CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1. Background

Reproduction is the ability of living things to produce new offspring. The aim is to
maintain its species and preserve species from becoming extinct. At which age to produce
new offspring begins with the fertilization event. Thus reproduction in humans is done by
generative or sexual means.

The reproductive system in humans will begin to function when a person reaches
maturity (puberty) or puberty. In a man his testicles have been able to produce male sex cells
(sperm) and the hormone testosterone. The hormone testosterone functions to influence the
emergence of secondary sex signs in men, among which the voice changes to become larger,
the growth of hair in certain places such as a beard, mustache, beard, and the chest grows into
a field, adams enlarged.

While a woman's ovaries have been able to produce eggs (ovum) and a female hormone,
estrogen. The hormone estrogen functions to influence the emergence of secondary genital
signs in women, namely the skin becomes smoother, the voice becomes higher, the growth of
breasts and enlarged hips.

2. Problem Formulation

A. HOW MEN'S REPRODUCTION SYSTEM

1. How Internal Reproductive Organs
2. How External Reproductive Organs
B. HOW WOMEN'S REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
1. How Reproductive Organs
2. How Oogenesis
3. How Hormones in Women Oogenesis
4. How Fertilization
5. How Gestation (Pregnancy)
6. How Childbirth
7. How Lactation
8. How Disorders of the Women's Reproductive System

3. Purpose

A. TO KNOW MEN'S REPRODUCTION SYSTEM

3. To Know Internal Reproductive Organs
4. To Know External Reproductive Organs
B. TO KNOW WOMEN'S REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
9. To Know Reproductive Organs
10. To Know Oogenesis
11. To Know Hormones in Women Oogenesis
12. To Know Fertilization
13. To Know Gestation (Pregnancy)
14. To Know Childbirth
15. To Know Lactation
16. To Know Disorders of the Women's Reproductive System
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. MEN'S REPRODUCTION SYSTEM

1. Internal Reproductive Organs

Male reproductive organs consist of the testes, drainage glands and accessory glands.

• Testes

The testes (male gonads) are oval in shape and are located in the testicular sac
(scrotum). Testes amount to a pair (testes = plural). Testes are on the left and right side
of the body. The left and right testicles are limited by a divider consisting of connective
tissue fibers and smooth muscle. Testicular function in general is a tool for producing
sperm and male sex hormones called testosterone.

• Expenditure Channels

The expenditure channels on the male reproductive organs consist of the epididymis,
vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts and urethra.

a. Epididymis
The epididymis is a winding channel in the scrotum that comes out of the testis.
The epididymis amounts to a pair on the right and left. The epididymis functions as a
temporary storage area for sperm until the sperm mature and moves towards the vas
deferens.
b. Vas Deferens
The vas deferens or sperm duct (ductus deferens) is a straight channel that leads
upward and is a continuation of the epididymis. The vas deferens is not attached to
the testes and the end of the duct is in the prostate gland. The vas deferens functions
as a conduit through which the sperm travel from the epididymis to the semen sacs
or seminal sacs (seminal vesicles).
c. Ejaculatory ducts
The ejaculatory duct is a short duct that connects the cement sac with the urethra.
This channel is used to release sperm into the urethra.
d. Urethra
The urethra is the final reproductive tract in the penis. The urethra functions as a
genital tract originating from a cement sac and a channel for removing urine from
the bladder.
 • Accessories glands
As long as the sperm passes through the outlet, there is the addition of various
genitals produced by the accessory glands. These sap serves to maintain the survival and
movement of sperm. Accessories glands are genital glands that consist of seminal
vesicles, prostate glands and Cowper glands.
a. Seminal vesicles
Seminal vesicles or semen sacs (seminal sacs) are squiggly glands located behind
the bladder. The seminal vesicle walls produce food which is a food source for
sperm.
b. Prostate gland
The prostate gland encircles the top of the urethra and is located at the bottom of
the bladder. The prostate gland produces sap containing cholesterol, salt and
phospholipids which contribute to the survival of sperm.
c. Cowper's Gland
Cowper's gland (bulbouretra gland) is a gland whose channels go directly to the
urethra. The Cowper gland produces alkaline sap.

