HPC Unit. 1x PDF

Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I Unit.
1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I
Content : 1.1 Fluid Fundamentals :- (Introduction) Read Once.

___________________________________________________________
Fluid :-
1.1 Fluid Fundamentals. It is a substance as (liquid / gas) that is capable of flowing (or) that changes
it shape at a steady rate when acted upon by a force tending to change its shape.
a. Classification of Fluids, Properties of fluids like Specific Weight, Specific gravity,
Viscosity. Specification of hydraulic oil It has no definite shape of its own. It takes the shape of container in which it is
b. Pascal’s law. kept.

Generally fluids are classified into three categories.
c. Types of fluid flow- Steady, unsteady, laminar, turbulent, one, two and three
dimensional flow, Uniform and non uniform flow. i) Liquid :- Water, Oil etc. It is a in compressible.
ii) Gaseous :- O2, H2, N2, etc. It is compressible.
Pressure Measurement.
iii) Vapours :- When the liquid is heated up to certain temperature then it converts
d. Concept of atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure, vacuum pressure, absolute into vapour which is also compressible. Similar to gases.
Pressure.
e. Pressure Gauges - Piezometer tube, simple and differential manometer,

Fluid Mechanics :-
Bourdon tube pressure gauge.
It is the branch of science which deals with study of behavior of fluids at rest
1.2 Hydrodynamics.
as well as in motion.
a. Basic principles of fluid flow,Law of continuity and its applications.
b. Energy possessed by the liquid in motion.
a) Fluid statics (or) Hydrostatics :
c. Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications such as Venturimeter, Orifice meter and
pitot tube. When the fluid is at rest (or) in a static condition i.e. not moving then the
study of fluid is called as fluid statics (or) Hydrostatics.
Unit Outcomes (UOs) Example : When it is stored in tank, container, Drum, etc.
1a. Define the given property’ of fluid.

1b. Graphically represent relation between given pressures. b) Fluid Kinematics (or) Hydro kinematics : -
1c. Select a device for measurement of pressure for the given condition with when fluid is in motion i.e. When it is moving then study of fluid without
ustfication.
1d. Apply Bernoulli’s theorem for determining the missing parameters for considering external forces on fluid is called as fluid kinematics (or) hydro
the given situation. kinematics.
1e. Calculate coefficient of velocity, discharge of liquid in the given section
under steady flow in given device. Example : When the fluid is running through pipe, Channels, Canals etc.
____________________________________________________________________
Course Outcomes (COs) c) Fluid Dynamics (or) Hydro dynamics :

It is the study of fluid in motion with considering different forces acting on it
CO1 : Use principles of fluid mechanics for energy conservation.
then it is called as fluid dynamics (or) hydrodynamics.
____________________________________________________________________
Example : Pump discharge.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur. R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I
a. Classification of Fluids :- Properties of Fluids :-

