CIS 120 Exam 2 Review

How and what to study

 Read textbook thoroughly with focus on items on lecture slides, and exam review
 Study your lecture notes
 Study End of chapter review and problems in the textbook
 Exercise with formulas
 Problem Types: True/False, Multiple choice, Essay questions

Chapter 4. Input and Output

- Scanners: captures the image of a usually flat object such as a printed document or photograph in
digital form and then transfers that data to a Pc.( Scanners are frequently used by individuals to
input photographs and other personal documents into a PC. Businesses are increasingly using
scanners to convert paper documents into electronic format for archival or document processing
purpose.
- Readers: device that read printed text codes or graphics and then translate the results into digital
form that can be used by a computer
o What is source data?
o Scanner
 Types:
 Flatbed scanners: designed to scan flat objects one page at a time and they are the
most common type of scanner. Flatbed scanners work in much the same way that
photocopiers do.
 Handheld scanners: designed to capture text one line at a time and they are useful for
capturing short newspaper or magazine articles as well as web addresses, names
and telephone numbers. most hand held scanners are designed to be use away from
the computer
 drum scanner: is expensive and more difficult to operate and are used for application
requiring the most professional results
 3-dimensional scanner: can scan an item or person in 3d
 Task specific scanners such as receipt scanners and business card scanners are also
available.
 Resolution – DPI (Dots per linear Inch)
 The quality of scanned images is indicated by optical resolution typically measure in the
number of dots per inch.
 Scanners today usually scan at between 2,400x 2,400 dpi and 4,800 X 9,600 dpi and use
48 but color that is they use 48 bits to store the color for each pixel
 a higher resolution and a larger number of colors result in better images but also result in
larger file sizes.
o Barcode readers: input device that reads barcodes
o barcode is an optical code that represents data with bars of varying widths or heights.
o and
o types:
o fixed barcode reader: used in retail point of sale applications
o portable barcode reader: used when portability is needed
o intergrated barcode readers: built in or added to portable pcs
 o RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification)( technology used to store and transmit data located in
RFID tags)( SEE PAGE 153!!!)
o RFId tags contain tiny chips and radio antennas and can be attached to objects such as products, id
cards, assets, shipping containers, and more
 How it works, technology
 the data of RFID tags are read by RFID readers. Whenever a RFID tagged item is
within range of a RFID reader to 300 feet or more depending on the type of tags and
the frequency being used the tag’s built in antenna allows the information located
within the RFID tag to be sent to the reader.
 Usages: prescription drug companies and luxury goods manufactures are also testing the
use of RFID tags to prevent theft and counterfeiting, and the US is currently debating the
inclusion of RFID tags into U.S passports and other types of ids.
 Applications: tracking the movement of the items the tags are attached to, as a
replacement for barcodes and as part of an electronic payment system.
o OCR: the ability of a dice to recognize handwritten or typed characters. optical characters are
widely used in processing turnaround documents such as the monthly bills for credit card, utility,
and cable-Tv companies.
o OMR: input data from special forms to score or tally exams, questionnaires, ballots and so forth.
o MICR( technology primarily used by the banking industry to facilitate check processing)
designed to scan check in low volume corporate and merchant situations faster units can process
up to 2,000 dpm.
o Biometric readers( device used to input biometric data)
 Types of biometric measures
 built in finger print readers, voice, face , iris of the eye. Emerging readers can identify
individuals by their skin, gait or the veins in their hand.

