SOLUTIONS CHAPTER 2

SOLUTION 2.1. Using KCL at the center node of each circuit:

(a) I3 = I2 − I1 = −1 − 2 = −3A
(b) I3 = I1 + I2 − I4 = 2 − 1 − 0.5 = 0.5A

SOLUTION 2.2. KCL at the bottom node gives I1 = −7 − 8 = −15A , and at the right node
I4 = − 6 − 8 = −14 . From these, KCL at the top node gives I3 = I 4 − 5 = −19A, and finally at the central
node gives I2 = 6 + I3 − 7 = −20 A,

SOLUTION 2.3. Use a gaussian surface on the top triangle. Performing KCL around this surface yields
1A − 2A + 3A + 4 A − 5A = I = 1A.

SOLUTION 2.4. Use a gaussian surface around the bottom rectangle. KCL yields
I1 = 2A + 10A + 3A = 15A .

SOLUTION 2.5. Using KVL, V1 = 55V − 15V + 105V − 100V − 30V = 15V .

SOLUTION 2.6. Using KVL, Vx = 5V − 1V − 1V − 1V + 1V − 1V = 2V .

SOLUTION 2.7. Using KVL once again.

v1 = 7 + 6 + 5 = 18V
v2 = 6 + 7 − 8 = 5V
v3 = −5 − 6 = −11V
v 4 = 8 − 7 = 1V

SOLUTION 2.8. KVL is used to find the voltage across each current source, and KCL to find the current
through each voltage source.
I3V = 6A − 7A = −1A
I4V = I3V + 8A = 7A
I5V = − 8A − 6A = −14A
V7 A = 4V + 3V = 7V
V8A = −4V + 5V = 1V
V6 A = V8 A − 3V = −2V
Chap 2 Probs P2 - 2 © R. A. DeCarlo, P. M. Lin

SOLUTION 2.9. Using the same method as before, the current and voltages are found through and across
each sources.
I5V = 9 + 8 − 7 = 10 ⇒ P = 50W
I4V = −6 − I5V = −16 ⇒ P = − 64W
I2V = 6 − 7 = −1A ⇒ P = −2W
I3V = − I2V − 9 = −8A ⇒ P = − 24W
V8A = 4 − 5 = −1V ⇒ P = − 8W
V9 A = 3 + V8 A = 2V ⇒ P = 18W
V7 A = 2 − V9 A = 0 ⇒ P = 0W
V6 A = 5 − V7A = 5 ⇒ P = 30W
Summing all the power give 0W, hence conservation of power.

SOLUTION 2.10. Doing KVL around the right loop does not balance out. Changing 8V to 5V would fix
this.

SOLUTION 2.11. Using KVL to determine the voltages, and KCL to determine the currents:
Vy = 8V
Vx = Vy − 4 = 4V
Ia = 4 A
Iy = 4 − 14 + 2Ia = −2A
Ix = Ia − Iy = 6A

SOLUTION 2.12. First Vin = I2 ⋅ 8Ω = 24V . Then I1 = Vin / 3Ω = 8A and I3 = 12A − I1 − I2 = 1A.
Therefore RL = Vin / I3 = 24Ω ⇒ P = I3 ⋅ Vin = 24W

SOLUTION 2.13. (a) First, from current division, get

 1/ 3   12 / 3 
I1 =   ⋅ (12 − aI1 ) ⇒ I1 =  .
 1/ 3 + 1/ 6 + 1/ RL   (1 + a ) / 3 + 1/ 6 + 1/ RL 

(b) Using the previous equation and solving for 1/ RL = (12/ 3I1 ) − 1/ 6 − (1+ a ) / 3 = 0.5S or RL = 2Ω .
 1/ RL  
The power P = I32 RL =    ⋅ (12 − aI1 ) ⋅ RL = 18W
  1/ 3 + 1/ 6 + 1/ RL  

SOLUTION 2.14. For the power delivered by the source to be 60W, the voltage across it should be
V = P / 2A = 30V . Therefore the current through the 20Ω must be I20Ω = 30 / 20 = 1.5A , and by KCL the

current through IR L = 2 − I20Ω = 0.5A . From this, RL = V / I RL = 60Ω .