1. Ideal Fluid :- 1.Density (Mass Density) : It is the ratio of mass of the fluid to its volume. It is
The fluid which does not show the property like viscosity & compressibility then fluid denoted by symbol of Rho. S.I. Unit is Kg/m3
is called as Ideal fluid. It is an imaginary fluid such type of fluid does not exist in real 2.Specific volume :It is the reciprocal of density of fluid. (Or) It is the ratio of
world. volume of fluid to its mass. S.I. Unit is m3/Kg
Example : The fluids which have low viscosity such as air, water, etc., may 3.Specific weight: Specific Weight of a fluid is the ratio between the weight of a
fluid to its volume. Or weight per unit volume of a fluid is called specific weight. It is
however be treated as ideal fluids without much errors.
denoted by w. S. I. unit is N/m3
2. Real Fluid :-
4.Specific gravity: It is defined as the ratio of the weight density (density) of a
A fluid which shows the property like viscosity, surface tension, compressibility then
fluid to the weight density (density) of a standard fluid. It is denoted by S. It is a
such type of fluid is called as real fluid. Generally all fluids which are actually unit less quantity.
available in nature are called as real fluid.
5.Surface Tension: It is the property of fluid which is defined as the tensile force
Example : Kerosene, Petrol, Castor oil acting on the surface of a liquid in contact with a gas or on the surface between two
immiscible liquids such that the contact surface behaves like a membrane under
3. Newtonian fluid :-
tension. Unit:-N/m
The fluids which obeys Newton‘ s law of viscosity. (or)
Phenomenon of Surface tension :-
A fluid whose viscosity does not change with the rate of deformation (or) shear
Let us consider the two molecules of liquid at points A and B. Molecule at point A is
strain is known as Newtonian fluid equally attracted from all sides therefore the forces acting at this point are in
equilibrium condition. However at point B, there is no liquid molecule at above side
Example : water, air, thin motor oil, Mercury, Emulsions.
and consequently there is a net downward force on the surface of liquid is normal to
Graphically it is represented by straight line on shear stress v/s shear strain graph. the liquid surface, due to this a special layer seems to form on a liquid at the
surface, which is in tension and small loads can be supported over it e.g. A small
4. Non Newtonian fluid :-
needle placed gently upon the water will not sink but will be supported by the
A fluid which does not obey Newton’s law of viscosity. (or) tension at the water surface.
A fluid whose viscosity changes with the rate of deformation (or) shear strain is 6.Capillarity : :- It is defined as a phenomenon of rise or fall of a liquid surface in a
known as Non Newtonian fluid. small tube relative to the adjacent general level of liquid when the tube is held
vertically in the liquid.
Example: Most Viscous fluid, Non drip paint, Polymer solution, Blood, Solid
The rise of liquid surface is known as capillary rise while the fall of the liquid surface
suspension. Graphically it is represented by a ‘Curve’ on shear stress v/s Shear strain is known as capillary fall or depression.
graph.
Phenomenon of Capillarity :- I) when the liquid molecules possess relatively
5. Ideal Plastic fluid :-
greater affinity for solid molecules or, in other words, liquid has adhesion greater
A fluid in which shear stress is larger than yield value of stress and is directly than cohesion then it will wet the solid surface in contact and will tend to rise at the
point of contact. This results concave upwards and the angle of contact θ which is
proportional to rate of shear strain (i.e. rate of deformation) (or) velocity gradient.
less than 900. This is also known as Capillary Rise.
Example : Printers ink and other thixotropic substance
II) If the liquid has less attraction for solid molecules or, in other words, Cohesion
(Newton’s law of Viscosity :- It states that, The shear stress on a layer of fluid is predominates, then liquid will not have tendency to wet the solid surface in contact
directly proportional to the rate of shear strain.) (Read once) and this will result in depression of liquid at that point in the concave downward
0
shape and at the angle θ more than 90 e.g. glass tube is inserted inside the Explanation : Figure
mercury.
This phenomenon of rise or fall of liquid surface relative to the adjacent general
level of liquid is known as Capillarity.
7.Viscosity Or Dynamic viscosity : It is the property of fluid which offers

