ME

ME 603: Applied Elasticity and Plasticity

6201

Plasticity: Introduction-2

(Flow rules)

Prof. S.K.Sahoo
 General Theory of Plasticity requires the following

1) A yield criterion, which specifies the onset of plastic deformation

for different combinations of applied load. e.g. von Mises and Tresca

2) A hardening rule, which prescribes the work hardening of the

material and the change in yield condition with the progression of
plastic deformation. Isotropic or kinematic: power-law hardening

3) A flow rule which relates increments of plastic deformation to the

stress components. e.g. Levy-Mises or Prandtal-Reuss
 General stress-strain relation
The Elastic stress-strain relations:
x 
1
E

 x   y   z   y 
1
 
 y   z   x  z 
1

 z   x   y  
E E
1 1
2G xy   xy   xy   xy 2G yz   yz   yz   yz 1
2G 2G zx   zx   zx   zx
2G 2G
xy, yz, zx are total shear strain components. Where as εxy, εyz, εzx are
shear strain components of strain tensor, so these are half of the
corresponding total shear strain.
Let σm=Hydrostatic stress and εm is the corresponding volumetric strain.
E
m 
 x  y  z
m 
x y z

m K= bulk modulus 
3(1  2 )
3 3 K E
G
2(1  )
Putting,  y   z  3 m   x  z   x  3 m   y

 x   y  3 m   z E  2G (1  ) Simplifying,
 We have, x 
1
E

 x   y   z  x 
1
E
1
 x    y   z 
E

1 1 1 1 1
x   x   3 m   x   x   x   x   3 m
E E E E E E  2G (1  )

x 1 x m m 1
x  (1   )   3 m x      3 m
2G (1   ) E 2G 2G 2G E

1 1  1
x  ( x   m )   m   3 m E
2G E E 2G 
(1  )
1 1  1
x  ( x   m )   m   3 m
2G E E

1 1
x  ( x   m )   m (1    3 )
2G E

1 1  2
It gives, x  ( x   m )  m
2G E
 1 1  2
It gives, x  ( x   m )  m
2G E
1 1  2
y  ( y   m )  m
2G E
1 1  2
z  ( z   m )  m
2G E

(σx- σm), (σy- σm), (σz- σm) are deviatoric stresses can be
expressed as σx’, σy’ , σz’ respectively. Deviatoric stresses of
shear components are same. So in general form we can
write,
1 ' 1  2
 ij 
e
 ij   ij  m Suffix ‘e’ to indicate elastic strain
2G E
1
 m   ii
3  ij  Kronec ker delta  1 when i  j
 0 when i  j
Flow rules: When a material yields, the ratio of the resulting strains
depends on the stress state that cause yielding. The general relations
between plastic strains and the stress state are called the flow rules.
They may be expressed as
 f 
d  ij  d   
  
 ij 
where f is the yield function corresponding to the yield criterion and
d is a constant at a particular instant that depend on the shape of the
true-strain curve.

Even though d is not usually known, these equations are useful for
finding the ratio of strains that result from a known stress state or the
ratio of stresses that correspond to a known strain state.
The constant d can be expressed as d  dd , which is the inverse
slope of the effective stress-strain curve at a the point where the strains
are being evaluated.
 Plastic Stress-Strain Relations
• In elastic regime, the stress-strain relations are uniquely determined by
the Hooke’s law
• In plastic deformation, the strains also depend on the history of loading.
•It is necessary to determine the differentials or increments of plastic
strains throughout the loading path and then obtain the total strain by
integration.
Two general categories of plastic stress-strain relationships.
• Incremental or flow theories relate stresses to plastic strain
increments.
• Deformation or total strain theories relate the stresses to total
plastic strains. Simpler mathematically. • Both are the same for
Proportional Loading proportional loading.
A particular case in which all the stresses
increase in the same ratio, i.e.,
Plastic strains are independent of the loading path
 Prandtl-Reuss Equations
• Proposed by Prandtl (1925) and Ruess (1930) for Elastic-perfectly
Plastic Solid
• Considers elastic strains as well
• At any instant of deformation, the ratio of the plastic strain increments
to the current deviatoric stresses is constant.
• Consider yielding under
uniaxial tension:
• Since only deviatoric stresses cause yielding
 1'
 '  2
2
• Constant vol. condition and isotropic material: d 2p  d 3p
d 1p
d  d  d  0  d 1  2d 2  2d 3
p p p p p p
1 2 3   2
d 2 p

 d
'
d dp p p

  p  '  '
1 1 1 2
d 1p d 2p d 3p
 d
'
2 1 2 • Generalizing,    d
 '
 '
 '
2

1 2 3
 • Generalizing, the Prandtl-Ruess d 1 d 2 d 3 p p p

equation can be expressed  '  '  d

1'
2 3
mathematically as:
In terms of non principal strains (and stress) terms:

d x p
d yp d zp
d xyp d yzp d zxp
      d
 '
x  '
y  '
z  xy  yz  zx
• d is an instantaneous non-negative constant of proportionality
which may vary throughout a plastic deformation/hardening process
• d is not a material property.