- Audio input process of entering audio data into the computer
- Types:
o Music
o Voice
 Speech recognition system: system that enables a computer to recognize the human voice
 technology: require the software such as Dragon naturally speaking or windows vista’s
speech recognition.
 usages: to control the computer such as opening and closing programs. Built into cars to
control navigation systems, mobile phones.
 Text-to-speech
 vs
 Speech recognition
- Display devices
o Characteristics
 Color: form colors by mixing red, green and blue ( can produce and enormous spectrum
of colors when it blends red, green and blue light of varying insensitive.
 vs
 mono: use only black and white( not commonly used today)
 Flat: a slim type of display device that uses electronically charged chemicals or gases
instead of an electron gun to display images.
 form image by manipulating electronically chard chemical or gases sandwiched between
thin panes of glass or other transparent material.( used on portable devices
  CRT: display device that projects images onto a display screen using a technology similar
to the one used with conventional tv’s.
 Resolutions: regardless of technology used the screen of a display device is divided into a
fine grid of small area of pixels. The number of pixels used on a display screen
determines the screen resolution which affects the amount of information that can be
displayed on the screen at one time.
 Dot pitch
o Flat (LCD, Plasma, OLED) vs CRT
 LCD: type of flat panel display that uses charged liquid crystals to display images.
 several layers of liquid crystals are used and in their normal state the liquid crystal are
aligned so that light passes through the display, when an electrical charge is applied to the
liquid crystal the liquid crystal change their orientation or “twist” so light cannot pass
through the display and the liquid crystals at the charged intersections of the electrode
grid appear dark. can be used only with reflective light. Makes use of backlighting.
 OLED: flat panel display that uses emissive organic material to display brighter and
sharper images. Emits a visable light and therefore do not use backlighting which make
oled more energy efficient and lengthens the battery life of portable devices. in order to
produce color output there must be blue, red and green organic material. Thinner than
LCd and have a wider viewing angle and images are brighter and sharper.
 Plasma: flat panel display that uses layers of gas to display images most often used on
large displays. makes use of a layered technology like LCd and OLEds and look similar
to LCD but they use a layer of gas between two plates of glass instead of liquid crystal or
organic material. a phospohor coated screen used and a electron grid layer and electronic
charges are used to make the gas atoms light up the appropriate phosphors to create the
image on the screen
 How they work, how they are different
 Characteristics of different technology
- Printers
o Characteristics
 Impact: used today for producing multipart forms such as invoices, packing slips, and
credit card receipts.
 vs
 nonimpact: forms images without the print mechanism actually touching the paper. They
produce higher quality images and are much quiter than impact printers.
 Color: work similar to black and white printers but use at least four different colors of
ink. color printer either apply all of the colors in one pass or they go through the entire
printing process multiple times applying one color during each pass. often used in homes
to print photographs, flyers and greeting cards, and more)
 vs
 black & white: business may use this printer for output that does not need to be in color
because it is least expensive than color. makes use of black ink
 Personal: printers found in homes and small businesses which are printers designed to be
plugged to one computer and not shared
 vs
 network printer: designed to be shared by multiple users. designed for high volume high
speed printing and are usually larger than personal printer, work up to about 10 times
faster than personal printers. some network printers are line printers print by line and
some are page printer which print pages at a time
  Resolution (DPI): the number of dpi called print resolutions tend to produce sharper and
cleaner text and images than printers with a lower resolution tend to produce although
other factors such as the technology and number of colors used affect the quality of a
printout.
 Speed (PPM): measured by pages per minute. how long a document takes to print
depends on the actual printer being used the select print resolution and content being
printed. Speed is affect by the use of color and images such as pictures that slow down
the printing process. common speeds for personal printers today range from about 15 to
35ppm network printer typically print form 40 to 100 ppm
 Connection method: Network printers typically connect via wired Ethernet networking
connections and personal printers typically connect via usb cables. Personal computers
can receive data to be printed via a flash memory card, a cable connected to a digital
camera or a wireless connection.
o Types
 Dot-matrix printer: uses a print head consisting of pins that strike an inked ribbon to
transfer the ink to the paper.
 Laser printer: output device that uses toner powder and technology similar to that of a
photocopier to produce images on paper. standard for business documents. to print a
document the laser printer first uses a laser beam to charge the appropriate locations on a
drum to form the pages image and then toner powder is released from a toner cartridge
and stick to the drum and a heating unit fuses the toner to a piece of paper when the paper
is rolled over the drum and a heating unit fuses the toner powder to the paper to
permanently form the image. they print one entire page at a time
 Ink-jet printer: output device that sprays droplets of ink to produce images on paper.
these printers form images by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto the page one printed
line at a time. usually the choice for home printers
 Special printers
 photo: output device designed to print photos most photo printers also can print photos
directly from digital cameras or storage mediums. photo printers usually use either ink
jet technology or a thermal transfer technology
 3D: output device designed to print 3 dimensional objects such as prototypes. Makes use
of plastic powder and other materials to build the 3 dimensional object.
 Plotter: output device designed to print charts drawings, maps, blueprints, and large
documents. Electrostatic plotters create images using toner in conjunction with a matrix
of tiny wires of charge the paper with electricity. When the charged paper passes over the
toner bed the toner adheres to it and produces and image. ink jet plotter for large
documents including posters signs and advertising banners.
- Audio output
- speakers, headphones and headsets

