Aaron Jolo D.

Alcantara
BSE-2A

SPANISH COLONIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

1521, Mar 16. A Spanish expedition, sailing across the Pacific Ocean from east
to west, and led by the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan (died Apr 27, 1521)
lands on Homonhon Island east of Samar with three small ships, named the
Concepcion, Trinidad and Victoria. Magellan calls the place San Lazaro Island
since March 16 is Saint Lazarus day.

1521, Mar 28. Directing his ships southwestward, Magellan reaches Limasawa
Island, south of Leyte. It is ruled by Rajah Kulambo, who becomes Magellan's
friend.

1521, Mar 29. To seal the friendship between Magellan and Rajah Kulambo, they
solemnize a blood compact. This is the first recorded blood compact in
Philippine history.

1521, Mar 31. The first mass on Philippine soil is celebrated on Limasawa or
Masao in some reference book.

1521, Apr 7. After sailing to Cebu Island, Magellan enters a new blood compact
with the local chieftain, Rajah Humabon.

1521, Apr 27. Magellan dies in a battle with Lapu-Lapu, chieftain of Mactan, an
island near Cebu.

1525. Spain sends an expedition under Juan Garcia Jofre de Loaysa to the
Philippines. The expedition expects to find gold and spices but fails to do so.
Loaysa and many members of his crew die in the Philippines.

1526. Spain sends a third expedition to the Philippines under the leadership
of Juan Cabot. This expedition never reaches the archipelago as three years are
wasted in South America, trying to find a new route to the East.

1527. The fourth expedition sent by Spain to The Country is under the command
of Alvaro de Saavedra. It is the first Spanish expedition starting from Mexico. It
reaches Mindanao but on the way to Cebu Saavedra's ship is carried by strong
winds to the Moluccas.

1529. Saavedra's expedition returns to Spain without Saavedra who died on the
way home.

1536. The Loaysa expedition returns to Spain. One of its survivors isAndres de
Urdaneta, its chronicler.

1543, Feb 2. The leader of the most successful Spanish expedition after
Magellan, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (died Apr 4, 1546) arrives in the
archipelago. He names the islands the Philippines in honor of the son of King
Charles I, Philip II (1556-1598) of Spain. Villalobos reaches Sarangani Island off
the eastern coast of Mindanao and settles there for 8 months. But because of the
scarcity of food, the expedition is forced to leave the place and sails to the
Moluccas where Villalobos dies.
1565, Feb 13. With four ships and 380 men, Miguel Lopez de Legaspiarrives in
the Philippines.

1565, May 8. The Island of Cebu is surrendered to Legaspi by its rulerKing

Tupas. Legaspi establishes the first permanent Spanish settlement on Cebu and
becomes the first Spanish Governor-General. By his order,tributes are collected
from all Filipino males aged 19 to 60.

1568. The Portuguese, under the command of General Gonzalo de Pereira,

attack Cebu and blockade its port.

1570. The Portuguese again attack the colony and are repulsed. The series of
attacks stems from Portugal's claim to the territory based on the provision of
the Treaty of Tordisillas entered into by Spain and Portugal on June 7, 1474, in
which their respective spheres of influence, trade and conquest were defined.
The Portuguese believe that the Philippines falls within their sphere.

1570, May. Legaspi sends an expedition under the leadership of Martin de Goiti
to Manila. Manila is ruled by Rajah Suliman, whose friendship is won by de
Goiti.

1571, May 19. Rajah Suliman wages war against the Spaniards due to a move
by de Goiti which he mistakes for an assault. De Goiti's army defeats Suliman's
troops and occupies the town.

1571, Jun 24. Legaspi establishes his government in Manila and proclaims it
the capital of the Philippines, calling it the "distinguished and ever loyal city".

1572, Aug 20. Legaspi dies and Guido de Lavezares (died 1575) succeeds him
as governor. Lavezares extends colonization to the Bicol region.

1574, Nov 23. The Chinese pirate captain Limahong attacks Manila but the
Spaniards win with the help of the Filipinos.

1574, Dec 2. Limahong again attacks Manila, this time with 1,500 soldiers, but
cannot conquer the city.