resistance to the moment of one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of fluid. This law discovered by French scientist Blaise pascal. Now a days which is a very
S. I. unit is N-S/m2
useful in Industrial fluid power sector.
When the property is related to moving liquid then it is called as dynamic viscosity.
This law provides a phenomenon of force multiplication using multiple areas.
Kinematic Viscosity :-
Here small force applied on one side of smaller piston i.e. 10 N that of
It is the ratio of absolute viscosity in (N-s/m2) to the density of liquid in (Kg/m3)
obtained from bigger piston end is 100 N. this is due to Pascal’s law.
Mathematically V = There is no specific unit of kinematic viscosity.
According to definition pressure at small end is
b. Pascal’s law : P1 = 10/0.1 = 100 N/m2 P = F/A
It states that “ The intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is same in all
directions”. In other words when a certain pressure is applied at any point in fluid at
But intensity of pressure at different areas are same like
rest the pressure is equally transmitted in all directions and to every other point in
the fluid. P1 = P2 = P3
px = py = pz
Hence force obtained at outlet.
where, px = intensity of pressure in x direction; py = intensity of pressure in y
F2 = P3 X A2
direction; pz= intensity of pressure in z direction.
=100 X 1= 100 N.
Applications:- Hydraulic press, Hydraulic brakes, Hydraulic jack, hydraulic lift. Force obtained at bigger piston is 10 times more & displacement rate at smaller
piston is 10 times more than that of at bigger end.
List different types of fluid flow. 9) Rotational flow : A flow, in which the fluid particles also rotate about their own
axis while flowing, is called a rotational flow. (Read once)
c. Types of Fluid Flow are :
Example: Natural cyclones, water vortex during flood.
1. Steady and Unsteady flow.
10) Irrotational flow: A flow in which the fluid particles do not rotates about their
2. Uniform and Non Uniform flow.
own axis and retain their original orientations while flowing, is called a irrotational
3. Laminar and Turbulent flow.
flow. (Read once)
4. Rotational and irrotational flow.
5. Compressible and incompressible flows. Example : Steady and continues flow of water
6. One, Two, Three dimensional flows.
11) One dimensional flow :- When the various characteristics of flowing fluid are
1) Steady flow : The flow is said to be steady when the flow characteristics, such functions of only one of the three co-ordinate directions and time t. i.e. these may
as velocity, density, pressure and temperature do not change with time. not vary only in one direction, then the flow is said to be one dimensional flow. Or A
Example : Flow of water through tap. flow in which streamlines of its moving particles may be represented by straight line
is called one dimensional flow.
2) Unsteady flow: The flow is unsteady if the velocity and other hydraulic
characteristics change with respect to time. Example : Flow of water through pipe line.
Example : Flow of water through conical pipe. 12) Two dimensional flow :- When the various characteristics of flowing fluid are
functions of any two of the three co-ordinate directions and time t. i.e. these may
3) Uniform flow : The flow is said to be uniform when the velocity and other vary in any two of the three directions then the flow is said to be two dimensional
characteristics are constant in a particular reach. flow. Or A flow whose streamlines may be represented by a curve is called two
Example : Flow of water through pipe, steady flow, Laminar flow. dimensional flow.
4) Non uniform flow : The flow is non uniform when the flow characteristics Example : Spreading of water on lateral surface of table or on ground surface.
change at various points along the path. 13) Three dimensional flow :- when the various characteristics of flowing fluid
Example : Flow through stepped pipe or Irregular shape pipe. such as velocity, pressure, density, temperature etc. are function of space and time.
i.e. these may vary with co-ordinate (x, y, z) & time, such fluids are said to be three
5) Laminar flow: The flow in which each liquid particle has definite path and the dimensional flow.
path of individual particles do not cross each other is called as stream line flow.
Example : Flow of water through river during flood.
Example: flow of river having large banks, flow of tap water, flow of water through
cannel, flow of thick oil through tube.
6) Turbulent flow: Flow in which each liquid particle does not have a definite path,
and the paths of individual particles also cross each other is called turbulent flow.
Example: flow of river during flood, flow of water after opening valve.
7) Compressible flow : The flow is said to be Compressible when the volume of

the fluid and density of fluid changes during flow.(Read once)
Example: Flow of air, gas through pipe.
8) Incompressible flow : The flow is said to be incompressible when the volume

of fluid and its density does not changes. (Read once)
Example: Flow of water, oil through pipe.

Concept of Pressure : Types of manometers :
Atmospheric Pressure: At the earth surface, the pressure due to the weight of air a)Simple manometers :
above the earth surface is called as atmospheric pressure.
1.Piezometer tube
Gauge Pressure: If the pressure is measured above the atmospheric pressure it is 2.U-Tube manometer
called as gauge pressure.(positive pressure) 3.Micro/Sensitive manometer – i) single vertical column ii) Inclined column
Vacuum Pressure: If the pressure is measured below the atmospheric pressure it b)Differential manometers :
is called as Vacuum pressure.(negative pressure)
1.U-tube differential manometer
Absolute Pressure: Absolute Pressure is defined as the pressure which is measure 2.Inverted U-tube differential manometer
with reference to Absolute zero pressure.(It may be above or below atmospheric
pressure) Simple manometers :
(NOTE : According to weight age add analytical treatment for manometer.)

Relation between pressure
1.Gauge pressure = Absolute pressure – Atmospheric pressure 1.Piezometer tube :It is a simplest form of manometer used for measurement of
gauge pressure specially for low and moderate pressure.
2.Vacuum pressure = Atmospheric pressure – Absolute pressure
Construction :
It consist of small diameter transparent glass tube which is bend at lower end in 90o
Graphical representation There is a calibrated scale on the surface of glass tube, having one of its end
connected to a point where pressure is to be measured and other end remains open
to atmosphere.
Working :
When water is flowing through pipe which is shown in figure, water will rush in glass
Pressure Gauges :
tube called as Piezometer tube. Due to which water level in tube rises which is
Manometer : It is a device normally made by transparent glass used for shown by letter ‘h’ in glass tube.ie in the term of pressure head directly.
measurement of pressure at a point in a fluid by balancing column of same or
different fluid. Pressure head in the pipe = h m of water.
Intensity of pressure = w x h N/m2

