CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I.1. Objective

1. Able to prepare primary and secondary standard solution for argentometry

titration.
2. Able to perform argentometry titration and observe the change at the end of
titration.
3. Able to calculate the concentration of table salt.

I.2. Literature Review

I.2.1 Precipitation Titration

Precipitation titration is a titration method which forms precipitate of insoluble salt
in the end of titration process. The smaller the solublity of the salt precipitate, the
better the reaction that happened. Most of metallic halides are titrated by precipitation
method. The main principle of precipitation titration is that the quantity of the
precipitating reagent of the precipitant is equivalent with the substance being
precipitated. (Harjadi, 1986)

1.2.2 Argentometry Titration

Argentometry is a quantitative volumetric analysis to determine halogen levels in the
sample by using a standard solution of AgNO3 or also known by silver nitrate. It is
basically used to determine levels on element in titrations involving silver salts with
corresponding indicator. Argentometry titration is differentiated to three methods by
the indicator that used to determine the end point :

a. Mohr Methods.
The indicatore used in this method is K2CrO4 and the titrant is AgNO3. Mohr
methods is mainly used for determination of chloride or bromide. A solution
of chloride titrated with AgNO3 solution, there will be:

Ag+ + Cl- → AgCl

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 The end point of the titration can be expressed by the indicator K2CrO4
solution with ion Ag+ (excess) produce red brick precipitate of AgCrO4.

2 Ag+ + CrO4- → Ag2CrO4

Titration with used the Mohr methods must be conducted in a neutral

atmosphere with range of pH 6.0 to 10.0 ; it means arrangement of pH is
needed, so the pH range not too low or too high. If pH too high (base) can
make a precipitation of AgOH which can be Ag2O so the titrant too many be
used.

2 Ag+ + 2 OH- → 2AgOH → Ag2O + H2O

When the pH used too low (acid) can make ion CrO4 change into Cr2O7
which causes the precipitation doesn’t appear. (Harjadi,1986)

2 H+ + 2 CrO4- → Cr2O7 + H2O

b. Volhard method.
In Volhard method, NH4SCN or KSCN are used as titrant and Fe3+ solution
is used as indicator. To determine the equivalent point, the reaction must
occur between a titrant and Ag, forming white precipitate.

Ag+ + SCN- → AgSCN

(white precipitate)
Little excess of titrant will then react with indicator, forming red precipitate.

Fe3+ + SCN- Fe(SCN)2+

(red precipitate)
(Harjadi, 1986)

c. Vajans method

This method uses adsorption indicator. An adsorption indicator dye, like

diclorofluorescein who are in a negatively charged. In the titration, solution
will be adsorbed as a counter ion to the positively charged. With this
absorption, the color indicator will change color diclorofluorescein which
becomes reddish color. Fluorescein and its derivatives are adsorbed to the

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 surface of colloidal AgCl. After all chloride is used, the first drop of Ag+ will
react with fluorescein (FI-) forming a reddish color. (Underwood, 2002).

Ag+ + FI-  AgF

Fluorescein itself in the solution has green-yellowish color. The end point of
the titration is known when the white precipitate changes its color to pinkish
and becomes more brittle. The other change that indicates that the end point
has been reached is when the solution becomes more clear and colorless.
(Harjadi, 1986)

1.2.3 Blank Titration

To minimize the use of titrant, the necessary corrections can be done by blank
titration. Blank titration, performed to reduce errors caused by reagents, solvents or
experimental conditions. The procedure is the same as the titration of the test
substance, but without the use of the test substance. (Garcia,2008)

I.2.4 Buffer

A buffer solution is one, which resists changes in pH when small quantities of an

acid or an alkali are added to it. There are 2 kinds of buffer solution:

a. Acidic buffer solution

An acidic buffer solution is the one that has a pH less than 7. Acidic buffer
solutions are commonly made from a weak acid and one of its salts - often a
sodium salt.
b. Alkaline buffer solution
An alkaline buffer solution has a pH greater than 7. Alkaline buffer solutions are
commonly made from a weak base and one of its salts.

