Mahoney Table

MAHONEY TABLES PLUS
A TOOL LOR SKETCH DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A BUILDING
by
Sarada Chidambareswaran
A Thesis Presented to the

FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In Partial Fulfillment o f the
Requirements for the Degree
MASTER OF BUILDING SCIENCE
August 2005
Copyright 2005 Sarada Chidambareswaran
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I take great pleasure in thanking all the people who contributed invaluably towards
my thesis.
Firstly I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Prof. Doug Noble. 1 could not
have imagined having a better advisor or mentor for my thesis, and without his
enthusiastic supervision, knowledge, patience and cracking-of-the-whip, I would
never have finished.
Prof. Murray Milne for his for the technical discussions on the
programming part and also for his invaluable suggestions during my thesis. He has
guided me throughout and tried to make my thesis better in all possible ways.
No words o f thanks will be enough for Prof Ralph Knowles, for helping to
supervise me, providing resources and subjects, and offering direction and
suggestions.
Partho, the person closest to me, for urging me on by way o f untiring
support, help and seemingly unlimited belief in me. Thank you Partho.
-Sarada
in
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
List of Tables VI
List of Figures vm
Abstract
Introduction 1
Hypothesis 2
Chapter 1. BACKGROUND RESEARCH OF THE MAHONEY

TABLES 3
1.1 Carl Mahoney 3
1.2 The Basis o f the Tables 3
1.3 Reason to Computerize the Tables 4
1.4 Climatic Data 5
1.5 Idea behind creating the Mahoney Tables. 6
Chapter 2. THE MAHONEY TABLES EXPLAINED 7

2.1 The Composition o f the Tables 7
2 . 1.1 The Title Block
2 . 1.2 TABLE I 9
2.1.2.1 Table I (Part I Temperature) 9
2.1.2.2 Table I (Part II Relative Humidity) 10
2.1.2.3 Humidity Group Chart 12
2.1.2.4 Table I (Part III Rain and Wind) 12
2.1.3 TABLE II 13
2.1.3.1 Comfort Limit Chart 13
2.1.3.2 Table II (Part I Diagnosis) 14
2.1.3.3 Table II (Part II Humidity Indicators) 16
2.1.3.3.1 Indicator Derivation Chart 17
2.1.3.3.2 Indicator Totals 18
2.1.4 TABLE III 19
2.1.4.1 Building Layout 20
2.1.4.2 Building Spacing 21
2.1.4.3 Air Movement 22
2.1.4.4 Percentage o f Openings 23
2.1.4.5 Type and Thickness o f Walls 24
2.1.4.6 Type o f Roofs 25
IV
2.1.4.7 Outdoor Sleeping 26

2.1.4.8 Rain Protection 27
2.1.5 TABLE IV 27
2.1.5.1 Size o f the openings 28
2.1.5.2 Position o f Openings 30
2.1.5.3 Protection o f Openings 31
2.1.5.4 Walls and Floors 32
2.1.5.5 Roofs 33
2.1.5.6 External Features 33
2.1.6 Summary 34
Chapter 3. THE MT+ PROGRAM 36

3.1 Mahoney Tables PLUS - Addition o f Internet Data Acquisition 37
3.2 Weather Data Format Definition 38
Chapter 4. INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON TRADITIONAL HOUSE

DESIGN- A STUDY OF HOT-HUMID CLIMATES 40
China 41
4.1.1 Climate and Environment 41
4.1.2 Layout o f the House 43
4.1.3 Spacing within the Building 43
4.1.4 Air Movement 44
4.1.5 Openings 44
4.1.6 Materials 45
4.1.7 Roofs 45
Malaysia 46
4.2.1 Malaysian Climate and Environment 46
4.2.2 Layout o f the Malaysian House 47
4.2.3 Spacing 49
4.2.4 Air Movement in the Building 50
4.2.5 Type o f Openings in the House 51
4.2.6 Materials Used 51
4.2.7 Roofs 51
4.2.8 Culture 52
Indonesia 53
4.3.1 Indonesia Climate and Environment 53
4.3.2 The Layout o f the Indonesian House 54
4.3.3 Spacing 55
4.3.5 Openings 56
4.3.6 Materials 56
4.3.7 Roofs 57
4.3.8 Culture 57
V
4.4 South India - Kerala 59

4.4.1 Layout 60
4.4.2 Spacing 62
4.4.4 Openings 63
4.4.5 Roofs 63
4.4.6 Materials 64
Chapter 5. TYPE1: HOT HUMID EQUATORIAL TYPE OF CLIMATE 65

5.1 Mahoney Recommendations 65
5.2 Comparison Tables 67
5.2.1 South West China and Kerala (India) 68
5.2.2 Malaysia and Indonesia 75
Chapter 6. A TUTORIAL FOR THE MAHONEY TABLES PLUS

APPLICATION 84
6.1 Filling Data Manually 88
6.2 Web Tools 89
6.3 Help Menu 95
Chapter 7. CONCLUSIONS 97
7.1 Reasons for Dissimilarity between Two Typeso f House
Design When the Climate is Similar. 97
7.1.1 China and Kerala 98
7.1.2 Malaysia and Indonesia 98
Chapter 8. FUTURE WORK 99

8.1 Testing on Different Platforms 99
8.2 Additions to The Core Program 99
8.3 Program Interface and Distribution 100
BIBILIOGRAPHY 101
APPENDICES 103
1 Program Code 103
2 30 Years o f M ahoney Tables (Paper Presented in
PLEA Conference by John Martin Evans) 154
VI
LIST OF TABLES
1. Title Block ............................................. 7
2. Temperature Table 10
3. Relative Humidity Table 11
4. Humidity Group Chart 12
5. Rain and Wind Table 13
6. Comfort Limit Chart 14
7. Thermal Stress Table 16
8. Indicator Derivation Chart 17
9. Aridity/Humidity Count Chart ............................................. 18
10. Indicator Totals Table 19
11. Layout Table 21
12. Spacing Table 22
13. Air Movement Table 23
14. Opening Table 24
15. Wall Type Table 25
16. R oof Table 26
17. Outdoor Sleeping Table 26
18. Rain Protection Table 27
19. Size o f Opening Table 29
20. Position o f Opening Table 31
vii
21. Opening Protection Table 31
22. Walls and Floors Table - 32

continued
23. R oof Table -continued 33
24. External Features Table 34
25. China and Kerala Comparison ............................................. 68

Table
26. Malaysia and Indonesia 75

Comparison Table
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1: Map o f Asia 41
Fig 2: Climate Graph, H aikou... 42
Fig 3: Vernacular Flousing 42
Fig 4: Map o f Malaysia 46
Fig 5: Climate Graph, Penang 47
Fig 6: Traditional Malay Flouse 48
Fig 7: Climatic Design, Malay House .......................................... 49
Fig 8: Two Common Floor Plans 50
Fig 9: Typical R oof Form 52
Fig 10: Indonesia Map 53
Fig 11: Climatic Graph, Balikpapan 54
Fig 12: Rice store - Minangkabau 55

architecture
Fig 13: Long House - Beforel920 57
Fig 14: Royal Palace Complex 58
Fig 15: Interior-1 58
Fig 16: Inside view of Indonesian House .......................................... 59
Fig 17: Map o f South India 59
Fig 18: Kerala House Plan .......................................... 61
Fig 19: Kerala House Elevation 63
Fig 20: Mahoney Tables Plus 84
ix
Fig 21: Mahoney Tables Application .......................................... 86
Fig 22: Clickable U.S Map 87
Fig 23: Entering Data Manually 98
Fig 24: Pick Data From Web 99
Fig 25: HTML Web Page 90
Fig 26: Raw Data From Website 91
Fig 27: Report Page 1 92
Fig 28: Report Page 2 93
Fig 29: Detail Window Explained 94
Fig 30: Enlarged Image Explained 95
Fig 31: Help Menu 95
Fig 32: Help Menu Explained 96
X
ABSTRACT
The objective o f this thesis is to develop a computer program to support the
Mahoney Tables. The ‘Mahoney Tables’ is a program that takes into consideration
the climatic data o f a place and helps in calculating certain design characteristics o f a
building to save energy. The various climatological data inputs have to be found
from the meteorological station data o f that place and these need to be logically
worked with to arrive at corresponding parameters, which then define the
recommendation for a building in the place.
The program also has the capability to extract the climatic data o f a place from the
internet and give recommendations based on that data.
In the second part, I have compared the recommendations Mahoney gives for places
in Hot and humid climates, to the vernacular houses existing that regions and have
studied the reasons for design discrepancies
1
Introduction
It is nothing new that our energy resources are depleting at a critical rate and the
need for building energy efficient buildings has never been more profound before.
With this has started an increased awareness to save energy in buildings. Increased
attention is being paid to heating and cooling in buildings. In the past hand
calculation methods were used to calculate the energy transfer process. Nowadays,
computer simulations have been developed for all such building environments.
The fact that computers can be used to create energy tools inspired me to create a
computer program that would not only help architecture students but also give
guidelines to professionals to help design energy-conscious buildings. The ‘Mahoney
Tables’ is basically a set o f tables that takes into consideration the climatic data o f a
place and helps in calculating certain design characteristics o f a building to save
energy, such as the percentage o f openings, the kind o f overhangs, etc. To find the
optimum design specifications pertaining to a place, one has to collect complete
climatic data including monthly mean maximum temperature, monthly mean
minimum temperature, monthly mean maximum relative humidity (p.m), monthly
mean minimum relative humidity (a.m), rainfall (mm), prevailing winds and
secondary wind.
The computer program provides exactly the same advice as the original tables. The
input data can either be manually found from meteorological tables, entered into the
2
program and saved into a database for future use or the data can be captured from the
internet. In either case the program saves a lot o f time and effort.
While crafting the computer program, I realized that there seems to be a difference
between the Mahoney recommendations and the actual built work o f a region, so a
set o f comparative case-studies was carried out. By comparing four regions (using
pairs with matching climates), it was demonstrated that there are additional,
sometimes overriding design issues that cause built work to be different from the
Mahoney recommendations and different from the built work in other places with
similar climates.
The software (a CD) and a tutorial (chapter 6) are included in the thesis.
Hypothesis
The objective o f this thesis is to develop a computer program to support the
Mahoney Tables. This program takes different climatic data o f a place as input and
provides the Mahoney recommendations for building a house for that place.
3
1. BACKGROUND RESEARCH OF THE MAHONEY

TABLES
In this chapter I will discuss about the person who created the Mahoney Tables, the
basis o f the tables, reason for computerizing the same and how to fill in the Mahoney
Tables manually and get the results. The chapter also talk about the various climatic
data that has to be used to fill the tables and how to acquire them.
1.1 Carl Mahoney

The Mahoney Tables were designed by Mr. Carl Mahoney, an English architect
whose specialization is building design in the developing countries, with an
emphasis on the tropics. He has experience working both in the field o f architecture
and in computers. He has a wide knowledge o f economic development, climatology
and statistics. He is very active in the area o f Passive and Low Energy Architecture
(PLEA) and is best known for his work on the M ahoney Tables, (made for the
United Nations) which considers the climatic factors o f a place to give
recommendations for design o f more sustainable buildings.
1.2 The Basis of the Tables

Back in the 1960s, there were no standard design guidelines for building sustainable
houses using climatic data o f a place. Carl Mahoney was interested in tropical houses
and had done extensive research on the topic. He decided to make a design support
system which would logically give standard recommendations based on the climate
o f a place. The system he created, called the Mahoney Tables, focuses on tropical
and temperate climates.
The Mahoney Tables are widely used in India, especially by architecture students.
The Tables are also used in Australia, Jordan, Netherlands, England and many other
parts o f the world. M any attempts have been made to computerize the Mahoney
Tables, but none seems to have reached widespread adoption by the public.
1.3 Reason for Computerizing the Tables
The Mahoney Tables currently have to be filled out manually. The 48 various
climatological data inputs have to be found from the meteorological station data o f
that place. Then these need to be logically worked with to arrive at corresponding
parameters, which then define the recommendation for a building in the place. This
method has some problems. First o f all, one has to find the required data, and then
has to do all the given calculations. This can be very time consuming and lots of
mistakes could occur while doing the calculations. The method is also very slow.
In spite o f all these difficulties, the Mahoney Tables are used very widely in India
and many other parts o f Asia. They are used both by architects and are also taught at
schools. I first learned o f them in my undergraduate course on climatology, during
the Vth semester and later while doing the site analysis for our thesis in the 10th
5
semester, in the Regional Engineering College, Bhopal. Both the times, we had to go
through the process o f selecting a suitable location and gathering the climatic data o f
the place and analyzing it using the Mahoney Tables.
1.4 Climatic Data
Meteorological stations publish a large amount o f data. Observations by these
stations are deliberately made in locations where readings are minimally affected by
topographical features. Unless the magnitude, importance and timing o f a specific
building project permits the establishment o f an on-site observatory (anything less
than a year’s worth o f data is not valuable) the designer must accept data from the
nearest meteorological station as depicting the regional climate. Deviations o f the
specific site climate from the regional climate data are rarely large enough to affect
the sketch design in the Mahoney system. Normal conditions can adequately be
defined from the monthly mean minimums and the monthly mean maximum values
for a place. Since the data for the Mahoney Tables are so specific, they cannot be
found easily. However, the computer program that I have created for the Mahoney
Tables has an option to log on to the internet and retrieve all the applicable data for a
place.
In the next chapter, I will discuss about the factors that were taken into consideration
to design the Mahoney Tables and to coin the design recommendations.
1.5 Idea Behind Creating the Mahoney Tables
The main idea behind creating the Mahoney Tables was that, a design solution was
to be produced, to satisfy the social and functional as well as the physical needs of
the occupants within the given topographic, climatic and economic constraints. The
solution had to be structurally sound, constructionally suitable and had to fit into the
broader planning concept. All these problems had to be considered simultaneously,
to make the recommendations work. It was also necessary to present the information
in a readily comprehensible form. It was not to be excessively detailed but had to
still take into account all that was relevant. Taking all these factors into account, the
Mahoney Tables was designed.
7
2. THE MAHONEY TABLES EXPLAINED
This chapter explains the scope o f Mahoney Tables, i.e. the kind o f climate that the
tables cater to. When the climatic pattern emerging from the data clearly corresponds
to warm-humid or hot-dry climate types, it is relatively easy to arrive at performance
specifications. In composite climates, the seasonal requirements may be
contradictory. A weighting system had to be used to assess the relative importance o f
the conflicting requirements. The system had to take into account the duration and
severity o f various climatic factors. The Mahoney Tables have been based on such a
system.
2.1 The Composition of Tables
This chapter discusses about the composition o f the Mahoney Tables, and the
process o f filling the data and calculating the end results, manually. As we go
through the process, it would be easy to understand the difficulty in filling up the
tables by hand.
For simplicity o f explaining how to fill the tables, I have taken a sample location,
Baghdad, which has a hot-dry type o f climate. I would be filling all the tables with
Baghdad’s climatic data and would be calculating the design recommendations for
this place.
8
The Mahoney Tables are composed o f a ‘Title Block’ and 4 main ‘Tables’.
Table I is used to record the most essential climatic data, directing and defining the
extent o f data search.
Table II facilitates the diagnosis o f the climate and develops a series o f climatic
indicators.
Table III translates these into performance specifications or sketch design
recommendations. These tables have specially been developed for tropical climates.
But they can be used for other types o f climates as well.
Table IV is an extension o f Table III in which each recommendation is explained
further, in detail.
2.1.1 The Title Block

The title is block to identify the specific place for which we want the design
recommendations (in this case it would be Baghdad). The title block could have the
location, longitude, latitude and altitude o f the place.
1. Title Block
Location Baghdad, Iraq
Longitude 44 24’ E
Latitude 33 20’N
Altitude 34 M
9
2.1.2 Table I
The following four sections will describe how to fill out Table 1 o f the Mahoney
Tables. The first table constitutes three sub-tables. The first one deals with
temperature, the second with relative humidity o f the place and the third with the
rainfall and wind data. The Mahoney Tables requires all o f this data as inputs before
the system can create the recommendations.
2.1.2.1 Table I (Part I Temperature)
From the meteorological records, the monthly mean maximum air temperature and
the monthly mean minimum air temperature for each month (in degree Celsius) are
filled in the first two lines, corresponding to ‘monthly mean m ax’ and ‘monthly
mean m in’ respectively. The monthly mean range for each month is found by
subtracting the mean minimum temperature from the mean maximum temperature.
Now, the highest monthly mean max temperature (in this case, 43 for the month of
July and August) is called the highest maximum temperature. Similarly, the lowest
o f all the 12 monthly mean min temperature (in this case 4, for the month o f January)
is called the lowest minimum temperature.
By adding the monthly mean maximum and the monthly mean minimum air
temperature, and dividing the result by 2 the annual mean temperature (AMT) is
found for each month.
10
By finding the difference between these two values (deducting the lowest mean
minimum from the highest mean maximum) the annual mean range is found.
2. Temperature Table
Month J F M A M J J A S O N D
monthly 16 18.5 22 29 36 41 43 43 40 34 24.5 17.5
mean
max (°C)
monthly 4 5.5 9 14 20 23 25 24 21 16 10.5 5
mean
min (°C)
monthly 12 13 13 14 16 17.5 18 18 19 18 14 12.5
mean
range
(°C)
Highest maximum temp (°C) 43.5 Annual mean temp 23.5

39.5
Lowest minimum temp (°C) 4 Annual mean range
Finding out and filling up the temperature table is the first major step in using the
Mahoney Tables. The values calculated in the temperature table will be subsequently
used in other tables. The next step will be to fill out the second part o f Table I, i.e.
relative humidity.
2.1.2.2 Table I (Part II Relative Humidity)
The second part o f Table I, the relative humidity table is filled just like the
temperature table that I discussed previously.
From the meteorological records the monthly mean maxima (early morning
readings) and minima (early afternoon readings) o f relative humidity (RH), in
percentage is filled in the first two lines, against ‘monthly mean max a.m (% )’ and
‘monthly mean max p.m (% )’ respectively.
The average humidity for each month is found by adding the monthly maximum
relative humidity (a.m) and monthly mean minimum relative humidity (p.m) and
dividing by two. The averages are entered in the third line, against ‘average’
The humidity group for each month is found according to the humidity group chart.
These are entered in the fourth line.
3. Relative Humidity Table
monthly 87 78 74 68 46 34 32 32 38 50 67 89
mean
max a.m
(%)
monthly 50 41 35 27 18 13 12 13 15 21 39 51
mean
min p.m
(%)
average 68.5 59 54 47 32 23 22 22 26.5 35 53 70
humidity 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 3
group
12
2.1.2.3 Humidity Group Chart
The relative humidity o f a place determines the human comfort limits for that place.
To set the comfort limits that would influence design changes accordingly; it
becomes necessary to categorize the relative humidity values. Hence a simple
humidity group chart was created.
4. Humidity Group Chart
Humidity Group Average relative humidity

1 < 30%
2 30% - 50 %
3 50 % - 70 %
4 > 70%
Thus, the relative humidity table is filled. After this comes the third most important
elements, the rain and wind.
2.1.2.4 Table I (Part III Rain and Wind)
From the meteorological tables, the monthly average rainfall values in millimeters
for each month are added in the first row. The total rainfall is also found by adding
all the twelve values. This value is entered in the last column, as shown for Baghdad.
The prevailing wind direction is also noted as shown below.
13
5. Rain & Wind Table
Month J F M A M J J A s o N D Total
Rainfall
24 25 28 15 7 0 0 0 0 3 22 24 148
in mm
Prevailing wind direction North West
All these three tables constitute Mahoney Tables I.
This ends the description on how to fill Table I o f the Mahoney Tables. Now we can
move on to fill the Table II o f Mahoney Tables.
2.1.3 TABLE II
The Mahoney Table II has two parts. The first part is the diagnosis or identification
o f thermal stress and the second part is deriving the aridity/ humidity indicators. To
fill the diagnosis table however, we will have to first consult the comfort limit chart,
that quantifies the comfort limits o f a place during day and night, according to the
average mean temperature o f the place.
2.1.3.1 Comfort Limit Chart
This is a chart which Mr. Mahoney created by taking into consideration the human
comfort limit according to the humidity groups and the annual temperature o f a
place. The chart below describes the comfort limit during the day and night, for
various annual mean temperatures.
14
6. Comfort Limit Chart
Humidity
AMT over 20 °C AMT 15-20 °C AMT below 15 °C
Group
Day Night Day Night Day Night
Comfort
temp temp temp temp temp temp
Limits
°C °C °C °C °C °C
1 26-34 17-25 23-32 14-23 21-30 12-21
2 25-31 17-24 22-30 14-22 20-27 12-20
3 23-29 17-23 21-28 14-21 19-26 12-19
4 22-27 17-21 20-25 14-20 14-20 12-18
This comfort limit chart is used as a re "erence for the diagnosis tables.
2.1.3.2 Table II (Part I, Diagnosis)
Table II o f the Mahoney Tables, is filled by taking into consideration Table I and
also the comfort limit chart described previously. The monthly mean minimum
temperature and the monthly mean maximum temperatures from Table I are entered
in the table, corresponding to the lines named ‘monthly mean m ax’ and ‘monthly
mean m in’ respectively.
The upper and lower comfort limits for the day are found on the basis o f the comfort
charts. This data is entered in the table II, against the lines named ‘day comfort
upper’ and ‘day comfort lower’ respectively. The upper and lower comfort limit for
night is also found from the com fort lim it chart .This is entered against ‘night
comfort upper’ and 'night comfort lower' respectively.
15
The comfort limits have to be compared to the monthly means to establish the nature
o f thermal stress to be filled in the last two rows. If the monthly mean maximum
temperature is greater than the day comfort upper, then the thermal stress day is ‘H ’
meaning hot. If the monthly mean maximum temperature is lower than the day
comfort lower, then the thermal stress day is ‘C ’ meaning cold. If it lies between the
day comfort upper and lower, the thermal stress is O ’ meaning optimum or
comfortable.
Similarly, the thermal stress for night is established by comparing the monthly mean
minimum with the night comfort limits. These vales are filled in the last two rows
against ‘thermal stress day’ and ‘thermal stress night’ respectively.
16
7. Thermal Stress Table
Monthly mean 16 18.5 22 29 36 41 43 43 40 34 24.5 17.5
max
Day Comfort 29 29 29 31 31 34 34 34 34 31 29 29
upper
Day Comfort 23 23 23 25 25 26 26 26 26 25 23 23
lower
Monthly mean 4 5.5 9 14 20 23 25 24 21 16 10.5 5
min
Night Comfort 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 25 24 23 23
upper
Night Comfort 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
lower
Thermal Stress C C C 0 H H H H H C 0 C
Day
Thermal Stress C C C C 0 0 H 0 0 C C C
Night
To find out the design recommendations specific to a place, there are two more
tables that have to be completed. The first one is the aridity/humidity indicator chart
and the second is the indicator totals table.
2.1.3.3 Table II (Part II, Humidity Indicators)
Certain groups o f symptoms (nature o f thermal stress, some climate characteristics
and the duration o f both) indicate the remedial action the designer could take. The
Mahoney method developed uses six indicators (three humidity indicators: H I, H2,
H3) and three aridity indicators (A l, A2, A3), to establish the climatic character o f
the place.
17
2.1.3.3.1 Indicator Derivation Chart
This chart, like the comfort limit chart was developed by Carl Mahoney, to establish
the nature o f indictors for the given place. He established a certain combination o f
climatic characteristics that the place must have, to fall into a particular indicator
group.
8. Indicator Derivation Chart
Monthly
Humidity
Thermal stress Rainfall mean
Meaning Indicator group
range
Day Night
Air H 4
movement HI
H 2-3 <10°C
essential
Air
movement H2 0 4
desirable
Rain
protection H3 >200mm
necessary
Thermal
capacity A1 1-3 >10°C
necessary
Outdoor H 1-2
sleeping A2
H 0 1-2 >10°C
desirable
Protection
A3 C
from cold
The process followed to ascertain the kind o f indicators for a given place, is to check,
for each month, the thermal stress indices (day and night) from the Thermal Stress
Table, the humidity group from the Relative Humidity Table, the total rainfall from
18
the Rain and Wind Table and the monthly mean range o f temperatures from the
Temperature Table against the definition o f indicators given in the indicator
derivation chart, and place a star in the Aridity/Humidity Count Chart, against the
appropriate indicator where the month’s data corresponds to the definition.
In the last column, the number o f months in which each indicator is applicable is
filled by adding the number o f stars in each line.
As one can see from the aridity humidity count below, Baghdad is a very hot and
arid place.
9. Aridit/ Humidity Count Chart
Month J F M A M J J A S o N D Totals
Humid
0
HI
H2 0
H3 0
Arid * * * * * * * * * * * * 12
A1
A2 * * * * * 5
A3 * * * * 4
2.1.3.3.2 Indicator Totals
The totals from the A ridity/ H um idity chart are taken and the hum idity count chart is
filled as below.
19
10. Indicator Totals Table
HI H2 H3 A1 A2 A3
0 0 0 12 5 4
It is these indicator totals that decide the climate and hence the appropriate
recommendations for a place.
2.1.4 Mahoney Tables III

Table III gives the designer the specifications resulting from the above indicators.
Recommended specifications are grouped under the eight headings:
Layout
Spacing
Air Movement
Openings
Walls
Roofs
Out-door Sleeping
Rain Protection
The specification items are numbered and a brief description is given in Table III.
The detailed explanations are also given separately from the tables.
20
Now I am going to describe the 8 different categories and the recommendations
Mahoney gives for each o f them. These are the detailed explanations that I said is
given along with the briefing in the tables. The category which would be applicable
for a certain climatic region is found by entering the the indicator totals from the
Indicator Totals Table, in the corresponding tables below.
Where the indicator total falls between values given in table III place a star (*)
against the specification item in the same line. There can only be one specification
item recommended under each o f the eight headings. It will be the first one arrived at
when scanning from left to right. In some cases, the first coincidence will select two
items. In this case, if one continues further right, the next indicator will make the
final choice.
2.1.4.1 Building Layout
There are two alternate building layouts, suggested by the Mahoney Tables. The
optimal arrangement differs from climate to climate. So this table helps in deciding
the right layout for the chosen place.
1. Buildings should be oriented on an east west axis, the long elevations facing north
and south, to reduce exposure to the sun.
2. Buildings should be planned around small courtyards if thermal storage is required
for most o f the year, i.e. when hot-dry season is dominant.
21
11. Layout Table
Orientation north and

0-10 1 south (long axis east
and west)
11, 5-12
12 * Compact Courtyard
2
Planning
11.12 0-4
2.1.4.2 Building Spacing
Traditionally, the houses in hot-dry climates have less spacing between them, i.e.
they are packed close together for gaining maximum shade. It is however the exact
opposite for warm-humid type o f climates, where maximum air movement is
essential for comfort.
Building spacing has at least three options, according to the Mahoney Tables.
3. Buildings should be broadly spaced for breeze penetration. As a rough guide:
Space between long rows o f buildings should not be less than five times the height.
4. If wind penetration is needed only for part o f the year, the broad spacing should be
followed, but provision must be made for protection from cold or dusty hot winds.
5. Compact planning is recommended if air movement required is insignificant.
22
12. Spacing Table
11, Open spacing for

3 breeze penetration
12
As 3 but protection
2-10 * 4 from hot and cold
wind
Compact Layout o f
0,1 5 estates
2.1.4.3 Air Movement
Air movement here refers to provision for ventilation within the building. Places
with different climates have different internal planning for maximum comfort, either
to block cold winds or sun or to let in cool breezes.
According to the Mahoney Tables, air movement can be influenced by three broad
planning arrangements.
6. Rooms should be single banked with windows in the north and south walls to
ensure air movement by ample cross ventilation
7. Rooms may be double banked, but the plan should allow for temporary cross
ventilation (e.g. large interconnecting doors). If wind is unreliable, or site limitation
restricts planning for cross ventilation, ceiling mounted fans may be used. This
would require a room height o f not less than 2.3 m that would affect the basic built
form.
23
8. Air movement is never essential, and is desirable for not more than a month,
rooms can be double banked and there is not much need for cross-ventilation.
13. Air Movement Table
3-12 Rooms single banked,

6 permanent provision
0-5 for air movement.
1,2
6-12 Double banked rooms,
* temporary provision
7
2-12 for air movement.
0
No air movement
0,1 8
requirement
2.1.4.4 Percentage of Openings
Openings are very closely linked to planning for air movement within the building.
Openings in the building walls can be classified into three categories:
9. 'Large', between 40 and 80% o f the north and south walls. These need not be fully
glazed, but should be protected from the sun, sky glare and rain, preferably by
horizontal over hangs.
10. 'Very small', less than 20% o f the wall
11. 'Medium', between 20 and 40% o f the wall area. Openings in the east wall may
be desirable when the cold season is long. In the west walls openings are acceptable
24
14. Opening Table
0,1 0 9 Large Openings, 40-

80%
11,12 0,1 * 10 Very Small
Openings, 10-20%
Any other 11 Medium openings,
conditions 20-40%
in moderate or cold climates but under no circumstances in the tropics.
2.1.4.5 Type and Thickness of Walls
Walls, which make up most o f the envelope o f the building is a very important
element that has to be carefully considered while designing. The thickness o f walls
and the material used will determine the amount o f insulation provided. Like all
other elements different climates favor different types o f wall. As per the Mahoney
recommendations, there are two broad categories o f walls.
12. External walls should be light with low thermal capacity. Within this category
there are two sub-types:
a) Internal walls should also be light where hot-dry conditions prevail for a short-
time only.
25
b) Internal walls should be heavy and massive where any occurrence o f hot-dry
conditions is combined with a large annual mean range o f temperature (over 20C)
13. Both external and internal walls should be massive
15. Wall Type Table
Light walls, short time

0-2 12
lag
* Heavy external and
3-12 13
internal walls.
2.1.4.6 Type of Roofs
R oof is another important element in a building. Traditional houses have very light
roofs if they are located in a tropical climate. The roofs here can ‘breathe’, in
contrast to the roofs that are thick and well insulated, which are mostly used in
places with extreme climates. The Mahoney recommendations distinguish two basic
types o f roofs.
14. A light but well insulated roof with low thermal capacity
15. A heavy roof with substantial thermal capacity, giving a time -lag o f at least 8
hours
26
16. R o o f Type Table
Light insulated
0-5 14 roofs
Heavy roofs,
6-12 * 15 over 8 hrs time
lag
2.1.4.7 Outdoor Sleeping
Sleeping outdoors is a very common tradition in hot climates. So adequate provision
has to be given to this aspect depending upon the climate o f the chosen place.
According to the Mahoney Tables, provision for outdoor sleeping is either required
or not; if so:
16. It should be provided on roofs, balconies or in patios, so that sleepers are
exposed to the coldest part o f the night sky (the zenith) to increase heat loss by
outgoing radiation
17. Outdoor Sleeping Table
Outdoor sleeping
2-12 * 16
required
27
2.1.4.8 Rain Protection
Houses in places experiencing abundant rainfall have to be sufficiently protected. So
the rain protection table plays a very important part in the Mahoney Tables. The
Mahoney Tables recommendation about rain protection is as follows.
17. Special protective measures are needed if rain is frequent and heavy- such as
deep verandahs, wide overhangs and covered passages.
18. Rain Protection Table
Protection from heavy

3-12 17
rain necessary
The rain protection table concludes Mahoney Tables III. After this we move on to
Mahoney Tables IV, which gives recommendations for the design o f building
elements.
2.1.5 Table IV
M ahoney Tables IV is an extension o f the Table III, in which each item is further
expanded. Each category in Table IV is filled just like Table III. Where the indicator
total falls between the values given below it, (in the same column) a star is placed
against the item to the right, in the same line.
28
Items relating to the same features are mutually exclusive - there can be only one
item recommended under four o f the six features (the exceptions being protection o f
openings and external features)
Should there be any discrepancy between recommendations o f Table III and IV; the
latter should take precedence over t he former.
Like Table III, Table IV is also filled according to the indicator total derived. E.g. If
indicator H I is either 0 or 1 then the openings should be large.
2.1.5.1 Size of Openings
This is an extension o f the broad category ‘Openings’. Openings include doors,
windows, open atria etc. There are 5 different sub categories for openings.
1. Those that are large, covering 40 to 80% o f wall area. This is applicable when
thermal storage is needed for not more than one month. (A l) and when there is no
cold season. (A3)
2. Medium openings, covering about 20 to 40% o f wall area. This is applicable when
thermal storage is not neeeded for more than one month and there is a cool season. -
Or when thermal storage is needed for 2-5 months.
29
3. Small openings, covering about 15 -25% o f wall area. This is applicable when
thermal storage is needed for 6-10 months.
4. very small openings, i.e. 10-20% o f wall area, applicable when thermal storage is
needed all year round (11 -12 months) and the cool season is not more than 3
months.
5. Medium size openings are also recommended when thermal storage is required
throughout the year and sun penetration is desirable during a cool season o f more
than 4 months.
19. Size o f Opening Table
0 1 Large: 40-80%
0,1
1-12 Medium: 25-40%
2
2-5
6-10 3 Small: 15-25%
0-3 4 Very small: 10-20%