2. External Reproductive Organs

The male outer reproductive organs consist of the penis and scrotum.
a. Penis
The penis consists of three cavities that contain spongy tissue. The two cavities
that are located at the top form a spongy cavernous corpus tissue. One more cavity is
at the bottom in the form of a spongyosum corpus sponge tissue that wraps the urethra.
The urethra in the penis is surrounded by erectile tissue whose cavities contain many
blood vessels and nerve endings taste. If there is a stimulus, the cavity will be filled
with blood so the penis becomes tense and expands (erect).
b. Scrotum
Scrotum (testicular sac) is a sac in which contains the testis. Scrotum numbered a
pair, namely the right scrotum and left scrotum. Between the right scrotum and the left
scrotum is limited by a barrier in the form of connective tissue and smooth muscle
(dartos muscle). The dartos muscle functions to move the scrotum so that it can
contract and relax. In the scrotum there are also muscle fibers that originate from the
abdominal wall striated muscle called the cremaster muscle. This muscle acts as a
temperature regulator in the testicular environment so that its condition is stable. The
process of sperm formation (spermatogenesis) requires a stable temperature, which is
several degrees lower than body temperature.

• Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis occurs inside the testes, precisely in the seminiferous tubules.
Spermatogenesis involves maturation of germinal epithelial cells through the process
 of cell division and differentiation, which aims to form functional sperm. Cell
maturation occurs in the seminiferous tubules which are then stored in the epididymis.
The seminiferous tubule wall is composed of connective tissue and germinal
epithelium tissue (tissue epithelium of the seed) that functions during spermatogenesis.
Seminiferous tubules are in the testicular chambers (lobes of the testis). One testis
generally contains about 250 testicular lobules. The seminiferous tubules consist of a
large number of germinal epithelial cells (seed epithelial cells) called spermatogonia
(spermatogonia = singular). Spermatogonia is located in two to three outer layers of
seminiferous tubular epithelial cells.
Spermatogonia continues to divide to multiply, part of spermatogonia
differentiates through certain stages of development to form sperm. In the first stage of
spermatogenesis, diploid spermatogonia (2n or containing 23 paired chromosomes),
gather at the edge of the germinal epithelial membrane called spermatogonia. type A.
Spermatogenia type A divides mitosis into spermatogonia type B. Then, after several
divisions, these cells eventually become primary spermatocytes that are still diploid in
nature. After several weeks, each primary spermatocyte divides by meiosis to form
two pieces secondary spermatocytes that are haploid. Secondary spermatocytes then
divide again by meiosis to form four spermatids. Spermatids are sperm candidates that
do not have a tail and are haploid (n or contain 23 chromosomes that are not paired).
Each spermatid will differentiate into spermatozoa (sperm).
The process of changing spermatids into sperm is called spermiasi. When
spermatids are first formed, spermatids are shaped like epithelial cells. However, after
the spermatids begin to elongate into sperm, a shape consisting of the head and tail
will be seen.
The sperm head consists of thick nucleated cells with only a small amount of
cytoplasm. On the surface membrane at the tip of the sperm's head is a thick veil called
the acrosome. Acrosomes contain hyaluronidase and proteinase enzymes that function
to penetrate the protective layer of the ovum.
In the sperm tail there is a body of sperm located in the middle of the sperm.
Sperm bodies contain many mitochondria that function as energy producers for sperm
movement. All stages of spermatogenesis occur because of the influence of Sertoli
cells which have a special function to provide food and regulate the process of
spermatogenesis.
• Hormones in Men
The process of spermatogenesis is stimulated by a number of hormones, namely
estoteron, LH (Luteinizing Hormone), FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone), estrogen
and growth hormone.
 a. Estoteron
Testosterone is secreted by Leydig cells that lie between seminiferous tubules.
This hormone is important for the division stage of germ cells to form sperm,
especially the division of meiosis to form secondary spermatocytes.
b. LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
LH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. LH functions to stimulate Leydig
cells to secrete testosterone.
c. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
FSH is also secreted by anterior pituitary gland cells and functions to stimulate
Sertoli cells. Without this stimulation, the conversion of spermatids to sperm
(spermiation) will not occur.
d. Estrogen
Estrogen is formed by Sertoli cells when stimulated by FSH. Sertoli cells also
secrete an androgen-binding protein that binds testosterone and estrogen and carries
them into the fluid in the seminiferous tubules. These hormones are available for
sperm maturation.
e. Growth Hormone
Growth hormone is needed to regulate testicular metabolic function. Growth
hormone is specifically improve early cleavage on spermatogenesis.
• Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
1. Hypogonadism
Hypogonadism is a decrease in testicular function caused by disruption of
hormone interactions, such as androgen and testosterone. This disorder causes
infertility, impotence and the absence of signs of manhood. Handling can be done with
hormone therapy.
2. Cryptorchidism
Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testicles to descend from the
abdominal cavity into the scrotum during infancy. This can be treated by administering
the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone to stimulate tertoteroterone. If it hasn't
come down, surgery is done.
• Uretritis
Uretritis is inflammation of the urethra with symptoms of itching of the penis and
frequent urination. The organisms that most often cause urethritis are Chlamydia
trachomatis, Ureplasma urealyticum or herpes virus.
• Prostatitis
Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate. The cause can be in the form of
bacteria, such as Escherichia coli or non-bacteria.
• Epididymitis
Epididymitis is an infection that often occurs in the male reproductive tract. The
organisms that cause epididymitis are E. coli and Chlamydia.
 3. Orchitis
Orchitis is inflammation of the testes caused by parotitis virus. If it occurs in adult
men it can cause infertility.