1574, Dec. In Tondo (now a district of Manila) Lakandula leads a short revolt
against the Spanish.

1580. The Spanish King Philip II receives the throne of Portugal upon the death
of the Portuguese King Sebastian. This puts an end to the Portuguese
harassment of the Philippine archipelago.

1580. The Spaniards institute forced labor on all male natives aged 16 to 60.

1583, Aug. A great fire in Manila which starts from the candles around the bier of
governor Penalosa.

1589. The Spaniards establish the first school in the Philippines, theCollege of
San Ignacio.

1600. The Dutch attack the archipelago in a tactical offensive during the
European war between Spain and the Netherlands.
1600. Governor Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera begins collecting
thebandala from the natives. Bandala is an annual quota of products assigned to
the natives for compulsory sale to the government.

1600. The Galleon trade between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico begins. But
Manila serves merely as a transshipment port for the exchange of goods
between Spain and Mexico on the one side and China on the other. Silver from
Mexico is traded for any kind of Chinese merchandise. Because of the Galleon
trade's quick returns, Spain lacks interest in developing the Philippine economy
during the first 200 years of its occupation.

1603. Chinese insurrection in Manila.

1622. An early revolt takes place in Bohol. It is headed by Tamblot, a babaylan

or priest of the native religion. Revolts in Leyte, Samar and Panay follow, all
protesting the collection of tributes.

1744. One of the most successful revolts in Philippine history breaks out, once
more in Bohol, and provides the island a kind of independence from the
Spaniards for the following 85 years. The first leader of the revolt isFrancisco
Dagohoy.

1754, May 15. Mt Taal emits magma and destroys the towns of Lipa, Sala,
Tanauan and Talisay.

1762, Sep 22. In a side encounter of the European Seven Years War, the British
attack Manila with 13 vessels and 6,830 men under the command of General
William Draper and Admiral Samuel Corning. The British win the battle and
occupy the city.

1762, Oct 5. The British take control of the Philippines and Darsonne
Drake becomes Governor-General. The British open the colony to international
trade and ultimately change its economic life.

1762, Dec 14. A revolt under the leadership of Diego Silang (Dec 16, 1730 -
May 28, 1763) breaks out in the Ilocos region.

1763, May 28. The revolt ends as Diego Silang is assassinated by his former
friend Miguel Viscos.

1763, Feb 10. The Treaty of Paris between England, Spain and France is
signed, ending the Seven Years War in Europe as well as the British occupation
of the Philippines.

1774, Nov 9. Parishes are secularized by order of King Charles III of Spain.
Natives are also permitted to enter the Catholic priesthood.

1808, May. French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte installs his brotherJoseph as

King of Spain. French-influenced liberals support the king but the people do not.

1809, Jan 22. As an effect of the appointment of Joseph Bonaparte as King of

Spain, all Spanish colonies including the Philippines are madeintegral parts of
Spain by the Spanish Central Junta. Filipinos are given the privileges of Spanish
citizenship as well as representation in the Spanish Cortes (parliament).

1812, Mar 19. The Spanish Cortes promulgates the Cadiz Constitution. It is a
liberal constitution, vesting sovereignty in the people, recognizing the equality of
all men and the individual liberty of the citizen, and granting the right of suffrage,
but providing for a hereditary monarchy and for Catholicism as the state religion.

1812, Sep 24. The first Philippine delegates to the Spanish Cortes, Pedro
Perez de Tagle and Jose Manuel Coretto take their oath of office in Madrid,
Spain.

1813, Mar 17. Spain officially implements the Cadiz Constitution in Manila.

1813, Oct 16 to 19. The Battle of the Nations near Leipzig, Germany; it ends
with Napoleon and the French defeated.

1813, Oct. Following the French defeat at Leipzig, the British General Duke of
Wellington drives the Napoleonic forces out of Spain.

1814. Ferdinand VII, son of Charles IV, is recognized as King of Spain.

1815, Jun 18. Napoleon Bonaparte is defeated in a battle with another multi-
national army under Wellington at Waterloo, Belgium.

1815, Oct 15. Bonaparte is exiled to St. Helena's Island in the Atlantic Ocean,
off the coast of West Africa.

