VOICES OF VERB

Active Voice - ​subject is the doer Passive Voice - ​subject is the receiver

King Arthur​ took the Green Knight’s The Green Knight’s Challenge was taken ​by
challenge King Arthur

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
- Consists of a preposition and its object, which is always a noun.
Ex. I thank whatever gods may be ​for​ my unconquerable ​soul
And yet the menace ​of ​the ​years​ finds, and shall find me, unafraid
B - object
B - preposition
- Can act as a modifier in a sentence
Ex. the ​clutch​ of circumstance​ - “of circumstance” act as an ​adjective​.
Something ​in him​ - ‘something’ is an indefinite pronoun

ALLEGORY - ​is a literary device that tells a doctrine, message or moral principles using
characters that represent concepts.

GERUNDS - ​are verbal that functions as a noun. They end in -ing.

Verbals - ​are formed from verbs but they are never used alone as an action words in a
sentence
Ex. ​(Subject)​ ​Flying​ is Jonathan Livingston Seagull’s favorite activity.
(Direct Object)​ Jonathan Livingston Seagull enjoys ​flying​.
(Indirect Objects) ​Jonathan gives ​flying​ his time and energy
(Obj. of P.) ​Jonathan gets punished for ​disobeying​ the flock’s rule
(PN) ​His pastime is ​flying

REASON - ​explains why you are holding a particular opinion

EVIDENCE - ​gives support to your reason

PARTICIPIAL PHRASES​ - is a type of verbal which is formed from a verb but functions
as an adjective

Verb Present Participle Past Participle Perfect Participle

Nourish Nourishing Nourished Having nourished

Protect Protecting Protected Having protected

Ex. … ​Nourishing​ corn…
...​ Protected​ corner…
ORDERING OF ARGUMENTS
Order of importance - ​Most → Least important reason or v.v.
Logical order - ​Compare and Contrast or Respective Rebuttals
Chronological order - ​cause and effect relationship

INFINITIVE PHRASES - ​is a form of verb that generally appears with the word ​to​ and acts
as a noun, adjective or adverb.

To + base form of the

verb
(Nouns)
1. As subjects
a. To concede ​was the father’s decision.
2. DO
a. The prodigal son decided ​to leave.
3. PN
a. All the younger son wanted was ​to get​ his inheritance
4. Obj. of P.
a. The older son was about ​to pick​ a fight.
5. App.
a. The advice,​ to forgive​ his brother, fell on deaf ears.
(Modifiers)
1. Adj.
a. The desire​ to squander the money​ was great.
2. Adv.
a. The sight of the younger brother was pitiful ​to see.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES -​ is a dependent clause that provides a description to a noun or

pronoun (who, whom, whose, that or which)(when, where or why)
Ex. The ​writer​ ​who wrote “Upon the Burning of Our Home”​ is Anne Bradstreet
I blessed his​ name​ ​that gave and took

GENDER-BIASED LANGUAGE - ​bias is usually the preference of the masculine over the
feminine.
Ex. Chairman → Chairperson
Policeman → Police officer
Congressman → member of the House of Representatives

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES - ​answers the question how, when, where, why, to what extent or
under what condition. Introduced by the subordinating conjunctions (after, before, until,
while, because, since, as, so that, in order that, than, if, unless, whether, though, although,
even though, and where)