B. WOMEN'S REPRODUCTION SYSTEM

1. Reproductive Organs
Female reproductive organs consist of internal reproductive organs and external
reproductive organs.
a. Internal reproductive organs
The reproductive organs in women consist of the ovaries and reproductive tract
(genital tract).
• Ovary
Ovaries (ovaries) amount to a pair, oval in shape with a length of 3-4 cm. The
ovary is inside the body cavity, in the waist area. Generally, each ovary produces an
ovum every 28 days. Ovum produced by the ovary will move to the reproductive tract.
The function of the ovaries is to produce ovum (egg) and the hormones estrogen
and progesterone.
• Reproductive tract
The reproductive tract (genital tract) consists of the oviduct, uterus and vagina.
• Oviduct
Oviducts (fallopian tubes) or fallopian tubes number a pair (on the right and left
ovaries) with a length of about 10 cm. The base of the oviduct is in the form of a
funnel called an infundibulum. In the infundibulum there are tufts (fimbrae). Fimbrae
functions to capture the ovum released by the ovary. The ovum captured by the
infundibulum will enter the oviduct. Oviduct serves to channel the ovum from the
ovary to the uterus.
• Uterus
The uterus (peranakan sac) or uterus is a meeting cavity of the right and left
oviducts that are shaped like pears and the lower portion is called the cervix (cervix).
The human uterus functions as a place for zygote development when fertilization
occurs. The uterus consists of a wall of tissue layer composed of several layers of
smooth muscle and an endometrial layer. The endometrial lining (uterine wall) is
composed of epithelial cells and limits the uterus. The endometrial lining produces a
lot of mucus and blood vessels. Endometrial lining will thicken during ovulation
(release of the ovum from the ovary) and will decay during menstruation.
• Vagina
The vagina is the final channel of the inner reproductive tract in women. The
vagina empties into the vulva. The vagina has a folded wall with the outer part of a
slimy membrane, the middle part of a muscular layer and the innermost part of fibrous
connective tissue. Mucous membranes (mucous membranes) produce mucus during
 sexual stimulation. The mucus is produced by the Bartholin gland. Muscle tissue and
fibrous connective tissue are elastic which have a role to expand the uterus when the
fetus is going to be born and will return to its original condition after the fetus has
been removed.
b. External reproductive organs
The external reproductive organs in women are vulva. The vulva is the outermost
gap of the female genital organs. The vulva consists of mons pubis. Mons pubis (mons
veneris) is the upper and outer area of the vulva which contains a lot of fat tissue. At
puberty this area begins to be overgrown by hair. Under the mons pubis there is a fold
of labium major (big lips) which amounts to a pair. Inside the labium major there are
folds of labium minor (small lips) which also number one pair. Labium major and
labium minor function to protect the vagina. The combination of the labium major and
the labium minor at the top of the labium forms a small protuberance called the
clitoris.
The clitoris is an erectile organ that can be likened to a penis in men. Although
the clitoris is structurally not exactly the same as the penis, it also contains a cavernous
body. In the clitoris there are many blood vessels and nerve endings taste.
In the vulva empties into two channels, namely the urethra (urinary tract) and
genital tract (vagina). In the area near the end of the vaginal canal, there are hymen or
hymen. Himen is a mucous membrane that contains many blood vessels.