• The equations state that a small increment of plastic strain depends

on current deviatoric stress, not on the stress increment which is
required to bring it about. It gives ratio, but not gives any idea about
absolute value.
• The total strain increment is the sum of the elastic strain increment
(denoted by suffix ‘e’) and plastic strain increment (denoted by suffix
‘p’). 1 1  2
d ij  d ij  d ij 
e p
 ij   ij m  d ij'
2G E
• Since plastic straining causes no change in plastic volume, the
condition of incompressibility can be written as:
d1p  d 2p  d 3p  d xp  d yp  d zp  0 or d ijp  0
d xp  x  y z 
• We have, '  d  d x  d x  d  x   m   d   x 
p '

x  3 
2  1
d  d  x   y   z 
• Simplifying, p 
x
3  2 
• Similarly, 2  1  2  1
d yp  d  y   z   x  d zp  d  z   x   y 

3  2  3  2 

d xyp  d xy d yzp  d yz d zxp  d zx

• We have, d x  d xp  d xe
2  1  1

d x  d  x   y   z   d x  d y  d z 
3  2  E
• Similarly, 2  1  1

d y  d  y   z   x   d y  d z  d x 
3  2  E
2 
3 
1
2
 1

d z  d  z   x   y   d z  d x  d y 
E

• Also, 
d xy d yz d zx
d xy  d xy  d yz  d yz  d zx  d zx 
2G 2G 2G

• It is used with a yield criterion and the equation that characterizes

the flow behavior of the material (e.g. power-law hardening) to
calculate the strain increment for an increment in load.

• These equations are for elastic-plastic solid, and usually difficult

to handle in a real problem.
 1 ' 1  2 1 1  2
 ij 
e
 ij   ij m  d  e
 d  '
  ij d m for elastic part
2G E ij
2G ij
E
d ijp  d ij' for plastic part
1 1  2
 d ij  d ij'   ij d m  d ij'
2G E
• Separating the volumetric and deviatoric strain components from total
strain increment, Prandtle-Reuss equation can be written as,
1 1  2
d ij  d ij  d ij 
' '
 ij d m
2G E
• For uniaxial tensile test
2 d 1 3 d 1
 1'   1   m   1 • So,   d
3 1 2 1
'

• Using the effective stress- 3 d

 d 
strain concept, 2 

1 3 d ' 1  2
• Using value for dλ d ij  d ij'   ij   ij d m
2G 2  E
 Levy-Mises Equations
• For rigid-plastic solids where elastic strains are negligible.
• So total strain= plastic strains. • No elastic strain part.
• At any instant of deformation, the ratio of the total strain (=plastic
strain) increments to the current deviatoric stresses is constant.
• Levy-Mises equation can be expressed mathematically as:
d1 d 2 d 3
•In terms of non principal strains (and    d
stress) terms:  '
1  '
2  '
3

d x d y d z d xy d yz d zx
      d
 '
x  '
y  '
z  xy  yz  zx

• The suffix ‘p’ of the Prandtle-Reuss equation is dropped, since the

total strain increment and plastic strain increment are same.
•Drawback: Only plastic strains are considered.
• So Levy-Mises relations can be written as:
2  1
d  x   y   z 
 2  1 
d x  d y  d  y   z   x 
3  2  3  2 
2  1
d z  d  z   x   y 
 d xy  d xy d zx  d zx d yz  d yz
3  2 
• For uniaxial tensile test  '      2  d 1 3 d 1
1 1 m 1 • So,   d
3  1' 2 1
• Using the effective stress 3 d
 d 
strain concept, 2 
d  1
d x       
 
z 
• So Levy-Mises relations can be x
2
y

written as: d  1
d y 
d 
 
1
    d z       
 
z x y 
 
x  2
y
2
z
 
Comparing Levy-Mises equations with that of Hooke’s law, indicate
2 d
3
d 
d
replaces 1/E and ½ replaces Poisson’s ratio, . For this
reason it is sometimes said that the ’’plastic Poisson’s ratio’’ is ½.
Example: A rigid plastic material with a constant flow stress σ0 is
deformed up to a permanent plastic strain x , find the principal stresses.
If the condition is:
Plain strain compression with y-direction is free and z- direction is
constrained.
x
y
z

Answer (i) Plain strain compression : strain in z-direction z = 3 =0.

Applying volume constancy: x + y + z = 1 + 2 + 3 =0. So, x = -y or
1 = -2. y-direction is free, so σ2 = 0 .
Applying Levy-Mises Flow rule, d  1 
d z   3   1   
2  0
  2 
It gives,   1 
3 1
2