TECHNICAL REAGENTS

 Reagents that underwent superficial purification and are seldom used in analytical work.

Primary standard that can be used for standardization of bases:

KHP, Oxalic Acid, and Benzoic Acid

A solution is colorless in phenolphthalein and blue in bromocresol green. Therefore, we can conclude that the
pH of the solution is between 4.8 and 8.5.

The pH transition range of phenolphthalein is 8.2x10-2. What is the estimated pKa of this acid-base indicator?
9.1

A 758-mg sample of full cream milk was analysed by the Kjeldahl method; 38.61mL of 0.1078M HCl were
required to titrate the liberated ammonia. Calculate the %N in the sample. 7.73

A solution prepared by dissolving 10.12 grams of KCl×MgCl2×6H2O (277.85 g/mol) in sufficient water to give 2L.
Calculate its molarity. 1.821x10-2

In standardizing a solution of NaOH against 1.431 grams of KHP, the analyst uses 35.50mL of the alkali and has
to run back with 8.25mL of acid (1mL = 10.75mg NaOH). What is the molarity of the solution? 0.2598

What is the molarity of KMnO4 solution standardized against 1.356 grams of Na2C2O4 requiring 25.10mL of the
solution in acidic medium? 0.161

What is the pH of the resulting solution made by mixing 5mL of 0.2178M HCl and 15mL of 0.1156M NH3? Kb,
NH3= 1.8x10-5? 9.49

BUFFER SOLUTION
 It consists of approximately equimolar quantities of a weak base/acid and its conjugate acid/base.
 The pH of the buffer changes negligibly If the buffer is diluted by a factor of 10 with pure water.

What if the pH of the resulting solution made by mixing 25mL of 0.10M HCl and 15mL of 0.1M NaOH? 1.60

Agua regia is a solvent that contains HCl and HNO3.

In titration of a weak base with a strong acid, the pH at equivalence point is due to acidic salt.

A 50mL sample of 0.0950M acetic acid (Ka= 1.8x10-5) is being titrated with 0.0848M NaOH. What is the pH after
28mL of NaOH has been added? 4.74

The volume of a solution chemically equivalent to a mass of a solid reagent titer.

The protein in a 1.2846g sample of an oat cereal is determined bu the Kjeldahl procedure for organic nitrogen.
The sample is digested with H2SO4. The resulting solution made basic with NaOH, and the NH3 distilled into
50mL of 0.09552M HCl. The excess HCl is then back titrated using 37.84mL of 0.05992M NaOH. Given that the
protein in grains averages 17.54% w/w, report the %w/w protein in the sample of the cereal. 15.59
When the concentration of the acid and conjugate base components of a buffer are present in exactly
equimolar proportions the pH of the buffer solution is equal to the pKa of the acid component of the buffer.

In a neutral polyprotic acid, the value of Ka2 will be smaller than the value of Ka1 because it is more difficult to
remove hydrogen ion from an anion that from a neutral molecule.
pH at equivalence point
 Best basis for choosing the right indicator for a given acid-base titration

Analysis of a soda ash via the double indicator method required the following volumes (of the titrant HCl): 30mL
to reach the phenolphthalein endpoint and another 30mL to reach the methyl orange endpoint. Give the
content/s of the soda ash sample. Na2CO3

Among NaCl, HCN, NaOH, and HNO3, highlighted has the lowest pH.

Calculate the molar concentration of a solution that is 30%wt NH4NO3 and has a specific gravity of 1.1252?
4.22M

REPLACEMENT TITRATION
 Titration method that employs a preliminary reaction in which the analyte is replaced by an equivalence
amount of another substance, which is then determined by titration using a standard solution.

An approximately 0.02M potassium manganate (VII) solution was standardized against precisely 0.100M iron
(III) ammonium sulfate solution. 25mL of the solution of the iron (III) salt were oxidized by 24.15mL of the
manganate (VII) solution. What is the molarity of the potassium manganate (VII) solution? 0.0207

Calculate the pH of the 3.5x10-3M HNO3. 2.46

The 50mL sample of 0.0950M acetic acid (Ka=1.8x10-5) is being titrated with 0.106M NaOH. What is the pH at
the midpoint of the titration? 4.74

A 25mL aliquot of vinegar was diluted to 250mL in volumetric flask. Titration of 50mL aliquots of the diluted
solution required an average of 35.23mL of 0.08960M NaOH. Express the acidity of the vinegar in terms of the
percentage (w/v) of acetic acid, HC2H3O2. 3.79%

At 25 degree Celsius, a few grams of solid calcium hydroxide was shaken with about 400mL of deionised water,
and then filtered. 50mL samples of the “limewater” gave an average titration of 15.22mL of 0.1005M
hydrochloric acid using phenolphthalein indicator. What is the approximate solubility of calcium hydroxide in
grams Ca(OH)2 per 100g water? 0.113

END POINT
 It refers to the experimental estimation of the amount of a reagent that reacts completely with the
analyte in a volumetric titration.