Chapter 5. System Software

- System software : programs such as the operating system that control the operation of a computer and its
devices as well as enable application software to run on the PC. consist of the background programs that
control a computer system and allow you to use your computer. These programs enables the computer to
boot to launch allocation programs and to facilitate important jobs such as transferring files from one
storage medium to another, configuring your computer system to work with the hardware connected to it
managing files on your hard drive and protecting your computer system from unauthorized use.
- vs
- application software : programs that enable user to perform specific task on a computer such as writing a
letter or playing a game. Includes all the programs that allow a user to perform specific task on a computer
such as writing a letter preparing an invoice, using a web page, listening to a downloaded music file.
- Operating system (OS)
o Definition( the main component of system software that enables the computer to manage its
activities and the resources under its control run application programs, and interface with the user.
o Functions
 Interface to users( translate user instructions into a form the computer can understand. it
also translates any feedback from hardware such as a signal that the printer has run out of
paper or that a new hardware device has been connected to the PC into a form the user
can understand
 Booting (during the booting process certain parts of the operating system called the
kernel are loaded into memory. The kernel remain in memory the entire time the PC is on
so that it always available, other parts of the operating system are retrieved from the hard
drive and loaded into memory when they are needed. Before the boot process ends, the
operating system determines the hardware devices that are conned to the pc and properly
configured and it reads an opening batch of instructions. These instructions assign task
for the operating system to carry out before the current session begins.
 Access to H/W devices (resources)
 Manage jobs (programs) and resources
 Multitasking( capability of an operating system to work with more than one
program at a time
 multithreading( multiple threads running for a program at one time)
 multiprocessing( capability of an operating system to use multiple processors in
a single computer usually to process multiple jobs at one time faster than could
be performed with a single processor.
 parallel processing( processing technique that uses multiple processors
simultaneously in a single computer usually to produce a single job as fast as
possible)
 Definitions, how they are different?
 File management( keeping track of the files stored on a PC so that they can be retrieved
when needed)
 User management (allows multiple users to use computer)
 Security: password and biometric characteristics. integrated firewall to protect against
unauthorized access via the internet
o Virtual memory( memory management technique that uses hard drive space as additional Ram)
o Buffering: an area in Ram or on the hard drive designated to hold input and output on their way in
and out of the system. Used for print jobs
o and
o Spooling: Process of placing items in a buffer so they can be retrieved by the appropriate device
when needed. Used for print jobs. allows multiple documents to be sent ot the printer at one and
they will print one after the other in the background while the computer and user are performing
other task
 Definitions
 Usage
o Operating system Types
 Personal OS: a type of operating system designed to be installed on a PC. (desktop)
 vs
  server OS: operating system designed to be installed on a network server.