Where w is specific weight of water.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Limitations of Piezometer tube:
1.Piezometer can measure gauge pressures only. It is not suitable for measuring
negative pressures.
2. Piezometers cannot be employed when large pressures in the lighter liquids are to
be measured since this would require very long tubes, which cannot be handled
conveniently.
2.Simple U tube manometer :
1.U tube differential manometer :
2.Inverted U-tube differential manometer
construction and working of inverted U tube differential manometer
An inverted differential manometer is used for measuring difference of low pressure,

where accuracy is the prime consideration. It consists of an inverted U tube,
containing light liquid. One end is connected to A and other is connected to B. Let us
assume that the pressure at point A is more than that at point B.
Let us take Z-Z as the datum line in this case
h1=Height of liquid in the left limb below Z-Z
h2=Reading of the manometer
h3= Height of liquid in the right limb in cm
S1 and S3=Specific gravities of liquids in the left limb and liquid in the right limb
respectively.
hA= pressure head in pipe A
hB=pressure head in pipe B
with reference to the Fig
hA – S1h1 = hB - S2h2 - S3h3
hA - hB = S1h1 - S2h2 - S3h3 m of water
Pressure difference between pipe A and B is w x (hA - hB)
Mechanical gauges : 1.2 Hydrodynamics : 14 Marks

It is a device used for measurement of pressure by balancing the fluid column by
using special type of tubes or spring. Rate of flow (or) Discharge :-
The quantity of fluid flowing per second through a section of pipe (or) channel is
Pressure measuring mechanical gauges :
known as rate of flow (or) discharge. It is denoted by letter Q.
1. Diaphragm pressure gauge
2. Bourdon tube pressure gauge
3. Dead weight pressure gauge
4. Bellows pressure gauge
Mechanical type Bourdon’s tube pressure gauge :
It is a device which is used for the measurement of high pressure (ie +ve) which is
above atmospheric as well as pressure below the atmospheric (ie.- ve) pressure.
Now consider liquid flowing through pipe whose crossectional area is ‘a’ with
velocity ‘v’ then the discharge is given as.
Q = a.v
Where
a= Corssectional area of pipe at section (1)-(1) in m2
v= Avg velocity of flow in pipe in m/sec.
Discharge = Q= a.v
Construction : The device consist of metallic tube, generally this cross section is = m2 . m/sec
elliptical. One end of the tube is closed and another is fitted to the pipe where = m3/sec (or) litre /sec.
pressure is to be measured. The dial and the pointer fitted over the mechanism.
i) when the fluid is incompressible (eg. water) then discharge is expressed in term of
Working : As flowing fluid under pressure enters the tube, the tube tends to be volume of fluid flowing per second through pipe (or) channel.
straightening. This causes the free end of the tube to move which is connected to
pinion and sector arrangement. The pointer deflect on the calibrated scale, which Unit of ‘Q’ is m3/sec (or) litre/sec
directly indicates pressure in the term of N/m2 ii) When the fluid is compressible (eg. Air, gas) then discharge is expressed in term
Application : 1.To check the pressure of air in tyre tube, in compressor. of weight of fluid flowing per second through pipe (or) channel.
2.To check the pressure of steam in boiler. Unit of ‘Q’ is Kgf/sec (or) Newton /sec.
3.To check the pressure of liquid in pipe.
We know;
1m3 = 1000 liters (or) 1 lit. = 10-3 m3
Law of Continuity :- Continuity equation is based upon “principle of conversation Further AV= Q
of mass” For a fluid flowing through the pipe at all the cross-section, the quantity of
fluid flowing per second is constant. Where Q is volume of liquid flowing through any section per unit time or volume rate
of flow of liquid which is known as discharge. It is expressed in terms of m 3/sec. or
lit/sec.
Applications :-
1. steady and unsteady flow
2. uniform and non uniform flow
3. compressible and incompressible flow
4.Branching of pipe.
Q. State the law of continuity. Water flows through a pipe of diameter 1.6m with a
velocity of 3m/s Find the rate discharge though pipe.
Law of continuity: It states that if an incompressible liquid is continuously flowing

through a pipe or a channel whose cross sectional area may or may not be constant
then quantity of liquid passing through it per second is same at all sections.
Let, Given data :