11,12
4-12 * 5 0-15%
From this table, it can be noted that for Baghdad, the optimum size o f openings in
the building should not exceed 15%.
30
2.1.5.2 Position of Openings
The placement or position o f openings in relation to the building should be carefully
considered while designing a climate friendly house. We know that, in hot humid
climates, it is optimal to have about 40-80 % openings. However if all the openings
were placed against the in total disregard o f the prevailing winds, comfort cannot be
achieved, and the openings will be in vain. So care must be taken not only about the
percentage o f openings but also the position o f the openings.
There are two kinds o f positions that openings can placed in, as per the Mahoney
recommendations.
6. When air movement (H I) is essential for three months or more, or for a lesser
period, but thermal storage is needed for less than half a year (A l) the openings
should be positioned so as to direct the breeze at the occupants. First preference is
north and south orientation, but in this case the wind direction may take precedence
over the solar orientation.
7. W hen air movement is essential for 1 or two months only and thermal storage is
needed for more than 6 months- or when air flow is not essential, only desirable for 2
months or more (H2), the rooms may be double banked, with the internal walls
having adequate openings. In this case the optimum solar orientation (north and
south) should take precedence over the orientation for wind.
31
20. Position o f Opening Table
3-12 North and south

6 walls at body height
0-5
1-2 on windward side
6-12 * As above, openings
7
0 2-12 also in internal walls
2.1.5.3 Protection of Openings
Openings, especially if plentiful, must be well protected against the harsh glare o f the
sun or the dusty wind or the pouring rain. The Mahoney Table recommends
protections o f openings in some climates.
14. Complete exclusion o f solar radiation through out the year is recommended,
when there is no cool season, or when it lasts not more than 2 months. If there is a
longer cool season, shading should be done such that sun is admitted during this cool
period.
15. Protection o f openings from rain penetration will be necessary when a rainfall
exeeding 200mm occurs in more than 1 month. (H3)
21. Opening Protection Table
0-2 14 Exclude direct sunlight

Provide protection
2-12 15
from rain
32
2.1.5.4 Walls and Floors
The climate o f a place pretty much dictates the kind o f walls and floors o f a
vernacular house. So it becomes important for the Mahoney Tables to classify the
given place accurately so that it is easy to recommend the kind o f wall and flooring
for a house in that climate. According to the Mahoney Tables, there can be two kinds
of walls and floor. One is light with low thermal capacity and the other is heavy with
more than 8 hours lag.
10. When thermal storage (A l) is required for 2 months or less, a light weight fabric
is recommended. This may be provided by hollow blocks or bricks, with more than
40% void, by a thin solid wall, e.g. 50mm dense concrete, or by sheeted walls
enclosing a cavity (the latter may harbor insects and vermin). Outside surfaces must
be reflective.
11. When thermal storage is required for more than 2 months, a heavy fabric is
recommended. Solid bricks, Blocks, concrete or adobe o f about 300mm thickness
should satisfy the requirements. A lesser thickness, down to 100mm is satisfactory if
it is insulated on the outside.
22. Walls and Floors table - continued
Light, low thermal

0-2 10
capacity
* Heavy, over 8 hr time
3-12 11
lag
33
2.1.5.5 Roofs
As per the Mahoney recommendations, there could be three types o f roof. Light roof-
type with reflective surface, light and well insulated roof and heavy roof-type with
more than 8 hour time lag.
With an air movement requirement (H I) for 10 to 12 months, if the thermal storage
requirement is less than 2 months, a light roof must be used. Its time lag should
never exceed 3 hours. It should have a reflective surface and good insulation. A
cavity within the roof or a roof-ceiling combination is advantageous. The roof-
ceiling overall U-Value must be in the region o f !W /m2 deg C
23. R o o f Table -continued
Light reflective
10- 0-2 12
surface, cavity
12 Light, well insulated
3-12
13
0-5
0,9 * Heavy, over 8 hr time
6-12 14
lag
2.1.5.6 External Features
The Mahoney Tables specify two external features. One is to provide space for
outdoor sleeping, and the other is to provide adequate drainage for rainwater.
34
When indicator A2 is one or more, space for out-door sleeping, has to be provided.
More often this will be on the roof, in which case the roof finish should be selected
to withstand foot traffic.
With heavy rainfall (H3) occurring even in one month of the year, special provisions
for roof drainage will be necessary. Stagnant pools must be avoided, (e.g. level
gutters) as these will provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes. In low cost building
spouts at roof level or eaves discharge is acceptable if foot o f the wall is surrounded
by concrete path or apron 0.5 m wide, sloping away from the building.
24. External Features Table
* Space for outdoor

1-12 15
sleeping
Adequate rainwater
1-12 16 drainage
2.1.6 Summary
The Mahoney Tables should be considered as an aid to sketch design, but not a
mechanically used substitute for thinking. In Table I the dominant features o f the
climate and their duration have been recorded in a simplified form. In Table II the
nature o f the thermal stress has been diagnosed and the duration o f the need for
certain thermal controls has been expressed by the indicators. In Table III these
indicators have been examined and correlated producing some recommendations.
These could be taken as broad and basic design decisions or only as specifications of
35
the required performance. In any case they are to be used as constraints (or aids,
fixed points or starting points) together with many factors other than climatic, in
formulating the sketch design.
The method is quick, broad and sketchy. It contains compromises. There will be
instances or periods when the design thus formulated will be less than perfect. This
does not invalidate the method; it just means that climatic design does not end with
the sketch design stage.
There are also some potential problems with this system. That is the Tables do not
take into consideration extremely cold climates. It is designed to consider tropical
and temperate climatic zones. The Tables also do not take into consideration the
influence o f culture o f a place on its house types.
36
3. THE MT+ PROGRAM
I created a program to simplify the process o f acquiring the relevant climatic data o f
a place, and filling it all into the tables, calculating and interpreting the results. This
is called the Mahoney Tables Program. A person using the program would only have
to click on a place in the given map, and the design recommendations for that place
would pop up. If any place is not on the map, one could go and collect the climatic
data and manually fill the tables given in the program, which would save it in the
database and then give the appropriate recommendations.
The Mahoney Plus program is made in Visual Basic. I have chosen this language for
a number o f reasons.
• The structure o f the Basic programming language is very simple, particularly
as to the executable code.
• Visual Basic is not only a language but primarily an integrated, interactive
development environment.
• The Visual Basic interactive development environment has been highly
optimized to support rapid application development. It is particularly easy to
develop graphical user interfaces and to connect them to handler functions
provided by the application.
37
• The graphical user interface o f Visual Basic provides intuitively appealing
views for the management o f the program structure in the large and the
various types o f entities (classes, modules, procedures, forms ...).
3.1 Mahoney Tables PLUS - Addition of Internet Data

Acquisition
Instead o f manually finding the weather data and filling it in the table, Prof.Milne
came up with a suggestion that if the software could read the weather data off the
World Wide Web it would be much easier for the user. So the program can read
EPW (Energy Plus Weather data) files from the internet. If the place is not in the
given map, then all one would have to do is to click the button saying “other places”,
which would direct them to a web-site that has the climatic data o f most o f the places
in the world. One can then select the place they want, and the climatic information
would be added in the database.
Weather data for more than 550 locations are now available in EnergyPlus weather
format — more than 275 locations in the USA, 55 locations in Canada, and 230 other
locations throughout the world. This data is very reliable as all the energy programs
use these data for their simulation. If the data is not available on the internet one
could always fill up the data manually.
38
3.2 Weather Data Format Definition
Building energy simulation programs employ some means o f representing local
climatic conditions relative to the building models. For most o f the recent energy
simulation programs, the need for more exhaustive weather data has resulted in the
development a new generalized weather data format for use with two major
simulation programs— ESP-r and Energy Plus (Crawley et al. 1999). All the data are
in SI units. The format is simple, text-based with comma-separated data. It is based
on the data available within the TMY2 weather format but has been rearranged to
facilitate visual inspection o f the data. “The TMY2 data are a strict, position-specific
format— filling missing data with nines and zero values with zeroes. The new
weather data format contains commas to facilitate data reading and analysis with
spreadsheet programs.”- Weather Data Information
The weather data for Energy Plus is a text-based format derived from the Typical
Meteorological Year 2 (TMY) weather format. TMY is defined as a year, which
sums up all the climatic information. The selection o f typical weather conditions for
a given location is very crucial in computer simulations for performance predictions
and has led various investigators either to run long periods o f observational data or to
select a particular year, which appears to be typical from several years o f data. This
includes a whole lot o f data that is irrelevant to the Tables.
39
From these data, only the location, latitude, longitude, altitude, Dry Bulb
Temperature, relative humidity and the precipitation, is extracted and added to the
database. From this the mean maximum and minimum temperature, mean maximum
relative humidity a.m and mean minimum relative humidity p.m, the total
precipitation is calculated and added to the original database schema. Then the
program calculates the design requirement.
However the Mahoney Tables give the same recommendations for a particular type
of climate, irrespective o f it geographical location. So it does not take into
consideration many other factors that could influence the type o f building in that
place. To study this, I have considered two distinct building types within the hot-
humid climatic zone. One is the courtyard type o f houses and the other is the house
built on stilts.
40
4. INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON TRADITIONAL

HOUSE DESIGN- A STUDY OF HOT-HUMID
CLIMATES
I observed that there are many instances where traditional houses do not match the
recommendations o f the Mahoney Tables. I wanted to find out what causes this
inconsistency. So with the help o f Prof. Knowles, I set up a research program to
study this. There are many places in the world which has similar type o f climates.
Mahoney recommendations for these places are very similar too. However the house
forms in these places are very different from each other. This could be due to
difference in culture o f these places. One solid example is the courtyard type o f
house and the houses built on stilts both found in warm -hum id climatic zones.
To study this further, four different regions were chosen; South-East China,
Malaysia, Indonesia and South India. These places were chosen because all the four
regions have very similar type o f climate. When I input the climatic values for these
four locations in the Mahoney Tables, the design recommendations or all the four
places were same. However in reality, the types o f houses in the locations are very
different. China and Kerala have courtyard type o f houses while Malaysia and
Indonesia has houses built on stilts. Even within the courtyard types there were
major differences in building design. Mahoney recommends only courtyard type o f
houses. The M ahoney Tables do not about houses built on stilts. The comparison
41
between all the four types o f houses is given in a tabular form in the comparison
tables, in chapter 5.
4.1 China
Fig. 1. Map o f Asia1
M a .lt A*-
w jiiig 600 M
"iSoKm
A sia
AU9.
[ | Tropical w a t I I Humid subtropical
[ ' • ' Tr opi cal w e t a n d d r y I \ Humid con tin en tal
l"': ' I S e m ia rld Subarctic*
) D ese rt I . . ID Tundra
| Su b trop ical d r y su m m e r W M W \ Highland
4.1.1 Climate and Environment
Mild winters, early spring and hot summers, and 8 to 12 months growing season.
Abundant rainfall, ranging upwards from 800mm (30”) to more than 80” along the
southeast coast is found, with a summer maximum because o f monsoon circulation
and regular typhoons. An example o f a typical place is given below.
1 A sia Map: ww w.culture-asef.org/english/asia/
42
2
Fig. 2. Climate Graph, Haikou
K12 H aikou
E
E, 200+ 30 D
c 160 (T>
o 20 IQ
“1
120 a>
10 n>
80 V)
0 O
o<D 40 4- -10
0
J FMAMJ J ASOND
Bars depict normal precipitation;
line depicts normal temperatures
Fig. 3. Vernacular Housing, China3
The house forms in southern and South-Eastern part o f China is very distinctly
different from the Northern Chinese or the Eastern part o f China.
2
Climate Graph, Haiko\i-http://w w w .usda.gov/oce/w aob/jaw f/profiles/graphs/clim ate/kl2.htm l
3
Vernacular Housing, China- www.billhocker.com /china5
4.1.2 Layout
These houses are constructed, keeping in mind the hot-humid and rainy climate that
is so typical o f the region. The buildings or the building blocks are generally oriented
on an east-west axis. Although the houses may have a courtyard or could have any
shape that accommodates a common open space, the long axis generally faces north-
south. The existence o f a courtyard depends entirely upon the affluence o f the
family. Also unlike their northern counterparts, the courtyards are very small. They
look like wells from the roof, hence rightly known as skywells rather than
courtyards. Due to the narrow opening, hardly any sunlight enters the interior,
keeping it cool.
The main objective o f the sky well is to flush-out the heat from the interior o f the
building, based on the fact that hot air rises up from the bottom o f the courtyard,
creating a low pressure zone. This sucks in air from the interiors, which in turn
receive cool breezes from outside. Thus a constant air circulation is maintained.
Deep eaves provide sunshade to the interiors. During the rainy season, the courtyards
and the sloping roof help in collecting water.
4.1.3 Spacing within the Building
The rooms are very widely spaced. This ensures a free flow o f air inside. This is very
typical o f most traditional houses in the warm-humid climate. Most activities take
place outside the rooms, in courtyards or other open spaces like verandahs. This
keeps the human body cool.
44
4.1.4 Air Movement

Rooms are usually single banked. This ensures that there is minimum obstruction for
the flow o f air.
4.1.5 Openings
Houses o f northeastern Fujian have deep overhang o f the eave, and exposed timber
frame. These eaves provide shade from sunlight and wind driven rain. Verandahs are
largely found in southern china. They serve as covered corridors and also as a buffer
between interior living space and outside working space. They also screen interior
pace from the sun and keep out the wind-blown rain from entering the living space.
Detachable lattice windows give definition to space. These windows are also usually
made o f wood...and the lattice lets in cool air from the outside without letting the
sunlight. One notable feature o f the Chinese house is that the windows facing outside
are very small. However the ones facing the courtyard are comparatively larger. This
is because this part o f China has had a history o f wars. The women therefore usually
stay inside the houses and don’t like to be seen from the outside. They are the people
who utilize the courtyards to the maximum. This introverted nature has led to
designing o f smaller windows that face outside. The traditional courtyard developed
from the Hakkas, where, the courtyard serves a larger community. In both types, a
community is created in which people know each other. Hakka is found principally
in the southwestern Fujian and adjacent areas o f Guangdong and Jinagxi. The Hakka
is a fort-like structure, where very large families lived. It had a single point entry that
45
made the building safe. The Hakka courtyard also served as public meeting place. In
both cases, the geometry o f the courtyard creates a high level o f security. It is thus
difficult for strangers to enter the building, as their chances o f being recognized are
very high.
4.1.6 Materials
Houses built along the arable coastal line are o f timber frame construction with
facades o f brick or granite or a combination. These heavy materials are able to
withstand the fury o f typhoons that often strike the areas.
4.1.7 Roofs
Black tile roof features turned up eaves in a swallow tail profile. Traditional style
roofs are flush with gable end walls with no over hang to prevent uplift in the high
winds o f the monsoon season. Black is most definitely not the color that helps keep
out heat...however the black alluvial soil o f the place makes that tile indigenous to
that culture. Thus the heavy roof and the heavy claddings o f the wall, keeps the
stmcture sturdy.
46
4.2 Malaysia
Fig. 4. Map o f Malaysia4
4.2.1 Malaysian Climate and Environment

Malaysia also falls under the tropical zone, and so the climate is characterised by
warm humid conditions. The average air temperature ranges from 70 to 90° F. The
annual and diurnal temperature difference is also almost non-existent. Humidity
levels reach more than 80%, especially during the hot season. Solar radiation is
strong and often causes sky glare. The wind speed is generally low. They however
become high during the monsoon season, during which there is more than 100 in.
rainfall.
4
Malaysia Map - w w w .w m ich .ed u /../im a g e s/m alaysia.m ap.jpg
47
Fig. 5. Climate Graph; Penang 5
Penang
v iltu* *> r
75 72
Ja n Ffeb Ma? J lI ^ Slept Oi N
4.2.2 Layout of the Malayasian House
The Malaysian house is designed to suit their warm-humid climate. These wooden
houses are built on stilts. This indigenous houseform has been perfected over many
years. The main reason for these houses to be built on stilts is that, plant cover
creates a steeper wind gradient, as compared to open surfaces. Hence plants restrict
air movement around them. If the houses are built on stilts, the windows and other
openings would face open air and hence could get more flow o f breeze. Their life
style also blends in with the type o f their houses. E.g. Using one space for many
purposes. Like the Chinese houses, Malaysian houses also favor the addition system
wherein the house can be extended to accommodate a growing family. There are lots
5 Climate Graph; Penang-www. travel-guide. com /.. ./English/ charts
48
of different types o f traditional houses in Malaysia. Theses houses are classified
mainly by their roof shapes.
Fig. 6. Traditional Malay House6
The most common houseform is the one characterised by a long gable roof, and it is
also the oldest in Malaysia. Many have survived for more than a century. Malaysian
houses unlike the traditional Chinese and Indian houses, are oriented towards Mecca,
for Religious reasons. The shape o f the roof coupled with the plentiful windows,
makes the house well-ventilated.
6 Traditional M alay House- www.m alahouses.com
49
J
Fig. 7. Climatic Design, M alay House
Diagram 2
Climatic Design <f the Malay House
. • ' Altap roofing of

low thermal capacity
tjrves gwi! Ki&ulaften
v ssairsf irse-ai
f:: »• •'u <i' m'i

1 V) In nr-<-.(tla S,1*< t V S
• , a '. c v , g - o 3 v t - ' i i t i o n
* r t**t* hjM ’**
4.2.3 Spacing
The traditional Malay house has an open interior, which is open and spacious. Since
the spaces are not defined, they are multifunctional. For E.g. during summers, the
open space is used as a bedroom for all the male members o f the family, instead o f
the pre-defmed bedrooms. Or during family functions, the space is used as a
Climatic D esign, M alay House -http://tcdc.undp.org/tcdcw eb/experiences/vol4/M alay% 20house.pdf
50
common space for get together, preparation o f meals, like cutting vegetables etc.
This openness, promotes good cross-ventilation, and adequate lighting.
o
Fig. 8. Common Floor Plans, Malay House
TwoCommonFloorPlans
Bed
room
Front
Porch
4.2.4 Air Movement in the building

As was mentioned earlier, the rooms are single banked. The houses are also
randomly spaced, without them being too near each other, to promote air flow. This
is because if the houses are spaces evenly next to each other, those in the down-wind
side would not get any breeze at all. The minimal interior partitions also help in
promoting good ventilation.
g
Climatic D esign, M alay House- academ ics.hamilton.edu/.../d ra y b ec k /Illustrations.htm l
4.2.5 Type of Openings in the House
Since the best way to keep the house well ventilated is to have plentiful doors and
windows, it is taken care o f in the traditional Malay houses.
However these large openings also need to be protected against incoming sunlight,
heat, and also glare. Shading o f all vertical surfaces, even the walls have proved to
be beneficial. This is the reason why the roof is so large and also extends well
beyond the wall, as broad overhanging eaves, providing adequate shading to the
walls and windows. This also considerably reduces the sunlight entering the house
and thus reduces glare.
4.2.6 Materials Used
The materials used are mainly the locally available bamboo and wood. The walls and
roofs are made from thatched grass. These materials have very low thermal capacity.
The thatch is made mainly o f palm leaves.
4.2.7 Roofs
The roof as mentioned earlier is the most important element o f the house that
controls the solar heat gain. The roof is triangular shaped and has space for
ventilation. Thus the roof also is well cross ventilated. However one o f the problems
faced by the low overhang o f the roofs is that since very little sunshine is let in the
52
interiors remain a little dark. Most other roof forms are foreign influenced. One
major similarity is the fact that all these roofs are easy to build.
4.2.8 Culture
Culture most certainly influences the Malay houseforms. The east-west orientation is
ensured by insisting that the house face Mecca. There is no rigid layout pattern
between the houses inside a compound. This totally depends o f the lifestyle o f the
people. The site, just like in India is selected by observation and rituals. The houses
are spaced far apart from each other, not only for privacy but also for future
expansion. This is one reason for the good flow o f air in and around the building.
Fig. 9. Traditional Malay R o o f Form9
9
Traditional M alay R o o f Form-w w w .badanw arisan.org. m y/projects/
53
4.3 Indonesia
Fig. 10. Indonesia M ap10
^ P h ilip p in e s
Nam
,
Jakarta
p i i P l
tr A u stra lia
4.3.1 Indonesia Climate and Environment

The third place I researched was Indonesia. Indonesia has a hot and humid climate in
most o f the regions. Some highland areas are cooler and drier.
10 Indonesia Map - wxvw.wmich.edu/.../im a g es/ indonesia.m ap.jpg
54
Fig. 11. Balikpapan Climate Graph11
B a lik p a p a n , K alim antan

7n;'
Rainfall
I
I
Huir.-dity m
I JIT fee M *f A pr M #j June Jyl> Ai-sS vX t S ;v 'J to \

;
Indonesia also lies in the tropical hot humid equatorial type o f climate. In fact
Indonesia is one o f the countries that the equator passes through. This obviously
means very hot climate and very heavy rainfalls, heavy cloud cover and glare.
Indonesian houses, like its Malaysian counterpart is also built on stilts. The houses
are elongated and open.
4.3.2 The Typical layout of an Indonesian house
Different tribes o f Indonesia have different basic house forms, as per their tradition
and culture. However the most predominant form is the Dayak long house.
11 Climate Graph- www.clim.indo/kalimantan.jpg
55
12
Fig. 12. Rice store - Minangkabau architecture
These houses are rectangular in shape with a long axis. These houses too are oriented
east-west. These houses are very decorative, unlike Malaysian houses. The houses
have a spacious interior and they can be used for various purposes. The Indonesian
village is centered more around the society than the individual. This trend is however
changing and more and more houses are built in the ground as opposed to being built
on silts.
4.3.3 Spacing
The traditional houses o f Indonesia do not have any interior partitions. It is one large
hall used for multiple purposes. These interiors are partitioned as and when
12
Rice store - M inangkabau architecture, Pagaruyung near Bukit Tinggi, Sumatra-
http://m em bers, tripod. com /Yves Vanderbeken
56
necessary using cloth. This is on o f the best means o f keeping the interiors well-
ventilated and cool.
4.3.4 Air Movement
Since there is only one single hall, the room or rooms are single banked, thus
allowing ample ventilation. The walls are made o f wooden panels and they have
small spaces between them, through which air flows. There are carvings in the
ceilings that accelerate the flow o f air. The floors are also made o f wooden panels
with gaps.
4.3.5 Openings
The openings are very small and insignificant as compared to Malaysian houses.
Very small windows on all the sides admit light to the interior. This is to avoid
incoming solar radiation. However this little light does not affect the occupants as
they use the house mainly for sleeping at night only. Air movement is facilitated
because o f the building materials. There are also special holes in the roofs that can
serve as windows.
4.3.6 Materials
The chief building materials are locally available wood, bamboo and timber. The
roof and thatch is made o f the famous alang-alang grass, which is known to survive
more than 50 years.
57
4.3.7 Roofs
The roofs are steeply inclined to ward off the copious rainwater during the
monsoons. They are also decorated and carved intricately as per their culture and
tradition. Different tribes have different symbols representing their roof form. Thus
the roof forms are distinctly different from that o f the Malaysians.
4.3.8 Culture
The ornaments put onto the external walls o f the house are meant to drive away evil
influences. This is the main difference between the Malaysian and Indonesian
houseforms. Also the openings in Malaysian houses are more copious.
Fig. 13. Long House - before 1920, Central Borneo13
13 Batakshttp://a rta sia .www2.50m egs.com /Indonesia/houses.htm
58
Fig. 14. Royal Palace complex. Simalungun
Fig. 15. Interior-115
14 http://m em bers. tripod. com /Yves Vanderbeken

15 w w w .bikebrats.com /indom al/ indo/wsum a/
59
Fig. 16. Interior-216
South India- Kerala

Fig. 17. Map o f South India 17
fp w tm m r n r tff
hf&
16www.bikebrats.com /indom al/ indo/wsuma/

17
http://w w w . indianredcross. org/im ages/south-india.jpg
60
Kerala was the fourth place I chose. It is a state in India with climatic characteristics
very similar to that o f the Fujian and the Guangdong provinces in China. Just like in
China, the predomina nt houseform in this state is courtyard type o f houses.
Environment and climate: topography is dominated by mountain ranges Western and
the Eastern Ghats. There is a narrow coastal strip on the west and a wider one on the
east. The west coast experiences heavy rainfall in summer (up to 40”) and the east
coast has a third o f this amount, but very high humidity and very hot summers.
4.4.1 Layout
Topography in Kerala favors a linear and scattered housing pattern along backwaters
and roads. The typical building layout in Kerala is determined by Tachhushastram,
which are the traditional rules and regulations for building houses that has evolved
over many years. The main architect decides if the plot is auspicious or not
depending on its shape, orientation etc. After that the building is built. The houses
are very light and the basic plan is rectangular. Houses on an average are one or two
roomed with additional spaces like a verandah, courtyard, cooking and a storage
shed, the plot area depending on land availability. Larger houses are occupied my
higher income groups and joint families e.g. Nairs o f Kerala present an overview o f
rural house types in Kerala. The rich use teak and redwood and other types o f timber,
while the poor use bamboo and matted coconut leaves, for their building. This
provides maximum cross ventilation. The roof slopes towards the side and provides
61
shade to both the verandah and also the courtyards. The concept is courtyard is also
more prevalent among the rich. Very large poor families also have courtyard type
houses, wherein the place is used for family gatherings and other festivals.
Tachhushastram also dictates that a house be oriented east-west and that the main
entrance faces east.

18
Fig. 18. Kerala House Plan
The central courtyard is the focal point o f the house with the main room located in
the w est w ing. Room s in the northern side are used for cooking and southern for
daily household activities.
18 Im age from Encyclopedia o f Vernacular Architecture
62
Many people, who work on Kerala’s extensive back-waters, transporting goods or
passengers, used to live in a traditional house boat. Most o f the body is covered by a
high rounded roof o f woven coconut fronds. However these type o f houses has now
become obsolete, and now-a-days such boats are used for promoting tourism.
4.4.2 Spacing
Rooms are widely spaced and have openings facing the courtyard for maximum
ventilation. In houses where there are no courtyards, the windows open towards the
verandah. There is adequate provision for cross ventilation. Many houses have
wooden louvered windows to keep off the rain but to let in sunshine and the breeze.
Courtyards are utilized both in summers and in the rains. In summers they are used
to dry food items, fish etc, and while in rains they are used to collect rain water,
either to water the plants or for sanitary purposes.
4.4.3 Air Movement
Rooms are usually single banked. These are the best ventilated houses. However
some new houses are double banked to accommodate more rooms. Mostly these are
addendums made to the old single banked houses, to accommodate the growing
needs o f the family. Unlike the Malaysian or the Chinese houses, wherein there is
already provision for expanding the house, the traditional Kerala house does not have
such features.
63
4.4.4 Openings
Openings are large and plentiful. This is to let in cooling breeze from outside.
W ooden windows guard the openings. Verandahs are deep and act as a buffer to the
rooms in the building and also the courtyard at the center. One disadvantage the deep
verandahs have is that it reduces the amount o f sunlight entering the building.
However, most o f the people, work outside. There is no concept o f staying indoors
unless a person is sick. Both men and women work outside in the fields.
4.4.5 Roofs
Typical houses have steep pyramidal roofs o f thatch or tiles that deal with torrential
downpour. They have a curved ridge from which rafters radiate at both end and
gables projecting over a hipped section. The roofs slope in to a courtyard, protecting
a verandah from rain and sun. This roof is supported at each, comer by a pillar. The
external slope descends low over the outer walls covering another verandah at the
front o f the building.
Fig. 19. Kerala House Elevation19
19 Image from Encyclopedia o f Vernacular Architecture
64
4.4.6 M aterials
While traditional housing in rural areas used local materials like thatch mud and
bamboo, urban areas, brick, stone and tiles are common. The most widespread
building materials are laterite cut into ashlars blocks, timber, particularly teak,
coconut and jackwood; and burnt bricks. Most roofs are made o f tile or thatch, made
from the plentiful coconut, palm leaf, paddy straw or grass.
65
5. TYPE 1: HOT HUMID EQUATORIAL TYPE OF

CLIMATE
This chapter shows an overview o f the Mahoney recommendation for a hot and
humid climate, which is typical o f the four places that were chosen before, namely,
Kerala, South East China, Malaysia and Indonesia.
5.1 Mahoney Recommendations

Layout: Buildings should be oriented on an east-west axis, the long elevation facing
north and south to reduce exposure to the sun.
Spacing: If wind penetration is needed for only a part o f the year, item 3 is
applicable; however adequate provision must be made for protection from cold and
dusty winds.
Air Movement: Rooms should be single banked with windows in the north and
south walls to ensure air-movement by ample cross ventilation.
Openings: Openings should be large, between 40-80% o f the north and south walls.
These need not be fully glazed, but should be protected from the sun, sky-glare and
rain, preferably by horizontal overhang.
Openings should be large, 40% to 80% o f wall area. Applicable when thermal
storage is needed for not more than 1 month, and where there is no cold season.
66
When air movement is essential for 3 months or more, or for a lesser period, but
thermal storage is needed for less than half a year, the openings should be positioned
so as to direct the breeze at the occupants. First preference is north-south orientation,
but in this case the wind direction may take precedence over solar orientation.
Complete exclusion o f solar radiation through-out the year is recommended, when
there is no cool season or it lasts not more than 2 months. If there is longer cool
season, the shading period should be determined. The sun should be admitted during
the cool period.
Walls: External walls should be light with low thermal capacity.
a) Internal walls should also be light where hot-dry conditions prevail for a short
time only.
b) Internal walls should be heavy and massive where an occurrence o f hot-dry
conditions is combined with large annual mean range o f temperature.(over 20deg C)
When thermal storage is required for 2 months or less, a light-weight fabric is
recommended. This may be provided by hollow blocks or bricks with more than
40% void, by a thin solid wall, e.g.50mm dense concrete or by sheeted walls
enclosing a cavity (the latter may harbor insects and vermin). Outside surfaces
should be reflective.
67
Roof: Light but well insulated roof with low thermal capacityWith a similar air
movement requirement, if the thermal storage requirement is more than 3 months- or
with an air movement requirement for less than 9 months, and thermal storage is
nee' 25. China ad India Comparison Table continued... ^ its insulation is even
more important. An overall U-value not exceeding 0.8 W/m2 is recommended. This
performance could be provided by an external sheet with a reflective surface, a
cavity and a ceiling incorporating at least 25mm insulation and a reflective top.
(Aluminum foil for instance)
Out-Door Sleeping: Outdoor sleeping area is not recommended.
Rain Protection: Protection from heavy rain is not required in this area.
5.2 Comparison Tables

After reading the Mahoney recommendations, I have compared the
recommendations with the two predominant houseforms in the hoot-humid type o f
climate. The chart also compares the differences between courtyard houses in
different regions, and the differences between the houses on stilts in different
regions.
68
5.2.1 South-W est C hina and K erala
25. China and Kerala Comparison Table
China: India: Kerala Mahoney Comparison Reason for

Yunnan, Recommend Differences
Fujian, ations
Hunan
Provinces.
Climate: Climate: Hot-Humid

Mild winters, Situated in equatorial
early spring the tropical type of
and hot calm belt of climate
summers, and the Indian
8 to 12 monsoon
months system,
growing Kerala has a
season. tropical hot,
Abundant humid
rainfall, climate.
ranging Southwest
upwards from monsoon
800mm (30”) brings rain to
to more than western areas
80” along the during may to
southeast august.
coast with a
summer
maximum
because o f
monsoon
circulation
and regular
typhoons.
69
25. China and India Comparison Table continued...
Layout: Layout: In Layout: Layout Layout

