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Coordinates: 28°44.20′N 88°23.23′W

Deepwater Horizon explosion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion Deepwater Horizon explosion

refers to the April 20, 2010 explosion and
subsequent fire on the Deepwater Horizon semi-
submersible Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit
(MODU), situated about 40 miles (60 km)
southeast of the Louisiana coast in the Macondo
Prospect oil field, owned and operated by
Transocean. The explosion killed 11 workers and
injured 17 others; another 98 people survived
without serious physical injury. It caused the
Deepwater Horizon to burn and sink, and started a
massive offshore oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico;
this environmental disaster is now considered the Anchor handling tugs and platform supply vessels
largest in U.S. history.[1][2][3] combat the fire on the Deepwater Horizon while the
U.S. Coast Guard searches for missing crew.
Contents Date April 20, 2010
Time 22:00 UTC-6
1 Background
1.1 Deepwater Horizon Location Gulf of Mexico, Louisiana, United
1.1.1 Transocean safety record States 28°44.20′N 88°23.23′W
1.2 Pre-explosion risks and Casualties
precautions Killed: 11 (assumed dead)
1.3 Pre-explosion problems and
warnings Injured: 17
2 Explosion and fire

3 Casualties and rescue efforts
3.1 Survivors
3.2 Missing and presumed dead
4 Discovery of oil spill

5 Investigation into explosion
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Background
Deepwater Horizon
Main article: Deepwater Horizon
The Deepwater Horizon was a floating semi-

submersible Drilling Unit — a fifth-generation, ultra-deepwater, dynamically positioned, column-
stabilized drilling rig owned by Transocean and built in Korea. The platform was 396 feet (121 m)
long and 256 feet (78 m) wide and could operate in waters up to 8,000 feet (2,400 m) deep, to a
maximum drill depth of 30,000 feet (9,100 m).[4] Press releases from Transocean state the platform
had historically been used for deeper wells, including the deepest underwater gas and oil well in
history at 35,055 feet (10,685 m) in 2009.[5] The $560 million platform was built by Hyundai Heavy
Industries in South Korea and completed in 2001.[6] It was owned by Transocean, operated under the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion 26/11/2010
Marshalese flag of convenience, and was under lease

to BP until September 2013.[7] At the time of the
explosion, the Deepwater Horizon was on
Mississippi Canyon Block 252, referred to as the
Macondo Prospect, in the United States sector of the
Gulf of Mexico, about 41 miles (66 km) off the
Louisiana coast.[8][9][10] In March 2008, the mineral
rights to drill for oil on the Macondo Prospect were
DW Horizon
purchased by BP at the Minerals Management
Location of the Deepwater Horizon on April 20, Service's lease sale.[11] The platform commenced
2010
drilling in February 2010 at a water depth of
approximately 5,000 feet (1,500 m). [12] At the time of the explosion the rig was drilling an
exploratory well. [13] The planned well was to be drilled to 18,360 feet (5,600 m) below sea level, and
was to be plugged and suspended for subsequent completion as a subsea producer.[12] Production
casing was being run and cemented at the time of the accident. Once the cementing was complete, it
was due to be tested for integrity and a cement plug set to temporarily abandon the well for later
completion as a subsea producer.[14]
Transocean safety record
The rig owner, Transocean, had a "strong overall" safety record with no major incidents for 7 years.
[15] However an analysts' review "painted a more equivocal picture"[15] with Transocean rigs being
disproportionately responsible for safety related incidents in the Gulf[15] and industry surveys
reporting concerns over falling quality and performance.[15] In the 3 years 2005 to 2007 Transocean
was the owner of 30% of oilrigs active in the Gulf and 33% of incidents that triggered an MMS
investigation were on Transocean rigs, but in the 3 years from 2008 to 15 February 2010 it owned
42% of rigs but was the owner for nearly 3/4 (73%) of incidents.[15] Industry surveys saw this as an
effect of its November 2007 merger with rival GlobalSantaFe.[15] Transocean "has had problems"
with both cement seals (2005) and blowout preventers (2006), which are the suspected cause of the
Deepwater Horizon loss,[15] although Transocean states cementing is a third party task and it has "a
strong maintenance program to keep blowout preventers working".[15] According to the Wall Street
Journal online:
"In 2008 and 2009, the surveys ranked Transocean last among deep-water drillers for "job
quality" and second to last in 'overall satisfaction'. For three years before the merger,
Transocean was the leader or near the top in both measures. Transocean ranked first in 2008
and 2009 in a category that gauges its in-house safety and environmental policies"[15]
"There were few indications of any trouble with the Deepwater Horizon before the explosion.
The rig won an award from the MMS for its 2008 safety record, and on the day of the disaster,
BP and Transocean managers were on board to celebrate seven years without a lost-time
accident. Toby Odone, a BP spokesman, said rigs hired by BP have had better safety records
than the industry average for six years running, according to MMS statistics that measure the
number of citations per inspection. BP has been a finalist for a national safety award from the
MMS for the past two years. Mr. Odone wouldn't comment on BP's relationship with
Transocean after the Gulf disaster but said BP continues to use Transocean rigs."[15]
Pre-explosion risks and precautions
In February 2009, BP filed a 52 page exploration and