Buffer is made from weak acid (HA) and its conjugate base (A-) or vice versa, and
this cause both the acid and base components to be present in the solution. If a strong
base is added to a buffer, the weak acid will give up its H+ in order to transform the
base (OH-) into water (H2O) and the conjugate base:
HA + OH-→ A- + H2O

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 Since the added OH- is consumed by this reaction, the pH will change only slightly.If
a strong acid is added to a buffer, the weak base will react with the H+ from the
strong acid to form the weak acid HA:
H+ + A- → HA
The H+ will be absorbed by the A- instead of reacting with water to form H3O+ (H+),
so the pH changes only slightly. (Wikipedia, 2017)

I.2.5 Materials

a. Sodium Chloride

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the salt most responsible for

the salinity of seawater and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular
organisms. In the form of edible or table salt it is commonly used as
a condiment and food preservative. Large quantities of sodium chloride are used
in many industrial processes, and it is a major source of sodium and chlorine
compounds used as feedstocks for further chemical syntheses. A second major
application of sodium chloride is de-icing of roadways in sub-freezing weather.
(Wikipedia, 2017)

Molar mass = 58.44 g/mol

Density = 2.165 g/cm3

Appearance = Colorless crystal

b. Silver Nitrate

Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with chemical formula AgNO3. This

compound is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those
used in photography. It is far less sensitive to light than the halides. It was once
called lunar caustic because silver was called luna by the ancient alchemists,
who believed that silver was associated with the moon. In solid silver nitrate, the
silver ions are three-coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement. (Wikipedia,
2017)

Molar mass = 169.87 g/mol

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 Density = 4.35 g/cm3 (240C)

Appearance = Colorless solid

c. Potassium Oxalate

Potassium oxalate is a strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and

vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or
ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an
analytical reagent and general reducing agent. (PubChem, 2017)

Molar mass = 166.215 g/mol

Density = 2.13 g/cm3

Appearance = White solid

d. Sodium Bicarbonate

Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogen carbonate) is a chemical

compound with the formula NaHCO3. It is a salt composed of sodium ions
and bicarbonate ions. Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but
often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling
that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite.
It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral
springs.

Molar mass = 84.0066 g/mol

Density = 2.20 g/cm3 as solid

Appearance = White crystals

e. Table Salt

Table salt is one of the most common household chemicals. Table salt is 97% to
99% sodium chloride, NaCl. Pure sodium chloride is an ionic crystal solid.
However, other compounds are present in table salt, depending on its source or
additives that may be included before packaging. In its pure form, sodium

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 chloride is white. Table salt may be white or may have a faint purple or blue
tinge from impurities. (ToughtCo, 2017)

f. Calcium Carbonate

Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is a

common substance found in rocks as the mineralscalcite and aragonite (most
notably as limestone, which contains both of those minerals) and is the main
component of pearls and the shells of marine organisms, snails, and eggs.
Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime and is created
when calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions to create limescale. It
is medicinally used as a calcium supplement or as an antacid, but excessive
consumption can be hazardous. (Wikipedia, 2017)

Molar mass = 100.0869 g/mol

Density = 2.711 g/cm3 (calcite) or 2.8 g/cm3 (aragonite)

Appearance = Fine white powder

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 CHAPTER II
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

II.1. Materials and Apparatus

II.1.1 Materials for the experiment:

a. NaCl
b. AgNO3
c. K2CrO4 indicator
d. NaHCO3
e. Table salt
f. CaCO3

II.1.2 Apparatus for the experiment:

a. Weighing bottle
b. Beaker glass
c. Mixing rod
d. Funnel
e. Volumetric flask
f. Watch glass
g. Measuring cylinder
h. Pipette volume
i. Erlenmeyer
j. Burette
k. Statif and clam
l. Spray bottle