Common Kerala, free Buildings Usually the Courtyard
building shape standing self should be main blocks o f houses in
is rectangular sufficient oriented on an the house is Kerala
with a three homesteads east-west axis, oriented on an developed
bay plan. are preferred. the long east-west axis. because o f
Unlike north High humidity elevation The two side economic
which has and rainfall facing north blocks are reasons. First
huge windows make a light and south to oriented on a evolved a
to let in and airy reduce north-south single
sunlight.. .thes construction exposure to axis. rectangular
e have small necessary. the sun. block, When
windows. Walls made of trade started
Hanging bamboo mats increasing
tobacco and and rice straw and the
other crops allow cross economic
under the ventilation. status
eaves, act as Steep changed,
shading pyramidal more rooms
devices. roofs o f thatch were needed.
If courtyards or tiles deal Houses in
exist, they are with torrential South East
small, called downpour. China
sky wells. Plan is usually evolved due
These are rectangular. to political
basically to The dwellings reasons and
evacuate heat have an east history
from interior orientation Invasions
of the building according to forced them
and to let in Tacchushastra to protect
cool breezes m. themselves
from the by building
outside. Also closed-type
serves as a houses with
catchments blank outer
area for walls and
rainwater, for courtyards
domestic use. inside to
admit light
and
ventilation.
70
Spacing: Spacing: Spacing: If Wind Kerala house

Rooms are Rooms are wind penetration is have
widely spaced widely spaced penetration is needed windows
and have and have needed for through out facing both
openings openings only a part o f the year. towards the
facing the facing the the year, it Hence the courtyard and
courtyard for courtyard for must be used; rooms are facing
maximum maximum however widely spaced outside.
ventilation. ventilation. adequate to take There are not
provision advantage o f too many
must be made the breezes. windows
for protection facing
from cold and towards
dusty winds. outside in
Chinese
Air Air Air The houses houses,
Movement: Movement: Movement: are built because they
Rooms are Rooms are Rooms according to like to keep
usually single usually single should be recommendat their privacy.
banked. banked. single banked ions. There The inside of
However with windows are not too a house is
some new in the north many meant for
houses are and south windows women and
double walls to facing they like to
banked to ensure air- towards avoid too
accommodate movement by outside in many
more rooms ample cross Chinese intrusions
ventilation. houses, due to into the
cultural private area
reasons
71
25. China and India Comparison Table continued.
Openings: Openings: Openings: Mahoney

Houses o f Openings are Openings recommendati
northeastern large and should be ons
Fujian are plentiful. This large in the correspond to
similar except is to let in north and the opening
the deep cooling breeze south walls. type, found in
overhang o f from outside. These need these places
the eave, and Verandahs are not be fully
exposed deep and are glazed, but
timber frame. found as a should be
Eaves provide buffer to the protected from
shade from rooms in the the sun, sky-
sunlight and building and glare and rain,
wind driven the courtyard preferably by
rain. at the center. horizontal
Verandahs are overhang.
largely found Applicable
in southern when thermal
china. They storage is
serve as needed for not
covered more than 1
corridors and month, and
as a buffer where there is
between no cold
interior living season.
space and Openings
outside should be
working positioned so
space. They as to direct the
also screen breeze at the
interior space occupants.
from the sun First
and keep out preference is
the wind-& north-south
rain from the orientation,
living space. however the
Detachable wind direction
lattice may take
windows give precedence
definition to over solar
space._______ orientation.
72
Materials: Materials: Mahoney has

While not
traditional No recommended
housing in recommendati materials
rural areas ons given for probably
used local materials because many
materials like places with
thatch mud the same type
and bamboo, o f climate
urban areas, have different
brick, stone locally
and tiles are available
common. The materials. So
most he has
widespread specified the
building U-values that
materials are the material
laterite cut could have so
into ashlars that people
blocks timber, can use the
particularly material
teak, coconut available, but
and that would
jackwood; have the
and burnt necessary
bricks. Most thermal
houses are properties.
roofed in tile
or thatch,
made from the
ubiquitous
coconut palm
leaf, paddy
straw or grass.
73
Roofs: Roofs: Roofs are The shape of

Black tile roof Light but well both made o f the roofs
features turned up insulated roof light-weight differs due to
eaves in a with low materials cultural
swallow tail thermal reasons.
profile.(traditional capacity Indonesian
style) Roofs are recommended roof form for
flush with gable If thermal example
end walls with no storage is shows a
over hang to needed for less strong
prevent uplift in than 5 months- cultural
the high winds o f the roofs influence, on
the monsoon should still be the
season. light but its architectural
insulation is style. The
even more buffalo horns,
important. An represents
overall Li strength, due
vable not to their
exceeding 0.8 winning in a
W/m2 is tribal fight.
recommended.
This
performance
could be
provided by an
external sheet
with a
reflective
surface, a
cavity and a
ceiling
incorporating
at least 25mm
insulation and
a reflective
top.
74
Culture Culture:
This most The ornaments
certainly put onto the
influences the external walls o f
Malay the house are
houseforms. meant to drive
The east-west away evil
orientation is influences.
ensured by These ornaments
insisting that consist o f
the house face anthropomorphic
Mecca. There and zoomorphic
is no rigid representations,
layout pattern carved
between the decorative
houses inside a ornaments, and
compound. wall paintings.
This totally This explains the
depends o f the richly decorated
lifestyle o f the walls.
people. The
site, just like
in India is
selected by
observation
and rituals.
The houses are
spaced far
apart from
each other, not
only for
privacy but
also for future
expansion.
This is one
reason for the
good flow o f
air in and
around the
building______
75
5.2.2 M alaysia and Indonesia
26. M alaysia and Indonesia Comprison Table
Malaysia Indonesia Mahoney Mahoney Reasons for

Recommend Recommend Differences
ations ations
Climate: Climate: Hot-Humid
Abundant Indonesia has equatorial
rainfall each a hot and type of
month o f the humid climate
year. climate in
Typically, most o f the
annual regions.
rainfall totals Some
exceed 80 highland
inches, can be areas are
much higher. cooler and
Very little drier.
seasonal
change in
mean
monthly
temperatures.
In fact, more
diurnal
temperature
change than
seasonal
76
26. M alaysia and Indonesia Comparison Table continued...
L a y o u t: Layout Layout: Buildings are The main

The These houses Buildings oriented on an difference
Malaysian are should be east-west axis between
house is rectangular in oriented on an Malay and
designed to shape with a east-west Indonesian
suit their long axis. axis, the long houses,
warm-humid These houses elevation despite the
climate. too are facing north fact that they
These wooden oriented east- and south to are both
houses are west. These reduce built on stilts
built on stilts. houses are exposure to is that Malay
an indigenous very the sun. houses are
house form decorative, more society
perfected over unlike oriented.
many years. Malaysian The
The main houses. The community
reason for houses have a is given
these houses spacious preference
to be built on interior and over the
stilts is that, they can be individual.
plant cover used for People stay
creates a various mostly
steeper wind purposes. outdoors,
gradient, as This trend is than indoors.
compared to however There is a lot
open surfaces. changing and o f space
Hence plants more and between two
restrict air more houses houses for
movement are built in the addition
around them. ground as purposes,
If the houses opposed to however,
are built on being built on this also help
stilts, the silts in free flow
windows and o f breeze
other from all
openings directions.
would face
open air and
hence could
get more flow
o f breeze.
77
Spacing: The Spacing: Spacing: If Large open Spacing in

traditional Initially there wind spaces both the
Malay house were no penetration is houses more
has a rooms. There needed for or less
spacious open was just one only a part o f remains the
interior, large interior the year, it same.
promoting space that must be used;
good cross used to be however
ventilation partitioned adequate
and lighting. when provision
This allows necessary, by must be made
the space to cloth. Hence for protection
be used for they could be from cold and
different used for dusty winds.
purposes, different
depending on purposes
the season,
Occasion or
time o f the
day.
78
26. M alaysia and Indonesia Comparison Table continued..
Air Air Air Both the

Movement: Movement: Movement: types of
Rooms are Rooms are Rooms houses have
usually single usually single should be single banked
banked. The banked. single banked rooms
house is There is with windows
raised on ample cross in the north
stilts to catch ventilation and south
winds o f a between the walls to
higher rooms ensure air-
velocity. The because o f movement by
elongated wooden ample cross
structure o f panels with ventilation.
the traditional flow-through
Malay house carvings
with minimal placed just
interior below the
partitions, ceilings.
allows easy
passage o f
air.
79
Openings: Openings: Openings: There is a The difference

Windows are The openings Openings difference in is because
plentiful. Full- are very small should be the openings traditionally
length fully and large in the in both the Indonesians
openable insignificant north and places. spent most of
windows are as compared south walls. Indonesian the time
used. Carved to Malaysian These need houses have outside their
wooden houses. Very not be fully very small houses. One
panels and small glazed, but openings as stayed inside
wooden grilles windows on should be compared to only when one
in the house all the sides protected from Malaysian was sick or
are also admit light to the sun, sky- traditional had to sleep.
effective the interior. glare and rain, houses. Hence
ventilation This is to preferably by windows were
devices.Glare, avoid horizontal not that
which can be incoming overhang. important.
a major source solar Applicable
of stress in the radiation. when thermal
Malaysian However this storage is
climate, is little light needed for not
effectively does not affect more than 1
controlled by the occupants month, and
excluding as they use the where there is
open skies and house mainly no cold
bright areas for sleeping at season.
from the night only. Air Openings
visual field. movement is should be
Windows are facilitated positioned so
kept low and because o f the as to direct the
shaded by building breeze at the
large roof materials. occupants.
overhangs There are also First
surrounding special holes preference is
environment in the roofs north-south
glare lessened that can serve orientation,
by the less as windows. however the
reflective wind direction
vegetation may take
ground cover, precedence
trees and over solar
houses orientation.
80
Materials: Materials: Materials: Mahoney has

The materials Ironwood The not
used are chief building No recommended
mainly the materials are recommendati materials
locally locally ons given for probably
available available materials. because many
bamboo and wood, places with
wood. The bamboo and the same type
walls and timber. The o f climate
roofs are roof and have different
made from thatch is made locally
thatched o f the famous available
grass. These alang-alang materials. So
materials have grass, which he has
very low is known to specified the
thermal survive more U-values that
capacity. The than 50 years. the material
thatch is made could have so
mainly o f that people
palm leaves. can use the
material
available, but
that would
have the
necessary
thermal
properties.
81
Roofs: Roofs: Roofs: Roofs are The shape o f

Steep, gabled Traditional Light but well both made o f the roofs
roofs made of houses are insulated roof light-weight differs due to
traditional attap renowned for with low materials cultural
thatch. They also their thermal reasons.
act as a horizontal dramatically capacity Indonesian
sunshade for the inclined roofs, recommended roof form for
windows. They which allow If thermal example
minimize glare, the vast storage is shows a
and provide amounts of needed for less strong
protection against rainwater to than 5 months- cultural
sun and rain. The run swiftly the roofs influence, on
layered roof away, and the should still be the
provides good overhanging light but its architectural
cross-ventilation. eaves shade insulation is style. The
the windows even more buffalo horns,
and protect important. An represents
them from the overall l i strength, due
driving rain. vable not to their
The exceeding 0.8 winning in a
Minangkabau W/m2 is tribal fight.
and Toraja recommended.
tribes have This
distinctive performance
roofs, which could be
look like provided by an
buffalo horns. external sheet
a symbol o f with a
status,courage, reflective
strength and surface, a
fighting spirit. cavity and a
Batak-houses, ceiling
have pointed incorporating
roofs, but they at least 25mm
have a insulation and
different style a reflective
of constr top.
uction. The
roofs bend
towards the
outside.
82
Culture Culture:
Culture most The ornaments
certainly put onto the
influences the external walls o f
Malay the house are
houseforms. meant to drive
The east-west away evil
orientation is influences.
ensured by These ornaments
insisting that consist o f
the house face anthropomorphic
Mecca. There and zoomorphic
is no rigid representations,
layout pattern carved
between the decorative
houses inside a ornaments, and
compound. wall paintings.
This totally This explains the
depends o f the richly decorated
lifestyle o f the walls..
people. The
site, just like
in India is
selected by
observation
and rituals.
The houses are
spaced far
apart from
each other, not
only for
privacy but
also for future
expansion.
This is one
reason for the
good flow o f
air in and
around the
building.
83
This ends the comparison between the different types o f house types in similar kind
o f climate. In the next chapter we will take a look at the actual computer program
that will replace all the manual calculations
84
6. A TUTORIAL FOR THE MAHONEY TABLES PLUS

APPLICATION
This chapter gives an overview o f the Mahoney PLUS software and how it works.
First o f all one has to log on to the internet and go to
http://www-scf.usc.edu/~saradach/Thesis/ThesisSoftware.htm.
One can download the software from this site. Once the program is downloaded,
click on the MT+ .exe file. A splash screen would show up after which the
application would start.
Fig. 20. The Mahoney Tables Plus
— i
■ I
■ ■ ■
■
H H H I
lilillliilillllli
85
After this screen automatically disappears, screen as in fig 21(a) will appear. This is
the first page o f the application. This page gives a brief description about the
Mahoney Tables and then gives the options for cities in the US. Click on "For some
places in the U.S"
Continued...
86
Fig. 21. About Mahoney Tables
A
Menu
About M ahoney T ables
Carl M ahoney, an Urban Planner and an

Environmentalist* describes a methodology which
enables housing designers, in developing countries, to
obtain design recommendations, simply and directly,
from climate information. This method became known
as "The M ahoney Tables".
These tables take into account the mean monthly
maximum temperatures, the mean monthly minimum
temperatures, the average temperature ranges, and the
humidity levels to derive comfort indices which are
higher during the daytime, or during "active" hours, and
lower during nighttime, or "retired" hours.
<< For S om e P la ce s in US >>
<< For Other P la ce s Outside US >>
Exit Application
This would open a page like the one below Fig: 22. You could click on any o f the
places in the map and a report for that place would be generated. The button at the
bottom o f the page, would take you back to the previous page as shown in fig: 21.
87
Fig. 22. Click on any p la ce on the map
^ ^ !Jl Js&i >-■*>' <1 ' , *
tn'^"' . <m> •<-*•«•>«; -

■ ’* « ■ ■ '« . “ ■ '1' 1
Visa, ■: \ '
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t ^ fidS;gs?:v: ;,;;• ::::* -gaS flC sP a^': ”

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. . . -. **£*" !
If the city you want the recommendations for is not in the map, then you have to
click on ‘For other places outside U S’ button. A warning sign pops up saying that
you should remember to have all the relevant data. And then the page is loaded, that
would look like fig: 21(c). Once you reach here, there are two options.
1. You could collect the data and manually fill it in the data against temperature,
relative humidity etc. This is explained in section 5.1
2. You could go to the button on top menu bar saying web tools and click on
‘pick data from the w eb’ button. This is explained in section 5.2
88
6.1 Filling Data Manually

For filling data manually, one should remember to have all the weather data o f the
place like the mean maximum temperature, mean minimum temperature, relative
humidity and precipitation. Once this data is acquired, you can fill in the form as in
fig: 23
Fig. 23. Fill in Data
WfcTwfc KtfP
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IT
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lj
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F F PF F r F F F F
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89
Once the form is filled, you can click on ‘A dd’ to add the data t your database and
then click on ‘update’. This would update your database with the new set o f data you
just input. Once this is done, you can retrieve the data anytime you want. After this
you can click on ‘Generate Report’ button at the lower right hand comer o f the
screen and the report is generated. The report generation pages are shown in fig: 27,
fig: 28 and fig: 29
6.2 Web-Tools
This is the second option that was mentioned you had, if a particular place is not in
the map or is outside the US. You can go to Web-Tools, Pick Data from Web
Fig. 24. Pick Data from the Internet
Mahoney Tables'Applicai ,*ii iifeSi ii

Tools D a ta b a se W eb Tools Help
R elevan t Informc
This will take you to an HTML page, as in fig: 25 .
90
Fig. 25. Energy Plus Website as directed by the program

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Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
G t E n & fg y fitu s
Weather Data
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^ d t b e r f s-rm sl - tr w & * h m V f b s y s t ^ y s sf> th e - U S A , *-fj i ^ y a S ^ n s in
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You can browse within this link, and click on any EPW file and the program reads
the data from the web. This page would look like fig: 26
91
Fig. 26. Raw data from the Website

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?6l£ U x®, m fAiMik7Ay9m ^ m % u im m s jk 7 k 7 h 7 m i k r m m ^ t J t - xfx a,-i0i0O3>m/i4i$*2?»il«-i2*>#6.<=x2^,i.m
MX i A i i m * k iM * 7 k 7 * m M ^ $ i4 im s i$ w k ik 7 k tk iw m r t& 7 £ 7 ,* $ .% susi< k>s*$i :M415,
Ml t,-IOiaC^..-W>I4XS,.2:S4.r4^?„$X:3i,-m
Ml , %'n t i*n%., £ A i t - n 4 , 5Si„ i f 3,4
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Ml nf ,0,0, sx-s
Ml
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Ml i , t h ^ tk W M k M -$ m $ n n f% n tm w k W k w m m iW ? * ^ 4, * u . *
M l i.*au, it, a, -1«, â , ia#w#§>«,2:3i2f«.,o,»#fii,a-^;^31,af
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One the data is read, you could click on ‘Add to database button’. The program
would read the EPW format and filter out all the irrelevant data and add the required
fields to the database. Then you should click ‘close’.
92
This will have added the city mentioned to the database.
Then you can click on "Generate Report"
This will generate the Report
Fig. 27. Mahoney Table Report Page-1
.= - *1
.
i j j p l l f i i i i p i s - y M .
*****
ehiDsiê£>Dtt&wCer^dde
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-I II " " it « 14 T, 21 2 - - I S 2 2 2n ‘>4 2 : \ S I a 'i " ,<>4
I V l U l H ’l l t l U f * 111 t l * * i ; i ‘M» i •‘ l l l l j i l . M i l 1 *l l l o l l t l t E V Hit *.I ll U U J l ! I l l »'l I h r 1 2 l l i n S l t l l ' . , l l •* ,\'i J i i l l o V . \
iiv - o '\- 4 i i ° * n i : « i* v , «»- \ 11 M r , . : : .1
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Close Rep* WitPisgsehhePepe
The first page o f the report gives all the weather data manually inputted or extracted
from the EPW files. Then you should click on ‘Next Page o f report’. This would take
you to a page as in fig: 28
Fig. 28. Mahoney Table R eport Page-2
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> l l l l . l t l l * .|« 'l j l . l l ^ 11’ I M I ill I I *■» • I .!• Il» I t 'l l
You can click on the detail buttons to view details about different category. E.g.
Details on Openings would look like fig: 29
Fig. 29. Categories Explained
Opsnmgs BelatedOetafe
C j ■ in ::--:- ■ .! .'■■■ a .-,.:;!. 1 t - . . * •1i ■■: ; l . " v .' ;l! ■] I I-
when thermal storage is needed for 6 to 10 m -w fe
W h e n a ir m o v e m e n t i s e s s e n tia l f o r 1 o r 2 m o n th s o n ly a n d m , .
‘ I' .' .' S.
t h e r m a l s t o r a g e is n e e d e d f o r m o r e t h a n 6 m o n th s o r w h e n a ir
tl -.v u i - c . - . I ' j - i - i r,;-•:
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r . ' n ‘ li f - : n - t l r . ; t m r . i , ' n . ' - n ! and OetoiseoOwwnjs
: . ’ -th= :1-1 U lr t - l ■ - - .■ ■ i. f- ■; v.-.:i .
■\ 1115 .1 n u n - J.15 i l l 11
D c to lr o n R o o f
You can also click on the image to enlarge it.
95
Fig. 30. Images Enlarged
C**w.
ppl
iliis&i
. k i j I M ilk'* ] i j . . . ll
__
■M M
You can close the detail and the image boxes by clicking the ‘close button’. I have
also provided a tutorial along with the program.
Fig. 31. The Help Menu
laHMBidbWwlidM
j 4»*-b? r '.*?iik t« 4-:lx■.:r liMi
m«f*Jttu*x2i2aUlla£Mi&d»& .. . ~*
...........
Tools D atab ase W eb Tools Help
R elevant Information
About Box
Nam e of the p lace : Albany
6.3 Help Menu
You can go to the top menu and click on ‘Help’, and then ‘Instructions to use various
functionalities’ This would give a tutorial on how to use the program.
96
Fig. 32. Help Menu Explained

t M
^jWSMIMlIjjM
Addhwt 1s, > ♦.v*jA*oi*'Ws* «- s«W--i:}’«*rto ^
lr >M$fMlkwmdtht$ K V1 ii i%$u>ivAiii lb?s;s%vikmz%

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■ O H B M H *»«««» q
The help page looks like fig: 20(1). On the left bar there are links to various
functionalities o f the program.
With this I believe that this Mahoney Tables + Program will be very useful to both
students and architects alike. In the next chapter I will conclude this thesis with a
summary o f what I have learnt and the future work that can be done to make this
computer program better.
97
7. CONCLUSIONS
The computer version o f the Mahoney Tables was tested by some MBS students and
friends. The program can be very helpful to students because the meteorological data
o f a place can be downloaded from the internet. Even if the data is entered manually,
it can be saved in the internal database for future use. Mahoney Plus program exactly
reflects Mr. M ahoney’s recommendations for the given climate. According to the
program, two places in a similar type o f climate have the same recommendations.
However in reality, two different places with the same kind o f climate could have
totally different building types. This issue is not addressed by Mr. Mahoney, and I
have not addressed it in the program either. I have however studied the reasons for
such an occurrence, by taking one particular climate as an example. I preferred
studying warm-humid climate because I come from such an environment m yself and
a more familiar with this type o f climate.
7.1 Reasons for Dissimilarity between two types of house

design when the climate is similar.
I have taken two examples from hot and humid regions o f the world, and compared
their house forms. One set is South East China and Kerala, with their courtyard type
houses and the other set is Malaysia and Indonesia with their houses built on stilts.
98
7.1.1 C hina and K erala
Courtyard type houses in Kerala developed mainly due to economic reasons.. .the
richer the family, the bigger the house and hence a courtyard. The windows are big
and open towards the outside. However, the houses in China were developed due to
political reasons. Here, the courtyard type o f house is closed and with blank outer
walls, it is very introvert, and seems to protect the inhabitants from the outside
world.
7.1.2 M alaysia and Indonesia
The main difference between M alay and Indonesian houses is that a M alay house is
more society oriented. An Indonesian house is more personal. People stay indoors,
after work. The orientation o f the Malay house is based on religion, which says that
the house should be oriented in the direction o f the Mecca. So the house is generally
oriented in the east-west direction i.e. the long axis faces east-west. The houses are
spaced far apart for future expansion which allows ample air circulation. Indonesian
houses on the other hand has mixed religions and the houses are oriented towards
mountains, rivers forest etc.
99
8. FUTURE WORK
Although the Mahoney plus software runs well, there are some drawbacks to the
program. The program could be improved in various areas, like testing it in various
platforms and making it compatible with them, the program interface and further
additions to the features o f the core program.
8.1 Testing on different platforms

The program would be much better if it could run on Macintosh computers. Right
now it is equipped to run only on Windows 2000/XP versions. I have also not tested
the program using Netscape as the internet browser. It runs well when internet
explorer is the default browser. The program could be made into an online tool
where one would not have to download the program into the personal computer. It
could be filled online and the results could be printed.
8.2 Additions to the Core Program
The program also has only an option o f using temperature in degree Celsius. It would
be great if it could give the recommendations when the temperature entered is in
Fahrenheit, and the rainfall is in inches.
The program should have an option o f extracting EPW files from the host computer
if someone has saved it there, and be able to use it to calculate the recommendations.
100
Besides this it could be programmed to read not just EPW files but other formats as
well like TMY. The EPW files are currently available mainly for only US cities and
some other important places o f the world. Modifying the program to accept other
formats would ensure that many more places are covered.
Right now the program best works for hot and humid climates and continental type
o f climates only. If one could incorporate the recommendations for very cold parts o f
the world, for e.g. add chill factor into account, it would be the best and would
become a formidable tool.
8.3 Program Interface and Distribution

The program could be distributed to countries where people use the Mahoney Tables.
Later on versions could be made in different languages. Another option would be to
make the user interface better. More pictures could be added. Sections and 3-D
details o f the recommendations would make the program clearer. Expanding on the
point I just made, the program would be just grand if it could show a 3D model o f
how the basic built form would look like for a particular place that is input and also
give a note on the traditional houses built in that type o f climate.
The Mahoney tables are designed mainly for a houses/ residential buildings. It could
be modified to suit schools, offices and other commercial spaces.
101
9. BIBILIOGRAPHY
Amos Rapoport., 1969, House Form and Culture, Prentice-Hall, Inc
Barry Dawson., November 1994, The Traditional Architecture o f Indonesia Thames

& Hudson
Balwant Singh Saini., c l 980, Building in hot dry climates, Chichester [Eng.] ; New
York : J. Wiley
Blaser, Werner., 1924, c l 995, Courtyard house in China : tradition and present
B a se l; Boston : Birkhauser
Donald Watson., 1977, Designing and building a Solar House, Gardenway

publishing
Michell, G eorge., 1997, London : A & C Black ; New York : WW Norton
Otto H. Koenigsberger., June 1974, Manual o f Tropical Housing and Building

Design, Longman Group United Kingdom
Paul Oliver., 1997, Encyclopedia o f the vernacular architecture o f the world
Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press
Richard Hyde., 2000, Climate responsive design: a study o f buildings in moderate

and hot humid climates, London; New York: E & FN Spon.
Schaewen, Deidi von, 1941, Indian style: landscapes, houses, interiors, details. Koln:
London: Taschen, c2001.
Encyclopedia o f Vernacular Architecture, Asia East and Central, pp. 893-894
102
Internet Addresses and websites
Climate zone maps. [Online], Available at:

http://www.ncdc. noaa.gov/samples/climaps.pdf
Passive Cooling in Indonesian Houses [Online], Available at:

http://www.hdm. Ith. se/TRAINING/Postgrad/AEE/papers/1998/07_AEE1998.pdf
Annual data files for states [Online], Available at:

http://cdo.ncdc. noaa.gov/plclimprod/plsql/poemain.poe
Traditional Malay Houses [Online], Available at:

http://tcdc. undp. org/bestprac/social/cases/06-malayahouse. htm
Climatic Data for China [Online], Available at:

http://www.fwcc. org/
Crawley et al. 1999, Weather Data:

http://www. climate, org
103
10. APPENDICES
10.1 Program Code
O p tio n E x p lic it
P u b lic d ire c tio n A s In te g e r
P riv a te S u b c m d _ m a in _ e x it_ C lic k ()

E x itP ro g ra m
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b c m d _ p la c e s _ in _ U S _ C lic k ()
d ire c tio n = 0
F r m _ p la c e s _ U S .V is ib le = T r u e
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .V is ib le = F a ls e
f r m m a in .V is ib le = F a ls e
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b c m d _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S _ C lic k ()
d ire c tio n = 1
f r m m a i n .V i s i b l e = F a ls e
M s g B o x " P l e a s e r e m e m b e r to h a v e a ll t h e r e l e v a n t d a t a !" , v b l n f o r m a t i o n , " I m p o r t a n t I n f o r m a t i o n "
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .V is ib le = T r u e
F rm _ p la c e s _ U S . V is ib le = F a ls e
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b F o r m _ L o a d ()
f r m _ m a in .V is ib le = T r u e
F r m _ p la c e s _ U S .V is ib le = F a ls e
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b m n u _ e x it_ C lic k ()

E x itP ro g r a m
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b c m d _ b a c k _ C lic k ()
f r m m a in .V is ib le = T ru e
E nd Sub
P r iv a te S u b F o r m _ U n lo a d ( C a n c e l A s In te g e r)
E x itP ro g r a m
E nd Sub
104
P r iv a te S u b I m a g e l_ M o u s e D o w n ( B u tto n A s In te g e r, S h if t A s In te g e r, X A s S in g le , Y A s S in g le )
D im fim c _ r e tu m A s B o o le a n
D im c o u n t A s In te g e r
D im e n d _ o f_ d b A s In te g e r
D im re c o rd _ p o s itio n A s In te g e r
D im h i t r e s u l t A s B o o le a n
h it_ r e s u lt = F a ls e
A d o d c 1 .R e c o rd s e t.M o v e L a s t
e n d _ o f _ d b = A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n
If X > 540 A nd X < 960 A nd Y > 4395 A nd Y < 4710 T hen

I f M s g B o x (" Y o u h a v e c lic k e d o n L o s A n g e le s " , v b O K C a n c e l, " T ip B o x " ) = v b O K T h e n
fr m _ re p o rt.C o m m a n d 3 .C a p tio n = " G o b a c k to U S m a p "
f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.C o m m a n d 3 .C a p ti o n = " G o b a c k to U S m a p "
P la c e s In U S M o d u le " L o s A n g e le s " , e n d _ o f_ d b
E nd If
End If
M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c lic k e d o n B o is e ", v b O K O n ly , " T ip B o x "
P la c e s In U S M o d u le " B o is e " , e n d o f d b
E nd If
If X > 1000 A nd X < 1470 A nd Y > 5 1 0 0 A nd Y < 5310 T hen
M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c lic k e d o n S a n D ie g o ", v b O K O n ly , " T ip B o x "
P la c e s In U S M o d u le " S a n D ie g o " , e n d o f db
End If

M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c lic k e d o n S a lt L a k e C ity ", v b O K O n ly , " T ip B o x "
P la c e s In U S M o d u le " S a lt L a k e C ity " , e n d o f db
E nd If
M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c lic k e d o n B illin g s ", v b O K O n ly , " T ip B o x "
P la c e s In U S M o d u le " B illin g s " , e n d o f db
E nd If
M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c lic k e d o n G re a t F a l l s ", v b O K O n ly , " T ip B o x "
P la c e s In U S M o d u le " G re a t F a lls " , e n d o f db
End If
If X > 2 5 5 0 A n d X < 3 3 0 0 A n d Y > 1185 A n d Y < 1425 T h en
M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c lic k e d o n M is s o u la ", v b O K O n ly , " T ip B o x "
P la c e s In U S M o d u le " M is s o u la " , e n d _ o f_ d b
End If
If X > 1650 A n d X < 2385 A n d Y > 810 A n d Y < 1065 T hen
M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c lic k e d o n S p o k a n e ", v b O K O n ly , " T ip B o x "
P la c e s In U S M o d u le " S p o k a n e " , e n d o f db
E nd If
M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c lic k e d o n S e a ttle ", v b O K O n ly , " T ip B o x "
105
P la c e s In U S M o d u le " S e a ttle " , e n d o f db

End If
M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c lic k e d o n E l P a s o ", v b O K O n ly , " T ip B o x "
P la c e s In U S M o d u le " E l P a s o " , e n d o f db
End If
M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c lic k e d o n G ra n d J u n c tio n ", v b O K O n ly , " T ip B o x "
P la c e s In U S M o d u le " G ra n d J u n c tio n " , e n d o f db
E nd If
M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c lic k e d o n P h o e n ix ", v b O K O n ly , " T ip B o x "
P la c e s In U S M o d u le " P h o e n ix " , e n d o f db
E nd If
If X > 1485 A nd X < 2265 A n d Y > 4245 A nd Y < 4515 T hen
M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c lic k e d o n L a s V e g a s ", v b O K O n ly , " T ip B o x "
P la c e s In U S M o d u le "L a s V e g a s " , e n d _ o f_ d b
E nd If
M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c lic k e d o n C h e y e n n e ", v b O K O n ly , " T ip B o x "
P la c e s In U S M o d u le " C h e y e n n e " , e n d o f db
End If
If X > 4 0 5 0 A n d X < 4815 A n d Y > 1005 A n d Y < 1260 T h en
M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n G la s g o w ", v b O K O n ly , " T ip B o x "
P la c e s In U S M o d u le " G la s g o w " , e n d _ o f_ d b
E nd If
M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c lic k e d o n D e n v e r ", v b O K O n ly , " T ip B o x "
P la c e s In U S M o d u le " D e n v e r" , e n d o f db
E nd If
M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c lic k e d o n A m a r illo ", v b O K O n ly , " T ip B o x "
P la c e s In U S M o d u le " A m a rillo " , e n d o f db
E nd If
M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c lic k e d o n F o r t W o r t h ", v b O K O n ly , " T ip B o x "
P la c e s In U S M o d u le " F o rt W o rth " , e n d o f db
End If
E nd Sub
P r iv a te S u b I m a g e l_ M o u s e M o v e ( B u tt o n A s I n te g e r, S h if t A s In te g e r, X A s S in g le , Y A s S in g le )
L a b e l 1 .C a p tio n = X
L a b e l4 . C a p tio n = Y
I f (X > 5 4 0 A n d X < 9 6 0 A n d Y > 4 3 9 5 A n d Y < 4 7 1 0 ) O r _
(X > 1 8 6 0 A n d X < 2 2 3 5 A n d Y > 2 0 5 5 A n d Y < 2 2 6 5 ) O r _
(X > 2 8 8 0 A n d X < 3 8 4 0 A n d Y > 7 5 0 A n d Y < 9 9 0 ) O r _
(X > 2 5 5 0 A n d X < 3 3 0 0 A n d Y > 1185 A n d Y < 14 2 5 ) O r _
106
(X > 1 6 5 0 A n d X < 2 3 8 5 A n d Y > 8 1 0 A n d Y < 1 0 6 5 ) O r