environmental impact plan for the Macondo well with
the Minerals Management Service (MMS), an arm of

the United States Department of the Interior that
oversees offshore drilling. The plan stated that it was
"unlikely that an accidental surface or subsurface oil
spill would occur from the proposed activities".[16] In
the event an accident did take place the plan stated that
due to the well being 48 miles (77 km) from shore and
the response capabilities that would be implemented,
no significant adverse impacts would be expected.[16]
The Department of the Interior exempted BP's Gulf of
Mexico drilling operation from a detailed
environmental impact study after concluding that a
massive oil spill was unlikely.[17][18] In addition,
following a loosening of regulations in 2008, BP was Deepwater Horizon drilling rig prior to the
not required to file a detailed blowout plan.[19] incident.
The BP wellhead had been fitted with a blowout

preventer (BOP), but it was not fitted with remote-control or acoustically-activated triggers for use in
case of an emergency requiring a platform to be evacuated. It did have a dead man's switch designed
to automatically cut the pipe and seal the well if communication from the platform is lost, but it was
unknown whether the switch was activated.[20] Documents discussed during congressional hearings
June 17, 2010 indicated that Transocean previously made modifications to the BOP for the Macondo
site which increased the risk of BOP failure, in spite of warnings from their contractor to that effect.
Regulators in both Norway and Brazil generally require acoustically-activated triggers on all offshore
platforms, but when the Minerals Management Service considered requiring the remote device, a
report commissioned by the agency as well as drilling companies questioned its cost and
effectiveness.[20] In 2003, the agency determined that the device would not be required because
drilling rigs had other back-up systems to cut off a well.[20][21]
Pre-explosion problems and warnings
There had been previous spills and fires on the Deepwater Horizon; the US Coast Guard had issued
pollution citations 18 times between 2000 and 2010, and had investigated 16 fires and other incidents.
The previous fires, spills, and incidents were not considered unusual for a Gulf platform and have not
been connected to the April, 2010 explosion and spill.[22] The Deepwater Horizon did, however, have
other serious incidents, including one in 2008 in which 77 people were evacuated from the platform
when it listed and began to sink after a section of pipe was accidentally removed from the platform's
ballast system.[23] By April 20, 2010 the Deepwater Horizon well operation was already running five
weeks late.[24] Internal BP documents show that BP engineers had concerns as early as 2009 that the
metal casing BP wanted to use might collapse under high pressure.[25] In March 2010, the rig
experienced problems that included drilling mud falling into the undersea oil formation, sudden gas
releases, a pipe falling into the well, and at least three occasions of the blowout preventer leaking
fluid.[25] The rig's mechanic stated that the well had problems for months and that the drill repeatedly
kicked due to high gas pressure providing resistance.[24] A confidential survey commissioned by
Transocean weeks before the explosion states that workers were concerned about safety practices and
feared reprisals if they reported mistakes or other problems.[26] On the day the rig exploded, 79 of the
126 people on the rig were Transocean employees.[26]
According to a report by 60 Minutes, the blowout preventer was damaged in a previously unreported
accident in late March 2010.[27][28] The American Bureau of Shipping last inspected the rig's failed
blowout preventer in 2005.[29] According to Transocean, workers had been performing standard
routines and had no indication of any problems prior to the explosion.[30] Preliminary findings from
BP’s internal investigation released by the House Committee on Energy and Commerce on May 25,
2010 indicated several serious warning signs in the hours just prior to the explosion.[31][32]
Equipment readings indicated gas bubbling into the well, which could signal an impending blowout.
[25] The heavy drilling mud in the pipes initially held down the gas of the leaking well.[33] A BP