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II.2. Solution Preparation

II.2.1 Preparation of Sodium Chloride solution

NaCl
N: ± 0.05N; V: 0.1L; molecular weight : 58.44 gram/mole; Valence = 1
N = M x valence
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
N = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
N = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 1
0.05 N = 𝑔
58.44 ×0.1 𝐿
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒

Mass = 0.2922 gram

Tolerance ±10%
0.2922 − 0.02922 = 0.26298 ≈ 0.2630 gram
0.2922 + 0.02922 = 0.32142 ≈ 0.3214 gram

Preparing NaCl solution:

1. 0.2847 gram of NaCl powder was weighed by using analitic balance.
2. NaCl powder was dissolved by using distilled water in beaker glass below 100
mL.
3. NaCl solution was poured into volumetric flask and was adjusted to 100 mL by
using distilled water.

II.2.2 Preparation of Silver Nitrate solution

AgNO3
N: 0.05 N; valence: 1; Volume: 0.15 L; molecular weight: 169.87 gram/mole
N = M x valence
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
N = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
N = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 1
0.05 N = 𝑔
169.87 ×0.15 𝐿
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒

Mass = 1.247025 gram ≈ 1.3 gram

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 Preparing AgNO3 solution:
1. 1.3 gram of AgNO3 powder was weighed by using hard balance.
2. AgNO3 powder was dissolved by using distilled water in beaker glass until 0.05
L.

II.2.3 Determination of chloride ion (Cl-) in table salt

Mass = 0.5000
Tolerance ±10%
10%X 5 = 0.05
0.5000 0.0500 =0.5500 gram
0.5000 0.0500 =0.4500 gram

Preparation of table salt solution:

1. 0.4981 gram of table salt powder was weighed by using analitic balance.
2. Table salt powder was dissolved by using distilled water in beaker glass below
100 mL.
3. Table salt solution was poured into volumetric flask and was adjusted to 100 mL
by using distilled water by using funnel that had been given a filter paper between
funnel and the volumetric flask and distilled water had been add until 100 ml.
4. The volumetric flask had been staked until it completely homogeneous.

II.2.4 Preparation of potassium chromate indicator

Purity: 5%; Volume: 0.05 L; molecular weight: 144.19 g/mol

Assume ρ solution = ρ H2 O = 1 g/mol

Mass of the solution = ρ solution x V of solution
= 50 grams
% of K2 CrO4 x mass of solution
Mass of K 2 CrO4 = 100%

=2.5 grams

Preparing K 2 CrO4 solutions:

1. K 2 CrO4 solid was weighted 2.5 grams with watch glass using hard balance.
2. K 2 CrO4 solid was dissolved in beaker glass using distilled water until 50 ml.

II.2.5 Standardization of AgNO3 solution with standard solution of NaCl

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 1. 10 ml of NaCl solution was taken with pipette volume and moving it into
Erlenmeyer.
2. 2 drops of K 2 CrO4 5% was expelled and 0.5 grams of NaHCO3 was given into
Erlenmeyer.
3. AgNO3 was poured into burette until 50 ml.
4. The solution in the Erlenmeyer was titrated with AgNO3 solution.

AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgC𝑙(𝑠) + NaN𝑂3 (𝑙)

5. The volume of AgNO3 solution needed for the titration was recorded and the
changes that happened.
6. The experiment was repeated once.
II.2.6 Blank Titration
1. 20 ml of distilled water was added into Erlenmeyer with measuring cylinder.
2. 2 drops of K 2 CrO4 5% was expelled, 0.5 grams of NaHCO3 , and 0.5 grams of
CaCO3 was given into Erlenmeyer.
3. AgNO3 was poured into burette until 50 ml.
4. The solution in the Erlenmeyer was titrated with AgNO3 solution.
5. The experiment was repeated once.