(X > 1230 A nd X < 1815 A n d Y > 405 A n d Y < 645) O r_
(X > 3 8 8 5 A n d X < 4 3 5 0 A n d Y > 5 9 4 0 A n d Y < 6 1 8 0 ) O r
( X > 2220 A n d X < 2 8 8 0 A n d Y > 5 0 2 5 A n d Y < 5 3 2 5 ) O r
(X > 1485 A n d X < 2 2 6 5 A n d Y > 4 2 4 5 A n d Y < 4 5 1 5 ) O r
(X > 4 0 5 0 A n d X < 4 8 1 5 A n d Y > 1005 A n d Y < 1260) O r
(X > 5 7 1 5 A n d X < 6 6 7 5 A n d Y > 56 2 5 A n d Y < 5 8 0 5 ) O r _
(X > 1000 A nd X < 1470 A nd Y > 5100 A nd Y < 5310) T hen
Im a g e l.M o u s e P o in te r = 2
E lse
Im a g e 1 .M o u s e P o in te r = 0
E nd If
E nd Sub
P r iv a te S u b m n u _ a b o u t_ b o x _ C lic k (In d e x A s In te g e r)
M s g B o x " M a h o n e y T a b l e s A p p l i c a t i o n 1 .0 : S a r a d a C h i d a m b a r e s w a r a n " , v b O K O n l y , " A b o u t
B ox"
E nd Sub

E x itP ro g ra m
E nd Sub
N o t fro m U S
D im la s t_ in d e x A s In te g e r
P u b lic f o r r e p o r t A s In te g e r
P riv a te S u b c m d _ a d d _ C lic k ()
A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t.M o v e L a s t
O n E rro r G o T o a d d err
A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t. A d d N e w
T e x t 1 .T e x t = " "
T e x t2 .T e x t = " "
T e x t3 .T e x t = " "
T e x t4 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 .T e x t = " "
T e x t 6.T e x t = ""
T e x t7 .T e x t = ""
T e x t 8.T e x t = " "
T e x t9 .T e x t = ""
T e x t l O . T e x t = ""
T e x tl l.T e x t = " "
T e x tl2 .T e x t = ""
T e x tl3 .T e x t = ""
T e x t 1 4 .T e x t = ""
T e x tl5 .T e x t = " "
107
T e x t l 6.T e x t = " "

T e x tl7 .T e x t = " "
T e x t l 8.T e x t = " "
T e x tl9 .T e x t = " "
T e x t2 0 .T e x t = " "
T e x t2 1 .T e x t = " "
T e x t2 2 .T e x t = " "
T e x t2 3 .T e x t = " "
T e x t2 4 .T e x t = " "
T e x t2 5 .T e x t = ""
T e x t2 6 .T e x t = " "
T e x t2 7 .T e x t =
T e x t2 8 .T e x t = " "
T e x t2 9 .T e x t = " "
T e x t3 0 .T e x t = " "
T e x t3 2 .T e x t = " "
T e x t3 3 .T e x t = " "
T e x t3 4 .T e x t = " "
T e x t3 5 .T e x t = " "
T e x t3 6 .T e x t = " "
T e x t3 7 .T e x t = " "
T e x t3 8 .T e x t = " "
T e x t3 9 .T e x t =
T e x t4 0 .T e x t = " "
T e x t4 1 .T e x t = " "
T e x t4 2 .T e x t = " "
T e x t4 3 .T e x t = " "
T e x t4 4 .T e x t = " "
T e x t4 5 .T e x t = " "
T e x t4 6 .T e x t = " "
T e x t4 7 .T e x t = " "
T e x t4 8 .T e x t = " "
T e x t4 9 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 0 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 1 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 2 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 3 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 4 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 5 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 6 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 7 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 8 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 9 .T e x t = ""
T e x t6 0 .T e x t = " "
E x it S u b
a d d e rr:
M s g B o x E r r .D e s c r ip tio n
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b c m d _ b a c k _ C lic k ()
108
f r m m a i n . V is ib le = T ru e
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b c m d _ c lo s e _ C lic k ()
E x itP ro g r a m
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b c m d _ fin d _ C lic k ()

D im u s e r f i n d i n p u t A s S trin g
D im c u rre n t_ p o s itio n A s In te g e r
c u r r e n t _ p o s i t i o n = A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n
u s e r fin d in p u t = In p u tB o x (" P le a s e e n te r th e n a m e o f th e p la c e : " , " E n te r n a m e o f th e p la c e " )
F o r c o u n t = 1 T o l a s t i n d e x S te p 1
A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = c o u n t
I f T e x t6 5 .T e x t = u s e r _ fin d _ in p u t T h e n
c u rre n t_ p o s itio n = c o u n t
A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = c u r r e n t _ p o s i t i o n
E x it S u b
E nd If
N ext count
M s g B o x " S o r ry c o u ld n o t fin d th e p la c e in th e d a ta b a s e " , v b O K O n ly
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b c m d _ m o v e _ le ft_ C lic k ()

I f A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n > 1 T h e n
A d o d c 1.R e c o rd s e t.M o v e P r e v io u s
E lse
M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e r e a c h e d th e b e g in n in g o f th e d a ta b a s e " , v b ln f o r m a tio n
End If
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b c m d _ m o v e _ rig h t_ C lic k ()

I f A d o d c 1 .R e c o rd s e t. A b s o lu te P o s itio n < la s t in d e x T h e n
A d o d c 1.R e c o r d s e t.M o v e N e x t
E lse
M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e r e a c h e d th e e n d o f th e d a ta b a s e !" , v b ln f o r m a tio n
End If
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b c m d _ n e x t_ C lic k ()
'f o r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S _ f l a g _ = 1
D im n a m e _ o f _ p la c e A s S trin g
D im e n d _ o f_ d b A s In te g e r
D im re c o rd _ p o s itio n A s In te g e r
109
D im fu n c _ re tu m A s B o o le a n
n a m e _ o f j p l a c e = T e x t 1 .T e x t
'r e l o a d t h e d a t a b a s e
A d o d c 1 .R e f r e s h
e n d o f d b = A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n
A d o d c 1 .R e c o rd s e t.M o v e F irs t
For count = 1 T o end o f d b S te p 1

I f T e x t 1 .T e x t = n a m e _ o f _ p l a c e T h e n
re c o rd _ p o s itio n = c o u n t
E nd If
N ext count
f u n c r e t u m = G e n e ra te R e p o rt(re c o rd _ p o s itio n )
f r m _ r e p o r t.C o m m a n d 3 .C a p tio n = " G o b a c k to d a ta b a s e v ie w "

f f m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.C o m m a n d 3 .C a p ti o n = " G o b a c k to d a ta b a s e v ie w "
f o r r e p o r t = re c o rd _ p o s itio n
f r m r e p o r t . V is ib le = T ru e
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b c m d _ re fre s h _ C lic k ()

A d o d c 1 .R e f r e s h
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b c m d _ u p d a te _ C lic k ()
O n E rro r G o T o ad d err
A d o d c 1 .R e c o rd s e t.U p d a te
E x it S u b
a d d e rr:
E nd Sub
l a s t i n d e x = fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.A b s o lu te P o s itio n
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.A b s o lu te P o s itio n = 1
E nd Sub
P r iv a te S u b m n u _ a b o u t_ C lic k (In d e x A s In te g e r)
M s g B o x " M a h o n e y T a b l e s A p p l i c a t i o n 1 .0 : S a r a d a C h i d a m b a r e s w a r a n " , v b O K O n l y , " A b o u t B o x "
E nd Sub
110
P riv a te S u b m n u _ a d d _ C lic k ()
A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t. A d d N e w
T e x t 1.T e x t = " "
T e x t2 .T e x t = " "
T e x t3 .T e x t = " "
T e x t4 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 .T e x t = " "
T e x t6.T e x t = " "
T e x t 7 . T e x t = ""
T e x t 8. T e x t = " "
T e x t9 .T e x t = " "
T e x tlO .T e x t = " "
T e x t l l . T e x t = ""
T e x tl2 .T e x t = " "
T e x t l 3 . T e x t = ""
T e x t 1 4 .T e x t = ""
T e x tl5 .T e x t = " "
T e x t l 6.T e x t = ""
T e x tl7 .T e x t = " "
T e x t l 8.T e x t = " "
T e x tl9 .T e x t = " "
T e x t2 0 .T e x t = " "
T e x t2 1 .T e x t = " "
T e x t 22 . T e x t = " "
T e x t2 3 .T e x t = " "
T e x t2 4 .T e x t = " "
T e x t2 5 .T e x t = ""
T e x t2 6 .T e x t = " "
T e x t2 7 .T e x t = " "
T e x t2 8 .T e x t = " "
T e x t2 9 .T e x t = " "
T e x t3 0 .T e x t = " "
T e x t3 2 .T e x t = " "
T e x t3 3 .T e x t =
T e x t3 4 .T e x t = " "
T e x t3 5 .T e x t = ""
T e x t3 6 .T e x t = " "
T e x t3 7 .T e x t = " "
T e x t3 8 .T e x t = ""
T e x t3 9 .T e x t = " "
T e x t4 0 .T e x t = " "
T e x t4 1 .T e x t = ""
T e x t4 2 .T e x t = " "
T e x t4 3 .T e x t = ""
T e x t4 4 .T e x t = ""
T e x t4 5 .T e x t = " "
T e x t4 6 .T e x t = " "
T e x t4 7 .T e x t = ""
T e x t4 8 .T e x t = " "
T e x t 4 9 . T e x t = ""
T e x t5 0 .T e x t = " "
Ill
T e x t5 1 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 2 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 3 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 4 .T e x t =
T e x t5 5 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 6 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 7 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 8 .T e x t = " "
T e x t5 9 .T e x t = " "
T e x t6 0 .T e x t = " "
E x it S u b
a d d e rr:
E nd Sub

E x itP ro g r a m
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b m n u _ fin d _ C lic k ()

D im u s e r _ f in d _ in p u t A s S trin g
c u r r e n t _ p o s i t i o n = A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n
u s e r _ f in d _ in p u t = I n p u tB o x ( " P le a s e e n te r th e n a m e o f th e p la c e : " , " E n te r n a m e o f th e p la c e " )
F o r c o u n t = 1 T o la s t in d e x S te p 1
I f T e x t6 5 .T e x t = u s e r _ fin d _ in p u t T h e n
E x it S u b
E nd If
N ext count
M s g B o x " S o r ry c o u ld n o t f in d th e p la c e in th e d a ta b a s e " , v b O K O n ly
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b m n u _ p ro p e rtie s _ C lic k ()

D im d b _ e n trie s A s S trin g
D im c u r r i n d e x A s In te g e r
c u r r i n d e x = A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n
L o a d fr m jib p ro p e rtie s
fr m d b p r o p e r tie s .V is ib le = T ru e
f r m _ d b p r o p e r tie s .L a b e l2 .C a p tio n = " C : \ T h e s i s _ d a t a b a s e s a r a d a d b .m d b "

f r m _ d b p r o p e r tie s .L a b e l6.C a p tio n = l a s t i n d e x
d b _ e n trie s = " T h e fo llo w in g a re th e n a m e s o f th e p la c e s th a t h a v e b e e n e n te r e d : " & v b C r L f & " "
112
F o r c o u n t = 1 T o la s t_ in d e x S te p 1
d b _ e n trie s = d b _ e n trie s & c o u n t & " & T e x tl.T e x t & v b C rL f & " "
N ext count
f r m _ d b p r o p e r tie s .tx tb o x _ p la c e s .T e x t = d b e n t r i e s
A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = c u r r i n d e x
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b m n u _ u p d a te _ C lic k ()
A d o d c 1 .R e c o rd s e t.U p d a te
E x it S u b
a d d e rr:
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b m n u _ w e b to o ls _ fro m w e b _ C lic k ()

M s g B o x " Y o u a re a b o u t to b e g u id e d to w a rd s c e r ta in k n o w n U R L s . N e e d b e , y o u c a n p u t y o u r o w n
U R L s to o . R E M E M B E R T H E E X T E N S I O N S C A N O N L Y B E * .e p w " , v b ln f o r m a tio n
f r m _ d a ta _ f f o m _ w e b .W e b B r o w s e r l. N a v ig a te
"h ttp ://w w w .e r e n .d o e .g o v /b u ild in g s /e n e r g y _ to o ls /e n e r g y p lu s /w e a th e r d a ta .h tm l"
f r m _ d a ta _ f r o m _ w e b .S h o w
E nd Sub
F o rm R ep o rt F o rm
P riv a te S u b C o m m a n d l_ C lic k ( )
f r m r e p o r t . V is ib le = F a ls e
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b C o m m a n d 2 _ C lic k ()
f f m _ r e p o r t_ p g l. V is ib le = T ru e
End Sub
I f f r m m a i n . d ire c tio n = 0 T h e n
f r m r e p o r t . V is ib le = F a ls e
F r m _ p la c e s _ U S .V is ib le = T r u e
E ls e lf f r m m a in .d ir e c tio n = 1 T h e n
frm _ re p o rt.V is ib le = F a ls e
' M a k e s u r e th a t r ig h t p la c e in th e d a ta b a s e is f o c u s s e d
' R im th e p re v io u s fin d m o d u le
f r m _ p l a c e s n o t U S . A d o d c 1 .R e c o rd s e t. A b s o lu te P o s itio n = f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .f o r _ r e p o r t
E nd If
E nd Sub
113
P riv a te S u b F o rm _ L o a d ()
'D i m d b A s C o n n e c t i o n
'S e t d b = N e w C o n n e c t i o n
' L o a d th e d a ta b a s e
'd b . O p e n " P R O V I D E R = M i c r o s o f t . J e t . O L E D B . 3 . 5 1 ; D a t a
S o u rc e = C :\T h e s is _ d a ta b a s e _ s a ra d a \d b . m d b "
E nd Sub
P r iv a te S u b m n u _ b o x _ C lic k (In d e x A s In te g e r)
M s g B o x " M a h o n e y T a b l e s A p p l i c a t i o n 1 .0 : S a r a d a C h i d a m b a r e s w a r a n " , v b O K O n l y , " A b o u t B o x
It
E nd Sub
P r iv a te S u b m n u _ p rin t_ C lic k ( In d e x A s In te g e r)
O n E rro r R esu m e N e x t
W ith C o m m o n D ia lo g l
.P r in te r D e f a u lt = T r u e
.F la g s = c d lP D D is a b le P r in tT o F ile O r c d lP D N o P a g e N u m s
' C h e c k fo r a n y s e le c tio n
' I f th e re a re n o s e le c tio n s th e n h id e th e s e le c tio n b u tto n
' F o r n o w w e w ill ta k e th e d e fa u lt c o n d itio n a s - n o s e le c tio n m a d e
.F la g s = .F la g s O r c d lP D N o S e le c tio n
.C a n c e lE rro r = T ru e
.S h o w P rin te r
I f E rr = 0 T h en
P r in te r .P r in t tx tb o x _ te m p .T e x t
E nd If
E n d W ith
E nd Sub
P r iv a te S u b m n u _ s a v e _ C lic k (In d e x A s In te g e r)
D im F ile n a m e A s S trin g
I f S a v e T e x tC o n tro l(T e x tl, C o m m o n D ia lo g l, F ile n a m e ) T h e n
M s g B o x " T h e file : " & F il e n a m e & " h a s b e e n s a v e d a s a t e x t file . N o I m a g e s h a s b e e n a tta c h e d to
it"
E nd If
E nd Sub
P riv a te F u n c tio n S a v e T e x tC o n tro l(T B A s C o n tro l, C D A s C o m m o n D ia lo g , F ile n a m e _

A s S trin g ) A s B o o le a n
D im file n u m A s In te g e r
O n E r ro r G o T o E x itN o w
C D .F i l t e r = " T e x t f i l e s |* .t x t "
C D .F ilte r ln d e x = 1
114
C D .D e f a u ltE x t = " tx t"

C D .F la g s = c d lO F N H id e R e a d O n ly O r c d lO F N P a th M u s tE x is t O r c d lO F N O v e r w r ite P r o m p t O r
c d lO F N N o R e a d O n ly R e tu m
C D .D ia lo g T it le = " S e le c t th e d e s ti n a tio n file "
C D .F ile n a m e = F ile n a m e
C D .C a n c e lE r r o r = T m e
C D .S h o w S a v e
F ile n a m e = C D .F ile n a m e
file n u m = F r e e F ile ()
O p e n F ile n a m e F o r O u tp u t A s # file n u m
P r in t # file n u m , T B .T e x t
C lo s e # f ile n u m
S a v e T e x tC o n tro l = T m e
E x itN o w :
E n d F u n c tio n
M a in M o d u le
D im m o n th ly _ m e a n _ ra n g e (1 2 ) A s D o u b le
D im m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x (l 1) A s D o u b le
D im m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (l 1) A s D o u b le
D im m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( l 1) A s D o u b le
D im m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m (l 1) A s D o u b le
D im m o n th ly _ r a in f a ll_ m m (l 1) A s D o u b le
D im H l_ c o u n te r A s In te g e r
D im H 2 _ c o u n te r A s In te g e r
D im H 3 _ c o u n te r A s In te g e r
D im A l_ c o u n te r A s In te g e r
D im A 2 _ c o u n te r A s In te g e r
D im A 3 _ c o u n te r A s In te g e r
D i m r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 8) A s I n t e g e r
D im d e ta il_ re p o rt_ n u m b e r( 7 ) A s In te g e r
D im p i c o b je c tl a y o u t A s P ic tu re
D im p ic o b je c t_ s p a c in g A s P ic tu re
D im p i c o b je c ta ir m o v e m e n t A s P ic tu re
D im p ic o b je c t_ r a in p r o te c tio n A s P ic tu re
D im p ic o b je c t o p e n in g A s P ic tu re
F u n c tio n P o p u la te F R M _ D E T A IL S _ O P E N IN G (s iz e A s S trin g , p o s itio n A s S tr in g , p r o te c tio n A s

S trin g )
I h n _ d e t a i l s _ o p e n i n g .R i c h T e x t B o x l .T e x t = s iz e
f r m _ d e ta ils _ o p e n in g .R ic h T e x tB o x 2 .T e x t = p o s itio n
f r m _ d e ta ils _ o p e n in g .R ic h T e x tB o x 3 .T e x t = p r o te c tio n
E n d F u n c tio n
F u n c tio n P o p u la te F R M _ D E T A IL S _ W A L L S (w a ll A s S trin g )
115
f r m _ d e t a ils _ w a lls .R ic h T e x tB o x l .T e x t = w a ll
E n d F u n c tio n
F u n c tio n P o p u la te F R M _ D E T A I L S _ R O O F S ( r o o f A s S trin g )
frm _ d e ta ils _ ro o f s .R ic h T e x tB o x l.T e x t = r o o f
E n d F u n c tio n
F u n c tio n P o p u la te F R M _ D E T A I L S _ O U T D O O R ( o u td o o r A s S trin g )
f f m _ d e ta ils _ o u td o o r .R ic h T e x tB o x l.T e x t = o u td o o r
E n d F u n c tio n
F u n c tio n P o p u la te F R M _ D E T A IL S _ R A IN P R O T E C T IO N (p ro te c t A s S trin g )
fr m _ d e ta ils _ ra in p ro te c tio n .R ic h T e x tB o x l.T e x t = p ro te c t
E n d F u n c tio n
F u n c tio n P la c e s In U S M o d u le (n a m e _ o f_ th e _ U S _ p la c e A s S trin g , e n d i n d e x A s In te g e r)
D im h i t r e s u l t A s B o o le a n
D im fu n c _ re tu m A s B o o le a n
D im r e c o rd _ p o s itio n A s In te g e r
h it_ r e s u lt = F a ls e
'E v e r y t h i n g g e t s a d d e d h e r e
For count = 1 T o end in d e x S te p 1
F r m _ p la c e s _ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.A b s o lu te P o s itio n = c o u n t
I f F r m _ p la c e s _ U S .T e x tl.T e x t = n a m e _ o f_ th e _ U S _ p la c e T h e n
re c o rd _ p o s itio n = c o u n t
h itr e s u lt = T ru e
E nd If
N ext count
I f h it_ re s u lt = T ru e T h e n
frm _ re p o rt. V is ib le = T ru e
fu n c _ re tu rn = G e n e ra te R e p o rt(re c o rd _ p o s itio n )
E lse
M s g B o x " D a ta U n a v a ila b le " , v b C ritic a l, " R e m in d e r"
End If
E n d F u n c tio n
F u n c tio n G e n e r a te R e p o rt(re c o rd s e t_ n u m A s In te g e r) A s B o o le a n
' A d d th e g e n e r a te r e p o r t c o d e h e re
f r m _ re p o rt.A d o d c l.R e c o rd s e t. A b s o lu te P o s itio n = r e c o r d s e t n u m
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x (0 ) = fr m _ re p o rt.L a b e l2 . C a p tio n
m o n t h ly _ m e a n _ m a x ( l) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e l3 .C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x (2 ) = f r m r e p o r t.L a b e M . C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x (3 ) = fr m _ re p o rt.L a b e l5 . C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x ( 4 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e l6.C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x ( 5 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e l7 .C a p tio n
m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 6) = f f m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 8 . C a p t i o n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x ( 7 ) = f f m _ r e p o r t.L a b e l9 .C a p tio n
m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 8) = f r m r e p o r t . L a b e l l O . C a p t i o n
m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 9 ) = f r m j r e p o r t . L a b e l l 1. C a p t i o n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x ( 1 0 ) = f im _ r e p o r t.L a b e ll2 .C a p tio n
116
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x ( l 1) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e ll3 .C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (0 ) = fr m _ r e p o r t.L a b e ll4 .C a p tio n

m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in ( l) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e ll5 .C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (2 ) = fr m _ re p o rt.L a b e ll 6 .C a p t i o n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (3 ) = fr m _ re p o rt.L a b e ll7 . C a p tio n
m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 4 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l l 8 .C a p t i o n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (5 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e ll9 .C a p tio n
m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 6) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 2 0 . C a p t i o n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in ( 7 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e l2 1 .C a p tio n
m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 8) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 2 2 . C a p t i o n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in ( 9 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e l2 3 .C a p tio n
m o n t h l y m e a n m i n ( l O ) = fr m _ re p o rt.L a b e l2 4 . C a p tio n
m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( l l ) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e l2 5 .C a p tio n
m o n t h l y m e a n m a x a m ( O ) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e l2 6 .C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( l) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e l2 7 .C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 2 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e l2 8 .C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m (5 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e l3 1 .C a p tio n
m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 6) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 2 . C a p t i o n
m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 8) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 4 . C a p t i o n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 1 0 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e l3 6 .C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( l 1) = fr m _ re p o rt.L a b e l3 7 . C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 0 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e l3 8 .C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( l) = fr m _ re p o rt.L a b e l3 9 . C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m (2 ) = fr m re p o rt.L a b e W O . C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m (3 ) = fr m _ re p o rt.L a b e l4 1 . C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 5 ) = f n n _ r e p o r t.L a b e l4 3 .C a p tio n
m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 6) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 4 4 . C a p t i o n
m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 8) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 4 6 . C a p t i o n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 1 0 ) = f h n _ r e p o r t.L a b e l4 8 . C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( l 1) = fir m _ r e p o r t.L a b e l4 9 .C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ r a in f a ll_ m m ( 0 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e l5 0 .C a p tio n

m o n th ly _ r a in f a ll_ m m ( l) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e l5 1.C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ r a in f a ll_ m m (4 ) = fh n _ r e p o r t.L a b e l5 4 .C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ r a in f a ll_ m m ( 5 ) = fr m _ re p o rt.L a b e l5 5. C a p tio n
m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 6) = f n n _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 5 6 . C a p t i o n
m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 8) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 5 8 . C a p t i o n
m o n th ly _ r a in f a ll_ m m (9 ) = fr m _ re p o rt.L a b e l5 9 . C a p tio n
m o n th ly _ r a in f a ll_ m m ( 1 0 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e l6 0 .C a p tio n
117
m o n th ly _ r a in f a l l_ m m ( l 1) = f r m _ r e p o r t.L a b e l6 1 .C a p tio n
F o r c o u n t = 0 T o 11 S te p 1
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ ra n g e (c o u n t) = m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x (c o u n t) - m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (c o u n t)
N ext count
D im s o rt_ a rra y (1 2 ) A s D o u b le
D im te m p A s D o u b le
D im ite ra tio n s A s In te g e r
D im m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ h ig h e s t A s D o u b le
D im m o n th ly m ean m in lo w e s t A s D o u b le
D im a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ te m p A s D o u b le
D im a v e r a g e m e a n r a n g e A s D o u b le
' C o p y th e a r r a y to b e s o r te d in to th e s o rt a r r a y
s o rta rra y (c o u n t) = m o n th ly m e a n m a x (c o u n t)
N ext count
' S o r t th e s o r t a r r a y ( r e m e m b e r : m a x h a s th e i n d e x 11 a n d m i n h a s t h e i n d e x : 0 )
ite ra tio n s = 11
F o r c o u n t = 1 T o ite ra tio n s S te p 1
I f s o rt a rra y (c o u n t) < s o rt_ a rra y (c o u n t - 1) T h e n
s o r t_ a r r a y ( c o u n t) = te m p
s o rt_ a rra y (c o u n t) = s o rt_ a rra y (c o u n t - 1)
s o rt_ a rra y (c o u n t - 1) = te m p
E nd If
ite r a tio n s = ite ra tio n s - 1
N ext count
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ h ig h e s t = s o rt_ a rra y (l 1)
'f r m r e p o r t . L a b e l l . C a p t i o n = " m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ h i g h e s t : " +
C S tr(m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ h ig h e s t)
'f r m r e p o r t . L a b e l l . V is ib le = T m e
s o rt_ a rra y (c o u n t) = m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (c o u n t)
N ext count
' S o r t th e s o r t a r r a y ( r e m e m b e r : m a x h a s th e i n d e x 11 a n d m i n h a s th e i n d e x : 0 )
ite ra tio n s = 11
F o r c o u n t = 1 T o ite ra tio n s S te p 1
I f s o rt a rra y (c o u n t) < s o rt_ a rra y (c o u n t - 1 ) T h e n
s o r t_ a r r a y ( c o u n t) = te m p
s o r ta r r a y ( c o u n t) = s o rt_ a rra y (c o u n t - 1)
s o rt_ a rra y (c o u n t - 1) = te m p
End If
ite r a tio n s = ite ra tio n s - 1
N ext count
m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n _ l o w e s t = s o r t _ a r r a y ( 0)
'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 2 . C a p t i o n = " m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n _ l o w e s t : " + C S t r ( m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n _ l o w e s t )
'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 2 . V i s i b l e = T m e
118
a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p = (m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ h ig h e s t + m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in _ lo w e s t) / 2
'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 . C a p t i o n = " a v e r a g e m ean te m p : " + C S tr ( a v e r a g e jm e a n t e m p )
'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 . V i s i b l e = T r u e
'f r m _ r e p o r t .L a b e l l . C a p t i o n = a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p
'f r m r e p o r t .L a b e l l . V is ib le = T m e
a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ ra n g e = m o n th ly m ean m ax h ig h e s t - m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in _ lo w e s t
'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 . C a p t i o n = " a v e r a g e m ean ra n g e : " + C S tr(a v e ra g e m ean ra n g e )
D im a v e r a g e _ re la tiv e _ h u m d ity (1 2 ) A s D o u b le
D im h u m id ity _ g r o u p (1 2 ) A s In te g e r
a v e r a g e r e la tiv e h u m d ity ( c o u n t) = (m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m (c o u n t) +
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m (c o u n t)) / 2
'S e l e c t C a s e a v e r a g e r e l a t i v e j h u m d i t y ( c o u n t )
' C ase av erag e re la tiv e h u m d ity (c o u n t) < 3 0 :
' h u m id ity _ g r o u p (c o u n t) = 1
' C ase a v e ra g e re la tiv e h u m d ity (c o u n t) > = 3 0 A n d a v erag e re la tiv e h u m d ity ( c o u n t) < 5 0 :
' h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 2
' C a s e a v e r a g e _ re la tiv e _ h u m d ity (c o u n t) > = 5 0 A n d a v e r a g e _ re la tiv e _ h u m d ity (c o u n t) < 7 0 :
' h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 3
' C a s e a v e ra g e _ re la tiv e _ h u m d ity (c o u n t) > = 7 0 :
1 h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 4
'E n d S e l e c t
I f a v e r a g e _ re la tiv e _ h u m d ity (c o u n t) < 3 0 T h e n
h u m id ity g r o u p (c o u n t) = 1
E nd If
I f a v e ra g e _ re la tiv e _ h u m d ity (c o u n t) > = 3 0 A n d a v e ra g e re la tiv e h u m d ity (c o u n t) < 5 0 T h e n
h u m id ity g r o u p (c o u n t) = 2
E nd If
I f a v e r a g e _ re la tiv e _ h u m d ity (c o u n t) > = 5 0 A n d a v e r a g e _ re la tiv e _ h u m d ity (c o u n t) < = 7 0 T h e n
h u m id ity _ g r o u p (c o u n t) = 3
E nd If
I f a v e r a g e _ re la tiv e _ h u m d ity (c o u n t) > 7 0 T h e n
h u m id ity _ g r o u p (c o u n t) = 4
E nd If
N ext count
'f r m r e p o rt.L a b e M .C a p tio n = " a v e r a g e _ re la tiv e _ h u m d ity f o r fe b : " +
C S t r ( a v e r a g e _ r e l a t i v e _ h u m d i t y ( 1) )
'f r m r e p o r t .L a b e M . V i s i b l e = T m e
'f f m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 5 . C a p t i o n = " h u m i d i t y g ro u p fo r fe b : " + C S tr( h u m id ity _ g ro u p ( l))

