Induction logging

Prepared by :

Abdur Rauf (Group leader) 125

Naeem Arshad Samme; 153
Khunais Ahmad; 157
Ahsan Ali Naqvi; 113
Shayan Badshah; 115
Murtaza Khadim; 112
Presented To:
Dr. Ali Wahid
Assistant professor,
And whole class

UNIVERSITY OF AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR

MUZAFFARABAD
Induction log

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What is Induction Logging

How it works?

Why do we use it?

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Contents of Presentation

Log Presentation & Scale

Typical Log Response

Log Measurement Tools

Log Application

Background and formula used

Interpretation

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 Introduction
 A new logging method, called induction logging, is described; it
measures the conductivity, or resistivity, of the strata traversed by
a bore hole.

 The apparatus, which is briefly described, comprises a coil system

coupled with the ground by induction, so that there is no need for
direct contact with the mud, or with the formations.

 For that reason, the method is particularly useful in oil base mud, and
it was first applied to that case.
 A discussion concerning the respective contribution of each region
of grounding the vicinity of the coil system is given.

 Through the concept of geometrical factor, it is demonstrated that

the total signal, which measures the apparent conductivity, is the
summation of the partia1 products -geometrical factor by
conductivity - for the different regions of the ground under
consideration.
 Log Presentation
 Resistivity logs are presented in Track 2 or in Tracks 2 and 3 combined on a log scale.

 It is possible to have data from both resistivity-type and induction-type tools shown
together, and in this case it is usual to convert the conductivity.

 readings from the induction devices to resistivities for display is also possible
(converting resistivities to conductivities for display) it is rarely seen).

 If the conductivity from induction-type logs is displayed, the units are millimho per
meter (mmho/m) and the scale is usually 0 – 2000 mmho/m (note the SI equivalent of
mmho/m is millisiemens per metre, mS/m).
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Induction log

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presentation
 Typical Log Response
 The induced current flowing in the formation induces a response in a receiver
coil in the tool.

 The response can be analyzed in terms of formation conductivity, the

reciprocal of resistivity.

 By adjusting the arrangement of the receiver coil, the formation resistivity

can be measured at a longer or shorter distance from the borehole.

 This gives two of the three independent resistivity measurements, a deep

reading and an intermediate reading.
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C:\Users\Abdur Rauf\Desktop\Universal.pptx

induction

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 Induction Resistivity Log Measurement Tools
An apparatus for measuring conductivity of a geological formation adjacent
to a borehole comprising:

 a sonde adapted for traversing said borehole.

 an oscillator generating an output having a fundamental frequency

 An electrode transmitter and electrode receiver.

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 a transmitter disposed within said sonde, said transmitter
comprising at least one coil and being coupled to said
oscillator, whereby the output of said oscillator is applied to
said transmitter for inducing eddy currents in said formation.

 a receiver disposed within said sonde, said receiver comprising

at least one coil for detecting said eddy currents in said
formation and inducing an electrical signal in said receiver.
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 2000
Induction log ohm/m

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 Induction log Application
 Saturation determination

 Lithology identification

 Source Rock identification

 Locating of hydrocarbon bearing zones

 Correlation purposes
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Lithology Identification 15
 Background And Formula Of Induction log

 These logs were originally designed by Henry Doll of Schlumberger and

described in 1947.

 It is use in boreholes where the drilling fluid was very resistive (oil-based
muds or even gas).

 Induction logging is a controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) exploration

method.

 It characterizes geologic formations through the measurements of induced

magnetics fields. 14
 The sonde consists of 2 wire coils, a transmitter (Tx) and a receiver (Rx).

 High frequency alternating current (20 kHz) of constant amplitude is applied to

the transmitter coil.

 This gives rise to an alternating magnetic field around the sonde that induces
secondary currents in the formation.

 These currents flow in coaxial loops around the sonde, and in turn create their
own alternating magnetic field, which induces currents in the receiver coil of
the sonde.
 The received signal is measured, and its size is proportional to the conductivity
of the formation.
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 Interpretation of Induction Log
 Geophysical interpretation is a fundamental part of petroleum and mineral
exploration.

 The decision to drill for oil or minerals often depends on our ability to
obtain reliable models of the earth by using geophysical data gathered
at the earth’s surface or in boreholes.

 Interpretation involves determining the geologic significance of

geophysical data and generally integrates all available geologic and
geophysical information.
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 Interpretation is a process of estimating an earth model whose response
is consistent with all available observations.

 Examples of geophysical observations might include seismic, gravity, magnetic, electrical,

electromagnetic, and borehole data.

 By this definition, interpretation can be considered a type

of geophysical inversion.

 The early electronic logs or e-logs, plotted only formation resistivity measurements.

 The resistivity of a rock is a measure of the degree to which it can impede the flow of an electronic
current.
 It is measured in ohm.m2/m which is usually referred to simply as ohm’s/m.
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 The ability to conduct electrical current is a function of the conductivity
of the water contain in the pore space of the rock.

 Fresh water does not conduct electricity; however, the salt ions found in
most formation water do.

 Thus, unless that water is fresh, water-saturated rocks have high

conductivity and low resistivity, hydrocarbons, which are non conductive,
cause resistivity values to increase as the pore spaces within a rock
become more saturated with oil or gas.

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Thank you

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 REFERENCES

 Badea, E., M. E. Everett, G. A. Newman and O. Biro. (2001). Finite element

analysis of controlled-source electromagnetic induction using gauged
electromagnetic potentials, Geophysics 66, 786—799.

 Decker, K. T., M. E. Everett. (2009). Roughness of a layered geologic medium

and implications for interpretation of the transient electromagnetic response of a
loop source. SAGEEP 22, 188.

 Doll, H. G. (1949). Introduction to induction logging and application to logging

of wells drilled with oil base mud. Petroleum Development Technology:
Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, 186,
148-162.
 Everett, M. E. (2013). Near-surface applied geophysics, Cambridge University
Press, New York, NY.

 Everett, M. E. (2009). Transient electromagnetic response of a loop source over

a rough geological medium, Geophysics 177, 421-429.

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Backup portion

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 Comparing Laterologs and Induction Logs
· Induction logs provide conductivity (that can be converted to resistivity).

· Laterologs provide resistivity (that can be converted to conductivity).

· Induction logs work best in wells with low conductivity fluids.

· Laterologs work best in wells with low resistivity fluids.

Both logs provide a range of depths of penetrations and vertical

resolutions. 25
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 Induction log deep (ILD) is for the Rt Of the uninvaded zone.
 Induction log medium (ILM) For the sensitivity of the transitional
zone.
 V=IR
 R=rA/L
 Rwa=Rt/F
 Rwa=ILD/F (by replacing Rt into ILD)
 Rwa=Rw ( true resistivity of water)
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