1816, May 24. After the defeat of Napoleon in Europe and his brother's loss of
the Spanish throne, conservative forces again dominate Spanish politics. The
Spanish Cortes rejects the Cadiz Constitution which means, among other things,
that Philippine representation in the Cortes is abolished.

1820. Changes in Philippine economic life, partially introduced by the British,

lead to some internal prosperity. In agriculture, crops are relegated by region so
that tobacco becomes the chief crop of the north,sugar the main crop of the
Visayas, and abaca the mainstay of the Bicol region. The same year, foreigners
are massacred in Binondo. They were under suspicion of poisoning Pasig river
and thus being responsible for a severe epidemic of cholera.

1828. An earthquake lasting between 2 to 3 minutes damage a number of

buildings and churches in Manila.

1830. The Port of Manila is opened to the world market.

1835. The Chamber of Commerce is installed. Francisco Rodriguez establishes

the first Filipino bank.

1848. Glowing avalanche from Mt Hibok-Hibok on Camiguin island

1852, Dec 4 to 6. Glowing avalanche from Mt Hibok-Hibok.

1863. The educational system in the archipelago is reformed, allowing the

natives higher levels of training. Wealthier native families start sending their
children to study in Spain.

1863, Jun 3. At 19:00, a terrific earthquake shakes Manila and ruins most
buildings in the city, including the cathedral. Of major structures, only theSan
Agustin church remains standing.
1869, Nov 17. The Suez Canal is opened, establishing a regular steamship
service between the Philippines and Europe. This allows not only the influx of
more goods into the colony but also of new ideas.

1872, Feb 17. Three martyr priests are publicly garroted as alleged leaders of
the Cavite Conspiracy, a movement for secularization and nationalism, which is
distasteful to the Spanish friars. They are Jose Burgos (born Feb 9,
1837), Mariano Gomez (born Aug 2, 1799) andJacinto Zamora (born Aug 14,
1835). The incident gives the Filipinos an impetus to unite and to develop
national consciousness. It also gives birth to a reform movement among Filipinos
in Spain, known as the Propaganda Movement.

1880. Manila is connected through telegraphic cable to the Western

world by Eastern Telecom.

1880, Jul 18 & 20. Two shocks of an earthquake create destruction from Manila
to Santa Cruz, Luguna. Tremors continue until Aug 6.

1882, Mar 3. A talented offspring of the native elite, Jose Protacio Rizal
Mercado y Alonso Realonda (Jun 19, 1861 - Dec 30, 1896) leaves Manila for
Barcelona to continue his studies in medicine.

1882, Jun 2. In Madrid, Rizal begins writing Noli me tangere, a political novel
set in the Philippines.

1884. Exaction of tribute from all male natives is ended and the required forced
labor of 40 days a year is reduced to 15 days.

1884, Jun 21. Rizal finishes his medical studies in Spain.

1887, May 29. Noli me tangere is published in Madrid and Barcelona.

1887, Oct. Rizal begins writing the novel El Filibusterismo, a continuation of

Noli me tangere.

1888, Dec 13. Filipinos in Barcelona establish the organization La Solidaridad. It

demands for the Philippines freedom of press, speech and assembly, equality
before the law, participation in governmental affairs, social and political freedom
and representation in the Spanish Cortes. The demands are published and
circulated in Barcelona for the purpose of reaching the Spanish King's ear.
Among the members are: Jose Rizal, Lopez Jaena (Dec 18, 1856 - Jan 20,
1897), Marcelo del Pilar (Aug 30, 1850 - Dec 3, 1920), Antonio Luna (Oct 29,
1866 - Jun 5, 1899) and Mariano Ponce (Mar 23, 1863 - May 23, 1918).

1891, Mar 28. Rizal finishes writing El Filibusterismo in Biarritz, France.

1892, Jun 26. Rizal arrives in the Philippines via Hong Kong.

1892, Jul 3. In Ilaya St, Tondo, Rizal founds La Liga Filipina to give the people a
chance for direct involvement in the reform movement. Andres Bonifacio (Nov
30, 1863 - May 10, 1897) is one of Rizal's partners.

1892, Jul 7. The Spanish authorities arrest Rizal for organizing La Liga Filipina.