D im m o n th ly _ d a y _ c o m fo rt_ u p p e r (1 2 ) A s In te g e r
D im m o n th ly _ d a y _ c o m fo rt_ lo w e r (1 2 ) A s In te g e r
119
D im m o n th ly _ n ig h t_ c o m f o rt_ u p p e r(1 2 ) A s In te g e r
D im m o n th ly _ n ig h t_ c o m fo rt_ lo w e r( 1 2 ) A s In te g e r
1M o n th ly d a y c o m fo rt u p p e r
I f h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 1 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p > = 2 0 T h e n
m o n th ly _ d a y _ c o m fo rt_ u p p e r (c o u n t) = 3 4
E l s e lf h u m id ity g r o u p ( c o u n t) = 2 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p > = 2 0 T h e n
m o n th ly _ d a y _ c o m fo rt_ u p p e r (c o u n t) = 31
E ls e lf h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 3 A n d a v erag e m ean te m p > = 2 0 T h e n
E ls e lf h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 4 A n d a v e ra g e m ean te m p > = 2 0 T h e n
E l s e lf h u m id ity g r o u p ( c o u n t) = 1 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p < 2 0 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p > =
15 T h e n
E l s e lf h u m id ity _ g r o u p (c o u n t) = 2 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ te m p > =
15 T h e n
E l s e lf h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 3 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p < 2 0 A n d a v e ra g e m ean te m p > =
15 T h e n
E ls e lf h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 4 A n d a v e ra g e m ean te m p < 2 0 A n d a v e ra g e m ean t e m p ■>
15 T h e n
E l s e lf h u m id ity _ g r o u p (c o u n t) = 1 A n d a v e ra g e m ean te m p < 15 T h e n
E l s e lf h u m id ity g r o u p ( c o u n t) = 2 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p < 15 T h e n
E ls e lf h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 3 A n d a v e ra g e m ean te m p < 15 T h e n
End If
' M o n th ly d a y c o m fo rt lo w e r
I f h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 1 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p > = 2 0 T h e n
m o n th ly _ d a y _ c o m fo rt_ lo w e r (c o u n t) = 2 6
m o n th ly _ d a y _ c o m fo rt_ lo w e r(c o u n t) = 2 5
E ls e lf h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 3 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p > = 2 0 T h e n
E l s e lf h u m id ity _ g r o u p (c o u n t) = 4 A n d a v e ra g e m ean te m p > = 2 0 T h e n
m o n th ly _ d a y _ c o m fo rt_ lo w e r (c o u n t) = 22
E l s e lf h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 1 A n d a v e ra g e m ean te m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e m ean te m p > =
15 T h e n
E ls e lf h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 2 A n d a v e ra g e m ean te m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e m ean te m p > =
15 T h e n
E ls e lf h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 3 A n d a v e ra g e m ean te m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ te m p > =
120
15 Then
E l s e lf h u m id ity _ g r o u p (c o u n t) = 4 A n d a v e ra g e m ean te m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e m ean te m p > =
15 T h e n
E l s e lf h u m id ity _ g r o u p (c o u n t) = 1 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ te m p < 1 5 T h e n
E l s e lf h u m id ity _ g r o u p (c o u n t) = 2 A n d a v e ra g e m ean te m p < 1 5 T h e n
E l s e l f h u m id ity _ g r o u p ( c o u n t) = 3 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ te m p < 15 T h e n
E l s e lf h u m id ity _ g r o u p (c o u n t) = 4 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p < 1 5 T h e n
E nd If
' M o n th ly n ig h t c o m fo rt u p p e r
I f h u m id ity _ g r o u p (c o u n t) = 1 A n d a v e r a g e jm e a n te m p > = 2 0 T h e n
m o n th ly n ig h tc o m fo rtu p p e r(c o u n t) = 25
m o n th ly _ n ig h t_ c o m f o rt_ u p p e r(c o u n t) = 2 4
E l s e lf h u m id ity g r o u p ( c o u n t) = 3 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p > = 2 0 T h e n
m o n th ly _ n ig h t_ c o m f o rt_ u p p e r(c o u n t) = 21
E l s e lf h u m id ity g r o u p ( c o u n t) = 1 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ te m p > =
15 T h e n
E ls e lf h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 2 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p < 2 0 A n d a v e ra g e m ean te m p > =
15 T h e n
E ls e lf h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 3 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ te m p > =
15 T h e n
m o n th ly _ n ig h t_ c o m f o rt_ u p p e r(c o u n t) =21
E ls e lf h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 4 A n d a v erag e m ean te m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e m ean te m p > =
15 T h e n
E l s e lf h u m id ity _ g r o u p (c o u n t) = 2 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p < 15 T h e n
E l s e lf h u m id ity _ g r o u p (c o u n t) = 3 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p < 15 T h e n
E l s e lf h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 4 A n d a v e ra g e m ean te m p < 15 T h e n
E nd If
' M o n th ly n ig h t c o m f o r t lo w e r
I f h u m id ity _ g r o u p (c o u n t) = 1 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p > = 2 0 T h e n
m o n th ly _ n ig h t_ c o m f o rt_ lo w e r(c o u n t) = 17
E ls e lf h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 2 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p > = 2 0 T h e n
m o n th ly _ n ig h t_ c o m f o rt_ lo w e r(c o u n t) = 1 7
121
m o n th ly _ n ig h t_ c o m fo rt_ lo w e r(c o u n t) = 17
m o n th ly _ n ig h t_ c o m fo rt_ lo w e r(c o u n t) = 1 7
E l s e lf h u m id ity _ g r o u p (c o u n t) = 1 A n d a v e ra g e m ean te m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ te m p > =
15 T h e n
E ls e lf h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 2 A n d a v e ra g e m ean te m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e m ean te m p > =
15 T h e n
E l s e lf h u m id ity _ g r o u p (c o u n t) = 3 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p < 2 0 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p > =
15 T h e n
E l s e lf h u m id ity g r o u p ( c o u n t) = 4 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p < 2 0 A n d a v e ra g e m ean te m p > =
15 T h e n
E l s e lf h u m id ity _ g r o u p (c o u n t) = 1 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p < 1 5 T h e n
m o n th ly _ n ig h t_ c o m f o rt_ lo w e r(c o u n t) =12
E ls e lf h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 2 A n d a v e ra g e m ean te m p < 1 5 T h e n
E ls e lf h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 3 A n d a v erag e m ean te m p < 1 5 T h e n
E l s e lf h u m id ity g r o u p ( c o u n t) = 4 A n d a v e ra g e _ m e a n _ te m p < 1 5 T h e n
m o n th ly _ n ig h t_ c o m fo rt_ lo w e r(c o u n t) =12
End If
N ext count
'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 6 . C a p t i o n = m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( l )
'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 6 . V i s i b l e = T r u e
'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 7 . C a p t i o n = m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( l )
'f f m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 7 . V i s i b l e = T r u e
'f f m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 8 . C a p t i o n = m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( l )
'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 9 . C a p t i o n = m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( l )
' T h e rm a l s tre s s
D im m o n th ly _ th e r m a l_ s tr e s s _ d a y ( 1 2 ) A s S trin g
D im m o n th ly _ th e rm a l_ s tre s s _ n ig h t(1 2 ) A s S trin g
I f monthly_mean_max(count) >= m onthly_day_comfort_lower(count) And
m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x (c o u n t) < = m o n th ly _ d a y _ c o m fo rt_ u p p e r (c o u n t) T h e n
m o n th ly _ th e rm a l_ s tre s s _ d a y (c o u n t) = " C o m fo rta b le "
E l s e lf m o n th ly m ean m a x (c o u n t) < m o n th ly _ d a y _ c o m fo rt_ lo w e r(c o u n t) T h e n
m o n th ly _ th e r m a l_ s tr e s s _ d a y ( c o u n t) = " C o ld "
E ls e lf m o n th ly m ean m a x (c o u n t) > m o n th ly _ d a y _ c o m fo rt_ u p p e r (c o u n t) T h e n
m o n th ly _ th e r m a l_ s tr e s s _ d a y ( c o u n t) = " H o t"
E nd If
122
I f m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (c o u n t) > = m o n th ly _ n ig h t_ c o m f o rt_ lo w e r(c o u n t) A n d

m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (c o u n t) < = m o n th ly _ n ig h t_ c o m f o rt_ u p p e r(c o u n t) T h e n
m o n th ly _ th e rm a l_ s tre s s _ n ig h t(c o u n t) = " C o m fo rta b le "
E l s e lf m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (c o u n t) < m o n th ly _ n ig h t_ c o m f o rt_ lo w e r(c o u n t) T h e n
m o n th ly _ th e r m a l_ s tr e s s _ n ig h t( c o u n t) = " C o ld "
E l s e lf m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (c o u n t) > m o n th ly _ n ig h t_ c o m f o rt_ u p p e r(c o u n t) T h e n
m o n th ly _ th e r m a l_ s tr e s s _ n ig h t ( c o u n t) = " H o t"
End If
N ext count
H I c o u n te r = 0
H 2 _ c o u n te r = 0
H 3 _ c o u n te r = 0
A l_ c o u n te r = 0
A 2 _ c o u n te r = 0
A 3 _ c o u n te r = 0
I f ( m o n th ly _ th e r m a l_ s tr e s s _ d a y ( c o u n t) = " H o t" A n d h u m id ity g ro u p ( c o u n t) = 4 ) O r _
(m o n th ly _ th e r m a l_ s tr e s s _ d a y ( c o u n t) = " H o t" A n d ( h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 2 O r
h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 3 ) _
A n d m o n th ly _ m e a n _ ra n g e (c o u n t) < 1 0 ) T h e n
H lc o u n te r = H lc o u n te r + 1
E nd If
I f m o n th ly _ th e rm a l_ s tre s s _ d a y (c o u n t) = " C o m fo rta b le " A n d h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 4 T h e n
H 2 _ c o u n te r = H 2 _ c o u n te r + 1
E nd If
I f m o n th ly _ r a in f a ll_ m m (c o u n t) > = 2 0 0 T h e n
H 3 _ c o u n te r = H 3 _ c o u n te r + 1
E nd If
I f ( h u m id ity _ g ro u p (c o u n t) = 1 O r h u m id ity _ g r o u p (c o u n t) = 2 O r h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 3 )
A n d (m o n th ly _ m e a n _ ra n g e (c o u n t) > 1 0 ) T h e n
A l c o u n t e r = A l_ c o u n te r + 1
E nd If
I f (m o n th ly _ th e r m a l_ s tr e s s _ n ig h t( c o u n t) = " H o t" A n d ( h u m id ity g ro u p ( c o u n t) = 1 O r
h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 2 )) O r _
(m o n th ly _ th e r m a l_ s tr e s s _ d a y ( c o u n t) = " H o t" A n d m o n th ly _ th e r m a l_ s tr e s s _ n ig h t( c o u n t) =
" C o m fo rta b le " A n d _
(h u m id ity g ro u p (c o u n t) = 1 O r h u m id ity g ro u p (c o rm t) = 2 ) A n d m o n th ly m ean ra n g e (c o u n t) >
10) T h e n
A 2 _ c o im te r = A 2 _ c o u n te r + 1
E nd If
I f m o n th ly _ th e r m a l_ s tr e s s _ d a y ( c o u n t) = " C o ld " T h e n
A3_counter = A3_counter + 1
E nd If
N ext count
' M ODULE #1 LAYOUT
123
If A lc o u n te r > = 0 A nd A lc o u n te r < = 1 0 T hen

r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 0) = 1
E l s e l f ( A l _ c o u n t e r = 11 O r A l c o u n te r = 1 2 ) A n d (A 3 c o u n te r > = 5 A n d A 3 _ c o u n te r < = 12)
T hen
re p o rtn u m b e r(O ) = 1
E ls e lf (A l c o u n t e r = 11 O r A l _ c o u n t e r = 1 2 ) A n d ( A 3 _ c o u n t e r > = 0 A n d A 3 _ c o u n t e r < = 4 ) T h e n
r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 0) = 2
E nd If
' M O D U L E # 2 S P A C IN G
If H I c o u n t e r = 11 O r H l _ c o u n t e r = 1 2 T h e n
re p o rtn u m b e r(l) = 3
E ls e lf H l c o u n t e r > = 2 A n d H l c o u n te r < = 1 0 T h e n
E ls e lf H lc o u n t e r = 0 O r H lc o u n te r = 1 T h e n
End If
1M O D U L E # 3 A IR M O V E M E N T
If H lc o u n te r > = 3 A nd H lc o u n te r < = 1 2 T hen
r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 2) = 6
E ls e lf H I _ c o u n te r = 1 O r H l_ c o u n te r = 2 A n d ( A l_ c o u n te r > = 0 A n d A l_ c o u n te r < = 5 ) T h e n
r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 2) = 6
E ls e lf H l c o u n te r = 1 O r H l c o u n te r = 2 A n d ( A l c o u n te r > = 6 A nd A l c o u n te r < = 1 2 ) T h e n
re p o rt_ n u m b e r (2 ) = 7
E ls e lf H l_ c o u n te r = 0 A n d (H 2 _ c o u n te r > = 2 A n d H 2 _ c o u n te r < = 1 2 ) O r ( A l c o u n te r > = 6 A nd
A l_ c o u n te r < = 12) T h e n
re p o rt_ n u m b e r(2 ) = 7
E ls e lf H I c o u n te r = 0 A n d (H 2 _ c o u n te r = 0 O r H 2 c o u n te r = 1 ) T h e n
r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 2) = 8
End If
1M O D U L E # 4 O P E N IN G S
I f A l c o u n t e r = 0 O r A l_ c o u n te r = 1 A n d A 3 _ c o u n te r = 0 T h e n
re p o rt_ n u m b e r (3 ) = 9
E ls e lf (A l c o u n t e r = 11 O r A l _ c o u n t e r = 1 2 ) A n d ( A 3 ^ c o u n t e r = 0 O r A 3 _ c o u n t e r = 1 ) T h e n
re p o rt_ n u m b e r(3 ) = 1 0
E ls e lf ( H l c o u n te r > = 0 A n d H l_ c o u n te r < = 1 2 ) O r (H 2 _ c o u n te r > = 0 A n d H 2 _ c o u n te r < = 1 2 ) O r
(H 3 _ c o u n te r > = 0 A n d H 3 _ c o u n te r < = 1 2 ) T h e n
r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 3 ) = 11
E nd If
' # M O D U L E O P E N IN G S D E T A IL S - S IZ E
I f (A l_ c o u n te r = 0 O r A l c o u n te r = 1) A n d A 3 _ c o u n te r = 0 T h e n
d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 0) = 1
E ls e lf (A l_ c o u n te r = 0 O r A l c o u n te r = 1) A n d (A 3 _ c o u n te r > = 1 A n d A 3 _ c o u n te r < = 1 2 ) T h e n
detail_report_number(0) = 2
E ls e lf A l c o u n t e r > = 2 A n d A lc o u n te r < = 5 T h e n
d e ta ilre p o rtn u m b e r(O ) = 2
E ls e lf A l c o u n t e r > = 6 A nd A lc o u n te r < = 1 0 T hen
E l s e l f ( A l _ c o u n t e r = 11 O r A l c o u n te r = 1 2 ) A n d (A 3 _ c o u n te r > = 0 A n d A 3 _ c o u n te r < = 3 ) T h e n
d e ta il_ re p o rt_ n u m b e r( 0 ) = 4
E ls e lf ( A l c o u n te r = 11 O r A l _ c o u n t e r = 1 2 ) A n d ( A 3 _ c o u n te r > = 4 A n d A 3 _ c o u n te r < = 1 2 )
124
T hen
E nd If
' # M O D U L E O P E N IN G S D E T A IL S - P O S IT IO N
I f H l c o u n t e r > = 3 A n d H l_ c o u n te r < = 1 2 T h e n
d e ta ilre p o rtn u m b e r(l) = 6
E ls e lf (H l c o u n te r = 1 O r H l c o u n te r = 2 ) A n d ( A l_ c o u n te r > = 0 A n d A l c o u n te r < = 5 ) T h e n
E ls e lf (H l_ c o u n te r = 1 O r H l c o u n te r = 2 ) A n d ( A l c o u n te r > = 6 A n d A l c o u n te r < = 1 2 ) T h e n
d e ta il_ re p o rt_ n u m b e r(l) = 7
E ls e lf H I c o u n te r = 0 A n d (H 2 _ c o u n te r > = 2 A n d H 2 _ c o u n te r < = 1 2 ) T h e n
E nd If
' # M O D U L E O P E N IN G S D E T A IL S - P R O T E C T IO N
I f A 3 _ c o u n te r > = 0 A n d A 3 _ c o u n te r < = 2 T h e n
d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 2) = 8
E l s e lf H 3 _ c o u n te r > = 2 A n d H 3 _ c o u n te r < = 1 2 T h e n
d e ta il_ re p o rt_ n u m b e r( 2 ) = 9
E nd If
' M ODULE # 5 W ALLS

I f A l c o u n t e r > = 0 A n d A l_ c o u n te r < = 2 T h e n
re p o rt_ n u m b e r (4 ) = 1 2
E ls e lf A lc o u n t e r > = 3 A n d A l c o u n te r < = 1 2 T h e n
r e p o r t_ n u m b e r ( 4 ) = 13
E nd If
' M O D U L E # W A L L S D E T A IL S
I f A l_ c o u n te r > = 0 A n d A l_ c o u n te r < = 2 T h e n
d e ta il_ re p o rt_ n u m b e r( 3 ) = 1 0
E ls e lf A l c o u n t e r > = 3 A n d A l c o u n t e r < = 12 T h e n
E nd If
' M ODULE # 6ROOF

If A lc o u n te r > = 0 A nd A lc o u n te r < = 5 T hen
re p o rt_ n u m b e r (5 ) = 14
E ls e lf A l_ c o u n te r > = 6 A nd A l_ c o u n te r < = 12 T h e n
r e p o r t_ n u m b e r ( 5 ) = 15
End If
' M O D U L E # R O O F D E T A IL S
I f (H l_ c o u n te r > = 10 A n d H l c o u n te r < = 1 2 ) A n d ( A l c o u n te r > = 0 A n d A l c o u n te r < = 2 ) T h e n
E ls e lf ( H l c o u n te r > = 10 A n d H l c o u n te r < = 1 2 ) A n d ( A l_ c o u n te r > = 3 A n d A l_ c o u n te r < = 12)
T hen
E ls e lf (H l_ c o u n te r > = 0 A n d H l_ c o u n te r < = 9 ) A n d ( A l c o u n te r > = 0 A n d A l c o u n te r < = 5 )
T hen
E ls e lf ( H l c o u n te r > = 0 A n d H l c o u n te r < = 9 ) A n d ( A l c o u n te r > = 6 A nd A l_ c o u n te r < = 12)
T hen
125
E nd If
' M O D U L E # 7 O U T D O O R S L E E P IN G
I f A 2 _ c o u n te r > = 2 A n d A 2 _ c o u n te r < = 1 2 T h e n
r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 6) = 1 6
End If
' M O D U L E # O U T D O O R S L E E P IN G D E T A IL S
I f A 2 _ c o u n te r > = 1 A n d A 2 _ c o u n te r < = 1 2 T h e n
End If
’M O D U LE # 8 R A IN P R O T E C T IO N
I f H 3 _ c o u n te r > = 3 A n d H 3 _ c o u n te r < = 1 2 T h e n
re p o rt_ n u m b e r(7 ) = 1 7
E nd If
' M O D U L E # R A IN P R O T E C T IO N D E T A IL S
I f H 3 _ c o u n te r > = 1 A n d H 3 _ c o u n te r < = 1 2 T h e n
d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 6) = 1 6
E nd If
G e n e r a te T e x t
G e n e r a te R e p o rt = T m e
E n d F u n c tio n
F u n c tio n E x itP ro g ra m ()
U n lo a d frm _ d b p ro p e rtie s
U n lo a d fr m _ m a in
U n lo a d frm _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S
U n lo a d F rm _ p la c e s _ U S
U n lo a d fr m _ re p o rt
U n lo a d frm _ re p o rt_ p g l
U n lo a d f r m i m a g e v i e w e r
U n lo a d fr m _ d e ta ils _ o p e n in g
U n lo a d f r m d e t a i l s o u t d o o r
U n lo a d fr m d e ta ils ra in p ro te c tio n
U n lo a d f r m d e t a i l s r o o f s
U n lo a d I r m d e t a i l s w a l l s
U n lo a d frm _ d a ta _ fro m _ w e b
U n lo a d fr m S p la s h
E n d F u n c tio n
F u n c tio n G e n e ra te T e x t()
D im r e p o r t _ p a g e l_ te m p A s S trin g
D im r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ h u m A s S trin g
D im r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ r w A s S trin g
'PO PLU LA TE REPO RT HERE

D i m r e p o r t la y o u tl A s S trin g
D im r e p o rt_ la y o u t2 A s S trin g
D im r e p o r t _ s p a c in g l A s S trin g
126
D im r e p o r t_ s p a c in g 2 A s S trin g
D im r e p o r t_ s p a c in g 3 A s S trin g
D im r e p o r t a i r m o v e m e n t l A s S trin g
D im r e p o r t_ a ir m o v e m e n t2 A s S trin g
D im re p o rt_ a ir m o v e m e n t3 A s S trin g
D i m r e p o r t _ o p e n in g s l A s S trin g
D im r e p o r t_ o p e n in g s 2 A s S trin g
D im r e p o rt_ o p e n in g s 3 A s S trin g
D i m r e p o r t w a l l s l A s S trin g
D im r e p o rt_ w a lls 2 A s S trin g
D im r e p o r t r o o f l A s S trin g
D im r e p o rt_ r o o f2 A s S trin g
D im r e p o r t_ o u t d o o r l A s S trin g
D im r e p o r t_ r a in p r o te c tio n l A s S trin g
D im d e ta ilr e p o r t_ o p e n in g s _ s iz e l A s S trin g
D im d e ta ilre p o rt_ o p e n in g s _ s iz e 2 A s S trin g
D im d e ta ilre p o rt_ o p e n in g s _ s iz e 3 A s S trin g
D im d e ta ilr e p o r t_ o p e n in g s _ s iz e 4 A s S trin g
D im d e ta ilr e p o r t_ o p e n in g s _ s iz e 5 A s S trin g
D im d e ta ilr e p o r t_ o p e n in g s _ p o s itio n l A s S trin g
D im d e ta ilre p o rt_ o p e n in g s _ p o s itio n 2 A s S trin g
D im d e ta il r e p o r t o p e n i n g s j p r o t e c t i o n l A s S trin g
D im d e ta ilre p o rt_ o p e n in g s _ p ro te c tio n 2 A s S trin g
D im d e ta ilr e p o r t_ w a lls l A s S trin g
D im d e ta ilre p o rt_ w a lls 2 A s S trin g
D i m d e t a i l r e p o r t r o o f s l A s S trin g
D im d e ta ilre p o rt_ ro o f s 2 A s S trin g
D im d e ta ilre p o rt_ ro o f s 3 A s S trin g
D im d e ta ilr e p o r t_ o u td o o r l A s S trin g
D im d e ta ilr e p o r t r a in p r o t e c tio n l A s S trin g
D im p o p u la te s trin g o p e n in g s s iz e A s S trin g
D im p o p u la te s tr in g _ o p e n in g s _ p o s itio n A s S trin g
D im p o p u la te s tr in g _ o p e n in g s _ p r o te c tio n A s S trin g
D im p o p u la te s trin g w a ll A s S trin g
D im p o p u la te s tr in g r o o f A s S trin g
D im p o p u la te s tr in g o u td o o r A s S trin g
D im p o p u la te s tr in g r a in p r o te c tio n A s S trin g
d e ta ilre p o rt o p e n in g s s i z e l = " O p e n in g s s h o u ld b e la rg e , 4 0 % to 8 0 % o f w a ll a r e a . A p p lic a b le

w h e n th e r m a l s to r a g e is n e e d e d f o r n o t m o r e th a n 1 m o n th , a n d w h e r e th e r e is n o c o ld s e a s o n ."
d e ta ilre p o rt_ o p e n in g s _ s iz e 2 = " O p e n in g s s h o u ld b e m e d iu m , 2 5 % to 4 0 % o f w a ll a re a . A p p lic a b le
w h e n th e r m a l s to r a g e is n e e d e d f o r n o t m o r e th a n 1 m o n th a n d th e r e is c o o l s e a s o n . - O r i f th e r m a l
s to r a g e is n e e d e d f o r 2 to 5 m o n th s "
d e ta ilr e p o r t_ o p e n in g s _ s iz e 3 = " O p e n in g s s h o u ld b e s m a ll, 15 to 2 5 % o f th e w a ll a re a . A p p lic a b le
w h e n th e r m a l s to r a g e is n e e d e d f o r 6 t o 10 m o n th s ."
d e ta ilr e p o r t_ o p e n in g s _ s iz e 4 = " O p e n in g s s h o u ld b e v e r y s m a ll, 10 to 2 0 % o f w a ll a re a . A p p lic a b le
w h e n th e r m a l s to r a g e is n e e d e d a ll y e a r a r o u n d (1 1 to 1 2 m o n th s ) a n d c o o l s e a s o n is n o t m o r e th a n 3
127
m o n th s ."
d e ta ilr e p o r t_ o p e n in g s _ s iz e 5 = " M e d iu m s iz e o p e n in g s a re r e c o m m e n d e d a ls o w h e n th e r m a l s to ra g e
is r e q u i r e d th r o u g h o u t th e y e a r a n d s u n p e n e t r a t i o n is d e s ir a b l e d u r in g a c o o l s e a s o n o f m o r e th a n f o u r
m o n th s ."
d e ta ilr e p o r t_ o p e n in g s _ p o s itio n l = " W h e n a ir m o v e m e n t is e s s e n tia l fo r 3 m o n th s o r m o re , o r fo r a
le s s e r p e r io d , b u t th e r m a l s to r a g e is n e e d e d f o r le s s th a n h a l f a y e a r , th e o p e n in g s s h o u ld b e p o s itio n e d
s o a s to d ir e c t th e b r e e z e a t th e o c c u p a n ts . F ir s t p r e f e r e n c e is n o r th - s o u th o r ie n ta tio n , b u t in th is c a s e
th e w in d d ire c tio n m a y ta k e p r e c e d e n c e o v e r s o la r o r ie n ta tio n ."
d e ta ilr e p o r t_ o p e n in g s _ p o s iti o n 2 = " W h e n a ir m o v e m e n t is e s s e n tia l f o r 1 o r 2 m o n th s o n ly a n d
t h e r m a l s to r a g e is n e e d e d f o r m o r e th a n 6 m o n th s o r w h e n a ir f lo w is n o t e s s e n t i a l o n l y d e s i r a b l e f o r
tw o m o n th s o r m o re -th e r o o m s m a y b e d o u b le b a n k e d w ith in te r n a l w a lls h a v in g a d e q u a te o p e n in g s .
I n th is c a s e th e o p tim u m s o la r o r ie n ta tio n ( n o r th a n d s o u th ) s h o u ld ta k e p r e c e d e n c e o v e r o rie n ta tio n
fo r w in d ."
d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ p r o t e c t i o n l = " C o m p l e t e e x c l u s i o n o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n t h r o u g h - o u t t h e y e a r is
r e c o m m e n d e d , w h e n th e r e is n o c o o l s e a s o n o r i t la s t s n o t m o r e t h a n 2 m o n t h s . I f th e r e is l o n g e r c o o l
s e a s o n , th e s h a d in g p e r io d s h o u ld b e d e te rm in e d . T h e s u n s h o u ld b e a d m itte d d u r in g th e c o o l p e rio d ."
d e ta ilre p o rt_ o p e n in g s _ p ro te c tio n 2 = " P r o te c tio n o f o p e n in g s fr o m r a in p e n e tr a tio n w ill b e
n e c e s s a ry w h e n ra in fa ll e x c e e d in g 200 m m o c c u rs in m o re th a n 1 m o n th ."
d e t a i l r e p o r t w a l l s l = " W h e n t h e r m a l s to r a g e is r e q u i r e d f o r 2 m o n th s o r le s s , a lig h t - w e i g h t f a b r ic
is r e c o m m e n d e d . T h i s m a y b e p r o v id e d b y h o llo w b lo c k s o r b r ic k s w ith m o r e th a n 4 0 % v o id , b y a
th in s o lid w a ll, e .g .5 0 m m d e n s e c o n c r e te o r b y s h e e te d w a lls e n c lo s in g a c a v ity (th e la tte r m a y h a rb o r
in s e c ts a n d v e r m in ) . O u ts id e s u r f a c e s s h o u ld b e re f le c tiv e ."
d e t a i l r e p o r t _ w a l l s 2 = " W h e n t h e r m a l s t o r a g e i s r e q u i r e d f o r m o r e t h a n 2 m o n t h s , a h e a v y f a b r i c is
r e c o m m e n d e d . S o lid b r ic k s , b lo c k s , c o n c r e te o r a d o b e o f a b o u t 3 0 0 m m th ic k n e s s s h o u ld s a tis f y th e
r e q u ir e m e n ts . A le s s e r th ic k n e s s , d o w n to 1 0 0 m m is s a tis f a c to r y , i f it is in s u la te d o n th e o u ts id e ."
d e ta i l r e p o r t r o o f s 1 = " W ith a n a ir m o v e m e n t r e q u ir e m e n t f o r 1 0 to 1 2 m o n th s , i f th e th e r m a l
s to r a g e r e q u ir e m e n t is le s s th a n 2 m o n th s , a lig h t r o o f s h o u ld b e u s e d . I ts tim e la g s h o u ld n e v e r
e x c e e d 3 h rs . it s h o u ld h a v e a r e fle c tiv e s u rfa c e a n d g o o d in s u la tio n . A c a v ity w ith in th e r o o f o r a
r o o f - c e il in g c o m b in a tio n is a d v a n ta g e o u s . T h e r o o f - c e il in g o v e r a ll U - v a lu e s h o u ld b e in th e r e g io n o f
lW /m 2 degC "
d e ta ilre p o rt_ ro o f s 2 = " W ith a s im ila r a ir m o v e m e n t r e q u ire m e n t, i f th e th e rm a l s to ra g e re q u ire m e n t
is m o re th a n 3 m o n th s - o r w ith a n a ir m o v e m e n t r e q u ir e m e n t f o r le s s th a n 9 m o n th s , a n d th e rm a l
s to r a g e is n e e d e d f o r le s s th a n 5 m o n th s - th e r o o f s s h o u ld s till b e lig h t b u t its in s u la tio n is e v e n m o r e
im p o r ta n t. A n o v e r a ll U - v a lu e n o t e x c e e d in g 0 .8 W /m 2 is r e c o m m e n d e d . T h is p e r f o r m a n c e c o u ld b e
p r o v id e d b y a n e x te r n a l s h e e t w ith a r e f le c tiv e s u rfa c e , a c a v ity a n d a c e ilin g in c o r p o r a tin g a t le a s t
2 5 m m in s u la tio n a n d a re fle c tiv e to p .( a lu m in u m fo il fo r in s ta n c e )"
d e ta ilre p o rt_ ro o f s 3 = " In a ll o th e r c a s e s a m a s s iv e r o o f s h o u ld b e u s e d w ith a tim e la g o f h o u rs o r
m o re ."
d e t a i lr e p o r t_ o u td o o r l = " W h e n th e p la c e is w a r m w ith le s s r a in f a ll, s p a c e f o r o u t - d o o r s le e p in g h a s
t o b e p r o v id e d . M o r e o f te n th is w ill b e o n th e r o o f in w h ic h c a s e th e r o o f f in i s h s h o u ld b e s e le c te d to
w ith s ta n d fo o t- tra ffic ."
r e p o r t_ r a in p r o te c tio n l = " W ith h e a v y ra in f a ll o c c u r rin g e v e n in o n e m o n th o f th e y e a r s p e c ia l
p r o v i s i o n s f o r r o o f d r a i n a g e w i l l b e n e c e s s a r y . S t a g n a n t p o o l s m u s t b e a v o id e d . ( E .g . le v e l g u tte r s ) a s
th e s e w ill p ro v id e b re e d in g g ro u n d s fo r m o s q u ito e s . I n lo w c o s t b u ild in g s p o u ts a t r o o f le v e l o r e a v e s
d is c h a r g e is a c c e p ta b le i f th e f o o t o f th e w a lls is s u r r o u n d e d b y a c o n c r e te p a t h o r a p r o n 0 . 5m w id e ,
s lo p in g a w a y f r o m th e b u ild in g s "
For count = 0 T o 6 S te p 1
I f d e ta il_ re p o rt_ n u m b e r( c o u n t) = 1 T h e n
p o p u l a t e s t r i n g o p e n i n g s s i z e = d e ta ilre p o rt_ o p e n in g s _ s iz e 1
E l s e lf d e ta il re p o rt n u m b e r(c o u n t) = 2 T h e n
p o p u la te s tr in g _ o p e n in g s _ s iz e = d e ta ilre p o rt_ o p e n in g s _ s iz e 2
E l s e lf d e ta il_ re p o rt_ n u m b e r( c o u n t) = 3 T h e n
128
p o p u la te s tr in g _ o p e n in g s _ s iz e = d e ta ilre p o rt_ o p e n in g s _ s iz e 3
E ls e lf d e ta ilre p o rtn u m b e r(c o u n t) = 4 T h e n
p o p u la te s tr in g o p e n i n g s s iz e = d e ta ilre p o rt_ o p e n in g s _ s iz e 4
E ls e lf d e ta ilre p o rtn u m b e r(c o u n t) = 5 T h e n
p o p u l a t e s t r i n g o p e n i n g s s i z e = d e ta ilre p o rt_ o p e n in g s _ s iz e 5
E ls e lf d e ta ilre p o rtn u m b e r( c o u n t) = 6 T hen
p o p u la te s tr in g _ o p e n in g s _ p o s itio n = d e ta ilre p o rt_ o p e n in g s _ p o s itio n l
E ls e lf d e ta ilr e p o rtn u m b e r( c o u n t) = 7 T h e n
p o p u la te s tr in g _ o p e n in g s _ p o s itio n = d e ta ilre p o rt_ o p e n in g s _ p o s itio n 2
E l s e l f d e ta il_ re p o rt_ n u m b e r( c o u n t) = 8 T hen
p o p u la te s tr in g _ o p e n in g s _ p ro te c tio n = d e ta ilre p o rt_ o p e n in g s _ p ro te c tio n 1
E l s e lf d e ta il_ re p o rt_ n u m b e r( c o u n t) = 9 T h e n
p o p u la te s tr in g _ o p e n in g s _ p ro te c tio n = d e ta ilre p o rt_ o p e n in g s _ p ro te c tio n 2
E l s e l f d e ta il_ re p o rt_ n u m b e r( c o u n t) = 1 0 T h e n
p o p u la te s trin g w a ll = d e ta ilre p o rtw a lls l
E ls e lf d e ta ilre p o rtn u m b e r(c o u n t) = 1 1 T h e n
p o p u la te s tr in g w a ll = d e ta ilre p o rt_ w a lls 2
E l s e lf d e ta il_ re p o rt_ n u m b e r( c o u n t) = 1 2 T h e n
p o p u la te s tr in g ro o f = d e ta ilre p o rtro o fs 1
E l s e l f d e ta il_ re p o rt_ n u m b e r( c o u n t) = 1 3 T h e n
p o p u la te s tr in g _ ro o f = d e ta ilre p o rt_ ro o f s 2
E l s e lf d e ta il_ re p o rt_ n u m b e r( c o u n t) = 1 4 T h e n
p o p u la te s tr in g _ r o o f = d e ta ilre p o rt_ ro o f s 3
E l s e l f d e ta il_ re p o rt_ n u m b e r( c o u n t) = 15 T h e n
p o p u la te s tr in g _ o u td o o r = d e ta ilr e p o r to u td o o r l
E ls e lf d e ta ilre p o rtn u m b e r( c o u n t) = 1 6 T h e n
p o p u la te s trin g ra in p ro te c tio n = d e ta ilre p o rtra in p ro te c tio n l
E nd If
N ext count
P o p u la te F R M D E T A IL S O P E N IN G p o p u la te s tr in g o p e n in g s s iz e ,
p o p u la te s tr in g _ o p e n in g s _ p o s itio n , _
p o p u la te s trin g _ o p e n in g s _ p ro te c tio n
P o p u la te F R M _ D E T A IL S _ W A L L S p o p u la te s tr in g w a ll
P o p u la te F R M D E T A IL S R O O F S p o p u la te s trin g ro o f
P o p u la te F R M D E T A IL S O U T D O O R p o p u la te s tr in g o u td o o r
P o p u la te F R M _ D E T A IL S _ R A IN P R O T E C T IO N p o p u la te s tr in g r a in p r o te c tio n
f r m _ re p o rt.lb l_ n a m e _ o f _ p la c e = f r m r e p o r t.L a b e l l.C a p tio n