2. Oogenesis
Oogenesis is the process of formation of ova in the ovary. In the ovary there is
oogonia (plural oogonia) or ovarian cells. Oogonium is diploid with 46 chromosomes or
23 pairs of chromosomes. Oogonium will multiply by mitosis to form primary oocytes.
Oogenesis has begun when the baby girl is still in the womb, ie when the baby is
around 5 months in the womb. When a baby is 6 months old, the primary oocyte will
divide by meiosis. However, the first stage of meiosis in these primary oocytes is not
continued until the baby girl grows into a girl who has puberty. The primary oocyte is in a
state of rest (dormant).
When a baby girl is born, each ovary contains about 1 million primary oocytes. When
it reaches puberty, girls only have about 200 thousand primary oocytes. Whereas other
oocytes undergo degeneration during their growth.
Upon entering puberty, girls will experience hormonal changes that cause primary
oocytes to continue with the first stage of meiosis. Oocytes that undergo meiosis I will
produce two cells that are not the same size. The first oocyte cell is a normal (large)
oocyte called a secondary oocyte, while the smaller sized cell is called the first polar body
(primary polocyte).
Furthermore, the secondary oocyte continues the meiosis II (second meiosis) stage.
But in meiosis II, secondary oocytes are not immediately resolved until the final stage, but
rather stop until ovulation occurs. If fertilization does not occur, secondary oocytes will
 degenerate. But if there is sperm entering the oviduct, meiosis II in the secondary oocyte
will resume. Finally, meiosis II in the secondary oocyte will produce one large cell called
an ootid and one small cell called the second polar body (secondary polosit). The first
polar body also splits into two second polar bodies. Finally, there are three polar bodies
and one ootid which will grow into ova from oogenesis every one oogonia.
Oocytes in oogonia are in an egg follicle. Egg follicles (follicles) are cells that are full
of fluid that surrounds the ovum. Follicles function to provide a food source for oocytes.
Follicles also experience changes along with changes in primary oocytes into secondary
oocytes until ovulation occurs.
Primary follicles first appear to cover the primary oocyte. During the stage of meiosis
I in primary oocytes, primary follicles develop into secondary follicles. When secondary
oocytes form, secondary follicles develop into tertiary follicles. During ovulation, tertiary
follicles develop into de Graaf follicles (mature follicles). After the secondary oocyte is
released from the follicle, the follicle will turn into a corpus luteum. If fertilization does
not occur, the corpus luteum will shrink to the corpus albikan.
3. Hormones in Women
In women, the role of hormones in the development of oogenesis and reproductive
development is far more complex than in men. One of the roles of hormones in women in
the reproductive process is in the menstrual cycle.
• Menstrual cycle
Menstruation (menstruation) is periodic and cyclic bleeding from the uterus
accompanied by endometrial release. Menstruation occurs if the ovum is not fertilized
by sperm. Menstrual cycle around 28 days. The release of an ovum in the form of a
secondary oocyte from the ovary is called ovulation, which is related to the
collaboration between the hypothalamus and the ovary. The results of this collaboration
will spur the release of hormones that affect the mechanism of the menstrual cycle.
To facilitate the explanation of the menstrual cycle, the benchmark is the existence
of a very important event, namely ovulation. Ovulation occurs in the middle of the
cycle (½ n) of menstruation. For the period or cycle of the first day of menstruation,
ovulation occurs on the 14th day from the first day of menstruation. Menstrual cycles
are grouped into four phases, namely the menstrual phase, the pre-ovulation phase, the
ovulation phase, the post-ovulation phase.
1. Menstrual phase
Menstrual phase occurs when the ovum is not fertilized by sperm, so the corpus
luteum will stop the production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone cause release of the ova from the
thickened uterine wall (endometrium). The release of the ovum causes the
endometrium to tear or decay, so the walls become thin. Decay in the endometrium
that contains blood vessels causes bleeding in the menstrual phase. This bleeding
usually lasts for five days. The average volume of blood released is around 50mL.
 2. Pre-ovulation phase
In the pre-ovulatory phase or the end of the menstrual cycle, the hypothalamus
secretes the hormone gonadotropin. Gonadotropins stimulate the pituitary to secrete
FSH. The presence of FSH stimulates the formation of primary follicles in the
ovaries that surround one primary oocyte. Primary follicles and primary oocytes will
grow until the 14th day until the follicles mature, or are called de Graaf follicles with
ova in them. During its growth, the follicle also releases the hormone estrogen. The
presence of estrogen causes the re-formation (proliferation) of cells making up the
