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Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks


Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS I

What is a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)?


Parts of a sensor node in the network
Functions of a sensor node in the network
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS II


Wireless Sensor Networks communication Architecture
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

TYPES OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS I

Unstructured WSN Structured WSN


Dense collection of nodes Few and scarcely distributed nodes
Ad-hoc deployment Pre-planned deployment
Difficulty in network maintenance Lower network maintenance
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

CHARACTERISTICS OF A WSN I

Self Organization
Concurrency processing
Low cost
Restricted energy resources
Small radio range
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

CHARACTERISTICS OF A MIDDLEWARE FOR


SENSOR NETWORK I

Middleware - software layer between operating system and ap-


plication
Primary objective of a middleware
A middleware has to be
I Scalable
I Generic
I Adaptive
I Reflective
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

CONCEPT OF SOA FOR WIRELESS NETWORKS I

A simple use case can help determine the software architecture

Example of a simple service architecture


Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

CONCEPT OF SOA FOR WIRELESS NETWORKS II


Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

ARCHITECTURE OF NODE APPLICATION


STRUCTURE I

Node software has 3 parts


I Operating System which performs device-specific tasks
I Sensor Driver which initializes the sensor hardware and per-
forms the measurements in the sensor
I Host Middleware which organizes the co- operation of the
distributed nodes in the network
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

ARCHITECTURE OF NODE APPLICATION


STRUCTURE II
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

OVERALL GENERAL ARCHITECTURE I

The general overall software architecture of the sensor net is


shown in the figure
Individual nodes interact with the distributed middleware layer to
perform the functions dictated by the sensor network application
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

OVERALL GENERAL ARCHITECTURE II


Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

ARCHITECTURAL ISSUES I

Energy efficiency
Network topology
Failure in long range communication
Increase in traffic decreases the lifetime
Single tier and multi tier architecture disadvantages
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

ARCHITECTURE - CLUSTER BASED I

Proposed to tackle the previous architectural issues


Provides Quality of Service (QoS)
Dynamic architecture - cluster is a basic unit of software
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

ARCHITECTURE - CLUSTER BASED II


Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

COMPONENTS OF SENSOR NODE I


Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

TYPES OF SENSOR NETWORK I

Depending on the environment


Terrestrial WSN
I Ad Hoc (unstructured)
I Preplanned (structured)
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

TYPES OF SENSOR NETWORK II

Underground WSN
I Preplanned
I More expensive equipment, deployment, maintenance
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

TYPES OF SENSOR NETWORK III

Underwater WSN
I Fewer sensor nodes( sparse deployment)
I More expensive than terrestrial
I Acoustic wave communication
• Limited bandwidth
• Long propagation delay
• Signal fading
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

TYPES OF SENSOR NETWORK IV

Multi-media WSN
I Sensor nodes equipped with cameras and microphones
I Pre-planned to guarantee coverage
I High bandwidth/low energy, QoS, filtering, data processing
and compressing techniques
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

TYPES OF SENSOR NETWORK V

Mobile WSN
I Ability to reposition and organize itself in the network
I Start with Initial deployment and spread out to gather infor-
mation
I Deployment, localization, self-organization, navigation and
control, coverage, energy, maintenance, data process
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

APPLICATIONS OF WSN I
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

APPLICATIONS OF WSN II

Area monitoring
Health care monitoring
Air pollution monitoring
Forest fire detection
Landslide detection
Water quality monitoring
Natural disaster prevention
Industrial monitoring
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS I

Predominant standards commonly used in WSN communications


include:
I Zig Bee - Transmit data over long distances by passing data
through intermediate devices to reach more distant ones
I Bluetooth - Wirelesstechnology standard for exchanging data
over short distances from fixed and mobile devices by creat-
ing PANs’
I IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks
(6LoWPAN) - Defined encapsulation and header compres-
sion mechanisms that allow IPv6 packets to be sent to and
received from overIEEE 802.15.4based networks
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

CHALLENGES I

Hardware :
I Low cost
I Tiny sensors
I Lifetime maximization
I Robustness and fault tolerance
I Self-configuration
Software :
I Operating systems
I Security
I Mobility
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

ADVANTAGES OF A WSN I

Avoids a lot of wiring


Can accommodate new devices at any time
Flexible to go through physical partitions
It can be accessed through a centralized monitor
Infrastructure
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

DISADVANTAGES OF WSN I

Easy for hackers to hack a network


Comparatively low speed of communication
Costly at large
Life of nodes
Energy life
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

FUTURE SCOPE I

More research work needs to be done in future


Needs to be implemented in a wireless sensor network with mo-
bile nodes
The effects of very large node densities need to be investigated
The feasibility of using the clustering technique and data aggre-
gation needs to be tested in the same wireless sensor network
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

FUTURE SCOPE II
Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

CONCLUSION I

As described, wireless sensor networks possess the potential for


many applications.
The advance of technology enabled the creation of prototype WSNs,
but the hardware and software both have a ways to go before
WSNs are practical, cost-effective, and usefully.

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