'I f f o r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S _ f la g = 1 T h e n
' f r m _ r e p o r t.lb l_ la t.C a p tio n = f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .T e x t2 .T e x t
' f r m r e p o r t . l b l l o n g . C a p tio n = f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .T e x t3 .T e x t
' f r m _ r e p o r t.lb l_ a lt.C a p tio n = f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .T e x t4 .T e x t
’E n d I f
' R e s e t th e fla g
'f o r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S _ f l a g = 0
r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ te m p = " T e m p e ra tu re in d e g re e c e n tig ra d e (m o n th ly m e a n m a x ) o v e r th e 12 m o n th s
a re a s fo llo w s : " & v b C r L f & " "
129
If count < 1 1 T hen

re p o rt_ p a g e l_ te m p = re p o rt_ p a g e l_ te m p & m o n th ly m e a n m a x ( c o u n t) & " ,"
E lse
r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ te m p = r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ te m p & m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x (c o u n t)
E nd If
N ext count
r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ te m p = r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ te m p & v b C r L f & " T e m p e ra tu re in d e g re e c e n tig ra d e (m o n th ly

m e a n m in ) o v e r th e 12 m o n th s a re a s fo llo w s : " & v b C r L f & " "
If count < 1 1 Then
re p o rt_ p a g e l_ te m p = re p o rt_ p a g e l_ te m p & m o n th ly m ean m in (c o u n t) & " ,"
E lse
re p o rt_ p a g e l_ te m p = re p o rt_ p a g e l_ te m p & m o n th ly m ean m in (c o u n t)
E nd If
N ext count
f r m _ r e p o r t.tx tb o x _ te m p .T e x t = r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ te m p
r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ h u m = " H u m id ity in p e rc e n ta g e (% ) ( m o n th ly m e a n m a x a m ) o v e r th e 12 m o n th s a re
a s fo llo w s : " & v b C r L f & " "
r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ h u m = r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ h u m & m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m (c o u n t) & ", "
E lse
r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ h u m = r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ h u m & m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m (c o u n t)
E nd If
N ext count
re p o rt_ p a g e l_ h u m = r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ h u m & v b C r L f & " H u m id ity in p e rc e n ta g e (% ) (m o n th ly m e a n

m a x p m ) o v e r th e 12 m o n th s a re a s fo llo w s : " & v b C r L f & " "
r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ h u m = r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ h u m & m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m (c o u n t) & " , "
E lse
r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ h u m = r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ h u m & m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m (c o u n t)
E nd If
N ext count
f r m r e p o r t.tx tb o x h u m .T e x t = re p o rt_ p a g e l_ h u m
r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ r w = " R a in fa ll in m m o v e r th e 12 m o n th s a re a s fo llo w s : " & v b C r L f & " "

If count < 1 1 Then
re p o rt_ p a g e l_ rw = re p o rtjp a g e l rw & m o n th ly ra in fa ll m m (c o u n t) & " , "
E lse
r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ r w = r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ r w & m o n th ly _ ra in fa ll_ m m (c o u n t)
E nd If
N ext count
f r m _ re p o rt.tx tb o x _ rw .T e x t = r e p o r t_ p a g e l_ r w
' PA G E 2 REPO RT
130
r e p o r t_ la y o u tl = " B u ild in g s s h o u ld b e o rie n te d o n a n e a s t- w e s t a x is ,th e lo n g e le v a tio n f a c in g n o r th

a n d s o u t h t o r e d u c e e x p o s u r e t o th e s u n ."
r e p o r t _ l a y o u t 2 = " B u i l d i n g s s h o u l d b e p l a n n e d a r o u n d s m a l l c o u r t y a r d s i f t h e r m a l s t o r a g e is
r e q u ir e d f o r m o s t o f th e y e a r , i.e . w h e n h o t- d r y s e a s o n is d o m in a n t."
r e p o r t_ s p a c in g l = " B u ild in g s s h o u ld b e b r o a d ly s p a c e d f o r b r e e z e p e n e tr a tio n . A s a r o u g h g u id e ,

s p a c e b e tw e e n lo n g r o w s o f b u ild in g s h o u ld n o t b e le s s th a n fiv e tim e s th e h e ig h t."
r e p o r t _ s p a c i n g 2 = " I f w i n d p e n e t r a t i o n is n e e d e d f o r o n l y a p a r t o f t h e y e a r , i t e m 3 is a p p l ic a b le ,
h o w e v e r a d e q u a te p r o v is io n m u s t b e m a d e f o r p r o te c tio n f r o m w c o ld a n d d u s ty w in d s ."
r e p o r t _ s p a c i n g 3 = " C o m p a c t p l a n n i n g is r e c o m m e n d e d i f a i r - m o v e m e n t r e q u i r e m e n t is
in s ig n if ic a n t."
r e p o r t a ir m o v e m e n tl = " R o o m s s h o u ld b e s in g le b a n k e d w ith w in d o w s in th e n o r th a n d s o u th
w a lls to e n s u r e a ir - m o v e m e n t b y a m p le c r o s s v e n tila tio n ."
re p o rt_ a ir m o v e m e n t2 = " R o o m s m a y b e d o u b le b a n k e d b u t p la n s h o u ld a llo w fo r te m p o ra ry c ro s s
v e n t i l a t i o n ( e .g . la r g e in t e r - c o n n e c t i n g d o o r s ) . I f w i n d is u n r e l i a b l e , o r s ite li m i t a t i o n s r e s t r i c t p la n n in g ,
fo r c ro s s -v e n tila tio n , c e ilin g m o u n te d fa n s m a y b e c o n s id e re d . T h is w o u ld re q u ire a r o o m h e ig h t o f
n o t le s s t h a n 2 .7 5 m , w h ic h m ig h t a f f e c t th e b a s ic b u ilt fo r m ."
r e p o r t _ a i r m o v e m e n t 3 = " I f a i r m o v e m e n t is n e v e r e s s e n t i a l , a n d is d e s i r a b l e f o r n o t m o r e t h a n a
m o n th , r o o m s c a n b e d o u b le b a n k e d a n d th e r e is n o t m u c h n e e d f o r c r o s s - v e n tila tio n ."
r e p o r t o p e n in g s l = " O p e n in g s s h o u ld b e la rg e , b e tw e e n 4 0 - 8 0 % o f th e n o r th a n d s o u th w a lls .
T h e s e n e e d n o t b e f u lly g la z e d , b u t s h o u ld b e p ro te c te d fr o m th e s u n , s k y -g la re a n d ra in , p re fe r a b ly b y
h o r iz o n ta l o v e r h a n g ."
r e p o r t_ o p e n in g s 2 = " O p e n in g s h a v e to b e v e r y s m a ll, le s s th a n 2 0 % o f th e w a ll."
r e p o r t_ o p e n in g s 3 = " O p e n in g s h a v e to b e m e d iu m , b e tw e e n 2 0 -4 0 % o f th e w a ll a re a . O p e n in g s in
th e e a s t w a ll m a y b e d e s ir a b le w h e r e c o ld s e a s o n is lo n g . I n w e s t w a ll o p e n in g s a r e a c c e p ta b le in
m o d e r a te o r c o ld c lim a te s , b u t u n d e r n o c ir c u m s ta n c e s in th e tr o p ic s ."
r e p o r t w a lls l = " E x te r n a l w a lls s h o u ld b e lig h t w ith lo w th e r m a l c a p a c ity ." & v b C r L f & _

" a ) In te rn a l w a lls s h o u ld a ls o b e lig h t w h e re h o t- d r y c o n d itio n s p r e v a il f o r a s h o rt tim e o n ly " &
v b C rL f & _
" b ) I n t e r n a l w a l l s s h o u l d b e h e a v y a n d m a s s i v e w h e r e a n o c c u r r e n c e o f h o t - d r y c o n d i t i o n s is
c o m b in e d w ith la r g e a n n u a l m e a n r a n g e o f te m p e r a tu r e .( o v e r 2 0 d e g C )"
r e p o rt_ w a lls 2 = " B o th e x te rn a l a n d in te rn a l w a lls s h o u ld b e m a s s iv e "
r e p o r t_ r o o f l = " L ig h t b u t w e ll in s u la te d r o o f w ith lo w th e rm a l c a p a c ity "

re p o rt_ r o o f2 = " H e a v y r o o f w ith s u b s ta n tia l th e rm a l c a p a c ity g iv in g a tim e la g o f a t le a s t 8 h o u r s ."
re p o r t o u td o o r l = " It s h o u ld b e p r o v id e d o n ro o fs b a lc o n ie s o r in p a tio s , s o th a t th e s le e p e rs a re
e x p o s e d to th e c o ld e s t p a r t o f th e n ig h t s k y , (th e z e n ith ) to in c re a s e h e a t lo s s b y o u tg o in g r a d ia tio n ."
r e p o r t r a i n p r o t e c t i o n l = " S p e c ia l p r o te c tiv e m e a s u r e s a r e n e e d e d i f r a in is f r e q u e n t a n d h e a v y - s u c h
a s d e e p v e r a n d a h s , w id e o v e r - h a n g s , c o v e r e d p a s s a g e s ."
'D i m p i c o b j e c t _ l a y o u t A s P i c t u r e
’D i m p i c o b j e c t s p a c i n g A s P i c t u r e
'D i m p i c o b j e c t _ a i r m o v e m n t A s P i c t u r e
'D i m p i c o b j e c t _ r a i n p r o t e c t i o n A s P i c t u r e
D im im a g e _ p a th A s S trin g
131
D im im a g e _ la y o u t A s S trin g
D im im a g e s p a c in g A s S trin g
D im im a g e _ a ir m o v e m e n t A s S trin g
D im i m a g e r a i n p r o t e c t i o n A s S trin g
D im im a g e o p e n in g A s S trin g
D im fW id th A s D o u b le , fH e ig h t A s D o u b le
' S e t a ll th e im a g e n a m e s h e re
im a g e j p a t h = A p p .P a th & " \T h e s is _ im a g e s \"
I f re p o rtn u m b e r(O ) = 1 T h e n
' L o a d te x t
fr m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.tx tb o x _ la y o u t.T e x t = r e p o r t l a y o u t l
’L o a d i m a g e
i m a g e l a y o u t = im a g e _ p a th & " E A S T - W E S T A X I S .g if 1
S e t p ic o b je c tl a y o u t = L o a d P ic tu re (im a g e _ la y o u t)
S e t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 1 .P i c t u r e = p i c o b j e c t l a y o u t
'S t r e t c h t h e i m a g e
W ith f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g 1 .P ic tu re 1
I f .A u to S iz e T h e n
f W id th = .S c a le W id th
f H e ig h t = .S c a le H e ig h t
E lse
f W id th = .S c a le X ( .P ic tu r e .H e ig h t, v b H im e tr ic , .S c a le M o d e )
f H e ig h t = .S c a le Y ( .P ic tu r e .W id th , v b H im e tr ic , .S c a le M o d e )
E nd If
E n d W ith
f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l .p i c _ l a y o u t .P a i n t P i c t u r e f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l .P i c t u r e 1, 0 , 0 ,
fW id th / 4 , fH e ig h t / 3 , 0 , 0 , fW id th , fH e ig h t, v b S r c C o p y
f f m _ r e p o r t _ p g 1 .P i c t u r e 1 . V i s i b l e = F a l s e
E ls e lf re p o rtn u m b e r(O ) = 2 T h e n
' L o a d te x t
f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.tx tb o x _ la y o u t.T e x t = re p o rt_ la y o u t2
' L o a d Im ag e
im a g e la y o u t = im a g e _ p a th & " C O U R T Y A R D S .g if1
S e t p ic o b je c t_ la y o u t = L o a d P ic tu r e ( im a g e la y o u t)
S e t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 1 .P i c t u r e = p i c o b j e c t _ l a y o u t
W ith f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l. P ic tu re 1
fHeight = .ScaleHeight
E lse
E nd If
E n d W ith
f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.p ic _ la y o u t.P a in tP ic tu r e f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 1, 0 , 0 ,
f W id th / 4 , f H e ig h t / 3 , 0 , 0 , fW id th , fH e ig h t, v b S r c C o p y
132
f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 1.V is ib le = F a ls e
E lse
f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.tx tb o x _ la y o u t.T e x t = " T h e r e a r e n o s u g g e s tio n s ."
E nd If
If re p o rtn u m b e r(l) = 3 T h en
' L o a d te x t
frm _ re p o rt_ p g l.tx tb o x _ s p a c in g .T e x t = r e p o r ts p a c i n g l
'L o a d i m a g e
im a g e _ s p a c in g = im a g e _ p a th & " W I D E S P A C I N G .g if 1
S e t p i c o b je c ts p a c i n g = L o a d P ic tu re (im a g e _ s p a c in g )
S e t fr m _ re p o rt_ p g l.P ic tu re 2 . P ic tu re = p ic o b je c t_ s p a c in g
W ith fr m _ re p o rt_ p g l.P ic tu re 2
fW id th = .S c a le W id th
E lse
E nd If
E n d W ith
f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.p ic _ s p a c in g .P a in tP ic tu r e f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 2 , 0 , 0,
fW id th / 4 , fH e ig h t / 3 , 0 , 0 , fW id th , fH e ig h t, v b S r c C o p y
fr m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 2 . V is ib le = F a ls e
E ls e lf re p o r tn u m b e r ( l) = 4 T h e n
' L o a d te x t
f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.tx tb o x _ s p a c in g .T e x t = re p o rt_ s p a c in g 2
' L o a d Im ag e
im a g e s p a c in g = im a g e _ p a th & " W I N D P R O T E C T I O N .g if '
S e t p ic o b je c t_ s p a c in g = L o a d P ic tu re (im a g e _ s p a c in g )
S e t ff m _ re p o rt_ p g l.P ic tu re 2 . P ic tu re = p ic o b je c ts p a c i n g
W ith frm _ re p o rt_ p g l.P ic tu re 2
E lse
E nd If
E n d W ith
fr m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.p ic _ s p a c in g .P a in tP ic tu r e fr m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 2 , 0 , 0 ,
fr m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 2 . V is ib le = F a ls e
E ls e lf re p o rt n u m b e r(l) = 5 T h e n
f h n _ r e p o r t_ p g l.tx tb o x _ s p a c in g .T e x t = re p o rt_ s p a c in g 3
' L o a d Im ag e
im a g e _ s p a c in g = im a g e _ p a th & " N A R R O W S P A C I N G .g if '
S e t p ic o b je c t s p a c in g = L o a d P ic tu r e ( im a g e s p a c in g )
S e t f r m _ re p o rt_ p g l.P ic tu re 2 .P ic tu re = p ic o b je c ts p a c i n g
E lse
E nd If
E n d W ith
f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.p ic _ s p a c in g .P a in tP ic tu r e fr m r e p o r t_ p g 1.P ic tu r e 2 , 0 , 0 , _
f W id th / 4 , fH e ig h t / 3 , 0 , 0 , fW id th , fH e ig h t, v b S r c C o p y
f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 2 . V is ib le = F a ls e
E nd If
I f re p o rt_ n u m b e r (2 ) = 6 T hen
' L o a d te x t
f f m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.tx tb o x _ a ir m o v e m e n t.T e x t = re p o r t_ a ir m o v e m e n tl
'L o a d i m a g e
im a g e a i r m o v e m e n t = im a g e _ p a th & " S I N G L E B A N K E D .g if '
S e t p ic o b je c t_ a ir m o v e m e n t = L o a d P ic tu re (im a g e _ a irm o v e m e n t)
S e t f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 3 .P ic tu r e = p i c o b je c ta ir m o v e m e n t
W ith f r m _ re p o rt_ p g l.P ic tu re 3
E lse
E nd If
E n d W ith
f r m _ re p o rt_ p g l.p ic _ a ir m o v e m e n t.P a in tP ic tu r e fr m _ re p o rt_ p g l.P ic tu re 3 , 0 , 0 , _
E ls e lf re p o rt_ n u m b e r(2 ) = 7 T h e n
' L o a d te x t
f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.tx tb o x _ a ir m o v e m e n t.T e x t = re p o rt_ a ir m o v e m e n t2
' L o a d Im ag e
im a g e a irm o v e m e n t = im a g e _ p a th & " D O U B L E B A N K E D C R O S S V E N T .g if'
Set picobject airmovement = LoadPicture(image_airmovement)
S e t fr m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 3 .P ic tu r e = p i c o b je c ta ir m o v e m e n t
W ith ffm _ re p o rt_ p g l.P ic tu re 3
134
E lse
E nd If
E n d W ith
f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.p ic _ a ir m o v e m e n t.P a in tP ic tu r e f r m r e p o r t p g 1 ,P ic tu re 3 , 0 , 0 ,
fW id th / 4 , f H e ig h t / 3 , 0 , 0 , fW id th , fH e ig h t, v b S r c C o p y
E ls e lf re p o rt_ n u m b e r(2 ) = 8 T hen
f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.tx tb o x _ a ir m o v e m e n t.T e x t = re p o rt_ a ir m o v e m e n t3
' L o a d Im a g e
im a g e a ir m o v e m e n t = im a g e _ p a th & " D O U B L E B A N K E D .g if "
S e t p ic o b je c t a irm o v e m e n t = L o a d P ic tu re (im a g e _ a irm o v e m e n t)
S e t fr m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 3 .P ic tu r e = p ic o b je c ta ir m o v e m e n t
E lse
E nd If
E n d W ith
f tm _ re p o rt_ p g l.p ic _ a irm o v e m e n t.P a in tP ic tu re fr m _ re p o rt_ p g l.P ic tu re 3 , 0, 0,
E lse
f h n _ r e p o r t_ p g l.tx tb o x _ a ir m o v e m e n t.T e x t = " N o s u g g e s tio n s "
E nd If
I f re p o rt_ n u m b e r (3 ) = 9 T h e n
' L o a d te x t
fr m _ re p o rt_ p g l.tx tb o x _ o p e n n in g s .T e x t = r e p o r to p e n in g s l
'L o a d i m a g e
im a g e o p e n in g = im a g e _ p a th & " M O S T O P E N IN G S .g if'
S e t p ic o b je c to p e n in g = L o a d P ic tu re (im a g e o p e n in g )
S e t f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 5 .P ic tu r e = p ic o b je c t o p e n in g
E lse
E nd If
E n d W ith
f r m _ re p o rt_ p g l.p ic _ o p e n in g .P a in tP ic tu r e f f m _ r e p o rt_ p g l.P ic tu re 5 , 0 , 0 , _
135
E l s e lf re p o rt_ n u m b e r(3 ) = 10 T h e n
' L o a d te x t
fr m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.tx tb o x _ o p e n n in g s .T e x t = re p o rt_ o p e n in g s 2
' L o a d Im ag e
im a g e _ o p e n in g = im a g e _ p a th & " M O D E R A T E O P E N I N G S .g if 1
S e t p ic o b je c t o p e n in g = L o a d P ic tu r e ( im a g e o p e n in g )
S e t f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 5 .P ic tu r e = p ic o b je c t_ o p e n in g
E lse
End If
E n d W ith
fr m _ re p o rt_ p g l.p ic _ o p e n in g .P a in tP ic tu r e fr m _ re p o rt_ p g l.P ic tu re 5 , 0 , 0 , _
fW id th / 4 , f H e ig h t / 3 , 0 , 0 , fW id th , fH e ig h t, v b S r c C o p y
E l s e l f r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 3 ) = 11 T h e n
f r m _ r e p o rt_ p g l.tx tb o x _ o p e n n in g s .T e x t = re p o rt_ o p e n in g s 3
' L o a d im a g e
im a g e _ o p e n in g = im a g e _ p a th & " L E A S T O P E N IN G S .g if1
S e t p ic o b je c t o p e n in g = L o a d P ic tu r e ( im a g e o p e n in g )
S e t fr m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 5 .P ic tu r e = p ic o b je c t o p e n in g
W ith f f m _ re p o rt_ p g l.P ic tu re 5
E lse
E nd If
E n d W ith
ff m _ re p o rt_ p g l.p ic _ o p e n in g .P a in tP ic tu r e fr m _ re p o rt_ p g l.P ic tu re 5 , 0 , 0 , _
fr m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 5 .V is ib le = F a ls e
E lse
f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.tx tb o x _ o p e n n in g s .T e x t = " N o s u g g e s tio n s f o r o p e n in g s a re a v a ila b le f o r th e d a ta
th a t y o u h a v e p ro v id e d ."
E nd If
I f re p o rt_ n u m b e r(4 ) = 12 T h e n
' L o a d te x t
136
fr m _ re p o rt_ p g l.tx tb o x _ w a lls .T e x t = r e p o r tw a lls 1

'L o a d i m a g e
E l s e lf re p o rt_ n u m b e r(4 ) = 1 3 T h e n
1L o a d te x t
fr m _ re p o rt_ p g l.tx tb o x _ w a lls .T e x t = re p o rt_ w a lls 2
1L o a d Im ag e
E lse
f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.tx tb o x _ w a lls .T e x t = " N o s u g g e s tio n s f o r w a lls a re a v a ila b le f o r th e d a ta th a t y o u
h a v e p ro v id e d ."
E nd If
I f re p o rt_ n u m b e r(5 ) = 14 T h e n
1L o a d te x t
fn n _ r e p o r t_ p g l.tx tb o x _ r o o f .T e x t = r e p o r t r o o f l
'L o a d i m a g e
E ls e lf re p o rt_ n u m b e r (5 ) = 15 T h e n
' L o a d te x t
f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.tx tb o x _ r o o f .T e x t = re p o rt_ r o o f2
' L o a d Im a g e
End If
I f r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 6) = 1 6 T h e n
' L o a d te x t
f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.tx tb o x _ o u te rs le e p in g .T e x t = r e p o r t o u t d o o r l
'L o a d i m a g e
E lse
' L o a d te x t
f h n _ r e p o r t _ p g l .t x t b o x _ o u t e r s l e e p i n g .T e x t = " O u t d o o r s le e p in g a r e a is n o t r e c o m e n d e d . "
' L o a d Im ag e
End If
I f re p o rt_ n u m b e r (7 ) = 1 7 T h e n
' L o a d te x t
fr m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.tx tb o x _ ra in p ro te c tio n .T e x t = re p o rt_ r a in p ro te c tio n l
'L o a d i m a g e
' L o a d Im a g e
im a g e _ ra in p ro te c tio n = im a g e _ p a th & " R A I N P R O T E C T I O N .g if '
S e t p ic o b je c t_ r a in p ro te c tio n = L o a d P ic tu r e ( im a g e r a in p r o te c tio n )
S e t fr m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 4 .P ic tu r e = p ic o b je c tr a i n p r o te c ti o n
W ith fr m _ re p o rt_ p g l.P ic tu re 4
E lse
E nd If
E n d W ith
f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.p ic _ r a in p r o te c tio n .P a in tP ic tu r e f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 4 , 0 , 0 , _
137
E lse
' L o a d te x t
f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.tx tb o x _ r a in p r o te c tio n .T e x t = " P r o te c tio n f r o m h e a v y r a in is n o t r e q u ir e d in th is
a re a ."
E nd If
E n d F u n c tio n
F u n c tio n Im a g e V ie w F o rm R e s iz e ()
D im b a s e n u m A s In te g e r
b ase_ n u m = 120
ff m _ im a g e _ v ie w e r. W id th = f r m _ im a g e _ v ie w e r .P ic tu r e l.W id th + (b a s e num * 8)
fr m _ im a g e _ v ie w e r.H e ig h t = f r m i m a g e v i e w e r .P i c t u r e l .H e i g h t + (b a s e num * 20)
f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . F r a m e l . W id th = f r m _ im a g e _ v ie w e r .P ic tu r e l.W id th + (b a s e num * 4)
f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . F r a m e l . H e i g h t = f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e 1 .H e i g h t + ( b a s e num * 6)
f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . C o m m a n d l . T o p = f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . P i c t u r e 1 .H e i g h t + ( b a s e n u m * 10)
f r m _ im a g e _ v ie w e r.C o m m a n d l. W id th = fr m im a g e v ie w e r .W id th - ( b a s e num * 4)
E n d F u n c tio n
D B p ro p e rtie s
P r iv a te S u b c m d _ c lo s e _ p ro p e rtie s _ C lic k ( )
U n lo a d M e
End Sub
' a d d th e p o p u la te c o d e h e re
End Sub
r o p o r t p a g e -1
P riv a te S u b c m d _ d e ta ils _ o p e n in g s _ C lic k ()

f r m _ d e ta ils _ o p e n in g .V is ib le = T m e
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b c m d _ o u t_ d e ta ils _ C lic k ()

fr m _ d e ta ils _ o u td o o r. V is ib le = T m e
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b c m d _ ra in p ro te c tio n _ d e ta ils _ C lic k ()

fr m _ d e ta ils _ ra in p ro te c tio n .V is ib le = T m e
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b c m d _ ro o f_ d e ta ils _ C lic k ()

frm d e ta ils ro o f s .V is ib le = T m e
138
End Sub
P riv a te S u b c m d _ w a lls _ d e ta il_ C lic k ()

fr m _ d e ta ils _ w a lls .V is ib le = T ru e
E nd Sub
P r iv a te S u b C o m m a n d l_ C lic k ( )
f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l. V is ib le = F a ls e
E nd Sub
E x itP ro g r a m
E nd Sub
I f f r m m a i n . d ire c tio n = 0 T h e n
f r m r e p o r t.V i s ib le = F a ls e
F r m _ p la c e s _ U S .V is ib le = T m e
E ls e lf frm m a in .d ir e c tio n = 1 T h e n
fr m _ re p o rt. V is ib le = F a ls e
f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S .A d o d e l . R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . f o r _ r e p o r t
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .V is ib le = T m e
E nd If
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b m n u _ p rin t_ C lic k ()

C o m m o n D ia lo g 1. S h o w P r in te r
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b m n u _ s a v e _ C lic k ()
C o m m o n D ia lo g l.S h o w S a v e
End Sub
P riv a te S u b p ic _ a irm o v e m e n t_ C lic k ( )

fr m _ im a g e _ v ie w e r.V is ib le = T m e
f r m _ im a g e _ v ie w e r .P ic tu r e l.P ic tu r e = f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 3 .P ic tu r e
W ith f r m _ im a g e _ v ie w e r .P ic tu r e 1
fH e ig h t = .S c a le H e ig h t
E lse
139
E nd If
E n d W ith
f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . P i c t u r e 1 .W id th = fW id th
f r m _ im a g e _ v ie w e r .P ic tu r e l. H e ig h t = fH e ig h t
Im a g e V ie w F o rm R e s iz e
E nd Sub
P r iv a te S u b p ic _ a ir m o v e m e n t_ M o u s e M o v e ( B u tto n A s In te g e r, S h ift A s I n te g e r, X A s S in g le , Y A s
S in g le )
p ic _ a ir m o v e m e n t.T o o lT ip T e x t = " C lic k h e r e to s e e th e e n tir e p ic tu r e "
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b p ic _ la y o u t_ C lic k ( )
frm _ im a g e _ v ie w e r. V is ib le = T ru e
f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l . P i c t u r e = f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 1 .P i c t u r e
W ith fr m _ im a g e _ v ie w e r.P ic tu re 1
E lse
f H e ig h t = ,S c a le Y ( .P ic tu r e .W id th , v b H im e tr ic , .S c a le M o d e )
E nd If
E n d W ith
f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l . W id th = fW id th
f tm _ im a g e _ v ie w e r .P ic tu r e l. H e ig h t = f H e ig h t
E nd Sub
P r iv a te S u b p ic _ la y o u t_ M o u s e M o v e ( B u tto n A s In te g e r, S h if t A s In te g e r, X A s S in g le , Y A s S in g le )
'p i c l a y o u t . M o u s e P o i n t e r = 10
p ic la y o u t.T o o lT ip T e x t = " C lic k h e r e to s e e th e e n tir e p ic tu r e "
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b p ic _ o p e n in g _ C lic k ( )
fr m _ im a g e _ v ie w e r.V is ib le = T m e
f r m _ im a g e _ v ie w e r .P ic tu r e l. P ic tu r e = f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 5 .P ic tu r e
W ith f r m _ im a g e _ v ie w e r.P ic tu re l
E lse
140
E nd If
E n d W ith
fr m _ im a g e _ v ie w e r .P ic tu r e l.H e ig h t = fH e ig h t
End Sub
P r iv a te S u b p ic _ o p e n in g _ M o u s e M o v e ( B u tto n A s In te g e r, S h if t A s In te g e r, X A s S in g le , Y A s S in g le )
p ic o p e n in g .T o o lT ip T e x t = " C lic k h e r e to s e e th e e n tir e p ic tu r e "
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b p ic _ ra in p ro te c tio n _ C lic k ()

f r m im a g e v ie w e r .V is ib le = T ru e
f r m i m a g e v i e w e r .P i c t u r e l .P i c t u r e = f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 4 .P ic tu r e
E lse
f W id th = ,S c a le X ( .P ic tu r e .H e ig h t, v b H im e tr ic , .S c a le M o d e )
End If
E n d W ith
f r m _ im a g e _ v ie w e r .P ic tu r e l.W id th = fW id th
fr m _ im a g e _ v ie w e r .P ic tu r e l. H e ig h t = fH e ig h t
E nd Sub
P r iv a te S u b p ic _ r a in p r o te c tio n _ M o u s e M o v e ( B u tto n A s In te g e r, S h ift A s In te g e r, X A s S in g le , Y A s