When preparing a buffer solution for a biological experiment, consider:

 weak acid whose pKa is near the required pH
 weak acid and its conjugate base that do not react with one another to form new products
 weak acid and its conjugate base that are not enzyme inhibitors
Calculate the molar concentration of dilute HCl solution if 50mL aliquot yielded 0.5902g of AgCl. 0.0824

Distilled water would calcium phosphate have the greatest solubility.

A 25mL sample of a concentrated citrus fruit cordial component (e.g. for lime juice), used in the food and drinks
industry, was diluted to 250mL in a graduated volumetric flask. A 25mL sample of this diluted solution,
required, on average, 22.5mL of a standard 0.10 molar sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein
indicator for the titration end-point. Assuming all the acid in the cordial was citric acid, calculate the
concentration of the acid in g/mL in original solution. 0.576

A 0.279g of an organic monobasic aromatic carboxylic acid, containing only the elements C, H, and O, was
dissolved in aqueous ethanol. A few drops of phenolphthalein indicator were added and the mixture titrated
with 0.10M sodium hydroxide solution. It took 20.5mL of the alkali to obtain the first permanent pint. [at
masses: C=12, H=1, and O=16]. Calculate the molecular mass of the acid. 136.1

Among Na2Co3 and NaHCO3; Na2CO3 and NaOH; and NaHCO3 and NaOH, highlighted are the incompatible
mixture in the double indicator method.

What is the molarity of a solution of KSCN if 19.80mL are required to titrate the silver in a sample of an alloy
which contains 90.20% Ag and 9.80% Cu? 0.0422M

Among H2CO3, NiNO3, and CaCO3, highlighted is the salt that is insoluble in water at 25 degree celcius.
A sample consisting of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3, and inert matter weighs 1.179grams. It is titrated with 0.10 N HCl
with phenolphthalein as the indicator, and the solution became colorless after the addition of 24mL. Another
duplicate sample was titrated with HCl using methyl orange as indicator. It required 50.25mL of the acid for the
color change. What is the percentage of NaHCO3 in the sample? 1.60

When the concentration of the acid and conjugate case components of a buffer are present in exactly
equimolar proportions the pH of the buffer solution is equal to the pKa of the acid component.

Calculate the molarity of a dilute Ba(OH)2 solution if titration of 0.4815g of a primary-standard potassium
hydrogen phthalate (KHP) required 29.41mL of the base.

KMnO4 is used as the titrant in a potentiometric titration of tin (II) to tin (IV), using a S.C.E. reference electrode.
Before the equivalence point, you would calculate the cell voltage using the potentials of:
The MnO4-/Mn2+ couple and the S.C.E.

A 2.4414 g sample containing KCl, K2SO4 and inert materials was dissolved in sufficient water to give 250 ml of
solution. A Mohr titration of a 50.00 ml aliquot required 41.36 ml of .05818 M AgNO3. A second 50.00 ml
aliquot was treated with 40.00 ml of .1083 M NaB(C6H5)4. The reaction is:
NaB(C6H5)4 + K+ KB(C6H5)4 + Na+
The solid was filtered, redissolved in acetone, and titrated with 49.98 ml of AgNO3 solution. Calculate the
percentages of KCl and K2SO4 in the sample. 36.73% KCl and 8.951% K2SO4

A base mixture sample weighing 976 mg was dissolved in sufficient water to make 100 mL solution and divided
into two equal portions. The first portion was titrated with 52.05 mL of 0.1004M HCl to the methyl red end
point. The other portion was titrated with 23.02 mL of the acid to the phenolphthalein endpoint. Calculate the
% composition of sample.

Among the titrants (MnO4-, I3-, and Cr2O72- ) the highlighted would give the sharpest change in voltage (i.e., the
steepest titration curve) for a given analyte.

Calculate the molarity of NaOH solution if 12.25mL was used to titrate 0.2615g of primary standard KHP
(204.2g/mole).

What weight of BaCO2 (197.35g/mole) should be added to 1.00gram Li2CO3 (73.89g/mole) so that the mixture
will require the same volume of standard acid for neutralization, as would the same weight of CaCO3
(100g/mol)?

A 485mg sample containing MnO2 was titrated with 75mL of 0.1175M FeSO4 solution. The excess iron was back
titrated with 7.850mL of 0.0879M K2Cr2O7. What is the percentage of MnO2 in the sample?

A NaOH solution was 0.019M immediately after standardization. Exactly 500mL of the reagent was left exposed
to air for several days and absorbed 0.652g of CO2. Calculate the relative carbonate error in the determination
of acetic acid with this solution if the titrations were performed with phenolphthalein.
A 0.922g sample of canned tuna was analysed by Kjeldahl method; 22.66mL of 0.1224M HCl were required to
titrate the liberated ammonia. Calculate the percent nitrogen in the sample?