Chap 2 Probs P2 - 3 © R. A. DeCarlo, P. M. Lin

SOLUTION 2.15. Writing KVL around the loop 25V − 4I − 15V − 5I − I = 0 ⇒ I = 1A, and
P5Ω = I 2 R5Ω = 5W

SOLUTION 2.16. The total power supplied by the source is P = 50V ⋅ 0.5A = 25W . The power absorbed
by the resistor is P60Ω = ( 0.5A ) ⋅ 60Ω = 15W . Therefore by conservation of power, the power absorbed by
2

X is 10W.

SOLUTION 2.17. (a) As this loop is open, no current flows through it, so IR is 0A. The output voltage is
VOUT = −2V + 3V − 2V = −1V by KVL.
(b) Writing out the KVL equation around the loop 3 − 2 − I R R − 2 − I R 2R − I R R = 0 ⇒ −1 = I R 4R.
Therefore IR = − 1/ 4R and VOUT = IR R = −1/ 4V .

SOLUTION 2.18. Writing out KVL around the loop 60 − 30I − 30 − 20 + 60 − 40I = 0 ⇒ I = 1A . From
ohm's law R = V / I = 30Ω.

SOLUTION 2.19. (a) Using Ohms law Iin = V2 / ( 20 + 12 ) = 0.75A, and V1 = 12 ⋅ Iin = 9V . To find R, write
KCL and get VR = 30 − V2 = 6V . Therefore using Ohms law again, R = VR / IIN = 8Ω .
(b) Writing KVL around the loop, 30 = aV1 + Iin R + Iin 20 + V1 , and substituting Iin = V1 / 12,
V1 = 30 / [( R + 32) /12 + a] is obtained. Next substitute back V1 = 12Iin and solve for
 30 
R= − a ⋅12 − 32 = 40Ω
 12I IN 

SOLUTION 2.20. (a) i. Using R = Vxy / Ibat the value of each resistors starting with the top one are 2.7Ω,

0.6Ω, and 0.25Ω. Using the same relationship, the resistance for the motor is 1.25Ω.

ii. Using P = Vxy2 / R the power dissipated by each resistor is 16.875W, 3.75W, 1.5625W, and for the
motor 7.8125W.
iii. The relative efficiency is = 7.8125/ (12⋅2.5) ⋅100 = 26 %

(b) i. Performing voltage division across each resistor

VAB = 0
VBC = 12 ⋅ RBC / (RBC + RCD + Rmotor ) = 3.43V
VCD = 12⋅ RCD / (RBC + RCD + Rmotor ) = 1.43V
Vmotor = 12 ⋅ Rmotor / (RBC + RCD + Rmotor ) = 7.14V
Chap 2 Probs P2 - 4 © R. A. DeCarlo, P. M. Lin

ii. Ibat = 12 / (RBC + RCD + Rmotor ) = 5.71A

iii. The relative efficiency is = (Vmotor / Rmotor)/ (12 ⋅5.71)⋅100 = 59.5 %
2

(c) i. Repeating the steps from (b), the voltages across the first two resistance are 0, then across the other
and the motor 2V, and 10V
ii. Ibat = 12 / (RCD + Rmotor) = 8A
iii. And the relative efficiency is = (Vmotor / Rmotor)/ (12 ⋅8)⋅100 = 83.3 %
2

(d) What is the largest equivalent resistance of the motor that will draw 30A? R = 12/ 30A = 0.4Ω.

SOLUTION 2.21. (a) Observe that i = − IO , thus v = ki3 = −kI03 .

3
(b) Using KVL and previous equation, v x = (R1 + R2 )IO + VO + kIO .