walls in the uterus and endometrium. Increasing the concentration of estrogen during
follicular growth also affects the cervix to expel mucus that has basic alkaline
properties. Alkaline mucus is useful for neutralizing the acidic properties of the
cervix to better support the sperm environment.
3. Ovulation phase
When approaching the ovulation phase or approaching the 14th day there is a
change in hormone production. Increased estrogen levels during the pre-ovulatory
phase cause a negative feedback reaction or inhibition of further FSH release from
the pituitary. Decreased FSH concentration causes the pituitary to release LH. LH
stimulates secondary oocyte release from de Graaf follicles. At this time it is called
ovulation, which is when a secondary oocyte is released from the de Graaf follicle
and is ready to be fertilized by sperm. Generally ovulation occurs on the 14th day.
4. Post-ovulation phase
In the post-ovulation phase, de Graaf follicles left by secondary oocytes due to
the influence of LH and FSH will wrinkle and turn into the corpus luteum. The
corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen (but not as much as de Graaf follicles
produce estrogen) and another hormone, progesterone. Progesterone supports the
action of estrogen by thickening the walls in the uterus or endometrium and growing
blood vessels in the endometrium. Progesterone also stimulates mucus secretion in
the vagina and growth of the mammary glands in the breast. The entire function of
progesterone (also estrogen) is useful for preparing implantation (implantation) of
the zygote in the uterus in the event of conception or pregnancy.
This post-ovulation process takes place from the 15th day until the 28th day.
However, if around the 26th day fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum will
turn into the corpus albikan. The corpus albikan has low estrogen and progesterone
production capability, so the concentrations of estrogen and progesterone will
decrease. In this condition, the pituitary becomes active to release FSH and
subsequently LH, so that the post-ovulation phase will reconnect with the next
menstrual phase.
4. Fertilization
Fertilization or fertilization occurs when secondary oocytes containing ova are
fertilized by sperm. Fertilization generally occurs immediately after the secondary
 oocyte enters the oviduct. However, before sperm can enter the secondary oocyte, the
sperm must first penetrate layers of granulosa cells attached to the outside of the
secondary oocyte called the corona radiata. Then, the sperm must also penetrate the
layer after the corona radiata, which is the zona pellucida. The zona pellucida is the
inner layer of the radial corona, a glycoprotein that encloses the secondary oocyte.
Sperm can penetrate secondary oocytes because both sperm and secondary oocytes
secrete certain enzymes and / or compounds, resulting in mutually supportive activities.
In sperm, the chromosome secretes:
1. Hyaluronidase
An enzyme that can dissolve hyaluronid compounds in the corona radiata.
2. Akrosin
Protease that can destroy glycoprotein in the zona pellucida.
3. Antifertilizin
Antigens against secondary oocytes so that sperm can be attached to secondary
oocytes. Secondary oocytes also secrete certain compounds, namely fertilizin which
are composed of glycoproteins with the function of :
• Activating sperm to move faster.
• Attract sperm chemotactically positive.
• Collecting sperm around the secondary oocyte.
When one sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte, granulocyte cells in the
cortex of the secondary oocyte secrete certain compounds that cause the zone the
pellucida cannot be penetrated by other sperm. The presence of sperm penetration
also stimulates the completion of meiosis II in the secondary oocyte nucleus, so that
from the whole process of meiosis I to the completion of meiosis II three polar
bodies and one ovum are called secondary oocytes.
As soon as the sperm enters the secondary oocyte, the nucleus (nucleus) of the
sperm head will enlarge. Instead, the sperm tail will degenerate. Then, the sperm
nucleus containing 23 chromosomes (haploid) with ova containing 23 chromosomes
(haploid) will unite to produce zygotes with 23 pairs of chromosomes (2n) or 46
chromosomes.
5. Gestation (Pregnancy)
The zygote will be implanted (implanted) in the uterine endometrium. On its way to
the uterus, the zygote divides mitosis many times. The result of this division in the form
of a group of cells of the same size, with a shape like a strawberry called the morula
stage.
Morula will continue to divide until blastocytes form. This stage is called a blastula,
with a cavity in it called a blastocoel (blastosol). Blastocytes consist of outer cells and
inner cells.
a. Cells outside the blastocytes
The outer cells of the blastocytes are trophoblast cells which will help
implantation of the blastocytes in the uterus. Trophoblast cells form bulges toward
the endometrium that function as hooks. Trophoblast cells also secrete proteolytic
enzymes that function to digest and thaw endometrial cells. The liquid and nutrients
are then released and actively transported by trophoblast cells so that the zygote