S in g le )
p ic _ r a in p r o te c tio n .T o o lT ip T e x t = " C lic k h e r e to s e e th e e n tir e p ic tu r e "
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b p ic _ s p a c in g _ C lic k ()
frm im a g e v ie w e r .V is ib le - T r u e
f r m i m a g e v i e w e r .P i c t u r e l .P i c t u r e = f r m _ r e p o r t_ p g l.P ic tu r e 2 .P ic tu r e
141
E lse
End If
E n d W ith
f r m _ im a g e _ v ie w e r . P ic tu r e 1.H e i g h t = f H e ig h t
E nd Sub
P r iv a te S u b p ic _ s p a c in g _ M o u s e M o v e ( B u tto n A s In te g e r, S h if t A s In te g e r, X A s S in g le , Y A s S in g le )
p ic _ s p a c in g .T o o lT ip T e x t = " C lic k h e r e to s e e th e e n tir e p ic tu r e "
E nd Sub
Im a g e V ie w e r p a g e
f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . V i s i b l e = F a ls e
E nd Sub
O p e n in g D e ta ils
fr m _ d e ta ils _ o p e n in g .V is ib le = F a ls e
E nd Sub
W a ll D e ta ils
fr m _ d e ta ils _ w a lls . V is ib le = F a ls e
E nd Sub
R o o f D e ta ils
fr m _ d e ta ils _ r o o f s .V is ib le = F a ls e
E nd Sub
frm d e ta ils o u td o o r.V is ib le = F a ls e
142
E nd Sub
f r m d e t a i l s r a i n p r o t e c t i o n . V i s i b l e = F a ls e
E nd Sub
D a ta F r o m W e b
D im a c c e s s F la g A s In te g e r
D im in te rc e p t A s In te g e r
' L o c a tio n s p e c ific in fo r m a tio n

D im c ity A s S trin g
D im s ta te A s S trin g
D im c o u n tr y A s S trin g
D im la titu d e A s S trin g
D im lo n g itu d e A s S trin g
D im a ltitu d e A s S trin g
' D B T, m ean m a x , m o n th ly ra in f a ll re la te d in fo r m a tio

D im lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x ( 1 2 ) A s D o u b le
D im lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (1 2 ) A s D o u b le
D im lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m (1 2 ) A s D o u b le
D im lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 1 2 ) A s D o u b le
D im lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ ra in fa ll_ m m (1 2 ) A s D o u b le
P riv a te S u b c m d _ a d d _ to _ d b _ C lic k ()
D im s tr tx t U R L A s S trin g
D im s tr b u f f e r A s S trin g
'D i m d o n e A s B o o l e a n
D im l o c a t i o n d e m a r k c o u n t e r A s In te g e r
D im lo c a tio n _ c o u n te r A s In te g e r
D im m a rk l A s L o n g
D im m a rk 2 A s L o n g
D im a u x A s L o n g
D im a u x l A s L o n g
D im a u x 2 A s L o n g
D im s ta rt_ p o in t A s L o n g
D im e n d _ p o in t A s L o n g
D im fo rc e d lo o p c o n d itio n l A s In te g e r
D im fo rc e d lo o p c o n d itio n A s In te g e r
D im c o m m a _ c o u n te r A s In te g e r
143
D im o ld _ m o n th A s In te g e r
D im t h i s m o n t h A s S trin g
D im th is _ d a y A s S trin g
D im th is _ h o u r A s S trin g
D im t m p h o l d e r A s S trin g
D im n u m _ th is _ h o u r A s In te g e r
D im n u m th is d a y A s In te g e r
D im n u m t h i s m o n t h A s In te g e r
D im d b t_ h r A s D o u b le
D im m in _ m a x _ h r A s D o u b le
D im p r c p t_ h r A s D o u b le
D im d b t(2 4 ) A s D o u b le
D im n u m A s D o u b le
D im m in _ m a x (2 4 ) A s D o u b le
D im s u m _ m in _ m a x _ a m A s D o u b le
D im s u m _ m in _ m a x _ p m A s D o u b le
D im s u m _ m in _ m a x _ a m _ a v g A s D o u b le
D im s u m _ m in _ m a x _ p m _ a v g A s D o u b le
D im s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n A s D o u b le
D im s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n _ a v g A s D o u b le
D im s u m d b t m a x A s D o u b le
D im s u m d b t m in A s D o u b le
D im e n trie s A s In te g e r
D im i A s In te g e r
D im j A s In te g e r
I f M s g B o x ( " A d d itio n to d a ta b a s e f r o m w e b u s u a lly ta k e s s o m e tim e , I f y o u a re s u re c o n tin u e w ith th e

o p e ra tio n " , v b O K C a n c e l + v b ln fo r m a tio n ) = v b C a n c e l T h e n
E x it S u b
E nd If
in te rc e p t = 1
c m d _ a d d _ to _ d b . E n a b le d = F a ls e
c m d g o to .E n a b le d = F a ls e
c m d _ c lo s e .E n a b le d = F a ls e
P r o g r e s s B a r l. V is ib le = T m e
s tr_ tx t_ U R L = tx t U R L .T e x t
I f tx t_ U R L .T e x t = "" T h e n
M s g B o x " E i th e r c lic k o n a U R L th a t is s u p p lie d in th e b r o w s e r w in d o w o r in s e r t y o u o w n U R L " ,
v b C ritic a l
E x it S u b
E nd If
I f R ig h t$ ( s tr _ tx t_ U R L , 4 ) = " .e p w " O r R ig h t$ ( s tr _ tx t_ U R L , 4 ) = " .E P W " T h e n
' D o n o th in g
E lse
M s g B o x " P le a s e m a k e s u r e t h a t i t is a n U R L t h a t e n d s w i t h .E P W o r .e p w " , v b C r i t i c a l
t x t U R L .S e t F o c u s
E x it S u b
144
E nd If
W e b B r o w s e r l.N a v ig a te tx t_ U R L .T e x t
' O n ly i f th e b r o w s e r is r e a c h a b le
I f a c c e s s F la g = 0 T h e n
M s g B o x " L o c a t i o n i s u n r e a c h a b l e !" , v b C r i t i c a l
tx t_ U R L . S e tF o c u s
E x it S u b
E nd If
' M a in c o d e h e re
s tr _ b u f f e r = I n e t l .O p e n U R L ( tx t_ U R L .T e x t)
' p a rs e th e m a s te r s trin g
m a rk l = 0
m a rk 2 = 0
lo c a tio n _ d e m a rk _ c o u n te r = 0
lo c a tio n c o u n te r = 0
aux = 0
Do
aux = m a rk l
m a r k l = I n S tr ( a u x + 1, s tr b u f f e r ,
If m a rk l = 0 T h en
E x it D o ' S a fe g u a rd
E lse
lo c a tio n _ d e m a r k _ c o u n te r = lo c a t i o n d e m a r k c o u n t e r + 1
E nd If
I f lo c a tio n d e m a rk c o u n te r = 3 T h e n
s ta t e = M id ( s tr _ b u f f e r , a u x + 1, ( m a r k l - ( a u x + 1 )))
lo c a tio n _ c o u n te r = lo c a tio n c o u n t e r + 1
E ls e lf lo c a tio n _ d e m a rk _ c o u n te r = 7 T h e n
la titu d e = M i d ( s tr _ b u f f e r , a u x + 1, ( m a r k l - ( a u x + 1 )))
lo c a tio n c o u n te r = lo c a tio n c o u n te r + 1
E ls e lf lo c a tio n _ d e m a r k _ c o u n te r = 9 T h e n
m a rk 2 = In S tr(a u x + 1, s tr_ b u ff e r , C h r(1 3 ) )
a ltitu d e = M i d ( s tr _ b u f f e r , m a r k l + 1, ( m a r k 2 - ( m a r k l + 1 )))
E x it D o
E nd If
m a r k 2 = I n S t r ( m a r k l + 1, s tr _ b u f f e r ,
I f m a rk 2 = 0 T h e n
E x it D o ' S a fe g u a rd
E lse
lo c a tio n _ d e m a r k _ c o u n te r = lo c a tio n _ d e m a r k _ c o u n te r + 1
E nd If
I f lo c a tio n d e m a rk c o u n te r = 2 T h e n
c ity = M i d ( s tr _ b u f f e r , m a r k l + 1, ( m a r k 2 - ( m a r k l + 1 )))
E ls e lf lo c a tio n d e m a rk c o u n te r = 4 T h e n
145
c o u n tr y = M id ( s tr _ b u f f e r , m a r k l + 1, ( m a r k 2 - ( m a r k l + 1 )))
lo c a tio n _ c o u n te r = lo c a tio n _ c o u n te r + 1
E ls e lf lo c a tio n _ d e m a rk _ c o u n te r = 8 T hen
l o n g itu d e = M id ( s tr _ b u f f e r , m a r k l + 1, ( m a r k 2 - ( m a r k l + 1 )))
E nd If
m a rk l = m a rk 2
L o o p U n til lo c a tio n c o u n te r > 5
'M s g B o x " S t a t e c o d e is : " & s t a t e , v b O K O n l y

'M s g B o x " C o u n t r y : " & c o u n t r y , v b O K O n l y
'M s g B o x " C i t y : " & c i t y , v b O K O n l y
'M s g B o x " L a t i t u d e : " & l a t i t u d e , v b O K O n l y
'M s g B o x " L o n g i t u d e : " & l o n g i t u d e , v b O K O n l y
'M s g B o x " A l t i t u d e : " & a l t i t u d e , v b O K O n l y
P r o g r e s s B a r l. V a lu e = 2 0
' M a k e s u r e th a t th e u s e r is n o t r e - e n te r in g th e s a m e p la c e
fr m jp la c e s _ n o t_ U S . A d o d c 1.R e c o rd s e tM o v e F irs t
D o U n til f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.E O F

I f c ity = f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " N a m e _ o f _ th e _ p la c e " ) . V a lu e T h e n
M s g B o x " Y O U H A V E A L R E A D Y E N T E R E D " & c i t y & " I N T H E D A T A B A S E !" _
& C h r ( 1 3 ) & " P l e a s e S e l e c t a n o t h e r p l a c e f r o m t h e w e b ..." , v b C r i t i c a l
c m d _ a d d _ to _ d b .E n a b le d = T r u e
c m d _ g o to .E n a b le d = T r u e
c m d c lo s e .E n a b le d = T m e
P r o g r e s s B a r l . V is ib le = F a ls e
E x it S u b
E nd If
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.M o v e N e x t
Loop
a u x = In S tr(m a rk 2 , s tr_ b u ff e r , " D A T A P E R I O D S " , v b B in a ry C o m p a r e )

a u x = In S tr(a u x , s tr_ b u ffe r, C h r(1 3 ), v b B in a ry C o m p a re )
s ta r t_ p o in t = a u x + 2
e n d _ p o in t = I n S tr ( s ta r t_ p o in t, s tr_ b u ff e r , C h r(1 3 ) , v b B in a ry C o m p a r e )
a u x = In S tr(s ta rt_ p o in t, s tr_ b u ff e r , v b B in a ry C o m p a re )

o ld m o n th = M id (s tr_ b u ff e r , a u x + 1 , 1 )
c o m m a c o u n te r = 0
fo rc e d lo o p c o n d itio n l = 1
fo rc e d lo o p c o n d itio n = 1
146
th is m o n th = 1
th is _ d a y = 1
th is _ h o u r = 1
s u m d b tm a x = 0
s u m d b tm in = 0
s u m m in m a x a m = 0
s u m _ m in _ m a x _ p m = 0
s u m m in m a x a m a v g = 0
s u m _ m in _ m a x _ p m _ a v g = 0
s u m _ _ p re c ip ia tio n = 0
s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n _ a v g = 0
Do
a u x = s ta r t_ p o in t
e n d _ p o in t = I n S tr(s ta rt_ p o in t, s tr_ b u ff e r , C h r(1 3 ) , v b B in a r y C o m p a r e )
Do
a u x = I n S tr ( a u x + 1, s t r _ b u f f e r , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e )
c o m m a c o u n te r = c o m m a _ c o u n te r + 1
'I f th is m o n th = 1 2 A n d th is _ d a y = 31 A n d t h i s h o u r = 2 3 T h e n
' M s g B o x " Y a H o o " , v b O K O n ly
'E n d I f
If com m a c o u n te r = 1 T h e n
' th is m o n th
a u x l = In S tr(a u x + 1, s t r _ b u f f e r , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e )
th is m o n t h = M id ( s tr _ b u f f e r , a u x + 1, a u x l - ( a u x + 1 ) )
n u m _ th is _ m o n th = C ln t( th is m o n th )
E ls e lf c o m m a c o u n te r = 2 T h e n
' th is _ d a y
a u x l = I n S tr ( a u x + 1, s t r _ b u f f e r , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e )
t h i s _ d a y = M i d ( s tr _ b u f f e r , a u x + 1, a u x l - ( a u x + 1 ) )
n u m _ th is _ d a y = C ln t( th is d a y )
E ls e lf c o m m a _ c o u n te r = 3 T h e n
' th is hour
a u x l = In S tr(a u x + 1, s t r b u f f e r , v b B in a ry C o m p a re )
th is h o u r = M id ( s tr _ b u f f e r , a u x + 1, a u x l - ( a u x + 1 ) )
num th is h o u r = C ln t(th is h o u r)
' P ic k o th e r in fo r m a tio n h e re
' dbt
E ls e lf c o m m a _ c o u n te r = 6 T hen
a u x l = I n S tr ( a u x + 1, s tr _ b u f f e r , v b B in a ry C o m p a re )
t m p h o l d e r = M id ( s tr _ b u f f e r , a u x + 1, a u x l - ( a u x + 1 ) )
d b t_ h r = C D b l( tm p h o ld e r )
' m ean_m ax_am / pm
E ls e lf c o m m a c o u n te r = 8 T hen
a u x l = I n S tr ( a u x + 1, s tr b u f f e r , v b B in a ry C o m p a re )
tm p h o l d e r = M id ( s tr _ b u f f e r , a u x + 1, a u x l - ( a u x + 1 ) )
m in _ m a x _ h r = C D b l( tm p h o ld e r )
' m o n th ly ra in fa ll
E ls e lf c o m m a c o u n te r = 2 8 T h e n
a u x l = I n S tr ( a u x + 1, s t r b u f f e r , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e )
tm p h o l d e r = M id ( s tr _ b u f f e r , a u x + 1, a u x l - ( a u x + 1 ) )
p r c p t h r = C D b l(tm p _ h o ld e r)
E x it D o
E nd If
L o o p U n til f o r c e d l o o p c o n d i t i o n l = 0
' L o o k a h e a d o ld m o n th c a lc u la tio n
s ta rt_ p o in t = e n d _ p o in t + 2
Do
a u x 2 = I n S t r ( s ta r t_ p o in t + 1, s tr b u f f e r , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e )
c o m m a c o u n te r = c o m m a _ c o u n te r + 1
'I f th is m o n th = 1 2 A n d th is d a y = 3 1 A n d th is _ h o u r = 2 3 T h e n
1 M s g B o x " Y a H o o " , v b O K O n ly
'E n d I f
If num th is m o n th = 1 2 A n d n u m th is d a y = 31 A n d n u m th is hour = 24 T hen
o ld _ m o n th =12
E x it D o
E lse
I f c o m m a _ c o u n te r = 1 T h e n
' o ld m o n th
a u x l = I n S tr ( a u x 2 + 1, s t r _ b u f f e r , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e )
t m p _ h o l d e r = M id ( s tr _ b u f f e r , a u x 2 + 1, a u x l - ( a u x 2 + 1 ))
o l d m o n t h = C In t(tm p _ h o ld e r)
E x it D o
E nd If
E nd If
L o o p U n til fo rc e d lo o p c o n d itio n l = 0
' S e t c o n d itio n s
I f n u m _ th is _ h o u r = 2 4 T h e n
I f o ld _ m o n th = n u m _ th is _ m o n th T h e n
' F IN D D B T E N T R IE S
d b t(n u m _ th is _ h o u r - 1) = d b th r
e n trie s = 2 3
' s o r t 2 4 e n trie s
' fin d th e m a x im u m a n d m in im u m
F o r i = 0 T o 23
F o r j = 0 T o e n trie s - 1
I f d b t( j) > d b t(j + 1) T h e n
n u m = d b t(j)
d b t(j) = d b t(j + 1)
d b t(j + 1) = num
E nd If
N ext
e n trie s = e n trie s -1
N ext
n u m = d b t(2 3 )
148
s u m _ d b t_ m a x = s u m _ d b t_ m a x + n u m
n u m = d b t(O )
s u m _ d b t_ m in = s u m d b t m i n + n u m
' F IN D M IN M A X E N T R IE S
m in _ m a x (n u m _ th is _ h o u r - 1) = m in _ m a x _ h r
F o r i = 0 T o 23
I f i < 12 T h e n
s u m m in m a x a m = s u m _ m in _ m a x _ a m + m i n m a x ( i )
E lse
s u m _ m in _ m a x _ p m = s u m _ m in _ m a x _ p m + m i n m a x ( i )
E nd If
N ext i
n u m = s u m _ m in _ m a x _ a m /1 2
s u m _ m in _ m a x _ a m _ a v g = s u m _ m in _ m a x _ a m _ a v g + n u m
s u m _ m in _ m a x _ a m = 0
n u m = s u m _ m in _ m a x _ p m / 12
s u m _ m in _ m a x _ p m _ a v g = s u m _ m in _ m a x _ p m _ a v g + n u m
s u m _ m in _ m a x _ p m = 0
' P R E C IP IT A T IO N E N T R IE S
s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n = s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n + p rc p t_ h r
s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n = s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n / 2 4
s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n _ a v g = s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n _ a v g + s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n
s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n = 0
I f n u m _ th is _ m o n th = 1 2 A n d n u m t h i s d a y = 31 A n d n u m _ th is _ h o u r = 2 4 T h e n
s u m _ d b t_ m a x = s x u n _ d b t_ m a x / n u m t h i s d a y
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x ( n u m _ th is _ m o n th - 1) = sum dbt m ax
s u m _ d b t_ m a x = 0
s u m d b t m i n = s u m _ d b t_ m in / n u m _ th is _ d a y
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (n u m _ th is _ m o n th - 1) = s u m d b tm in
s u m _ d b t_ m in = 0
s u m _ m in _ m a x _ a m _ a v g = s u m _ m in _ m a x _ a m _ a v g / n u m t h i s d a y
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m (n u m _ th is _ m o n th - 1) = s u m _ m in _ m a x _ a m _ a v g
s u m m i n m a x a m a v g = 0
s u m _ m in _ m a x _ p m _ a v g = s u m _ m in _ m a x _ p m _ a v g / n u m _ th is _ d a y
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( n u m _ th is _ m o n th - 1) = s u m _ m in _ m a x _ p m _ a v g
s u m _ m in _ m a x _ p m _ a v g = 0
s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n _ a v g = s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n _ a v g / n u m th is day

lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ ra in fa ll_ m m (n u m _ th is _ m o n th - 1) = s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n _ a v g
E nd If
E ls e lf o ld _ m o n th < > n u m _ th is _ m o n th T h e n
s u m _ d b t_ m a x = s u m _ d b t_ m a x / n u m _ th is _ d a y
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x ( n u m _ th is _ m o n th - 1) = s u m d b tm a x
s u m d b tm a x = 0
s u m _ d b t_ m in = s u m _ d b t_ m in / n u m t h i s d a y
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (n u m _ th is _ m o n th - 1) = s u m _ d b t_ m in
149
s u m d b tm in = 0
s u m m i n m a x a m a v g = s u m m i n m a x a m a v g / num th is day
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m (n u m _ th is _ m o n th - 1) = s u m _ m in _ m a x _ a m _ a v g
s u m m i n m a x a m a v g = 0
s u m _ m in _ m a x _ p m _ a v g = s u m _ m in _ m a x _ p m _ a v g / n u m t h i s d a y
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( n u m _ th is _ m o n th - 1) = s u m _ m in _ m a x _ p m _ a v g
s u m _ m in _ m a x _ p m _ a v g = 0
s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n _ a v g = s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n _ a v g / n u m _ th is _ d a y
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ ra in fa ll_ m m (n u m _ th is _ m o n th - 1) = s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n _ a v g
E nd If
E lse
d b t(n u m _ th is _ h o u r - 1) = d b t_ h r
m in _ m a x (n u m _ th is _ h o u r - 1) = m in m a x h r
s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n = s u m _ p re c ip ia tio n + p r c p t h r
End If
I f n u m t h i s m o n t h = 1 2 A n d th is _ d a y = 31 A n d th is h o u r = 2 4 T h e n
fo rc e d lo o p c o n d itio n = 0
End If
'D EBU G STATEM ENTS

M s g B o x " M o n th : " & th is m o n th & " : D a y : " & th is d a y & " : H o u r : " & th is hour _
& C h r(1 3 ) & " D B T : " & d b t h r & " m in _ m a x _ h r : " & m in _ m a x _ h r & " R a i n f a l l : " & p rc p t_ h r,
v b O K O n ly
L o o p U n til fo rc e d lo o p c o n d itio n = 0
’ c o n n e c t to d a ta b a s e
’ T h e c o n n e c tio n s tr in g h a s a lr e a d y b e e n c r e a te d in th e d e s ig n v ie w
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S . A d o d c 1 .R e c o rd s e t.M o v e L a s t
1A d d to d a ta b a s e o n ly i f th e n a m e o f th e p la c e is n o t lis te d a s a n e n tr y in th e d a ta b a s e
1p u t th e m in th e ir r e s p e c tiv e fie ld s
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S . A d o d c 1.R e c o rd s e t. A d d N e w
frm _ _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S . A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " N a m e _ o f _ th e j d a c e " ) = c ity
frm_places_not_US.Adodcl.Recordset.Fields("January mean max temp") =
I o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 0)
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " F e b r u a r y m e a n m a x te m p " ) =
l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 1)
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " M a r c h m e a n m a x te m p " ) =
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " A p r il m e a n m a x te m p " ) =
150
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n jm a x (3 )
f f m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " M a y m e a n m a x te m p " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x ( 4 )
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " J u n e m e a n m a x te m p " ) =
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " J u ly m e a n m a x te m p " ) =
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " A u g u s t m e a n m a x te m p " ) =
P r o g r e s s B a r l. V a lu e = 68
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " S e p te m b e r m e a n m a x te m p " ) =
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " O c to b e r m e a n m a x te m p " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x (9 )
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S . A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " N o v e m b e r m e a n m a x te m p " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x ( 10)
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " D e c e m b e r m e a n m a x te m p " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x ( 11)
ff m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " J a n u a r y m e a n m in te m p " ) =
I o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 0)
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " F e b m a r y m e a n m in te m p " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in ( 1)
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " M a r c h m e a n m in te m p " ) =
l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 2)
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " A p r il m e a n m in te m p " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (3 )
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " M a y m e a n m in te m p " ) = lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (4 )
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " J u n e m e a n m in te m p " ) = lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (5 )
f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . F i c l d s ( " J u l y m e a n m i n t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 6 )
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " A u g u s t m e a n m in te m p " ) =
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " S e p te m b e r m e a n m in te m p " ) =
l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 8)
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " O c to b e r m e a n m in te m p " ) =
P r o g r e s s B a r l.V a lu e = 7 6
frm p la c e s ^ n o t U S .A d o d c 1.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s (" N o v e m b e r m e a n m in te m p " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in ( 10)
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " D e c e m b e r m e a n m in te m p " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (l 1)
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " J a n u a r y R H m e a n m a x a m " ) =
I o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 0)
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " F e b m a r y R H m ean m ax am ") =
151
lo c a lm o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 1)
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S . A d o d c l.R e c o rd s e t.F ie ld s (" M a r c h R H m ean m ax am ") =
l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 2)
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S . A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " A p r il R H m e a n m a x a m " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m (3 )
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " M a y R H m e a n m a x a m " ) =
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " J u n e R H m e a n m a x a m " ) =
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " J u ly R H m e a n m a x a m " ) =
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " A u g u s t R H m e a n m a x a m " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 7 )
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " S e p te m b e r R H m e a n m a x a m " ) =
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ) " O c to b e r R H m e a n m a x a m " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 9 )
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " N o v e m b e r R H m e a n m a x a m " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 10)
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S . A d o d c l.R e c o rd s e t.F ie ld s (" D e c e m b e r R H m e a n m a x a m " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m (l 1)
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " J a n u a r y R H m e a n m a x p m " ) =
l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 0)
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " F e b r u a r y R H m e a n m a x p m " ) =
P r o g r e s s B a r l.V a lu e = 88
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " M a r c h R H m e a n m a x p m " ) =
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " A p r il R H m e a n m a x p m " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 3 )
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " M a y R H m e a n m a x p m " ) =
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " J u n e R H m e a n m a x p m " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m (5 )
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " J u ly R H m e a n m a x p m " ) =
frm _places_not_US.Adodcl.Recordset.Fields("August RH mean max pm") =
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " S e p te m b e r R H m e a n m a x p m " ) =
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " O c to b e r R H m e a n m a x p m " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m (9 )
152
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " N o v e m b e r R H m e a n m a x p m " ) =

lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 10)
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " D e c e m b e r R H m e a n m a x p m " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( l 1)
f r m jp la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " J a n u a r y ra in f a ll m m " ) =
l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 0)
f f m jp la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " F e b r u a r y ra in f a ll m m " ) =
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " M a r c h r a in fa ll m m " ) = lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ ra in fa ll_ m m (2 )
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " A p r il ra in f a ll m m " ) = lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ ra in fa ll_ m m (3 )
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " M a y r a in f a ll m m " ) = lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ r a in f a ll_ m m ( 4 )
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " J u n e ra in f a ll m m " ) = lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ ra in fa ll_ m m (5 )
f f m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " J u l y r a i n f a l l m m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 6)
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " A u g u s t ra in f a ll m m " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ ra in fa ll_ m m (7 )
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S . A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " S e p te m b e r r a in f a ll m m " ) =
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " O c to b e r r a in f a ll m m " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ ra in fa ll_ m m (9 )
f f m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " N o v e m b e r r a in f a ll m m " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ ra in fa ll_ m m ( 10)
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S . A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " D e c e m b e r r a in fa ll m m " ) =
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ ra in fa ll_ m m (l 1)
P r o g r e s s B a r l.V a lu e = 1 0 0
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.U p d a te
P r o g r e s s B a r l .V is ib le = F a ls e
M s g B o x " A d d itio n to D a ta b a s e : C O M P L E T E !", v b O K O n ly
c m d a d d _ to _ d b .E n a b le d = T m e
c m d _ g o to .E n a b le d = T m e
c m d _ c lo s e .E n a b le d = T m e
in te rc e p t = 0
' D EBU G STA TEM EN TS
'F o r i = 0 T o 11
' M s g B o x " D B T m a x : " & lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x (i) & " D B T m in : " &
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m in (i) & _
' C h r(1 3 ) & " R H a m : " & lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m (i) & " R H p m : " &
lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( i) & _
' C h r(1 3 ) & " R a in fa ll in m m : " & lo c a l_ m o n th ly _ ra in fa ll_ m m (i), v b O K O n ly
'N e x t i
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b c m d _ c lo s e _ C lic k ()
153
D im la s t_ in d e x A s In te g e r
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .S e tF o c u s
f r m _ d a ta _ f r o m _ w e b .V is ib le = F a ls e
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c 1 .R e f r e s h
' G e t it b a c k to th e s a m e n a m e o f th e p la c e
c u rre n t_ _ p o s itio n = f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S . A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t. A b s o l u te P o s it io n
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.M o v e F ir s t
fr m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.M o v e L a s t
la s t_ in d e x = f f m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.A b s o lu te P o s itio n
ffm _ _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S . A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t.M o v e F ir s t
F o r c o u n t = 1 T o la s t in d e x S te p 1
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t. A b s o lu te P o s itio n = c o u n t
I f f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S .A d o d c l.R e c o r d s e t.F ie ld s ( " N a m e _ o f _ th e _ p la c e " ) . V a lu e = c ity T h e n
'f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = c u r r e n t _ p o s i t i o n
E nd If
N ext count
f r m _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S . A d o d c 1 .R e c o rd s e t.A b s o lu te P o s itio n = c u rr e n t_ p o s itio n
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b c m d _ g o to _ C lic k ()
W e b B r o w s e r l.N a v ig a te t x t U R L .T e x t
E nd Sub
' a c c e s s F la g = 0
in te rc e p t = 0
' 1 - U R L c o n n e c te d to th e r ig h t lo c a tio n
' 0 - U R L is n o t c o n n e c t e d p r o p e r l y - e r r o r
W e b B r o w s e r l .N a v ig a te
" h ttp ://w w w .e r e n .d o e .g o v /b u ild in g s /e n e r g y _ to o ls /e n e r g y p lu s /w e a th e r d a ta .h tm l"
End Sub
P riv a te S u b W e b B r o w s e r l D o c u m e n tC o m p le te (B y V a l p D is p A s O b je c t, U R L A s V a ria n t)
tx t_ U R L .T e x t = U R L
I f in te rc e p t = 0 T h e n
c m d _ a d d _ to _ d b .E n a b le d = T m e
E nd If
E nd Sub
154
P r iv a te S u b W e b B r o w s e rl_ D o w n lo a d B e g in ()
a c c e s s F la g = 0
' 1 - U R L c o n n e c te d to th e rig h t lo c a tio n
10 - U R L is n o t c o n n e c te d p r o p e r ly - e r r o r
I f in te rc e p t = 0 T h e n
c m d _ a d d _ to _ d b .E n a b le d = F a ls e
E nd If
E nd Sub
P r iv a te S u b W e b B ro w s e r l_ D o w n lo a d C o m p le te ()
a c c e s s F la g = 1
11 - U R L c o n n e c te d to th e rig h t lo c a tio n
' 0 - U R L is n o t c o n n e c t e d p r o p e r l y - e r r o r
E nd Sub
S p la s h S c re e n
P r iv a te S u b F o r m _ K e y P re s s (K e y A s c ii A s In te g e r)
U n lo a d M e
E nd Sub
T im e r l .E n a b le d = T ru e
T im e r l.I n te r v a l = 2 0 0 0
'l b l V e r s i o n . C a p t i o n = " V e r s i o n " & A p p . M a j o r & & A p p .M in o r & & A p p .R e v is io n
'l b l P r o d u c t N a m e . C a p t i o n = A p p . T i t l e
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b F ra m e l_ C lic k ( )
U n lo a d M e
E nd Sub
P riv a te S u b T im e r l_ T im e r ()
fr m S p la s h . V is ib le = F a ls e
fr m _ m a in . V is ib le = T ru e
U n lo a d M e
E nd Sub
10.2 F rom M eteorological D ata to B ioclim atic D esign30 years o f the M ahoney
Tables
J o h n M a r tin E v a n s
R e s e a rc h C e n tre H a b ita t & E n e rg y ,
F a c u lty o f A rc h ite c tu re , D e s ig n & U rb a n is m , U n iv e r s ity o f B u e n o s A ire s
C C 1 7 6 5 , C o rre o C e n tra l, (1 0 0 0 ) C a p ita l F e d e ra l, A rg e n tin a
e -m a il: e v a n s @ f a d u .u b a .a r
155
A b s tr a c t T h is p a p e r p r e s e n ts th e g e n e s is , c o n c e p ts a n d a p p lic a tio n o f th e M a h o n e y T a b le s , d e v e lo p e d
b y D r O tto K o e n i g s b e r g e r , C a r l M a h o n e y a n d th e a u th o r , f i r s t p u b l i s h e d in U n ite d N a tio n s
m o n o g r a p h in 1 9 7 1 . T h e T a b le s p r o v i d e a m e t h o d o f c lim a tic a n a ly s i s u s i n g s i m p l e m e te o r o lo g ic a l
d a ta to g e n e r a t e d e s ig n g u id e lin e s f o r w a r m - h u m id , h o t- d r y , c o m p o s ite a n d c o o l c lim a te s . T h e y c o v e r
a f o u r - s t a g e p r o c e s s o f a n a ly s is : c lim a tic d a ta , c o m fo r t e v a lu a tio n , in d ic a to r s o f b io c lim a tic s tr e s s
a n d d e s ig n r e c o m m e n d a tio n s . T h e a p p lic a tio n o f th e T a b le s is e x p la in e d , to g e th e r w ith a n e v a lu a tio n
o f th e ir p o s i t i v e a s p e c ts , v a lid ity a n d lim ita tio n s . T h e p a p e r a ls o id e n tifie s a s e r ie s o f le s s o n s f o r th e
fu tu r e .
1. Introduction
T h e s tr a te g ie s o f b io c lim a tic a r c h ite c tu r e a re in te n d e d to a c h ie v e a f a v o ra b le m o d if ic a tio n o f th e

e x te rn a l c lim a te th r o u g h th e u s e o f d e s ig n v a ria b le s s u c h a s b u ild in g fo rm , s o la r p ro te c tio n , fa v o ra b le
o rie n ta tio n , th e r m a l in s u la tio n , c ro s s v e n tila tio n a n d th e r m a l in e rtia . T h e p r o b le m th a t th e a r c h ite c t
fa c e s is th e c h o ic e o f a p p r o p r ia te d e s ig n s tra te g ie s , a c c o r d in g to b o th th e r e g io n a l o r lo c a l c lim a tic
c h a r a c te ris tic s a s w e ll a s th e s p e c ific p r o je c t re q u ire m e n ts .
D u rin g th e in itia l s ta g e s o f th e d e s ig n p ro c e s s , th e a rc h ite c t c a n n o t a ffo r d v a lu a b le tim e to u n d e rta k e a
d e ta ile d e v a lu a tio n o f c lim a tic d a ta . T h e d e s ig n e r n e e d s s im p le g u id e lin e s to o rie n ta te th e in itia l
d e c i s i o n s . T h i s n e e d w a s c l e a r l y u n d e r s t o o d b y D r K o e n i g s b e r g e r w h o u s e d t h e p h r a s e 'f o r w a r d
a n a ly s is ' to d e s c rib e th e a p p lic a tio n o f b io c lim a tic g u id e lin e s a t th e s ta rt o f th e d e s ig n p ro c e s s
( K o e n i g s b e r g e r e t a l . 1 9 7 1 ) . T h i s i s i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e 'b a c k w a r d a n a l y s i s ' w h e n t h e f i n a l p r o j e c t i s
e v a lu a te d to s e e i f it p r o v id e s th e r e q u ir e d c h a r a c te ris tic s a t th e e n d o f th e d e s ig n p ro c e s s . A t th is
s ta g e , it is o f te n to o la te to re v is e th e d e s ig n i f ra d ic a l c h a n g e s a re r e q u ire d to p ro d u c e a n e ffe c tiv e
lo w e n e r g y a n d lo w im p a c t s o lu tio n . M a n y p o w e r f u l c o m p u te r p r o g r a m s a re id e a lly s u ite d to
b a c k w a r d a n a l y s i s , b u t l e s s a p p r o p r i a t e f o r 'f o r w a r d a n a l y s i s ' a t t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e s o f t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s
w h e n d e ta ile d in f o r m a tio n is s till la c k in g . A n o th e r r e q u ir e m e n t f o r th e a p p lic a tio n o f a b io c lim a tic
d e s ig n m e th o d o lo g y is th e n e e d to u s e lim it e d a n d w id e ly a v a i la b le c lim a tic d a ta . T h e d e s ig n e r c a n
u s u a lly o b ta in m o n th ly a v e r a g e s o f p re c ip ita tio n , m a x im u m a n d m in im u m te m p e ra tu re a n d h u m id ity ,
a t le a s t f o r th e p r i n c i p a l u r b a n c e n t e r s o r lo c a l a ir p o r ts . D e t a i l e d d a ta , f o r th e p r e c i s e d e f in itio n o f th e
lo c a l m ic ro c lim a te , a re u s u a lly n o t a v a ila b le o r n e e d e d a t th e e a r ly s ta g e s o f th e d e s ig n p ro c e s s .
F in a lly , th e d e s ig n e r n e e d s a m e th o d th a t is d id a c tic , tr a n s p a r e n t a n d e x p lic it, e x p la in in g n o t o n ly
w h i c h d e s i g n r e q u i r e m e n t i s a p p r o p r i a t e b u t a l s o w h y . A 'b l a c k b o x ' m e t h o d s h o u l d b e a v o i d e d a s t h e
r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n i n i t i a l c l i m a t i c d a t a a n d t h e r e s u l t i n g d e s i g n g u i d e l i n e s i s 'h i d d e n '.
P L E A ’9 9 C o n f e r e n c e
2 O rigins o f the M ah on ey T ables