(c) The power is = IO v x = (R1 + R2 )IO2 + VO IO + kIO

4

0.04
SOLUTION 2.22. I100Ω = = 0.02 A. Therefore V300Ω = 0.02 × (100 + 200) = 6 V. By KCL,
100
6
I150Ω = 0.02 + = 0.04 A. Req, seen by the source, is 300 Ω. Therefore Vs = 0.04 × 300 = 12 V.
300

SOLUTION 2.23. Using KCL IR = 5 − 3 = 2A , and KVL VR = 10 + 6 = 16V . Thus

R = VR / IR = 16 / 2 = 8Ω.

SOLUTION 2.24. Using KCL, KVL, along with Ohm’s law,

I5Ω = 6 − 7 = −1A
I4V = 8 − I5Ω = 9A
I2Ω = 8 + 7 = 15A
V6 A = 4 + 5I5Ω = −1V
V8A = −4 + 2I2Ω = 26V
V7 A = V8 A − 5I5Ω = 31V
Now, the power delivered or absorbed by each element is calculated:
P6A = I6A ⋅V6 A = −6W
P7A = I7A ⋅V7 A = 217W
P8A = I8A ⋅ V8A = 208W
P4V = I4V ⋅ 4 = 36W
P5Ω = I5Ω ⋅5 = 5W
2

P2Ω = I2Ω
2
⋅ 2 = 450W
Chap 2 Probs P2 - 5 © R. A. DeCarlo, P. M. Lin

Note that for passive elements, when the power is positive it is absorbed, while for independent sources it is
generated when the power is positive.

SOLUTION 2.25. Note that I1 = 6A . Thus by KCL

I3 = 6 − 0.5I1 = 3A
I2 = 2 + 0.2I1 = 3.2A
I4 = 8 − 0.3I1 = 6.2A
And finally using KVL
V2 = 8A ⋅1+ 4I 4 + 3I3 = 41.8V
V1 = 2I2 − 3I3 = −2.6V

SOLUTION 2.26. (a) Using KCL,

I4 = 5 − 4 = 1A
I3 = I 4 − 2 = −1A
I2 = 3 − 2 = 1A
I1 = − I2 − 5 = −6A
(b) Using KVL and Ohm’s law,
V1 = 3I1 = −18V
V2 = 12 I 2 = 12V
V3 = 10 I 3 = −10V
V4 = 4 I 4 = 4V
(c)
P3 A = 3 A(V2 − V1 ) = 90W
P2 A = 2(V1 − V2 − V3 ) = −40W
P4 A = 4( −V3 − V4 ) = 24W
P5 A = 5(V4 + V3 − V1 ) = 60W
Chap 2 Probs P2 - 6 © R. A. DeCarlo, P. M. Lin

SOLUTION 2.27. Write KVL around the outside loop, 40 = 500Ix + (400 + 200)i . And write KCL
equation i = Ix − 2I x . Solving yields Ix = −0.4A . The dependent source delivers 2I x ⋅(−600i) = 192W , and
the independent 40I x = −16W . Finally the resistors absorb 500Ix2 + 400i 2 + 200i 2 = 176W verifying the
conservation of energy since the source generate 192W-16W=176W.

[((90 ||180) + 60)||40] 60

SOLUTION 2.28. By voltage division V2 = ⋅ ⋅ V = 1/14 ⋅Vs .
[((90||180) + 60)||40] + 160 60 + (90||180) s
Therefore Vs = 14V2 = 280V .

SOLUTION 2.29. By voltage division

18 + 3
v x = 9V ⋅ = 7V
(18 + 3) + 6

SOLUTION 2.30. By voltage division we get the following two equations in order to solve for the two
unknowns.
R1
V2 = V1 ⋅
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
V1 = 100V ⋅
R1 + R2 + 60
Solving yields R1 = 40Ω , and R2 = 100Ω .