V1= Average velocity of fluid at section a-a’ Diameter of pipe (d) = 1.6 m
P1= Density of fluid at section a-a’ Velocity of flow (v) = 3 m/s
Area of pipe A = ∏ /4 × d2
A1= Area of pipe at section a-a’ = ∏/4 × (1.6) 2
= 2.0106 m2
And V2, P2, A2, are corresponding valve at section b-b’
Then rate of flow at section a-a’ (mass of liquid flowing per unit time) By continuity question,
= P1A1V1 Q= A×v
= 2.0106 × 3
Similarly, rate of flow of section b-b’ = 6.03 m3/sec
= 6.03 x 103 lit/sec
= P2A2V2
= 6.03 x 103 x 60 lit/min
According to the principle of conservation of mass i.e. mass can’t be created not = 6.03 x 103 x 60 x 60 lit/hrs
be destroyed. The total quantity of fluid passing through section a-a’ and b-b’ is
same. Application of continuity equation :- Read once
P1A1V1 = P2A2V2
Above equation is applicable for both compressible and incompressible fluid. If Branching of Pipe :-
considering liquids,
P1= P2 We know that in day to day life for diverting a flow of water any other place.
A1V1=A2V2 We make a branches of pipes which is shown in fig.

Where,
P/w = pressure energy or pressure head
2
V /2g = kinetic energy or velocity head
Z = potential energy or datum head
Assumption :
1) The fluid is ideal.

2) The flow is steady.
3) The flow is incompressible.
4) The flow is irrotational.
Limitations of Bernoulli’s Theorem :-

1. We know from Bernoulli’s Theorem velocity of liquid at every section is remains
constant but in actual practice velocity changes at every section because velocity in
pipe at centre is maximum while it is minimum at wall side due to friction between
liquid surface and pipe surface.
In fig, Single pipe having crossectional area A ; Which divide into two equal parts.
2. According to Bernoulli’s Theorem there is no addition of external forces except
(or) branches. Then
gravitational force but in actual practice due to friction there is addition of external
Total Discharge
forces.
(or) = Q = Q1 + Q2
3. According to Bernoulli’s Theorem there is no loss of energy but practically kinetic
Flow rate
energy is converted into heat energy.
AV = A1 V1 + A2 V2
4. If liquid is passing through a curved path then the energy due to centrifugal force
Where V = Velocity of flow in pipe (A)
come into picture.
V1 = Velocity of flow in pipe (B)
V2 = Velocity of flow in pipe (C)
Applications of Bernoulli’s Theorem
List of applications:- 1) Venturi meter
Bernoulli’s theorem :
2) Orifice meter
This theorem states that whenever there is a continuous flow of liquid, the total
energy at every section remains the same provided that there is no loss or addition 3) Pitot tube
of the energy. 4) Rota meter
Mathematically, 5) Nozzle meter or Flow nozzle
2 6) Elbow meter or Pipe bend meter
P/w + v /2g + Z = constant
Venturimeter :- A Venturimeter consists of a converging cone, a throat section and take place rapidly in small length, then the flowing fluid will not remain in contact
diverging cone, all combined in one unit. As the flow takes place in the converging with the boundary of diverging flow passage, flow will separate from walls and
cone, velocity increases, and there is a fall in the pressure according to the eddies are formed. Therefore length of divergent section has more than convergent
Bernoulli’s equation. section and it is kept 2 to 3 times that of convergent section.
Consider the arrangement shown in the figure where the fluid Application : 1. Lubricator 2. Carburetor 3. To measure discharge through pipe.
passes from point 1 (inlet) to point 2 (throat) and the manometer is fixed between 4. Proporsional flow oil filter.
them. Appling Bernoulli’s equation to points 1 and 2 with datum at this axis,
considering horizontal venturimeter, Z1=Z2
Q. Explain why divergent section has more length than convergent section ?
In convergent cone because of gradual decrease in diameter there is increase in

velocity i.e. kinetic energy there should be decrease in pressure energy. In
convergent cone velocity of fluid is increased. This acceleration of flowing fluid may
allow to take place rapidly in a relatively small length, without resulting in
appreciable loss of energy.
In divergent cone due to increase in diameter there is increase in pressure. However