develops further. Then, the trophoblast along with other cells under it will divide
(proliferate) to quickly form the placenta and various membranes of pregnancy.
Various kinds of pregnancy membranes function to assist the process of
transportation, respiration, excretion and other important functions during embryo
life in the uterus. In addition, the presence of membrane layers protects the embryo
against mechanical stress from outside, including drought.
1. The vitelinus sac
The vitelinus sac (egg sac) is a sac-shaped membrane that was first formed from
the expansion of the endoderm layer (the innermost layer of the blastocytes). The
vitelinus sac is the site of formation of blood cells and the first blood vessels of the
embryo. The vitelinus sac interacts with the trophoblast to form a chorion.
2. Korion
Chorion is the outermost membrane that grows around the embryo. The chorion
forms the chorion villi (the projections) within the endometrium. Chorion villi
contain emrbrio blood vessels associated with maternal blood vessels that are
abundant in the uterine endometrium. Chorion with uterine endometrial tissue forms
the placenta, which is an organ that provides nutrients for the embryo.
3. Amnion
Amnion is a membrane that directly surrounds the embryo in one space that
contains amniotic fluid (amniotic fluid). Amniotic fluid is produced by the amniotic
membrane. Amniotic fluid serves to keep the embryo moving freely, it also protects
the embryo from drastic temperature changes and external shocks.
4. Alantois
Alantois is the membrane that forms the umbilical cord (the placenta). The
umbilical cord connects the embryo to the placenta in the maternal uterine
endometrium. In the allantois there are blood vessels that deliver nutrients and
oxygen from the mother and remove metabolic waste, such as carbon dioxide and
urea for disposal by the mother.
b. The inner cells are blastocytes
Cells in the blastocyte will develop into embryos (embryoblasts). In the
embryoblast there is a basic tissue layer consisting of an outer layer (ectoderm) and
an inner layer (endoderm). The surface of the ectoderm bends inward to form a
middle layer (mesoderm). Furthermore, the three layers will develop into various
organs (organogenesis) in the 4th to 8th week.
 Ectoderm will form nerves, eyes, skin and nose. Mesoderm will form bones,
muscles, heart, blood vessels, kidneys, spleen and genital glands. Endoderm will
form organs that are directly related to the digestive and respiratory systems.
Furthermore, starting from the 9th week until just before birth, there are
improvements in various organs and rapid body growth. This period is called the
fetus or the fetus.
6. Childbirth
Childbirth is the process of birth of a baby. In labor, the uterus slowly becomes
more sensitive until it finally contracts periodically until the baby is born. The cause of
increased sensitivity and activity of the uterus resulting in contractions that are
influenced by hormonal factors and mechanical factors.
Hormones that affect uterine contractions, namely estrogen, oxytocin,
prostaglandins and relaxins.
 Estrogen
Estrogen is produced by the placenta, which concentration increases during
labor. Estrogen functions for uterine contractions.
 Oxytocin
Oxytocin is produced by the pituitary of the mother and fetus. Oxytocin
functions for uterine contractions.
 Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are produced by membranes in the fetus. Prostaglandins
function to increase the intensity of uterine contractions.
 Relaxin
Relaxin is produced by the corpus luteum in the ovaries and placenta.
Relaxin serves to relax or soften the cervix and relax the pelvic bones to facilitate
labor.
7. Lactation
The survival of a newborn depends on the supply of milk from the mother. Milk
production (lactation) comes from a pair of mammary glands (breasts) of the mother.
Before pregnancy, the breast consists only of adipose tissue (fat tissue) and a system
of mammary glands and glandular channels (ductal glands) that have not yet
developed.
During pregnancy, the early growth of the mammary gland is designed by
mammotropin. Mammotropin is a hormone produced from the maternal pituitary and
fetal placenta. Besides mammotropin, there is also a large amount of estrogen and
progesterone released by the placenta, so that the glandular duct system breasts grow
and branch off. Simultaneously the breast glands and surrounding fat tissue also
increase in size. Although estrogen and progesterone are important for the physical
development of the breast glands during pregnancy, the special effect of these two
hormones is to prevent the secretion from milk. Conversely, the hormone prolactin
 has the opposite effect, namely increasing milk secretion. This hormone is secreted
by the maternal pituitary gland and its concentration in the mother's blood increases
from the 5th week of pregnancy until the birth of the baby. In addition, the placenta
secretes large amounts of human chorion somatomamotropin, which also has mild
lactogenic properties, thus supporting prolactin from the maternal pituitary.