1892, Jul 17. Rizal is exiled to Dapitan, Mindanao.

1894, Jul 8. Andres Bonifacio forms the Katipunan. Its members come from the
lower and the middle class. The organization wants to awaken nationalism and
free the Filipino people from Spanish oppression and friar despotism. The
organization believes that reforms can only be obtained by means of a revolution.

1896, Jul 1. Rizal receives a telegram from Governor Ramon Blanco requiring
his services as a physician for the Spanish army in Cuba.

1896, Aug 6. Rizal returns to Manila.

1896, Aug 19. Spanish authorities discover the Katipunan when one of its
members, Teodoro Paterno, betrays the organization to an Agustinian priest, Fr.
Mariano Gil. All those implicated are ordered arrested but many Katipuneros
evade arrest and flee to the hills of Balintawak.

1896, Aug 23. A revolution is proclaimed by Bonifacio. The event is marked in

history as the Cry of Balintawak. In this instance, Filipinos tear up their cedulas
(I.D. cards) issued by the Spanish government and thereby mark the beginning
of the uprising against the Spaniards.

1896, Aug 26. Rizal goes to Cavite where he boards a ship for Barcelona. In the
following night, Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and other Katipuneros are able
to surreptitiously board Rizal's ship. They offer to rescue him from the Spaniards,
but Rizal refuses.

1896, Aug 30. After the spread of the Katipunan revolt throughout The Country
the first real battle for Philippine independence takes place at San Juan del
Monte. The Spanish Governor Ramon Blanco proclaims a state of war in the 8
provinces that took up arms. The provinces are Manila, Laguna, Cavite,
Batangas, Pampanga, Bulacan, Tarlac and Nueva Ecija.

1896, Sep 2. Aboard the ship Isla de Panay, Rizal leaves Cavite for Barcelona.

1896, Oct 3. Rizal arrives in Barcelona.

1896, Oct 4. By order of Capt. Gen. Despujol, Rizal is incarcerated in Montjuich.

1896, Oct 6. On orders from Madrid, Rizal is sent back to Manila as aprisoner.

1896, Oct 31. A new group of the Katipunan is formed in Cavite; it discards the
leadership of Andres Bonifacio and is headed by Emilio Aguinaldo (Mar 22,
1869 - Feb 6, 1964).

1896, Nov 13. Rizal arrives in Manila and is immediately imprisoned at Fort
Santiago.

1896, Nov 20. Rizal is interrogated the first time on charges of partaking in an
uprising against the Spanish government.

1896, Dec 20. Rizal is sentenced to death by a Spanish court martial, and
Governor Camilo Polavieja orders his execution.

1896, Dec 30. The Spaniards execute Jose Rizal in

Bagumbayan (today's Rizal Park).

1897, Mar 22. The Katipunan holds its election. Aguinaldo is elected as
president while Bonifacio is elected only as director of war. Bonifacio is insulted
by the election results and refuses to recognize the new leadership.

1897, Apr 29. Katipuneros arrest Andres Bonifacio and his brothers Procopio and
Ciriaco on orders of Aguinaldo, who considers the former a threat. The
Bonifacios are charged with sedition and treason before a military court of the
Katipunan.

1897, May 8. The Katipunan court finds the Bonifacios guilty. They
aresentenced to death.

1897, May 10. Andres Bonifacio and his brothers are executed at Mt. Buntis,
Maragondon, Cavite.

1897, May 31. Aguinaldo establishes a Philippine republican government

in Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel, Bulacan.

1897, Aug 10. Aguinaldo begins negotiating with the Spaniards, represented by
Pedro Paterno.

1897, Aug 15. An earthquake at estimated intensity of 7.9 centered on Luzon's

northwest coast shakes Batanes and northern Luzon.

1897, Nov 1. The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato is signed. It was prepared and

written by Isabelo Artache and Felix Ferrer. The government of the Biak-na-Bato
Republic has the following officers: Emilio Aguinaldo, President; Mariano Trias,
Vice President; Isabelo Artache, Secretary of Interior; Antonio Montenegro,
Secretary of Foreign Affairs; Baldomero Aguinaldo, Secretary of Treasury and
Emiliano Riego de Jesus, Secretary of War. The Biak-na-Bato Republic fails as
its leader, Aguinaldo, resigns to the fact that the Filipinos are not yet ready to
confront the Spanish forces. This belief also drives him to negotiate with the
Spaniards for the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.