if decrease in velocity of flow in divergent section is allowed to take place rapidly in
small length, then the flowing fluid will not remain in contact with the boundary of
diverging flow passage, flow will separate from walls and eddies (swirling flow) are
formed. As well as maximum frictional losses are takes place. create vibration and
Construction: it is device used for measuring the rate of flow or a discharge of a noisy operation, pitting action takes place. Excessive wear and tear, damage of
device etc.
fluid flowing through a close pipe or channel.
Therefore length of divergent section has more than convergent section and it is
It consist of three parts: kept 2 to 3 times that of convergent section.
1. Short convergent cone
2. Throat
3. Long divergent cone
1.Short convergent cone: The inlet section of Venturimeter is called as a

convergent cone. The diameter of convergent cone is equivalent of diameter of
pipe.(d1). In convergent section the diameter decreases to diameter to (d2). Here
velocity increases and pressure decreases. The other end of convergent section is
attached to throat. In convergent section the pressure measuring device i. e.
piezometer is connected which gives a pressure head in cm or m. the angle
suspended by a convergent section with throat is 200
2.Throat: It is small constant diameter pipe. In which there is no fall or increase in

pressure and velocity. At the upper end of throat, pressure measuring device is
connected to measure the pressure head in terms of cm or m of liquid. The pressure
difference between two piezometer is measured and rate of discharge is calculated.
3.Long divergent cone: It is used to regain original pressure which is smaller in

convergent section. In divergent cone due to increase in diameter there is increase
in pressure. However if decrease in velocity of flow in divergent section is allowed to
Derivation for measurement of discharge
Unit.1 Overview of F
Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/
/22650/AE6I Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I
Derivation for measurement of discharge through Orifice meter :
Orifice meter :- it is used

d to measure the discharge in pipe. It co
onsist of a circular
plate having a sharp edge circular hole known as an orifice. The pla
ate is fixed inside
a pipe as shown in figure. Working principle of Orifice meter is ssimilar to that of
Venturimeter. Mercury m manometer is connected to know pre essure difference
between pipe and throat.ie Orifice.
Working :
As the fluid flows through tthe orifice meter it accelerates thereby in

ncreasing velocity
and decreasing pressure siince orifice diameter is less than the pip pe diameter. This
pressure difference is mea asured by the manometer. Orifice mete er is cheaper for
discharge measurement and requires smaller space as compared with venturimeter.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg
g Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Pitot Tube :- This is an instrument used to determine the velocity of flow at a

desired section in a pipe or stream. shows as pitot tube which in its simplest form
consists of a 900 bent glass tube. The tube is placed in flow such as leg is vertical
and the other leg is horizontal. The horizontal leg has the open end facing upstream.
The tube is used for measuring the local velocity. At the tip of the tube, the velocity
is zero. This point is called the stagnation point. The pressure at the tip of the tube
is called the stagnation pressure.
OR
Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I Unit.1 Overview of F
Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/
/22650/AE6I
OR
Vena-Contracta : (Read once)
Consider a small circular orrifice with sharp edges in the side of a tan
nk. Let the centre
of the orifice be at a depthh below the free surface. Let us assume that the orifice is
discharging free into the atmosphere. As the fluid flows throug gh the orifice, it
contracts and attains a parallel form at a distance of about d/2 ffrom the plane of
orifice. This is due to the ffact that the fluid particles cannot changge their directions
abruptly. The point at whicch the streamlines first become parallel a and get maximum
contraction is termed the ‘vena
contracta’.
Significance of vena contraccta- 1) To measure the flow rate of fluid,,
2) To find out Cd, Cc & Cv (hydraulicc coefficients)
Hydraulic coefficients : ((Read once)
There are four hydraulic co

oefficients-
at vena contracta
1.Coefficient of contracttion (Cc): It is the ratio of area of jet a
to the area of Orifice is kno
own as Coefficient of contraction.
2.Coefficient of velocity y(Cv): It is the ratio of actual velocitty of jet at vena

contracta to the theoretical velocity of jet is known as Coefficient of velocity
3.Coefficient of discharrge (Cd): It is the ratio of actual disch harge through an

orifice to the theoretical disscharge is known as Coefficient of discharrge.
4.Coefficient of Resistan nce (Cr): It is the ratio of loss of head in the orifice to
the head of water available
e at the exit of orifice is known as Coefficiient of resistance.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur. R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg

g Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.
Relation among Cd , Cc and Cv : (Read once)
We know,
Actual Discharge
Cd = ________________
Theoretical Discharge
But by continuity equation
Q = Area × Velocity
Hence
Actual Area × Actual velocity