II.2.7 Determination of Cl− concentration in table salt

1. 10 ml of table salt solution was taken with pipette volume and moving it into
Erlenmeyer.
2. 2 drops of K 2 CrO4 5% was expelled and 0.5 grams of NaHCO3 was given into
Erlenmeyer.
3. AgNO3 was poured into burette until 50 ml.
4. The solution in the Erlenmeyer was titrated with AgNO3 solution.
5. The volume of AgNO3 solution needed for the titration was recorded and the
changes that happened.
6. The experiment was repeated once.

II.4 Reaction during the titration process

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II.4.1 Standardization of AgNO3 solution with a standard solution of NaCl

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

(white precipitate)

2Ag+(aq) + K2CrO4(aq)  Ag2CrO4(s) + 2K+(aq)

(sheer red-brownish precipitate)

II.4.2 Blank Titration

2AgNO3(aq) + K2CrO4(aq)  Ag2CrO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

(sheer red-brownish precipitate)

II.4.3 Determination of chloride ion (Cl-) in a table salt

AgNO3(aq) + Cl- (aq)  AgCl(s) + NO3-(aq)

(white precipitate)

2Ag+(aq) + K2CrO4(aq)  Ag2CrO4(s) + 2K+(aq)

(sheer red-brownish precipitate)

CHAPTER III
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 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

III.1. Results

III.1.1 Standardization of AgNO3 solution with a standard solution of sodium chloride

1. Standard solution was prepared by weighing 0.2902 g sodium chloride, then

dissolved and diluted with distilled water until 100 ml.
Chemical formula of sodium chloride = NaCl
Molecular weight of sodium chloride = 58.44 g/mol.

2. Titration result
Indicator: K2CrO4 5%
V of sodium chloride V of AgNO3 solution
Color change
solution (mL) (mL)
10 11.1 White precipitate
10 11 red brownish
Average: 10 11.05 precipitate
Table 3.1.1: This table shows the volume of AgNO3 (V1) solution to titrate 10 mL of sodium
chloride and the change in precipitated color when end point was reached.

III.1.2 Blank Titration

Indicator: K2CrO4 5%
V of distilled water V of AgNO3 solution
Color change
(mL) (mL)
10 0.4 White precipitate →
10 0.4 red brownish
Average: 10 0.4 precipitate
Table 3.1.2: This table shows the volume of AgNO3 (V2) solution to titrate 20.8 mL of distilled
water and the change in precipitated color when end point was reached.

III.1.3 Determination of Cl- concetration in table salt

1. Standard solution was prepared by weighing 0.5168 g sample, then dissolved and
diluted with distilled water until 100 ml.
2. Titration result

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 Indicator: K2CrO4 5%
V of sample solution V of AgNO3 solution
Color change
(mL) (mL)
10 18.1 White precipitate →
10 18.1 red brownish
Average: 10 18.1 precipitate
Table 3.1.3: This table shows the volume of AgNO3 (V3) solution to titrate 10 mL of sample
solution and the change in precipitated color when end point was reached.

III.2. Calculation

III.2.1 Normality of AgNO3 solution

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

(white precipitate)

2Ag+(aq) + K2CrO4(aq)  Ag2CrO4(s) + 2K+(aq)

(red-brownish precipitate)
True volume of AgNO3 solution = V1 – V2
= 11.05 – 0.4
= 10.65 mL

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

N NaCl = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 × 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
0.2902 𝑔 × 1
= 58.44 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 ×0.1 𝐿

= 0.0497 N

V NaCl x N NaCl = V AgNO3 x N AgNO3

10 mL x 0.0497 N = 10.65 mL x N AgNO3
N AgNO3 = 0.0467 N

III.2.2 Normality of Cl- in table salt

AgNO3(aq) + Cl- (aq)  AgCl(s) + NO3-(aq)

(white precipitate)

2Ag+(aq) + K2CrO4(aq)  Ag2CrO4(s) + 2K+(aq)

(red-brownish precipitate)

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 True volume of AgNO3 solution = V3 – V2
= 18.1 − 0.4
= 17.7 mL