1897, Dec 14. The Pact of Biak-na-Bato between the Spanish and Aguinaldo is
signed. In this pact, Aguinaldo agrees to surrender all arms and to go with his
companions into exile in Hong Kong upon payment of 800,000 pesos and an
additional 900,000 pesos for the non-combatants who suffered losses because of
the war.

1897, Dec 27. Aguinaldo and his companions leave for Hong Kong.

Factors contributed to awakening of the Filipino Nationalism

1. Opening of the Philippines to the international trade- refers to the opening of

the Philippines to the international trade.
2. Rise of the middle class-refers to illustrado and the comprades.

3. Impact of the European liberalism.

4. Regime Carlos Ma. De la torre- refers to the time of Gov. Gen. de la torre
which the Filipinos enjoyed the equality between the Spaniards and the
Filipinos.

5. Racial discrimination refers to the discrimination to the Filipinos.

 6. Regular secular conflict refers to the conflict between the regular(Spanish
priest) and secular(Filipino priest) on who will manage the churches in the
Philippines.

7. Cavity munity and the execution of GOMBURZA-refers to the time which de la

torre was being pull out from his position and the new government general
Rafael de izquirdo made an erroneous act of making the people of cavite pay
a tax and the execution of the three secular priest.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425

AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE

SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS
AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME
TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND
DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our history, there is a need for a re-
dedication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died;

WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the national hero and patriot,
Jose Rizal, we remember with special fondness and devotion their lives and works that
have shaped the national character;

WHEREAS, the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of patriotism with
which the minds of the youth, especially during their formative and decisive years in
school, should be suffused;

WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to
regulation by the State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral character,
personal discipline, civic conscience and to teach the duties of citizenship; Now,
therefore,

SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools,
colleges and universities, public or private: Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the
original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their
English translation shall be used as basic texts.

The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to adopt forthwith
measures to implement and carry out the provisions of this Section, including the writing
and printing of appropriate primers, readers and textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty
(60) days from the effectivity of this Act, promulgate rules and regulations, including
those of a disciplinary nature, to carry out and enforce the provisions of this Act. The
Board shall promulgate rules and regulations providing for the exemption of students for
reasons of religious belief stated in a sworn written statement, from the requirement of
the provision contained in the second part of the first paragraph of this section; but not
from taking the course provided for in the first part of said paragraph. Said rules and
regulations shall take effect thirty (30) days after their publication in the Official Gazette.

SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to keep in

their libraries an adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of
the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal’s other works and
biography. The said unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
or their translations in English as well as other writings of Rizal shall be included in the
list of approved books for required reading in all public or private schools, colleges and
universities.

The Board of National Education shall determine the adequacy of the number of books,
depending upon the enrollment of the school, college or university.

SECTION 3. The Board of National Education shall cause the translation of the Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English,
Tagalog and the principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular
editions; and cause them to be distributed, free of charge, to persons desiring to read
them, through the Purok organizations and Barrio Councils throughout the country.

SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amendment or repealing section

nine hundred twenty-seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of
religious doctrines by public school teachers and other person engaged in any public
school.

SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be

appropriated out of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to
carry out the purposes of this Act.

SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

Approved: June 12, 1956

Published in the Official Gazette, Vol. 52, No. 6, p. 2971 in June 1956.

THE LIFE OF JOSE RIZAL

CHAPTER 1
ADVENT OF A NATIONAL HERO

Dr. Jose Rizal is a unique example of many-splendored genius who became

the greatest hero of a nation. Endowed by God with versatile gifts, he truly ranked with
world’s geniuses. He was a physician (ophthalmic surgeon), poet, dramatist, essayist,
novelist, historian, architect, painter, sculptor, educator, linguist, musician, naturalist,
ethnologist, surveyor, engineer, farmer businessman, economist, geographer,
cartographer, bibliophile, philologist, grammarian, folklorist, philosopher, translator,
inventor, magician, humorist, satirist, polemicist sportsman, traveler, and prophet. Above
and beyond all these, he was a hero and political martyr who consecrated his life for the
redemption of his oppressed people. No wonder, he is now acclaimed as the national
hero of the Philippines.