SOLUTION 2.31. Dividing 1400 in four gives 350. If we only need 1/4 and 2/4, the resistor string can be
made of three resistances: 350Ω, 350Ω, and 700Ω.

2R
SOLUTION 2.32. Using voltage division, at t=0 v R = 15⋅ = 10V , and t = 5 s v R = 10V , and at t = 10
3R
the voltage goes back to 0V.
Chap 2 Probs P2 - 7 © R. A. DeCarlo, P. M. Lin

10

6
Volts

0
0 5 10 15
time (sec)

SOLUTION 2.33. By voltage division

Rb Rd
Vb = Vin and Vd = V
Ra + Rb Rc + Rd in
By KVL, if Vout = 0, then

 Rb Rd 
0 = Vout = Vb − Vd =  − V
 Ra + Rb Rc + Rd  in

Rb Rd
For arbitrary Vin , this requires that = or equivalently that Rb Rc = Ra Rd .
Ra + Rb Rc + Rd

SOLUTION 2.34. First Geq = 1m + 1.5m + 2m + 3m = 7.5mS . By current division

1.5m
I2 = 100mA⋅ = 20mA, P = 100mA ⋅ I2 /1.5mS = 1.33W .
Geq

SOLUTION 2.35. By current division, for I1 to be 2A then 160 + R = 300 ||600 for an even split. Thus
R = 40Ω .

1/10
SOLUTION 2.36. By current division, i1 = 0.4A ⋅ = 0.32 A . Therefore using KVL
1/10 + 1/ 40
v d = 10i1 − 0.25i1 = 3.12V .

SOLUTION 2.37. (a) Req = (8k ||2k) + (9k ||1k) = 2.5kΩ

Chap 2 Probs P2 - 8 © R. A. DeCarlo, P. M. Lin

(b) Req = 2k ||[(2 k ||2k) + (2k ||2 k)] = 1kΩ

SOLUTION 2.38. (a) Req = 2 + 15 + 10 + 10 + 40 + 30 + 20 + 8 = 135Ω .

(b) Four of the resistors are shorted, thus Req = 2 + 15 + 10 + 8 = 35Ω .
(c) Lumping the series resistance together Req = 8 + [50 ||(50||25)] + 2 = 22.5Ω

SOLUTION 2.39. (a) Req = [2R + (4R ||4 R)]||[2 R + (4 R ||4 R)] = 2R
(b) Req = 2R ||2 R + (4R ||4 R ||4 R ||4 R) = 2R

SOLUTION 2.40. (a) First Req = 150 + [375||(250 + 500)] = 400Ω . Next Iin = 14V / Req = 35mA. The
power delivered by the source is then = 14Iin = 0.49W .
(b) Req = 150 + [375||(250 + 500)||1k] = 350Ω, and Iin = 14 / Req = 40mA . The power delivered by the
source is = 14Iin = 0.56W .
As the equivalent resistance decreases, more of it gets dissipated by it.

SOLUTION 2.41. Req1 > Req2. Without going into a detailed analysis using methods of Chapter 3, we
present the following intuitive argument. First note that the points a and b represent points on an
unbalanced bridge circuit meaning that the voltage between a and b would not be zero. Also note that when
two resistors are placed in parallel, the equivalent resistance becomes smaller than either resistance. The
addition of the resistor R in circuit 2 essentially creates an internal parallel resistance resulting in an Req2

lower than Req1.

SOLUTION 2.42. Req1 = Req2. As was the case in the previous problem, this is a balanced bridge circuit.
Hence no voltage appears between a and b making the additional resistor irrelevent.

SOLUTION 2.43. (a) Rin = [(20||20) + 10]||(1/ 0.12)||(1/ 0.08) = 4Ω.