8. Disorders of the Women's Reproductive System

a. Menstrual disorders
Menstrual disorders in women can be divided into two types, namely primary
amenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea. Primary amenorrhea is the absence of
menstruation until the age of 17 with or without sexual development. Secondary
amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation for 3-6 months or more in people who are
experiencing menstrual cycles.
b. Genital Cancer
Genital cancer in women can occur in the vagina, cervix and ovaries.
c. Vaginal cancer
The cause of vaginal cancer is unknown but is likely to occur due to irritation
which is caused by a virus. Treatment includes chemotherapy and laser surgery.
d. Cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is a condition where abnormal cells grow in all layers of the
cervical epithelium. Handling is done by lifting the uterus, oviduct, ovary, upper third
of the vagina and pelvic lymph glands.
e. Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer has unclear symptoms. May be severe pelvic pain, altered
digestive tract function or abnormal vaginal bleeding. Handling can be done with
surgery and chemotherapy.
f. Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a condition where endometrial tissue is found outside the
uterus, which can grow around the ovaries, oviducts or far outside the uterus, for
example in the lungs.
Symptoms of endometriosis in the form of abdominal pain, low back pain and
pain during menstruation. If left untreated, endometriosis can cause a difficult
pregnancy. Handling can be done by administering drugs, laparoscopy or laser
surgery.
g. Vaginal infections
The initial symptoms of vaginal infection include vaginal discharge and itching.
Vaginal infections affect women of childbearing age. The cause, among others, due to
sexual relations, especially if the husband is infected, fungal or bacterial.
 CHAPTER III

COVER

A. CONCLUSION
Male and female reproductive systems are different. In the male reproduction has a
penis and testicular glands to produce sperm, the maturity of sperm cells is characterized by
wet dreams at puberty. In the female reproductive system has a vagina and ovaries to produce
ova. Maturity of the ovum cell is marked by menarche between the ages of 13-16 years. If
there is a meeting between sperm cells and ovum cells pregnancy will occur which will
develop into a fetus.

B. SUGGESTIONS
Knowledge about sex & sexuality should be owned by everyone. With the knowledge
they have, it is hoped that the person will be able to keep their reproductive organs from
being used freely without knowing the effects. The knowledge given must be easy to
understand, right on target, and not misleading. Thus the person will be able to deal with
external stimuli in a healthy, mature and responsible manner.
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Kadaryanto et al. 2006.20. Biologi 2. Yudhistira, Jakarta

Saktiyono. 2004. 86-93, 96, 98.Sains : Biologi SMP 3. Esis-Penerbit Erlangga, Jakarta.

Tim IPA SMP/MTs. 2007.14. Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam 3. 15-18. Galaxy Puspa Mega,
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Tim Biologi SMU.1997. 320,339-344, 348,349, 354-359. Biologi 2. Galaxy Puspa Mega.
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https://id.scribd.com/doc/33565902/MAKALAH-REPRODUKSI-PRIA-DAN-
WANITA-2