Cd = _________________________
Theoretical Area × theoretical velocity
Cd = Cc × Cv
(Note : For numerical please refer additional given material at zerox

centre in college campus.)
Q. State and explain Pascal’s law. (or) State Pascal’s law and formula for it. Also list
any two application of it. 4m
Q. Explain the following fluid properties (i)surface tension and (ii) capillarity
Q. Give classification of fluids and write one example of each. 4m
Q. Define – i) Atmospheric pressure ii) Gauge pressure iii) Vacuum pressure
iv) Absolute pressure 4m
Q. Draw and explain working of micro manometer 4m
Q. Explain construction and working of invented U tube differential manometer 4 m
Q. State four pressure measuring gauges. Describe construction and working
of Bourdon tube pressure gauge and give its two applications. 8m
Q. Explain bourdon tube pressure gauge with figure and state its applications. 8m
Q. State Bernoulli’s theorem. Also state its assumption. 4m
Q. With a neat sketch explain the construction and application of Venturimeter 4 m

Q. Derive an expression for discharge through orifice meter by applying Bernoulli’s
theorem.(Or) Derive an expression of discharge through orifice meter. 8m
Q.Define all hydraulic coefficients. Derive relation between the hydraulic coefficients.
6m


HPC Unit. 1x PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

HPC Unit. 1x PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Unit.1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I Unit.

1 Overview of Fluid Mechanics/12 Marks HPC/22650/AE6I

Content : 1.1 Fluid Fundamentals :- (Introduction) Read Once.

b. Pascal’s law. kept.

e. Pressure Gauges - Piezometer tube, simple and differential manometer,

1a. Define the given property’ of fluid.

Course Outcomes (COs) c) Fluid Dynamics (or) Hydro dynamics :

a. Classification of Fluids :- Properties of Fluids :-

7.Viscosity Or Dynamic viscosity : It is the property of fluid which offers

7) Compressible flow : The flow is said to be Compressible when the volume of

Example: Flow of air, gas through pipe.

8) Incompressible flow : The flow is said to be incompressible when the volume

Example: Flow of water, oil through pipe.

Concept of Pressure : Types of manometers :

(NOTE : According to weight age add analytical treatment for manometer.)

Intensity of pressure = w x h N/m2

Limitations of Piezometer tube:

2.Simple U tube manometer :

1.U tube differential manometer :

2.Inverted U-tube differential manometer

construction and working of inverted U tube differential manometer

An inverted differential manometer is used for measuring difference of low pressure,

Let us take Z-Z as the datum line in this case

h1=Height of liquid in the left limb below Z-Z

h2=Reading of the manometer

h3= Height of liquid in the right limb in cm

hA= pressure head in pipe A

hB=pressure head in pipe B

with reference to the Fig

hA – S1h1 = hB - S2h2 - S3h3

hA - hB = S1h1 - S2h2 - S3h3 m of water

Pressure difference between pipe A and B is w x (hA - hB)

Mechanical gauges : 1.2 Hydrodynamics : 14 Marks

Mechanical type Bourdon’s tube pressure gauge :

1. steady and unsteady flow

2. uniform and non uniform flow

3. compressible and incompressible flow

Law of continuity: It states that if an incompressible liquid is continuously flowing

Let, Given data :

R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur. 

1) The fluid is ideal.

Limitations of Bernoulli’s Theorem :-

In convergent cone because of gradual decrease in diameter there is increase in

In divergent cone due to increase in diameter there is increase in pressure. However

1.Short convergent cone: The inlet section of Venturimeter is called as a

2.Throat: It is small constant diameter pipe. In which there is no fall or increase in

3.Long divergent cone: It is used to regain original pressure which is smaller in

Derivation for measurement of discharge

Derivation for measurement of discharge through Orifice meter :

Orifice meter :- it is used

As the fluid flows through tthe orifice meter it accelerates thereby in

Pitot Tube :- This is an instrument used to determine the velocity of flow at a

Vena-Contracta : (Read once)

Significance of vena contraccta- 1) To measure the flow rate of fluid,,

2) To find out Cd, Cc & Cv (hydraulicc coefficients)

Hydraulic coefficients : ((Read once)

There are four hydraulic co

2.Coefficient of velocity y(Cv): It is the ratio of actual velocitty of jet at vena

3.Coefficient of discharrge (Cd): It is the ratio of actual disch harge through an

R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.   R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg

Relation among Cd , Cc and Cv : (Read once)

But by continuity equation

Actual Area × Actual velocity

R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.

R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur. R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg

R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur.