ASSIGMENT

1.What is Virtual Memory?

ANS. Virtual Memory is a storage allocation scheme in which secondary memory can be
addressed as though it were part of main memory. The addresses a program may use to reference
memory are distinguished from the addresses the memory system uses to identify physical
storage sites, and program generated addresses are translated automatically to the corresponding
machine addresses.
The size of virtual storage is limited by the addressing scheme of the computer system and
amount of secondary memory is available not by the actual number of the main storage locations.
It is a technique that is implemented using both hardware and software. It maps memory
addresses used by a program, called virtual addresses, into physical addresses in computer
memory.
1. All memory references within a process are logical addresses that are dynamically
translated into physical addresses at run time. This means that a process can be swapped in
and out of main memory such that it occupies different places in main memory at different
times during the course of execution.
2. A process may be broken into number of pieces and these pieces need not be continuously
located in the main memory during execution. The combination of dynamic run-time
address translation and use of page or segment table permits this.
If these characteristics are present then, it is not necessary that all the pages or segments are
present in the main memory during execution. This means that the required pages need to be
loaded into memory whenever required. Virtual memory is implemented using Demand Paging
or Demand Segmentation.

2.What is page file, page hit and page miss?

Ans. In storage, a page file is a reserved portion of a hard disk that is used as an extension of
random-access memory (RAM) for data in RAM that hasn't been used recently. A page file can
be read from the hard disk as one contiguous chunk of data and thus faster than re-reading data
from many different original locations. Windows NT administrators or users can reset the
system-provided default size value of the page file to meet their particular needs.
In other operating systems, the page file is called a swap file or a swap partition.

Page hit- the small chop down part programs are called page file. If those page files are present
in virtual memory in the time of calling to Random access memory is called page hit.

Page miss- if those files are not available in virtual memory is called page miss.

3.Difference between PATA & SATA AND SATA 1 SATA 2 & SATA 3?

Ans. PATA- Parallel ATA (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment or PATA) is a standard
for connecting hard drives into computer systems. The connections for PATA devices were
originally made using 40-conductor ribbon cables. These were later supplanted by 80-conductor
cables in which every other conductor is grounded, minimizing mutual capacitance (and
consequent crosstalk) between conductor s. The maximum workable cable length is 46
centimeters (about 18 inches). This means that PATA cables are only practical for use with
internal drives. Parallel ATA was originally called Advanced Technology Attachment ( ATA )
until the year 2003 when SATA was introduced. The cable for a SATA connection has seven
conductors. These cables are more flexible than PATA cables and can be much longer, allowing
the designer more latitude in the physical layout of a system. Because there are fewer
conductors, crosstalk is less likely to be troublesome in SATA than in PATA. The
signal voltage is lower as well (250 mV for SATA as compared with 5 V for PATA).

SATA I (revision 1.x) interface, formally known as SATA 1.5Gb/s, is the first-generation
SATA interface running at 1.5 Gb/s. The bandwidth throughput, which is supported by the
interface, is up to 150MB/s.

SATA II (revision 2.x) interface, formally known as SATA 3Gb/s, is a second-generation

SATA interface running at 3.0 Gb/s. The bandwidth throughput, which is supported by the
interface, is up to 300MB/s.

SATA III (revision 3.x) interface, formally known as SATA 6Gb/s, is a third generation SATA
interface running at 6.0Gb/s. The bandwidth throughput, which is supported by the interface, is
up to 600MB/s. This interface is backwards compatible with SATA 3 Gb/s interface.

SATA II specifications provide backward compatibility to function on SATA I ports. SATA III
specifications provide backward compatibility to function on SATA I and SATA II ports.
However, the maximum speed of the drive will be slower due to the lower speed limitations of
the port.
4.Difference between Intel Core i9 & AMD Roizen?
Ans.
AMD’s Ryzen 9 3900X is a 12-core 24-thread processor with a 3.6 GHz base clock and the
ability to turbo (AMD calls it Precision Boost 2) up to 4.6 GHz, while slotting into a 105W TDP.
The CPU is technically the second processor in the product stack, behind the previously-
mentioned 3950X. Both CPUs blur the lines between mainstream and HEDT systems, as the
Intel i9 did previously. The new CPU 7nm architecture (manufactured by TSMC), down from
12nm Zen+ and 14nm Zen on previous Ryzen chips, is part of what provides the notable
improvements with AMD’s new CPUs.
In addition to the process node shrink, Zen 2 improves upon memory speed support, raising its
base spec to DDR4-3200 from the previous version’s support of DDR4-2933 (Zen+/Ryzen 2000)
and DDR4-2667 (Zen/ original Ryzen). Where Zen and Zen+ were a bit more limited in speed,
we’ve seen support on X570 motherboards reaching into the DDR4-4000 range. Reaching these
speeds is not a guarantee, however, and relies on a good integrated memory controller (IMC),
motherboard, and a compatible memory kit. Under sub-ambient cooling we have seen memory
paired with Ryzen 3000 CPUs reach DDR4 5000+, in fact. AMD recommends a more realistic
speed of DDR4 3600, though.

One of the other changes with Zen 2 and the X570 chipset is the implementation of PCIe 4.0.
The new Zen 2 CPUs and X570-based motherboards’ upgrade from PCIe 3.0 (the speed of both
AMD’s previous-gen motherboard chipsets, as well as all current Intel boards) doubles the
bandwidth from 32 GBps to 64 GBps. This change can help with storage and content creation,
but at the moment it has no perceivable impact on gaming performance, as bandwidth isn’t
currently saturated with today’s graphics cards.

The Intel Core i9-9900K processor jumps into the ring at a 50% core count disadvantage
bringing its eight-core, 16-thread capabilities up against the similarly-priced 3900X. Clock
speeds on the i9-9900K start off a bit lower with a base speed of 3.6 GHz (vs. 3.8 GHz), but
Intel’s turbo functionality brings it to 5.0 GHz for two cores, which are well past AMD’s peak
turbo spec. Single-threaded application performance will generally side with Intel when it’s
allowed to boost fully, due to the higher clock speeds.
Base memory support on the Coffee Lake-based CPUs is DDR4-2666, which is much lower than
Zen 2 base spec. That said, Intel-based systems (with compatible boards) are able to generally
reach memory speeds approaching 4000 MHz (or more with good IMC/board/memory). With
similar speeds reachable with the Ryzen 9 3900X and an X570 board, memory support
specifically is closer to a tie than it seems.

AMD also offers its capable Ryzen Master software, which allows for fine-grained control of the
processor. You also get free access to its Precision Boost Overdrive feature, which uses
sophisticated real-time algorithms to dynamically overclock your processor based upon chip
quality, your cooling solution, motherboard capabilities, and power supply’s ability to feed the
motherboard. That wrings the utmost in performance out of the chip, and all with one click of the
button.
Intel also recently unveiled its Performance Maximizer software, which automatically overclocks
your processor (9th-Gen K-Series models only), but in comparison, it is far less sophisticated
than AMD’s Precision Boost Overdrive. While AMD’s implementation is dynamic and can react
to different types of workloads and environmental conditions on the fly, Intel’s software sets a
static profile that dictates performance regardless of changes to your system. It also only applies
to Intel’s priciest chips, while AMD’s suite comes with every SKU.
AMD also ships all of its processors with a bundled cooler, while Intel doesn’t provide a cooler
with it’s pricey K-series chips. In the case of the Ryzen 9 3900X, you get a Wraith Prism RGB
cooler (yes, it comes with RGB bling) that can more than sufficiently handle the chips heat
output at stock, and even grants some limited overclocking headroom, too.

Winner: AMD