official onboard the rig directed the crew to replace the drilling mud, which is used to keep the well's
pressure down, with lighter seawater even though the rig's chief driller protested.[24] According to a
number of rig workers, it was understood that workers could get fired for raising safety concerns that
might delay drilling.[24]
On March 10, 2010, a BP executive e-mailed the Minerals Management Service that there was a stuck
pipe and well control situation at the drilling site, and that BP would have to plugback the well.[34] A
draft of a BP memo in April 2010 warned that the cementing of the casing was unlikely to be
successful.[25] Halliburton has said that it had finished cementing 20 hours before the fire, but had not
yet set the final cement plug.[22][35] A special nitrogen-foamed cement was used which is more
difficult to handle than standard cement.[33]
A House Energy and Commerce Committee statement in June 2010 noted that in a number of cases
leading up to the explosion, BP appears to have chosen riskier procedures to save time or money,
sometimes against the advice of its staff or contractors.[36]
On July 22, Sky News reported that in a survey commissioned by Transocean workers on Deepwater
Horizon raised concerns "about poor equipment reliability, which they believed was a result of
drilling priorities taking precedence over maintenance."[37] The survey, carried out in March 2010,
"less than half of the workers interviewed said they felt they could report actions leading to a
potentially "risky" situation without any fear of reprisal ... many workers entered fake data to try to
circumvent the system. As a result, the company's perception of safety on the rig was distorted, the
report concluded."[37]
On July 23, 2010 The New York Times reported that crew members had appeared before a federal
panel of investigators, saying that power failures, computer crashes and emergency equipment leaks
had occurred within a few weeks of the explosion.[38]
Explosion and fire

The fire aboard the Deepwater Horizon reportedly started at
9:56 p.m. CDT on April 20, 2010.[24] At the time, there were
126 crew on board: seven employees of BP, 79 of Transocean,
as well as employees of various other companies involved in
the operation of the rig, including Anadarko, Halliburton and
M-I Swaco.[39]
According to Transocean executive Adrian Rose, abnormal

pressure accumulated inside the marine riser and as it came up
it "expanded rapidly and ignited".[14] According to interviews
with platform workers conducted during BP's internal
investigation, a bubble of methane gas escaped from the well Supply boats continued to battle the
and shot up the drill column, expanding quickly as it burst fire, viewed from a Coast Guard
through several seals and barriers before exploding.[40] Rose helicopter
said the event was basically a blowout. [14] Survivors described
the incident as a sudden explosion which gave them less than five minutes to escape as the alarm went
off.[41]
The explosion was followed by a fire that engulfed the platform. After burning for more than a day,
Deepwater Horizon sank on April 22, 2010.[42] The Coast Guard stated to CNN on April 22, 2010
that they received word of the sinking at approximately 10:21 am.[43]
BP subsequently produced a report that suggests that the ignition source for the explosion and
subsequent fire was as a result of the released hydrocarbons being ingested into the air intakes of the
diesel generators, and engulfing the deck area where the exhaust outlets for the main generators were
emitting hot exhaust gas. Had the engines been fitted with automatic combustion inlet shutdown
valves, Pyroban kits, or executive gas detection systems that shutdown generator room HVAC
systems automatically, the diesel engine ignition source could have been mitigated by breaking the
fire triangle.[44]
However, whilst these precautionary techniques are common throughout the North Sea, Asia Pacific,
India, West Africa and parts of Australia, the operators in the GOM region continue to adopt the bare
minimum of precaution[citation needed] without breaking local compliance laws laid down by MMS or
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement and the associated inspectorates
such as ABS who will only recognise electrical ignition hazards in line with the recommendations
made in API 500/ NFPA 500 / and NEC 500.
Casualties and rescue efforts

