glycoside ( an organic compound
found in some plants which upon hydrolysis
yields a sugar and non sugar part known
as glycon; sources of stimulant and
narcotics
PROPERTIES OF SAPONIN
1. Form froth (bubbles) with water
2. Lower surface tension therefore can be used as
detergent
3. Hemolyze RBC , toxic to man
4. May be used as fish poison
5. Bitter in taste