June 19, 1861

- Dr. Jose Rizal was born on the moonlit night of Wednesday in the lakeshore town of
Calamba, Laguna.
His mother almost died during the delivery because of his big head.

June 22, 1861

- He was baptized in the Catholic Church of his town, aged three years old.

Father RufinoCollantes- who was a Batangueno, a parish priest who baptized Dr. Jose
Rizal.
Father Pedro Casanas- close friend of Rizal family, the godfather (ninong) of Rizal
“Jose” - was derived from the name Saint Joseph
Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery- the governor general of the Philippines at the time
Rizal was born, former senator of Spain (member of the upper chamber of the Spanish
Cortes) His achievements as governor general were:
(1) Fostering the cultivation of cotton in the provinces
(2) Establishing the politico-military governments in the Visayas and Mindanao

Francisco Mercado Rizal (1818-1898) - the hero’s father, was born in Biñan, Laguna
on May 11,
1818. He studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila.
- In early manhood, following his parent’s death, he moved to Calamba and
became a tenant- farmer of the Dominican-owned hacienda.
- He was a hardy and independent - minded
man, who talked less and works more and was strong in body and valiant in spirit.
-He died in Manila on January 5, 1898 at the
age of 80. Rizal affectionately called him “a model of fathers”.

Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-1911)- the hero’s mother, was born in Manila
on
November 8, 1826 and was educated at the College of Santa Rosa.
-She was a remarkable woman,
possessing refined culture, literary talent, business ability and the fortitude of Spartan
women.
-She died in Manila on august 16, 1911, at the age of 85.

THE RIZAL CHILDREN

Eleven children - two boys and nine girls.
(1) Saturnina (1850-1913) - oldest of the Rizal children, nickname Neneng, she
married Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanawan, Batangas.
(2) Paciano(1851-1930) -older brother and confidant of Jose Rizal, nickname
Ciano. After his young brother’s execution, he joined the Philippine Revolution
and became a combat general; after the Revolution he retired to his farm in Los
Baños, where he lived as a gentleman farmer and died on April 13, 1390, an old
bachelor aged 79. He had two children _a boy and a girl.
(3) Narcisa (1852-1939) -her pet name was Sisa and she married Antonio Lopez
(nephew of Father Leoncio Lopez), a school teacher of Morong.
(4) Olimpia (1855-1887)- Ypia was her pet name; she married Silvestre Ubaldo, a
telegraph operator from Manila.
(5) Lucia (1857-1919) - she married Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, who was a nephew of
Father Casanas, Herbosa died of cholera in 1889 and was denied Christian burial
because he was a brother-in-law of Dr. Jose Rizal.
(6) Maria (1859-1945)- Biang was her nickname; she married Daniel Faustino Cruz
of Biñan, Laguna.
(7) Jose(1861-1896)- the greatest Filipino hero and peerless genius; his nickname
was Pepe; during his he exile in Dapitan he lived with Josephine Bracken, Irish
girl from Hong Kong; he had a son by her, but this baby- boy died a few hours
after birth; Rizal named him “ Francisco” after his father and buried him in
Dapitan.
(8) Concepcion (1862-1865)- her pet name was Concha; she died of sickness at
the age of 3; her
death was Rizal’s first sorrow in life.
(9) Josefa (1865-1945) - her pet name was Panggoy; she died an old maid at the
age of 80.
(10) Trinidad (1868-1951) - Triningwas her pet name; she died also an old
maid in 1951 aged 83.
(11) Soledad(1870-1929) - youngest of the Rizal children; her pet name was
Choleng; she married Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba.
Domingo Lameo –Rizal’s great-great grandfather on his father side -A Chinese
immigrant from the Fukien City of Changchow who arrived in Manila about 1690. He
became a Christian, married a well-to-do Chinese Christian girl of Manila named Ines de
la Rosa
.
Mercado–means “market” in English

June 28, 1848 - Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso Realonda were married, after
which the settle down in Calamba.
Eugenio Ursua- great-great grandfather on mother’s side (a Japanese ancestry), who
married a Filipina named Benigna
.
The surname Rizal - the real surname of the Rizal family was Mercado, which was
adopted in 1731 by Domingo Lameo, who was a full blooded chemist. Rizal’s family
required a second surname-Rizal- which was given by spanishalcalde mayor of Laguna.
Rizal means green field

Middle class Family

The Rizal family belonged to the principalia a town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines. It
was one of the distinguished families in Calamba.