 32 bit OS
 vs
 64 bit OS
 Virtualization: What is it? What makes it possible?
o OS by Vendors
 Microsoft OSs
 MS-DOS: developed by Microsoft Corporation and was used in IMB compatible
Pcs.
 DOS( disk operating system) operating system designed for and widely used on
early IBM and IMB compatible pcs. traditionally used a command line interface
although newer versions of Doss support menu driven interface
 MS Windows:
 Windows: primary PC operating system developed by Microsoft corporation
 Personal OS (Windows 95, 98, ME, XP, Vista) and Server OS (MS Windows
NT, 2000 Server, 2003 Server, 2008 Server)
 Mac OS( proprietary operating system for computers made by apple corporation. based
on the Unix operating system
 Mac OS X Leopard (Personal OS)( latest version of the operating system allows
multithreading and multitasking it also supports dual 64- bit processors and a
high level of multimedia functions and connectivity.
 Mac OS X Server( designed to be used by both experienced and nontechnical
users. Features include iCal server collaborative calendar programmer, directory
application, and new tools to help create and publish podcast.
 Mac OS X is based on UNIX
 UNIX( operating system developed in the 1970’s for midrange servers and mainframes;
many variations of this operating system are used today
 Unix is a multiuser, multitasking operating system. Computer systems ranging from
microcomputers to mainframe can run Unix. Unix is expensive requires a higer level of
PC knowledge and tends to be harder to install maintain and upgrade than most operating
systems
 Characteristics
 Mainly for servers and high performance computers these days
 Variations
 Linux( open source operating system that is available without charge over the internet
and its increasingly being used with the PCs, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers. Is
available to the public and can be modified to improve it or customize to a particular
application. Makes use of a graphic user interface.
 Characteristics
 Linux distribution (distro): Fedora, Ubuntu, Gentoo, etc
 Desktop Environment (Windows Manager): GNOME, KDE, etc
 OS for mobile platforms( operating system is embedded into the device using flash
memory chips)
 Palm OS is the operating system designed for Palm handheld devices was
designed to use memory and batter power very efficiently.
 Blackberry operating system designed for blackberry.
  MS Windows Mobile:
 Embedded Linux: another alternative for use with handheld PCs, mobile
devices, and gps. it is also used in Tivo digital recorder
 , Symbian, iPhone OS, Google Android
o OS for Servers, mainframe, supercomputers
- Utility software
o Definition
o How is Utility software different from operating system?
o Examples

Chapter 6. Application Software

- Application software
o Definition
o Types
o Type by software license: commercial, shareware, freeware, public domain
o Installed
o vs
o Web-based
 What is Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)? Web-based application
o Mobile software: restrictions compared to desktop application
o Application areas
 Office applications (Word processing, spreadsheet, presentation, personal database)
 Graphics
 Types, leading products
 Audio editing
 Video editing
 Media player
 Desktop Publishing
 Educational
 Accounting/finance
 CAD, 3D graphics
 Project management
 Collaboration
 Remote access
 Personal productivity

Chapter 7. Computer Networks

- Computer network: definition

- Other networks
o Wired Phone (PSTN), wireless, human, etc
- Applications
o Mobile phone network
 Cellular phone
 Satellite phone
 Dual-mode phone
o Pager
 o Messaging
o Monitoring
o Entertainment
o Videoconferencing
o Web conferencing
o VoIP
o Collaborative computing
- Network Topologies
o What is Network Topologies?
o Types:
 Ring, Star, Bus, Mesh
 What they are,
 Advantages and disadvantages of each topologies
- Network Application architecture
o Client-Server vs Peer-to-peer
 How they are different
 Applications
 Examples
- Types of networks
o By size and area of network
 LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN
 What they are, how they are different
o By Accessibility
 Internet (public network), Intranet (private), Extranet (partially public part of private
network), and VPN (virtual private network)
 What they are, how they are different
 When to create and use which networks
- Data transmission characteristics
o Simplex, half duplex, full-duplex
o Types of connections
 Circuit-switching
 Packet-switching
 Broadcast