(b) Rin = 6R ||[( R || R ||0.5 R) + 0.75R + (2R ||2 R)] = 1.5R

SOLUTION 2.44. (a) The infinite resistance are essentially open circuits, thus
Req = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 2 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 22Ω
(b) 0 resistances are short circuits. Labeling one branch x and the other y, it can be seen that the circuit is a
set of 3 resistor strings in parallel to each other between x and y, then added in series to the two 1 Ohm
resistor. Thus Req = [(2 + 3)||(4 + 2 + 4)||(2 + 3)]+ 1 + 1 = 4Ω .
Chap 2 Probs P2 - 9 © R. A. DeCarlo, P. M. Lin

(c) Writing out Req = 1 + [Rx ||(2 + 3 + 4 + 2 + 4)] + 3 + 2 + 1 = 7 + [Rx ||15] , and solving for Rx = 3.75Ω.

(d) No, it requires methods to be covered in the next chapter.

SOLUTION 2.45. Using the formulas for parallel resistances, the circuit of figure 2.45 reduces to

(a) RAC = [((2 + 1) / /6 ) + 8] / /10 = 5 Ω

(b) RAB cannot be calculated by series parallel formulas, but RBC can be done.

RBC = [((8 + 10) / /6 ) + 2] / /1 = 0.86667 Ω

SOLUTION 2.46. (a) Req = 300 + (R ||5.6k), thus R = 800Ω.

(b) Req = R + (R ||1.2K) , the following quadratic equation must be solved R2 + 1.4k ⋅ R − 1.2M = 0 . This
yields R = 600Ω .
(c) Req = 500 + 300 + (800||400 || R). Solving for R yields 800Ω .

SOLUTION 2.47.
(a) Using the fact that the resistance seen into terminal a-b is the same as that seen in terminal c-d, we can
obtain the following relationship. Req = R + R || Req . This produces a quadratic equation whose solution is
Req = 1.618R .

(b) Using the previous argument Req = 5 + 10 || (5 + Req ) . Solving for Req = 11.18Ω .

 1 
 1/ 18k   6k + (9k ||18k) 
SOLUTION 2.48. By current division Ix =  ⋅
 1/18k + 1/ 9k   1 1  ⋅36m = 3mA
 + 
 6k + (9k ||18k) 4k 
Chap 2 Probs P2 - 10 © R. A. DeCarlo, P. M. Lin

SOLUTION 2.49. The 500 Ω resistor has no effect on the current entering the circuit to its right.

30 30 30
0.15 = + = + 0.05
R 600 R
Hence R = 30/0.1 = 300 Ω.

120
SOLUTION 2.50. (a) First, express the total current as I = . Next, find RL2 that
0.5 + (20 ||30||40 || RL2 )
will cause I to be 15A. Thus RL2 = 40Ω or less will cause the fuse to blow as this will cause the current to
be 15A or more.
(b) Repeating the previous procedure, RL2 = 20Ω .
(c) RL2 = 120Ω .

260
SOLUTION 2.51. At time 0, all switches are open and Vout = ⋅ 220 = 190.7V .
260 + 40
Then at t = 5s, switch one closes and
260||260
Vout = ⋅ 220 = 168.2V .
(260 ||260) + 40
At t = 10s,
130 ||260||260
Vout = ⋅ 220 = 136.2V .
(130 ||260||260) + 40
Finally at t =15 s,
65||130 ||260||260
Vout = ⋅ 220 = 98.5V .
(65||130 ||260||260) + 40

200

180

160
Volts

140

120

100

80
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (sec)
Chap 2 Probs P2 - 11 © R. A. DeCarlo, P. M. Lin

SOLUTION 2.52. (a) Lumping the two sources together and the resistors into an equivalent resistor gives
9cos(2t) − 3cos(2t)
i1 (t) = = 0.24cos(2t)mA .
7k + 9k + 8k + (2k ||3k ||6 k)
 1/ 6k 
(b) By current division i2 (t) =   ⋅i (t) = 40cos(2t) A .
 1/ 2k + 1/ 3k + 1/ 6k  1

SOLUTION 2.53. (a) Starting with,

Req1 = 5||(10 + 10) = 4Ω
Req 2 = 10||(6 + Req1 ) = 5Ω
Req 3 = 5 + Req2 = 10Ω
(b) Using the values R just obtained,
R
Va = 100⋅ eq 2 = 50V
Req3
Req1
Vb = Va ⋅ = 20V
6 + Req1
10
Vc = Vb ⋅ = 10V
10 + 10
(c) Finally,
100
Iin = = 10A
Req3
Va
Id = = 5A .
6 + Req1
Vb
Ie = = 1A
10 + 10

SOLUTION 2.54. (a) Circuit a: Using voltage division,

 300||(20 + 30 + 50)   30  = 33.75sin(377t)V , and Ohm’s law
vout (t) = vin (t) ⋅  ⋅
 [300 ||(20 + 30 + 50)] + 5  30 + 20 + 50 
iout(t) = vout(t)/ 30 = 1.125sin(377t )A . The instantaneous power is then
P(t) = iout (t)⋅ vout (t) = 37.969sin 2 (377t)W .
Circuit b: By current division
 1/ (20 + 30 + 50) 
iout(t) = iin (t) ⋅   = 60sin(377t)A , and from Ohm’s law
 1/ (20 + 30 + 50) + 1/ 300 + 1/ (50 + 100) 

vout (t) = 50 ⋅ iout(t) = 3000sin(377t)V . The instantaneous power is P(t) = 180sin 2 (377t)kW .
(b) No, since the current source forces the amount of current in the circuit.
Chap 2 Probs P2 - 12 © R. A. DeCarlo, P. M. Lin

SOLUTION 2.55. (a) Noting that i2 = v1 /10 = 6A, then we can write KCL at the top left node,
isource = i2 + v1 / 6 + (v1 − 5i2 )/ 5 = 22A. Thus P = 60⋅ 22 = 1.32kW .
(b) First, determine the current through each resistor:
i2 = 60 /10 = 6A
 60 
i2.5Ω =   = 12A
 2.5 + (5||5) 
i5Ω = 1/ 2 ⋅i2.5Ω = 6A
Then calculate the power absorbed by each resistor:
P10Ω = 10i22 = 360W
2
P2.5Ω = 2.5i2.5Ω = 360W
P5Ω = 5i5Ω
2 = 180W

SOLUTION 2.56. From Ohm’s law I1 = 100m / 200 = 0.5mA. By current division

IRL = 
20k 
⋅150I1 = 75.257mA, and PRL = 200I 2RL = 1.103W .
20k + 200 

SOLUTION 2.57. First, using voltage division, Vx = Vs 

2 
= (2 / 3)Vs . Then using KCL and the
2 + 1
previous equation, Is = (Vs / 3) − Vx = −(1/ 3)Vs . Finally using Ohm’s law Req = Vs / Is = − 3Ω.

SOLUTION 2.58. Observing the following relationship, V1 = Vin , the following nodal equation can written:
Iin = Vin / 3 + Vin / 6 − 2Vin = −1.5Vin .

SOLUTION 2.59. Step 1. From voltage division

18 22 11
V1 = Vs = 0.75Vs and Vin = Vs = Vs
18 + 4 + 2 24 12
Hence
V2 11× 11 2 11 2
Pin = in = V = V
22 22 × 144 s 288 s

Step 2. For the load, by current division

Chap 2 Probs P2 - 13 © R. A. DeCarlo, P. M. Lin

AV1 = A  Vs  =
6 3 3 9A
I2Ω = V
6+2 4 4 16 s
Therefore

2 81A2 2 81A2 2
P2Ω = 2 × I2Ω =2 V = V
256 s 128 s

Step 3. P2Ω = 10 × Pin implies that

81A 2 2 11 2
Vs = 10 V
128 288 s
Hence
128 × 110
A= = 0.7769
81 × 288

6
SOLUTION 2.60. By voltage division V1 = V = (3/ 4)Vin . By current division, and substituting the
6 + 2 in
3
previous equation I2 = 4V = Vin . Using voltage division and Ohm’s law, and substituting the previous
3+6 1
equation,
10
Vout = 4.5I2 = 3Vin = 30V
10 + 5
Iout = 4.5I2 / (10 + 5) = 0.3Vin = 3A
Finally, from the previous equations | Vout / Vin |= 3 .

V − 0.04ibat 
SOLUTION 2.61. Writing out KCL when the switch is closed, ibat = 150A +  bat
240  . Solving

gives ibat = 150.02A and Vout ≈ 6V . When the switch is open Vout = Vbat 
240 
≈ 12V . Therefore,
240 + 0.04 
the reason for the radio stopping is insufficient supply voltage.

SOLUTION 2.62. (a) Using the following relationship P = V 2 / R, the resistance of each headlight on low
beam is R = V 2 / P = 4.11Ω .
(b) Using the same relationship R = 2.22Ω .
240
(c) By voltage division, Vout = 14.7 = 14.698V .
240 + 0.04
240 ||4.11||4.11
(d) Using voltage division, Vout = 14.7 = 14.417V
(240||4.11||4.11) + 0.04
Chap 2 Probs P2 - 14 © R. A. DeCarlo, P. M. Lin

240||2.22||2.22
(e) Using voltage division, Vout = 14.7 = 14.186V
(240 ||2.22||2.22) + 0.04

SOLUTION 2.63. By voltage division

15 180
11.96 = 12 =
15 + R0 15 + R0
Therefore
180 − 15 × 11.96
R0 = = 0.050167 Ω
11.96

SOLUTION 2.64. (a) Using KVL Vt = 102 − 0.05⋅80 = 98 V.

(b) Using KVL Vt = 102 + 0.05⋅ 50 = 104.5 V.
(c) P = Vt ⋅50 = 5.225. kW

SOLUTION 2.65. Minimum load means the minimum load resistance that the system can handle.
»MaxPwr = 0.8*50e6
MaxPwr = 40000000
»Vs = 750e3;
»Iline = MaxPwr/Vs
Iline = 5.3333e+01
»Rmin = Vs/Iline
Rmin = 1.4062e+04, i.e., Rmin = 14.062 kΩ.

SOLUTION 2.66. (a) Using the following general form for a non-ideal voltage source: vout = −Rsiout + Vs ,
−40
one sees that for zero current vout = Vs = 40V . The slope of the line is = − Rs = −0.04Ω , thus
1000
Rs = 0.04Ω .
60
(b) This curve represents a resistor’s I-v characteristic, thus the slope 1 = R = 45Ω .
1
3
1
(c) The general form for a non-ideal current source is iout = − Vout + I s . When the voltage is zero,
Rs
−4000
iout = Is = 5A . From the slope of the line, , Rs = 4000 / 5 = 800 Ω.
5
Chap 2 Probs P2 - 15 © R. A. DeCarlo, P. M. Lin

T  nI 
SOLUTION 2.67. Using the following formula:   = 1, solve for T, and get 0.625 hrs, or 37.5 min.
n  Cn 

1/

SOLUTION 2.68. Using the same equation as before and solving for Cn = nI  
T
, with n=10, and
n
T=55/60 hrs, the capacity obtained is 20 Ah.

SOLUTION 2.69. C20 = 50 Ah

(a) In eq. 9, solving for I with n=20, and T=10, I=4.2A
(b) Calculate the capacity for n=10 and T=10, this yields 42 Ah.

SOLUTION 2.70. (a) Using a sequence of voltage division,

48
V1 = 50mV = 48mV
50
195
V2 = 50V1 = 2.34V
200
Vload = 2.5V2 = 5.85V
And the power is RRL = Vload / RL = 2.278W .
2

(b) Following is the graph, and the script used to generate it.