CHAPTER 2
CHILDHOOD YEARS IN CALAMBA

Calamba - named after a big native jar -was a hacienda town which belonged to
Dominican order

Earliest Childhood Memories

- In his infancy, was his happy days in the family garden when he was three years
old
- His father built a little niopa cottage in the garden for him to play in the daytime
- Was the daily Angelus prayer, by nightfall, Rizal related his mother gathered all
the children of the house to pray the Angelus
- He also remembered the happy moonlit, nights at the azotea after the nightly
rosary
- The nocturnal wall in the town, especially when there was a moon.

The Hero’s first Sorrow- Concha died in sickness in 1865 when she was only three years
old. The death of little concha brought him his first sorrow

Father Leoncio Lopez - the old and learned parish priest of Calamba1, fostered
Rizal’slove for scholarship and intellectual honesty
June 6, 1868 - Jose and his father left Calamba to go on a pilgrimage to Antipolo

Artistic talent
- at the age of five he began to make sketches with his pencil and to mold in clay
and wax objects which attracted his infancy
- when he was about six his sisters laughed at him for spending so much time for
making those images but he told them: “All right laugh at me now! Someday
when I die, people will make monument and images for me!”
- at the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first poem in the native language entitled Sa
AkingmgaKababata (To my Fellow Students)

Influence on the Hero’s Boyhood

1. hereditary influence
 2. Environmental influence
3. Aid of Divine Providence

His three Uncle

1. Tio Jose Alberto - who had studies for eleven years in a British school in inspired
him to develop his artistic ability
2. Tiomanuel - a husky and athletic man, encouraged him to develop his frail body by
means of physical exercise
3. Tio Gregorio - a book lover, intensified his voracious reading of good book

CHAPTER 3
EARLY EDUCATION IN CALAMBA AND BIÑAN

Four R’s- reading, writing, arithmetic and religion

The Hero’s First Teacher - was his mother who was a remarkable woman of good character
and fine culture

Private Tutors:
1.Maestro Celestino
2.Maestro Lucas Padua
3.Leon Monroy

June, 1869 - Rizal left Calamba for Biñan

Juancho- an old painter who was the father-in-law of the schoolteacher
December 17, 1870 - he left Biñan on Saturday afternoon
January 20, 1872 - about 200 Filipino soldiers and workmen of the Cavite arsenal
under the leadership of lamadrid
Governor Rafael de Izquerdo - Filipino sergeant, rose in violent because of the abolition of
their usual privileges including exemption from tribute and polo
February 17, 1872 - the Gom-Bur-Za were executed by order of Gov. General Izquerdo
1891 - he decided his second novel, El Filibusterismo to Gom-Bur-Za
June of 1872 –tragedy struck the Rizal’s family. Doña Teodora was suddenly arrested
on a
malicious charge

CHAPTER 4
SCHOLASTIC TRIUMPHS AT ATENEO DE MANILA

Rizal studied at Ateneo Municipal, a college under the supervision of the

Spanish Jesuits.
1817 - Escuela Pia (charity school) a school for poor boys in manila ahich was
established by the city government
- When the Jesuit, who had been expelled from the Philippines in 1786, returned
to Manila in 1859, they were given the management of the Escuela Pia whose
name was change to Ateneo Municipal and later became Ateneo de Manila

June 10, 1872 - Rizal went to manila accompanied by Paciano

Father Magin Fernando - who was the college registrar, refused to admit him for two
reasons:
1.) he was late for registration 2.) He was sickly and undersized for his age

Manuel Xeres Burgos - nephew of Father Burgos upon his intercession he was
reluctantly admitted at the Ateneo.
 Students were divided into two groups:
1.)Roman Empire - consisting of the internos (boarders)
2.)Carthaginians Empire - composed of the externos (non-boarders)
Each of these empires had its ranks:
1.Emperor- best students
2.Tribune- second best
3.Decurion - third best
4.Centurion- fourth best
5.Standard bearer - fifth best
The Ateneo students in Rizal’s time wore a uniform with consisted of “hemp fabric
trousers” and “striped cotton coat”

Rayadillo -the coat material

Father Jose Bech - first professor of Rizal
Rizal was placed at the bottom of the class. He was externo, hence he was assigned to
the Carthaginians, occupying the end of the line.