V Cl- x N Cl- = V AgNO3 x N AgNO3

10 mL x N Cl- = 17.7 mL x 0.0467
N Cl- = 0.0826 N

III.2.3 Precentage of Cl- in table salt

N = M x valence
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
N= 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
N = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑒
𝑁 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Mass = 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑔
0.0826 𝑁 ×35.5 × 0.1 𝐿
- 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
Mass Cl = 1

= 0.2932 gram
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙−
Percentage = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 100%

0.2932 g
= 0.5168 𝑔 × 100%

= 56.7%
III.2.4 Precentage of NaCl in table salt

𝑁 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Mass = 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑔
0.0826 𝑁 ×58.44 × 0.1 𝐿
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
Mass NaCl = 1

= 0.4827 gram
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
Percentage = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 100%

0.4827 g
= 0.5168 𝑔 × 100%

= 93.4%

III.3. Analysis and Discussion

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 In this experiment, argentometry titration are aimed to determine the concentration of
Cl- from a sample of table salt. Table salt used was from “cap Kapal” brand, a local
table salt that often use for cooking essential. In the argentometry titration, it involves
a precipitate reaction to determine the concentration of the titrate. A silver nitrate
(AgNO3) used as a titrant to titrating the sample solution and the precipitating agent.
In this titration, the end point was detected by the formation of second colored
precipitate or usually known as the Mohr method.

In this titration of standardizaztion of AgNO3, the primary standard solution used was
NaCl (Sodium Chloride). Since the NaCl was the primary standard, the preparation
was done precisely; thus, the weight of NaCl was obtained using analytical balance.
The NaCl was weighed about 0.2902 gram and then dissolved and diluted with
distilled water until 100 mL.

The indicator used to detect the end point of the titration of standardizaztion of AgNO3
was K2CrO4 5% solution. The chromate ions in K2CrO4 will react with the silver ions
from AgNO3 and produced Ag2CrO4, which is a red-brownish colored precipitate.
When the red-brownish colored precipitate shows up, it means that all the NaCl
solution has been used up.

At the beginning of the titration:

Ag+(aq)+ Cl-(aq) ↔ AgCl(s) (white precipitate formed)

At the end point of the titration

2Ag+(aq)+ CrO42-(aq) ↔ Ag2CrO4(s) (sheer red-brownish precipitate formed)

Figure III.3.1 The white precipitate was formed Figure III.3.2 The precipitate changed color

15 | P a g e
 The color changed from a white precipitate into sheer red-brownish precipitate. White
precipitate was formed as reaction between Cl- ion and Ag+ ion went by. The titration
end point was formed due to the reaction between Ag+ ion and CrO42- ion. The color
of the precipitate had been changing although the color of the solution was stillthe
same. However, the titration end point was shown by the precipitate color alteration
not in the solution.

Beside the indicator, NaHCO3 is added to the analyte. NaHCO3 is a buffer that is made
from weak acid (HCO3-) and salt of weak acid (Na2CO3). It is added in order to keep
the pH constant. NaHCO3 buffer works according to this equation:
(H+) + HCO3- ↔ H2CO3

This equation happens when acid is added to the buffer where the excess H+ will
react with HCO3- to form H2CO3.
NaHCO3 ↔ (H+) + CO3-

The change in precipitate’s color was due to the reaction of Ag+ ion and CrO42- ion,
it means that the volume of AgNO3 used for titrating NaCl and sample was already
excessive. This little excessive amount of AgNO3 solution was not used for titrating
both NaCl solution and sample solution, but for reacting with K2CrO4 to give the
titration end point. Therefore, blank titration was done in order to get the volume of
AgNO3 solution needed to form red-brownish precipitate.

Blank titration could minimize the error in determining the concentration of both
NaCl solution and sample solution. Thus, with the help of the blank titration, the
concentration at the titrant solutions could be known precisely. CaCO3 (Calcium
Carbonate) was added in blank titration to give the same salt environment as both
NaCl solution and the sample of table salt solution. CaCO3 was insoluble in distilled
water. Thus, it would remain as solid and could be seen at the bottom of the
erlenmeyer as white precipitate if it is under normal circumstances.