Survivors
According to officials, 126 individuals were on board, of

whom 79 were Transocean employees, six were from BP, and
41 were contracted; of these, 115 individuals were evacuated.
[30] Most of the workers evacuated the rig and took diesel-
powered fiberglass lifeboats to the M/V Damon B Bankston, a
workboat that BP had hired to service the rig.[45][46]
Seventeen others were then evacuated from the workboat by
helicopter.[30] Most survivors were brought to Port Fourchon A helicopter crew medevac
survivors from Deepwater Horizon
for a medical check-up and to meet their families.[47] after an explosion and fire caused
Although 94 workers were taken to shore with no major the crew of the vessel to evacuate.
injuries, four were transported to another vessel, and 17 were
sent to trauma centers in Mobile, Alabama and Marrero,
Louisiana.[30] Most were soon released.[30][48][49] When the blowout occurred, 4 BP and Transocean
executives were on board the platform for a tour of the rig, maintenance planning, annual goals
review, a "Drops" safety campaign, and to congratulate the senior staff of the rig for 7 years of
operations without a lost time incident (MMS reports show a lost time accident occurred 2008-03-06
on a service vessel at a lease being worked by the Deepwater Horizon, in preparation for a crane
operation under control of the Deepwater Horizon);[50] they were injured but survived.[40] Lawyers
for some survivors of the blast claim that their clients were kept in boats and on another rig for
15 hours or more before being brought to shore and when they did get to shore, "they were zipped
into private buses, there was security there, there was no press, no lawyers allowed, nothing, no
family members."[51] They were then driven to a hotel under escort, secluded at the hotel for hours,
questioned by company consultants and investigators and then given a form to sign before being
released.[51] These claims are denied by Transocean.[52]
Missing and presumed dead
Initial reports indicated that between 12 to 15 workers were missing;[53] reports soon narrowed the
number of missing to nine crew members on the platform floor and two engineers.[40] The United
States Coast Guard immediately launched a massive rescue operation involving two Coast Guard
cutters, four helicopters, and a rescue plane.[54][55] Two of the cutters continued searching through
the night. By the morning of April 22, the Coast Guard had surveyed nearly 1,940 square miles (5,000
km2).[45] On April 23, the Coast Guard called off the search for the 11 missing persons, concluding
that "reasonable expectations of survival" had passed.[49][56] Officials concluded that the missing
workers may have been near the blast and unable to escape the sudden explosion.[57]
Discovery of oil spill

Main article: Deepwater Horizon oil spill
On the morning of April 22, 2010 (two days after the blowout
accident), CNN quoted Coast Guard Petty Officer Ashley
Butler as saying that "oil was leaking from the rig at the rate
of about 8,000 barrels (340,000 US gallons; 1,300,000 litres)
of crude per day."[58] That afternoon, as a large oil slick
spread, Coast Guard Senior Chief Petty Officer Michael
O'Berry used the same figure. Two remotely operated
underwater vehicles (ROVs) were sent down to attempt to cap
the well, but had been unsuccessful.[43] Butler warned of a
leak of up to 700,000 US gallons (17,000 bbl) of diesel fuel,
and BP Vice President David Rainey termed the incident as A remotely operated underwater
vehicle attempting to turn on the
being a potential "major spill."[43] Deepwater Horizon blowout
preventer
On April 22, 2010, BP announced that it was deploying a
remotely operated underwater vehicle to the site to assess
whether oil was flowing from the well.[59] Other reports indicated that BP was using more than one
remotely operated underwater vehicle and that the purpose was to attempt to plug the well pipe.[60]
On April 23, 2010, a remotely operated underwater vehicle reportedly found no oil leaking from the
sunken rig and no oil flowing from the well.[61] Coast Guard Rear Admiral Mary Landry expressed
cautious optimism of zero environmental impact, stating that no oil was emanating from either the
wellhead or the broken pipes and that oil spilled from the explosion and sinking was being contained.
[62][63][64][65] The following day, April 24, 2010, Landry announced that a damaged wellhead was
indeed leaking oil into the Gulf and described it as "a very serious spill".[66]
Investigation into explosion