Santa Isabel College - Rizal took private lessons during the noon recess. He paid three
pesos for these extra Spanish lessons.
The Count of Monte Cristo by AlexanderDumas- first favorite novel of Rizal

Travels in the Philippines by Dr.FeodorJagor- a German scientist-traveler who

visited the Philippines in 1859-1860, what impressed him to this book were: 1.) Jagor’s
keen observations of the defects of Spanish colonization 2.) His prophecy that someday
Spain would lose the Philippines and that America would come to succeed her as
colonize.

June 16, 1875 - Rizal became an interno in the Ateneo

Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez - one of his professors, a great educator and
scholar, he inspired Rizal to study harder and to write poetry, he became an admirer
and friend of Rizal

Rizal –the most brilliant Atenean of his time, he was truly “the pride of the Jesuits”

March 23, 1877 - Commencement day, Rizal, who was 16 years old, received from his
alma Mater, Ateneo Municipal, the degree of Bachelor of Arts with highest honors.
Extra-Curricular Activities in Ateneo
RIZAL WAS ACTIVE IN EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES
1.) An “emperor” inside the classroom.
2.) A campus leader outside
3.) Active member, later, secretary of a religious society, the Marian Congregation
4.) He was accepted as member of his sodality.
5.) He was also a member of the academy of Spanish Literature and Academy of
natural sciences.

Father Jose Villaclara - another professor, advised him to stop communing with the
nurses and pay more attention to more practical studies
Agustin Saez - famous Spanish printer
Romualdo de Jesus - Filipino sculpture
Felix M. Roxas - one of Rizal’s contemporaries in the Ateneo

SegundaKatigbak - first romance of Rizal

-a pretty fourteen-year-old Batangueña from Lipa

CHAPTER 5
MEDICAL STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
April 1877 - Rizal who was nearly 16 yrs. Old matriculated in the University of Santo
Tomas, taking the course on Philosophy and letters. He enrolled in this course for two
reasons: 1.) his
father liked it 2.) he was “still uncertain as to what career to pursue

Father Pablo Ramon - Rector of the Ateneo, who had been good to him during his
student days in college, asking for advice on the choice of career
Peritoagrimensor(expert surveyor)
*at the age of 17, he passed the final examination in the surveying course

Nov. 25, 1881- the title was issued to him

Miss L - second romance of Rizal; Young woman in Calamba, a fair with seductive and
attractive eyes

Two reasons for his change of heart:

1.) The sweet memory of Segunda was still fresh in his heart
2.) His father did not like the family of “Miss L”

Leonor Valenzuela - who was tall girl with a regal bearing

- Third romance of Rizal
- Orang (pet name of Leonor Valenzuela)

Leonor Rivera - fourth romance of Rizal

- a student at La Concordia College, where Soledad (Rizal’s youngest sisters) was
studying
- born in Camiling, Tarlac on April 11, 1867 was a frail, pretty girl “tender as a
budding flower with kindly, wistful eyes”
- they became engaged

General primo de Rivera - Spanish Governor General of the Philippines at that time,
Rizal reported the incident but nothing came

March 21, 1887 - out of his complaint because he was an Indio and abusive lieutenant
was a Spaniard
May 1881- rizal went on a pilgrimage to the town of Pakil, famous shrine of the Birhen
Maria de los Dolores. And stayed at the home of Mr. and Mrs.Manuel Regalado, whose son Nicolas
was Rizal’s found in

Rizal was unhappy at this Dominican Institution of higher learning because:

1.) The Dominican professors were hostile3 to him
2.) The Filipino student5swere racially discriminated against by the Spaniards
3.) The method of instruction was obsolete and repressive