From blank titration, it was determined that 0.4 mL of AgNO3 needed to titrate 11
mL of aquadest with 5% K2CrO4 indicator, 0.5 gram of CaCO3, and 0,5 gram of
NaHCO3. The volume of distilled water in erlenmeyer used was the same volume as
AgNO3 in the standardization, which was 11 mL.

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 From standardization of AgNO3 with sodium chloride and blank titration, it was
determined that 10.65 mL of AgNO3 (11.05-0.40 mL) needed to titrate 10 mL of
NaCl with normality 0.0530 N. From the calculation above, it has been determined
that the normality of AgNO3 is 0.0497 N.

Figure III.3.3 Blank titration result.

To determine the percentage of Cl- in the sample, 0.5168 g of the sample of table salt
“cap Kapal” was obtained using analytical balance. It was then diluted with distilled
water below to 100 mL in beaker glass. This solution was poured into volumetric
flask and aquadest was added until 100 mL was reached. Then this solution was
shaken in order to make sure that it was diluted completely. After that the solution
was transferred to beaker glass so it would be pipetted easily.

The sample solution was moved using pipette volume 10 mL to the erlenmeyer. 2
drops of 5% K2CrO4 and 0,5 gram of NaHCO3 were also added to erlenmeyer. From
this titration, it was recorded that 18.1 mL of AgNO3 was needed to titrate 10 mL of
sample solution. And from blank titration, the real volume of AgNO3 that titrated
table salt solution was known, which was 17.1 – 0.4 mL = 17.7 mL. By using the
normality of AgNO3 from standardization of AgNO3, the normality of Cl- can be
calculated. The normality of Cl- obtained is 0.0826 N. From the normality of Cl-
calculated, 56.73% was obtained as the percentage of Cl- and 93.4017% as the
percentage of NaCl. Therefore, it was proved that this table salt mostly consists of
NaCl.

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 Figure III.3.4 The determination of Cl- result

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 CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

IV.1 Conclusion

Standardization of AgNO3 was used solution of sodium chloride as primary

standard solution. This process had the purpose to determine the concentration
(Normality) of AgNO3. The end point of this process was shown by the formation
of Ag2CrO4 (sheer red-brownish precipitate) and the indicator used in this
argentometry titration was 5% K2CrO4.. Blank Titration was used to get the precise
value of Ag+ that reacts with Cl- and the concentration of AgNO3 obtained was
0.0467 N. The concentration of the sample of the table salt is 0.0826 N and the
percentage of NaCl in the sample of the table salt is 93.40 %.

IV.2. Suggestion

The precipitate of Ag2CrO4 only can be seen clearly enough to human eye
after the amount is quite a lot. As a result, the observation needs to be done very
carefully to not exceed the limit of end point too much. The exceed can be reduced
with blank titration. The red-brownish precipitate formed in the Blank titration just
needs few drops of the AgNO3. Mostly nearly all of the groups were repeating
another experiment due to miscalculated the end point while the titrated is really
expensive. So the titrated was limited at that time and time-wasting for everyone.

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 REFERENCES

Underwood. (2002). Analisis Kimia Kuatitatif: 223,229 Jakarta:Erlangga

Harjadi, W.(1986). Ilmu Kimia Analitik Dasar. 179,181-182, Jakarta:Gramedia.

Garcia. (2008). Blank Titration. Retrieved March 8th 2017, from
http://www.chemicalforums.com/index.php/topic
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Wikipedia.(2017). Calcium Carbonate. Retrieved March 8th 2017, from
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ToughtCo.(2017). What is Table Salt. Retrieved March 8th 2017, from
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Wikipedia.(2017). Sodium Chloride. Retrieved March 8th 2017, from
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