At an April 30, 2010 press conference, BP said that it did not know the cause of the explosion.[67]
Transocean chief executive Steven Newman described the cause as "a sudden, catastrophic failure of
the cement, the casing or both."[33] President Barack Obama authorized SWAT (Surface Water
Assessment Team of the Minerals Management Service, part of U.S. Dept. of Interior) teams to
investigate 29 oil rigs in the Gulf in an effort to determine the cause of the disaster.[68] On May 11,
2010, Department of the Interior released a press release, announcing that the inspection of deepwater
drilling rigs in the Gulf of Mexico found no major violations.[69] There are ongoing investigations to
determine the root causes of the disaster.[70]
In June, the House Committee on Energy and Commerce said BP should have tested cement at the
well, which would have cost $128,000 and taken 8–12 hours.
On September 8, 2010, BP released a 193-page report on its web site. The report says BP employees
and those of Transocean did not correctly interpret a pressure test, and both companies neglected
ominous signs such as a pipe called a riser losing fluid. It also says that while BP did not listen to
recommendations by Halliburton for more centralizers, the lack of centralizers probably did not affect
the cement. BP also said the crew should have redirected the flow of flammable gases. The blowout
preventer, removed on September 4, had not reached a NASA facility in time for it to be part of the
report. Transocean, responding to the report, blamed "BP's fatally flawed well design."[71]
On November 8, 2010, the inquiry by the Oil Spill Commission revealed its findings that BP had not
sacrificed safety in attempts to make money, but that some decisions had increased risks on the rig.
[72] However, the panel said a day later that there had been "a rush to completion" on the well,
criticizing poor management decisions. "There was not a culture of safety on that rig," co-chair Bill
Reilly said. [73] One of the decisions met with tough questions was that BP refuted the findings of
advanced modelling software that had ascertained over three times as many centralizers were needed
on the rig. It also decided not to rerun the software when it stuck with only six centralizers, and
ignored or misread warnings from other key tests, the panel revealed. [74]
See also
Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
Ixtoc I oil spill
Offshore oil and gas in the US Gulf of Mexico
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External links
Deepwater Horizon modelling software showed BP cement conditions unstable US government
Oil Spill Commission
Deepwater Horizon Response from the Deepwater Horizon Unified Command (U.S.
Government/BP/Transocean)
Deepwater Horizon Incident, Gulf of Mexico from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA)
Environmental Response Management Application (ERMA) Gomex site (NOAA) Public web
mapping information about the spill
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McClatchy Company. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/14/94184/a-huff-and-boom-
ended-deepwater.html. Retrieved 2010-06-18. - detailed media description of the events of the
day of the Deepwater Horizon explosion (Yahoo News mirror)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion"
Categories: Oil platform disasters | Explosions in the United States | BP | Deepwater Horizon oil spill |
2010 disasters in the United States
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Deepwater Horizon explosion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 11

Coordinates: 28°44.20′N 88°23.23′W

The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion Deepwater Horizon explosion

2 Explosion and fire

4 Discovery of oil spill

Main article: Deepwater Horizon

The Deepwater Horizon was a floating semi-

Marshalese flag of convenience, and was under lease

Transocean safety record

Pre-explosion risks and precautions

In February 2009, BP filed a 52 page exploration and

the Minerals Management Service (MMS), an arm of

The BP wellhead had been fitted with a blowout

Pre-explosion problems and warnings

Explosion and fire

According to Transocean executive Adrian Rose, abnormal

Casualties and rescue efforts

According to officials, 126 individuals were on board, of

Missing and presumed dead

Discovery of oil spill

Investigation into explosion

loc=interstitialskip. Retrieved 2010-04-21.

http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article214729.ece. Retrieved 2010-05-25.

This page was last modified on 17 November 2010 at 05:35.

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