A 7g sample of a precipitate was decomposed with metallic sodium in alcohol, and the liberated chloride ion
was precipitated as AgCl. Express the results of this analysis in terms of percent DDT (C14H9Cl5) based on the
recovery of 0.2513g. 1.776

Precipitates used in the gravimetric determination of uranium include Na2U2O2 (634g/mol), (UO2)2P2O7
(714g/mol), and V2O5×2UO3 (753.9g/mol). Which of these weighing forms provides the greatest mass of
precipitate from a given quantity of Unranium?

When a 100mL portion of a solution containing 0.5g of AgNO3 is mixed with 100mL of a solution containing
0.3g of K2CR2O4, a bright red precipitate of Ag2CrO4 forms. Assuming that the solubility of Ag2Cr2O4 is
negligible, calculate the mass of the precipitate.

A 0.8720g sample of a mixture consisting of sodium bromide and potassium bromide yields 1.505g of silver
bromide. What is the percentage of sodium bromide and potassium bromide in the sample?

To determine the amount of iron in a dietary supplement, a random sample of 15 tablets weighing a total of
20.505g was ground into a fine powder. A 3.116g sample of the powdered tablets was dissolved and treated to
precipitate the iron as Fe(OH)3. The precipitate was collected, rinsed, and ignited to a constant weight as
Fe2O3, yielding 0.355g. Report the iron content of the dietary supplement as g FeSO4×&H2O per tablet.

A 6.881g sample containing magnesium chloride and sodium chloride was dissolved in sufficient water to
produce 500mL of solution. Analysis for the chloride content of a 50mL aliquot resulted in the formation of
0.5923g of AgCl. The magnesium in a second 50mL aliquot was precipitated as MgNH4PO4 on ignition. 0.1796g
of Mg2P2O7 was found. Calculate the percentage NaCl in the sample.

Calculate the pH of the solution resulting from the addition of 100mL of 0.20M HClO4 to 100mL of 0.15M
NaOH.

What is the pH at the equivalence point in the titration of 50mL of 0.20M hydrofluoric acid with 0.10M NaOH?

Calculate the pH of a solution prepared by adding 80mL of 0.10M NaOH solution to 100mL of 0.10M HNO3
solution.

Calculate the pH of a solution prepared by adding 115mL of 0.10M NaOH solution to 100mL of 0.10M HNO3
solution.

Calculate the pH resulting from the addition of 30mL of 0.20M HClO4 to 60mL of 0.150M NaOH.

**CHAPTER 12 PROBLEM 21

When conducting a titration of an acid by adding base to the equivalence point, it is appropriate to use an
indicator which has an endpoint equal to the equivalence point.

What is the pH of the resulting solution made by mixing 25mL of 0.1M HCl and 15mL of 0.1M NaOH? 1.60

A sample of impure pyrite known to be approximately 90-95% w/w FeS2 is to be analysed by oxidixing the
sulfur to SO42- and precipitating as BaSO4. How many grams of sample must be taken if a minimum of 1g of
BaSO4 is desired?
A 50mL sample of 0.0950M acetic acid (Ka=1.8x10-5) is being titrated with 0.0848M NaOH. What is the pH after
28mL of NaOH has been added? 4.74

A 200mL sample of water was filtered through a pre-weighed glass fiber filter. After drying to constant weight
at 105 degree celcius, the filter was found to have increased in mass by 48.2mg. Determine the total suspended
solids for the sample in parts per million. 241

What is the pH of the resulting solution by mixing 5mL of 0.2178M HCl and 15mL of 0.11566M NH3? Kb, NH3=
1x10-5. 9.49

The solubility of salt A in 100mg of water is 25g at 25 degree celcius. A solution is prepared by adding 30mg of
salt A in 100g of water at 25 degree celcius. The resulting solution after mixing is a/an _______
(unsaturated/saturated/diluted/supersaturated)

1.4639g sample of limestone was analysed for Fe, Ca, and Mg. The iron was determined as Fe2O3, yielding
0.0357g. Calcium was isolated as CaSO4, yielding a precipitate of 1.4058g, and Mg was isolated as 0.0672g of
Mg2P2O7. Report the amount of Fe in the limestone sample as %w/w Fe2O3. 2.44

INCLUSION
 Co-precipitated impurity in which the interfering ion occupies a lattice site in the precipitate?

OCCLUSION
 Gravimetric analysis which imply a coprecipitated impurity trapped within a precipitated as it forms.

A 50g sample of calcium carbonate is reacted with 35grams of phosphoric acid. Calculate the mass of calcium
phosphate produced. 51.8

In titration of a weak base with a strong acid, the pH before the equivalence point is greater than 7.

PHENOLPHTHALEIN
 Indicator used for titration of weak acid with strong base.

**GRAPHING

NUCLEATION
 The formation of the smallest aggregate of molecules in a supersaturated solution capable of growing
into a large precipitate particle.

Favorable conditions for precipitation of metal cations except

 Add dilute precipitating agent slowly with vigorous stiring
 Precipitate from hot solutions
 Precipitate at low pH
 Precipitate in dilute solutions