4
Power in Watts

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

800

600
Current in mA

400

200

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Resistance in Ohms

%Script for Question 70 in chapter 2

RL=8:1:64;

V2=2.34;

IL=2.5*V2 ./ RL;
%Note the use of the ".*" which means that the division
%is performed for each value of RL.
Chap 2 Probs P2 - 16 © R. A. DeCarlo, P. M. Lin

PL=RL .* (IL .^ 2);

%Plot the Power versus RL

subplot(2,1,1);
plot(RL,PL);
ylabel('Power in Watts');

%Plot the Current versus IL

subplot(2,1,2);
plot(RL,1000.*IL);
xlabel('Resistance in Ohms');
ylabel('Current in mA');

%The use of subplot lets you subdivide the graphing

%window in two halfs.

SOLUTION 2.71. (a) Using the following script:

%Script for problem 2.71

R1=15; R2=4; R3=9; R4=2; R5=8;

R6=18;

Ra= R4+R5;
Ga= 1/Ra;
Gb= Ga+1/R1;
Rb= 1/Gb;
Rc= 1/(1/R6+1/R3)+Rb;
Gc= 1/Rc;
Geq= Gc+1/4;
Req= 1/Geq;
Irc= 20*Gc/Geq;
Vrb= Irc*Rb;
Vout= Irc*(Ga/Gb)*8;

Req
Vout
So (a) Req = 3Ω , and (b) Vout = 24V

SOLUTION 2.72. Using the following script:

%Script for problem 2.72
R1=1e3; R2=2.2e3; R3=2e3; R4=5e3; R5=3e3; R6=R5;
R7=3.2e3; R8=1.2e3; R9=1.6e3;
Chap 2 Probs P2 - 17 © R. A. DeCarlo, P. M. Lin

Ga=1/R7+1/(R8+R9);
Ra=1/Ga;
Gb=Ga+1/R6;
Rb=1/Gb;
Gc=1/R4+1/(R5+Rb);
Rc=1/Gc;
Gd=1/R2+1/(R3+Rc);
Rd=1/Gd;
Geq=1/R1+Gd;
Req=1/Geq

%Going through the same step to find Vout

Id=200e-3*(Gd/(Geq));
Ic=Id*((1/(R3+Rc))/Gd);
Ib=Ic*((1/(R5+Rb))/Gc);
Ia=Ib*Ga/Gb;
Iout=Ia*((1/(R8+R9))/Ga)
Vout=Iout*R9

The following values are obtained:

Req =
5.9121e+02
Iout =
5.5431e-03
Vout =
8.8689e+00

d c b a

R1 R2 R4 R6 R7 R9

SOLUTION 2.73. Using the following script:

%Script for problem 2.73
R1=20; R2=40; R3=60; R4=30; R5=10; R6=135;
R7=150; R8=300; R9=130; R10=200; R11=50;

Ga=1/R10+1/R11;
Ra=1/Ga;
Rb=Ra+R9+(1/(1/R7+1/R8));
Chap 2 Probs P2 - 18 © R. A. DeCarlo, P. M. Lin

Gb=1/Rb;
Gc=Gb+1/R6;
Rc=1/Gc;
Rd=Rc+R5+(1/(1/R3+1/R4));
Gd=1/Rd;
Ge=Gd+1/R2;
Re=1/Ge;
Rin=R1+Re

Ie=10/Rin;
Id=Ie*Gd/Ge;
I1=Id*(1/R6)/Gc
Ib=Id*Gb/Gc;
Vout=Ib*Ra
The following values are obtained:
Rin = 50Ω
Vout = 0.667V
I1 = 33.3mA

R4 R8 R9
e d c b R7 a R11
R1 R5
R3
R2 R10
R6

SOLUTION 2.74. An identical procedure to the one followed in the previous problem will yield the
following values:
Rin = 50.53Ω
Iout = 133.8mA