T h e c o n c e p t o f th e M a h o n e y T a b le s w a s in itia lly d e v e lo p e d in 1 9 6 9 . T h e c o n s u lta n t
a rc h ite c ts R o b e r t M a th e w - J o h n s o n M a r s h a ll w e re d e v e lo p in g s e c o n d a ry s c h o o l d e s ig n
re c o m m e n d a tio n s f o r N ig e r ia in th e fr a m e w o r k o f a W o r ld B a n k P r o je c t. C a r l M a h o n e y , f r o m th e
T r o p ic a l A d v is o r y S e rv ic e o f th e D e p a r tm e n t o f T r o p ic a l S tu d ie s , A r c h ite c tu r a l A s s o c ia tio n S c h o o l,
L o n d o n , w a s s e c o n d e d to th e p r o je c t te a m a n d w a s re s p o n s ib le f o r th e c lim a tic s tu d ie s . T h e c lim a te s
o f N ig e r ia s h o w a g ra d u a l tra n s itio n f r o m th e w a r m h u m id e q u a to ria l re g io n o f th e s o u th e r n c o a s ta l
s trip to th e h o t d r y d e s e r t a n d c o n tin e n ta l re g io n s o f th e n o rth . A t o n e e x tre m e , th e w a r m h u m id
c lim a te s o f th e s o u th r e q u ir e lig h tw e ig h t c o n s tr u c tio n o p e n to c o o lin g b re e z e s , p r o te c te d fr o m th e
o v e rh e a d s u n a n d in te n s e ra in s . In th e n o rth , h o w e v e r, th e la rg e te m p e ra tu re ra n g e ( b o th d iu rn a l a n d
a n n u a l), th e in te n s e ra d ia tio n , th e h o t d r y d u s ty w in d s a n d th e h ig h le v e ls o f lig h t r e f le c te d f r o m th e
g r o u n d r e q u ir e h e a v y - w e ig h t c o n s tr u c tio n w ith h ig h th e r m a l in e rtia , s e le c tiv e v e n tila tio n a n d
c o n t r o l l e d h i g h l e v e l o p e n i n g s . T h e s e m i n a l t e x t 'D e s i g n w i t h C l i m a t e ' b y V i c t o r O l g y a y ( 1 9 6 3 )
d e m o n s tr a te d th e a r c h ite c tu r a l s o lu tio n s to th e s e c lim a tic im p a c ts . H o w e v e r, in th is c a s e , th e m a in
156
p r o b l e m is n o t th e e x tr e m e s w h ic h h a v e a c h a r a c te r is tic c lim a te a n d c le a r d e s ig n s tr a te g ie s , b u t r a th e r
th e tr a n s itio n a l re g io n s .
T h e s c h o o l d e s ig n e rs n e e d e d in fo r m a tio n o n tw o q u e s tio n s :
• D e s ig n G u id e lin e s : H o w s h o u ld th e a r c h ite c tu r e c h a n g e in re s p o n s e to th e c lim a tic v a ria tio n s ?
• B io c lim a tic Z o n in g : W h e r e a re th e s e d e s ig n v a ria tio n s re q u ir e d a n d w h a t w a s th e g e o g ra p h ic a l
re g io n f o r th e a p p lic a tio n o f e a c h d is tin c t s e t o f g u id e lin e s ?
• T h e c o n c e p ts o f th e M a h o n e y T a b le s w e re o r ig in a lly d e v e lo p e d in r e s p o n s e to th e s e q u e s tio n s .
3 D evelopm ent
T h e m e th o d w a s d e v e lo p e d u s in g a n in fo rm a l s u rv e y to o b ta in b a s ic in fo r m a tio n o n th e im p a c t o f
c lim a te o n c o m f o r t a n d d e s ig n d u rin g th e d if f e r e n t m o n th s o f th e y e a r:
M o n th s c o n s id e r e d c o ld , c o o l, c o m fo rta b le , w a r m o r h o t. M o n th s w h e n c e r ta in c o o lin g o r h e a tin g
s tra te g ie s w e re u se d .
T h e r e s p o n s e s to th e c o m f o r t s u r v e y s h o w e d a c le a r v a r i a t i o n o f th e ‘c o m f o r t z o n e ’ a c c o r d i n g to th e
a n n u a l m e a n te m p e r a tu r e , A M T . B e d f o r d ( 1 9 6 1 ) h a d p r e v io u s ly s h o w n th a t th e c o m f o r t z o n e v a rie s
w ith th e a v e r a g e m o n th ly o u td o o r te m p e ra tu re . H u m p h r e y s a n d N ic h o l ( 1 9 9 8 ) c o n tin u e to s tu d y th e
p o t e n t i a l a n d l i m i t s o f ‘a d a p t i v e c o m f o r t ’ , c h a l l e n g i n g t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g m e t h o d s ,
w h ic h a tte m p t to c re a te a n u n v a ry in g in d o o r c lim a te th ro u g h o u t th e y e a r. T h e b io c lim a tic d e s ig n
a p p r o a c h n e e d s to ta k e in to a c c o u n t th e n a tu ra l a d a p ta tio n o f b u ild in g o c c u p a n ts , b a s e d o n c u ltu ra l
c o n d itio n s s u c h a s c lo th in g a n d th e d a ily rh y th m o f a c tiv itie s .
T o s im p lify th e c o m fo rt a n a ly s is , th re e ra n g e s o f th e A M T w e re e s ta b lis h e d : o v e r 2 0 ° , b e tw e e n 15°
a n d 2 0 ° , a n d b e lo w 1 5 ° C . F o r th e s a m e r e a s o n , th e a v e r a g e r e la tiv e h u m id ity w a s c la s s if ie d in fo u r
h u m id ity g ro u p s (H G ): H G 1 , 0 -3 0 % , H G 2 , 3 0 -5 0 % , H G 3 , 5 0 -7 0 % a n d H G 4 , 7 0 -1 0 0 % . T h e c o m fo rt
ra n g e s w e r e a n a ly z e d s e p a r a te ly f o r d a y tim e a n d n ig h ttim e , a s th e re a re c o n s id e r a b le v a r ia tio n s in
b o t h c lo th in g a n d a c t iv ity le v e ls . T h e a v e r a g e d a y a n d n ig h t te m p e r a tu r e s a r e c o m p a r e d w ith th e
c o m fo rt r a n g e s to o b ta in a n in itia l th re e -s te p d ia g n o s is o f th e r m a l s tre s s : h o t w h e n a b o v e th e c o m fo rt
lim its , c o m fo r t w h e n w ith in th e lim its a n d c o l d w h e n b e lo w th e lim its .
- P L E A ’9 9 C o n f e r e n c e
T h e d a ta o n th e r m a l s tre s s , to g e th e r w ith th e o rig in a l c lim a te in fo r m a tio n , d e fin e th e

b i o c l i m a t i c d e s i g n ‘i n d i c a t o r s ’ . F o r e x a m p l e , h o t c o n d i t i o n s , w h i c h c o i n c i d e w i t h h i g h h u m i d i t i e s a n d
a lo w d iu rn a l te m p e ra tu re ra n g e , in d ic a te th e n e e d fo r a ir m o v e m e n t
(I n d ic a to r H I ) . O n th e c o n tra ry , h o t c o n d itio n s d u rin g th e d a y , c o m b in e d w ith h ig h d iu rn a l ra n g e a n d
lo w o r m o d e r a te h u m id itie s in d ic a te th e n e e d f o r th e r m a l m a s s to m o d e r a te th e te m p e r a tu r e s w in g
( I n d ic a to r A l ) . T h e s e re s u lts w e re v e r if ie d u s in g th e s u r v e y fin d in g s . S ix in d ic a to r s w e re d e fin e d ; th e
fir s t th r e e r e la te d to h u m id c o n d itio n s s u c h a s a ir m o v e m e n t a n d r a in p r o te c tio n a n d th e s e c o n d th re e
re la te d to a r id c o n d itio n s s u c h a s th e r m a l m a s s , o u td o o r s le e p in g a n d n e e d f o r h e a tin g . H o w e v e r, th e
r e s u ltin g in d ic a to rs d o n o t le a d d ire c tly to b io c lim a tic d e s ig n r e c o m m e n d a tio n s . F o r e x a m p le , th e rm a l
m a s s a n d a ir m o v e m e n t a re m u tu a lly e x c lu s iv e c o o lin g s tra te g ie s . A t a n y o n e tim e , o n e o r th e o th e r
c a n b e u s e d , b u t n o t b o th a t th e s a m e tim e . T h e tw o d iv e r g e n t s tra te g ie s a re a ls o d if f ic u lt to
in c o rp o ra te in th e s a m e b u ild in g d e s ig n , i f re q u ir e d in d iff e r e n t s e a s o n s o f th e y e a r. F o r th is re a s o n ,
t h e ‘d e s i g n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s ’ d e p e n d o n a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e n u m b e r o f m o n t h s i n w h i c h e a c h i n d i c a t o r
is a p p lic a b le . A n o t h e r a s p e c t o f th e r e s u ltin g d e s i g n g u id e lin e s is th a t t h e r e c o m m e n d a ti o n s h a v e a
c le a r r e la tio n a n d r e s p o n s e to th e re q u ire m e n ts a t e a c h s ta g e o f th e d e s ig n p ro c e s s . F irs tly ,
s k e tc h d e s ig n r e c o m m e n d a tio n s a re d e v e lo p e d , p r o v id in g th e in f o r m a tio n n e e d e d a t th e in itia l s ta g e s
o f th e d e s ig n : fo rm , o rie n ta tio n , a n d s p a c in g b e tw e e n b u ild in g s . A t a s e c o n d s ta g e , e le m e n t d e s ig n
r e c o m m e n d a tio n s a re p re s e n te d : s iz e a n d p o s itio n o f o p e n in g s , th e rm a l c h a r a c te ris tic s o f w a lls a n d
r o o f s , e tc .
157
4 E xtending the application o f the Tables

T h e M a h o n e y T a b le c o n c e p t w a s o r ig in a lly d e v e lo p e d fo r th e tra n s itio n b e tw e e n th e w a r m h u m id
e q u a t o r ia l c lim a te a n d th e h o t d r y tr o p i c a l c lim a te o f th e S a h a r a . H o w e v e r , th e a u th o r f o u n d th a t th e
m e t h o d a ls o p r o v i d e d u s e f u l r e s u l t s f o r th e M o n s o o n c lim a te s o f I n d ia , w h e r e a c o o l o r c o l d s e a s o n is
a ls o p r e s e n t, a s w e l l a s th e M e d i t e r r a n e a n c lim a te s w h e r e a h o t d r y s u m m e r is f o ll o w e d b y a c o o l o r
c o ld w e t w in te r. T h e T a b le s w e re th e re fo re te s te d w ith th e s tu d e n ts o f th e D e p a r tm e n t o f T r o p ic a l
S tu d ie s a t th e A rc h ite c tu r a l A s s o c ia tio n u n d e r th e d ire c tio n o f th e a u th o r a n d fu r th e r in fo r m a l u s e r
r e s p o n s e s w e r e o b t a i n e d i n o r d e r t o c a r r y o u t t h e f i n a l 'c a l i b r a t i o n ' o f t h e T a b l e s . I n a l l , t h e T a b l e s
w e re te s te d in o v e r 5 0 d iff e r e n t c lim a tic re g io n s . A s a r e s u lt o f th is a d ju s tm e n t p ro c e s s , th e firs t
p u b lic a tio n o f th e M a h o n e y T a b le s in c lu d e d e x a m p le s o f a p p lic a tio n s in s ix d iff e r e n t c lim a te s o f
S o u th A m e r ic a , A f r ic a , A s ia a n d th e I n d ia n S u b c o n tin e n t.
T w o a d d itio n a l s e c tio n s w e re in c lu d e d in th e U N M o n o g ra p h ; a n a n a ly s is o f d iff e r e n t h o u s in g
ty p o lo g ie s a c c o r d i n g to th e ir r e s p o n s e to lo c a l c lim a tic r e q u ir e m e n ts a n d r e c o m m e n d a ti o n s f o r th e
d e s ig n o f o u td o o r s p a c e . T h is r e c o g n itio n o f th e im p o r ta n c e o f o u td o o r liv in g in h o t c lim a te s s tre s s e d
th e n e e d to a n a ly z e liv in g p a tte rn s a n d c lim a te v a ria tio n s a t d iff e r e n t h o u r s o f th e d a y a n d s e a s o n s o f
th e y e a r. B io c lim a tic re s o u rc e s s u c h a s s h a d e , b re e z e , a n d p ro te c tio n f r o m d u s ty w in d s ,
h u m id if ic a tio n o r d ir e c t s u n c a n b e u s e d to m o d if y th e o u td o o r m ic r o c lim a te a s w e ll a s in d o o r s p a c e s .
5 U se o f the T ables
T h e t r a n s l a t i o n o f 'C l i m a t e a n d H o u s e D e s i g n ' in t o F r e n c h a n d S p a n i s h a l l o w e d a w i d e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f
th e T a b le s , th o u g h th e U n ite d N a tio n s p u b lic a tio n w a s m a in ly c ir c u la te d to g o v e r n m e n t h o u s in g
o ffic e s a n d o ff ic ia l a rc h ite c ts . T h e p u b lic a tio n h a d a ra th e r m o re lim ite d d is tr ib u tio n in a c a d e m ic a n d
r e s e a r c h c i r c l e s . T h e w i d e s p r e a d a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e T a b l e s d u r i n g t h e 7 0 's a n d 8 0 's w a s d u e t o t h e i r
in c lu s io n in th e M a n u a l o f T r o p ic a l H o u s in g ( K o e n ig s b e r g e r e t a l. 1 9 7 4 ). T h i s w a s a ls o p u b lis h e d in
s e v e ra l la n g u a g e s a n d d is trib u te d b y a n im p o r ta n t te x tb o o k p u b lis h e r.
- P L E A ’9 9 C o n f e r e n c e
T w o to ta lly d iff e r e n t fo rm a ts o f th e T a b le s w e re a ls o p ro d u c e d . In itia lly , a p o s te r v e r s io n w a s

p r e p a r e d , s h o w in g a ll th e s te p s i n o n e A l p a g e . A r r o w s w ith e x p la n a tio n s to s h o w th e s te p s o f th e
p ro c e s s , f r o m th e a n a ly s is o f c lim a tic d a ta to f in a l re c o m m e n d a tio n s , lin k e d e a c h p a r t o f th e T a b le .
A n o th e r fo r m a t w a s th e a p p lic a tio n o f th e M a h o n e y T a b le s in c o m p u te r p ro g r a m s . V a rio u s v e rs io n s
h a v e b e e n p r o d u c e d a n d w id e ly d is trib u te d , in c lu d in g A rc h itro p (B ra z il) a n d A r c h ip a k (A u s tra lia ).
T h e s e p ro g r a m m e s h a v e th e a d v a n ta g e o f in c lu d in g s p e c ia lly p r e p a r e d c lim a te d a ta file s a n d a v o id in g
e rro rs o f in te rp r e ta tio n o r d a ta m a n ip u la tio n . H o w e v e r, th e y o fte n h a v e th e d is a d v a n ta g e o f th e b la c k
b o x w h ic h h id e s th e in te r m e d ia te s ta g e s o f th e a n a ly s is . I t s h o u ld b e n o te d th a t a t th e tim e o f th e
d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e T a b le s in 1 9 6 9 -7 0 th e re w a s little u s e o f th e c o m p u te r f o r th e r m a l s im u la tio n s .
T h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e T a b le s b e f o r e th e w id e s p r e a d u s e o f c o m p u te rs h a d tw o c o n s e q u e n c e s : firs tly ,
th e m e th o d w a s d e v e lo p e d w ith a v e r y lim ite d u s e o f s im p le s im u la tio n s , s e c o n d ly , th e p o w e r o f th e
c o m p u te r w a s n o t u s e d i n th e a p p lic a tio n o f th e T a b le s . P r o g r a m m e s f o r a n a ly z in g p e r io d ic h e a t flo w
a n d p a s s iv e c o o lin g te c h n iq u e s in b u ild in g s w ith o u t h e a tin g o r a ir-c o n d itio n in g w e re s c a rc e a n d
c o m p le x . H o w e v e r, s o m e lim ite d e v a lu a tio n o f d e s ig n a lte rn a tiv e s w e re c a r rie d o u t m a n u a lly u s in g
th e a d m itta n c e m e th o d ( L o u d o n 1 9 6 8 ), d e v e lo p e d b y th e B u ild in g R e s e a r c h S ta tio n f o r a n a ly z in g
o v e rh e a tin g in o ffic e b u ild in g s .
6 C onclusions
T h e M a h o n e y T a b le s a re n o w little u s e d , a lth o u g h e x a m p le s o f a p p lic a tio n s o c c a s io n a lly a p p e a r in
c o n g re s s p a p e r s a n d s o m e p o s tg r a d u a te c o u rs e s s till in c lu d e th is te c h n iq u e . T h o s e w h o d o u s e th e
M a h o n e y T a b l e s s h o u ld ta k e in to a c c o u n t th e o r ig in s , o b je c tiv e s a n d lim it a ti o n s o f th is m e th o d to
o b ta in d e s ig n re c o m m e n d a tio n s , s u c h as:
158
T h e y w e re d e v e lo p e d p rin c ip a lly fo r e q u a to ria l a n d tro p ic a l c lim a te s , a s c a n b e s e e n fr o m th e

in d ic a to rs , w h ic h a re r e la te d to h o t c o n d itio n s . F u r th e r in d ic a to rs a re n e e d e d fo r a p p ro p ria te
a p p lic a tio n s in c o ld c lim a te s .
T h e y w e re in te n d e d to p ro v id e in itia l d e s ig n g u id a n c e fo r b u s y p ra c titio n e rs , o fte n u n f a m ilia r w ith
d is ta n t r e g io n s o f la rg e c o u n trie s . It w a s n o t in te n d e d a s a re s e a r c h to o l o r fo r th e fin e -tu n in g o f
b io c lim a tic a rc h ite c tu re .
T h e y w e r e o r ig in a lly d e v e lo p e d f o r s c h o o l b u ild in g s , b u t th e re c o m m e n d a tio n s w e re a d a p te d f o r lo w -
c o s t h o u s in g . A p p lic a tio n s in o th e r b u ild in g ty p e s s h o u ld b e e v a lu a te d w ith c a u tio n . T h e y a re
p r e p a r e d f o r u s e in n o n -a ir- c o n d itio n e d b u ild in g s w h ic h m a x im iz e p a s s iv e c o o lin g a n d h e a tin g .
D e s p ite th e s e fe a tu re s , th e M a h o n e y T a b le s p ro v id e a n u m b e r o f d id a c tic a d v a n ta g e s , re q u ir e d fr o m
a n y b io c lim a tic d e s ig n to o l:
C la rity : A n e x p lic it p r o c e s s lin k in g c lim a tic d a ta , a n a ly s is o f c o m f o r t s tre s s , a n d in d ic a to r s o f
b io c lim a tic s tr a te g ie s to d e s ig n re c o m m e n d a tio n s .
S p e e d : T h e T a b le s c a n b e c o m p le te d q u ic k ly , a v o id in g in te rr u p tio n s to th e d e s ig n p ro c e s s .
S im p le in p u t: O n ly lim it e d a n d w id e ly a v a ila b le c lim a tic d a ta is r e q u ir e d to o b ta in th e d e s ig n
re c o m m e n d a tio n s .
O u tp u t f o r d e s ig n : R e l a te d to th e s ta g e s o f th e d e s ig n p ro c e s s , p r o v id in g s im p le in f o r m a tio n a t
a p p ro p ria te s ta g e s o f p r o je c t d e v e lo p m e n t.
E le m e n ta l re c o m m e n d a tio n s : R e la te d to d e s ig n e le m e n ts , fr o m o u td o o r s p a c e , b u ild in g f o r m th ro u g h
to ro o f s , w a lls a n d o p e n in g s .
P L E A ’99 C onference
T h e s e a r c h c o n tin u e s fo r a p p ro p ria te d e s ig n to o ls , m e th o d s to id e n tify d e s ig n re c o m m e n d a tio n s a n d
b io c lim a tic e v a lu a tio n te c h n iq u e s . M a n y p a p e r s o n th e s e to p ic s c a n b e f o u n d in th e p ro c e e d in g s o f
P L E A C o n fe re n c e s . A d v a n c e s in c o m p u te r te c h n o lo g y h a v e c o n tr ib u te d to th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e s e
to o ls a n d p r o g r a m s . S o m e p r o g r a m s s u c h a s E n e r g y 1 0 ( B a lc o m b 1 9 9 8 ) a r e p r i n c i p a l l y a p p lic a b le to
a rtif ic ia lly c o n d itio n e d b u ild in g s , w h ile o th e rs s u c h a s Q u ic k (V a n H e e r d e n & M a tth e w s 1 9 9 6 )
s im u la te th e in te r n a l c o n d itio n s in p a s s iv e b u ild in g s , th o u g h d e s ig n e r s h a v e to d is c o v e r th e
a p p ro p ria te d e s ig n a lte rn a tiv e s a n d o p tim iz e b io c lim a tic re s o u rc e s fo r th e m s e lv e s . D e s ig n to o ls s u c h
a s th e L T M e th o d (B a k e r 1 9 9 1 ) n o t o n ly s h o w e n e r g y u s e a t th e in itia l s ta g e s o f d e s ig n , b u t a ls o s h o w
g r a p h ic a lly th e e f f e c t o f b a s ic d e s ig n v a ria b le s , th o u g h th e m e th o d h a s n o t y e t b e e n a p p lie d to p a s s iv e
b u ild in g s i n h o t c lim a te s .
A s th e n a m e s u g g e s ts , C a r l M a h o n e y d e v e lo p e d th e in itia l c o n c e p t o f th e M a h o n e y T a b le s . H o w e v e r,
it w a s D r O tto K o e n ig s b e rg e r w h o h a d th e v is io n to s e e th e p o te n tia l o f th e m e th o d , to m o tiv a te a
g ro u p o f c o lla b o ra to rs a n d to a c h ie v e a w id e d iff u s io n o f th e T a b le s th ro u g h tw o im p o r ta n t a n d
in flu e n tia l p u b lic a tio n s . D r K o e n ig s b e rg e r, w h o d ie d e a r lie r th is y e a r, s a w th e T a b le s a s a s y n th e s is o f
th e b io c lim a tic d e s ig n p r o c e s s d e v e l o p e d in th e p o s tg r a d u a t e c o u r s e o n tr o p i c a l a r c h ite c tu r e a t th e
A r c h ite c tu r a l A s s o c ia tio n , L o n d o n . H e a ls o s a w it a s a c o n tr ib u tio n to th e la r g e r p r o b le m o f
im p r o v in g th e q u a lity o f lif e o f th e e x p a n d in g p o p u la tio n in th e d e v e lo p in g w o rld .
7 R eferences
B a k e r , N ., ( 1 9 9 1 ) : S tr a te g ic D e s ig n T o o ls f o r N o n - d o m e s tic B u i ld in g s , A r c h ite c tu r e a n d U r b a n S p a c e ,
P r o c e e d in g s P L E A '9 1 , 4 3 1 - 4 3 9 , K lu w e r A c a d e m ic P u b li s h e r s , D o r d r e c h t
B a l c o m b , D ., ( 1 9 9 8 ) : T h e c o m i n g r e v o lu tio n in b u i l d i n g d e s ig n , in E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y F r i e n d l y C itie s ,
P ro c e e d in g s o f
P L E A '9 8 , L i s b o n , J u n e 1 9 9 8 , p p 3 3 - 3 7 , J a m e s a n d J a m e s S c i e n c e P u b l i s h e r s , L o n d o n
B e d f o r d , T ., (1 9 6 1 ) : R e s e a r c h e s o n T h e r m a l C o m fo rt, E r g o n o m ic s , 4 , (4 ) , 2 8 0 - 3 1 0
H u m p h r e y s , M .A , a n d N i c h o l , J .F ., ( 1 9 9 8 ) : U n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e A d a p t i v e A p p r o a c h to T h e r m a l
C o m fo r t, A S H R A E
T e c h n ic a l D a ta B u lle tin , V o l 1 4 , N o 1, 1 -1 4 , A S H R A E , A tla n ta
K o e n ig s b e rg e r, O , M a h o n e y , C & E v a n s , M , (1 9 7 1 ): C lim a te a n d H o u s e D e s ig n : D e s ig n o f L o w -c o s t
H o u s in g a n d C o m m u n ity F a c ilitie s , V o lu m e 1, U n ite d N a tio n s , N e w Y o r k
159
K o e n i g s b e r g e r , O .H ., I n g e r s o l l , T .G ., M a y h e w , A . a n d S z o k o l a y , S .V ., ( 1 9 7 4 ) : M a n u a l o f T r o p i c a l
H o u s in g a n d b u ild in g , P a r t 1 : C lim a tic D e s ig n , L o n g m a n s , L o n d o n
L o u d o n , A . G ., ( 1 9 6 8 ) : S u m m e r t i m e te m p e r a tu r e s in b u il d i n g s , B u i ld in g R e s e a r c h C u r r e n t p a p e r
4 7 /6 8
O lg y a y , V . ( 1 9 6 3 ) : D e s ig n w ith C lim a te , P r in c e to n U n iv e r s ity P r e s s , P r in c e to n , N .J .
V a n H e e r d e n , E ., a n d M a tth e w s , E . H ., ( 1 9 9 6 ) : A n e w s im u la tio n m o d e l f o r p a s s i v e a n d lo w e n e r g y
a r c h i t e c t u r e , i n P r o c e e d i n g s , P L E A '9 6 , B u i l d i n g a n d u r b a n r e n e w a l , L o u v a i n l a N e u v e .
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MAHONEY TABLES PLUS

A TOOL LOR SKETCH DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A BUILDING

A Thesis Presented to the

Copyright 2005 Sarada Chidambareswaran

ProQuest Information and Learning Company

enthusiastic supervision, knowledge, patience and cracking-of-the-whip, I would

never have finished.

Partho, the person closest to me, for urging me on by way o f untiring

Chapter 1. BACKGROUND RESEARCH OF THE MAHONEY

Chapter 2. THE MAHONEY TABLES EXPLAINED 7

2.1.4.7 Outdoor Sleeping 26

Chapter 3. THE MT+ PROGRAM 36

Chapter 4. INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON TRADITIONAL HOUSE

4.4 South India - Kerala 59

Chapter 5. TYPE1: HOT HUMID EQUATORIAL TYPE OF CLIMATE 65

Chapter 6. A TUTORIAL FOR THE MAHONEY TABLES PLUS

Chapter 8. FUTURE WORK 99

1. Title Block ............................................. 7

3. Relative Humidity Table 11

4. Humidity Group Chart 12

5. Rain and Wind Table 13

6. Comfort Limit Chart 14

7. Thermal Stress Table 16

8. Indicator Derivation Chart 17

9. Aridity/Humidity Count Chart ............................................. 18

10. Indicator Totals Table 19

11. Layout Table 21

12. Spacing Table 22

13. Air Movement Table 23

14. Opening Table 24

15. Wall Type Table 25

16. R oof Table 26

17. Outdoor Sleeping Table 26

18. Rain Protection Table 27

19. Size o f Opening Table 29

20. Position o f Opening Table 31

21. Opening Protection Table 31

22. Walls and Floors Table - 32

23. R oof Table -continued 33

24. External Features Table 34

25. China and Kerala Comparison ............................................. 68

26. Malaysia and Indonesia 75

Fig 1: Map o f Asia 41

Fig 2: Climate Graph, H aikou... 42

Fig 3: Vernacular Flousing 42

Fig 4: Map o f Malaysia 46

Fig 5: Climate Graph, Penang 47

Fig 6: Traditional Malay Flouse 48

Fig 7: Climatic Design, Malay House .......................................... 49

Fig 8: Two Common Floor Plans 50

Fig 9: Typical R oof Form 52

Fig 10: Indonesia Map 53

Fig 11: Climatic Graph, Balikpapan 54

Fig 12: Rice store - Minangkabau 55

Fig 13: Long House - Beforel920 57

Fig 14: Royal Palace Complex 58

Fig 15: Interior-1 58

Fig 16: Inside view of Indonesian House .......................................... 59

Fig 17: Map o f South India 59

Fig 18: Kerala House Plan .......................................... 61

Fig 19: Kerala House Elevation 63

Fig 20: Mahoney Tables Plus 84

Fig 21: Mahoney Tables Application .......................................... 86