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2010 AJC H2 Physics Prelim Paper 3 Solution

Section A

1 (a) A body remains at rest or continue to move in a straight line with uniform velocity unless a
net ext force acts on it.
From this law, it shows that a force is needed to change the state of motion of the object.
If a body changes from rest to motion or from uniform velocity to non-uniform velocity, a
force must be acting on the object.

(b) (i) Taking the two gliders as a system,

the resultant force acting it
= 10000 – ( 2000 +2000) = 6000 N

Using F = ma , 6000 = (1200 + 1200) a

a = 6000/2400 = 2.5 m s-2

(ii) using v2 = u2 + 2as, s = 402/ [2(2.5)]

= 320 m

OR
Time to reach 40 m s-1= t

Using v = u + a t, 40 = 0 + 2.5 t ⇒ t = 16 s

using s = ut + 1/2 a t2, s = 0 + 1/2 (2.5) 162 = 320 m

OR work done = kinetic energy gain, (ma)s = 1/2 m v2, s = 402/[2(2.5)] = 320m

(iii) If one glider is towed, it will move with greater acceleration as it has less mass and
friction and therefore greater resultant force acting on it.
from v2 = u2 + 2as greater acceleration, smaller distance required to reach the
speed

2 (a) (i) constant amplitude

(ii) Correct shape – smooth curve (Ep α x2), symmetrical about EPE axis，max EPE at
max displacement (± 2.0 cm), zero Ep at zero displacement
Correct value of max EPE = 2.4 ± (0.1) mJ
scale marked, appropriate choice of scale, curve passes through (0.6mJ, ± 1.0 cm),
within 1 small square
Ep / mJ
3

(max Ep = max Ek
2
⇒ ½ m v02 = ½ m (ωx0)2
= ½ (0.17) ((2π/ 0.75)(0.02))2

1 OR max Ep = ½ k x02 = ½ (mω2) x02

where ω = 2π/T and T = 0.75s

0 y / cm allow max v found from gradient of

-3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 y-t graph at y = 0
note : F = ma
1- ⇒ kx = mω2x ⇒ k = mω2)

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(b) (i) Force decreases then increases
(Force minimum at x = 18 cm and maximum at 27 cm)
field strength = – gradient of graph
Force = charge x field strength or force α field strength

(ii) x = 27 cm
(no credit if explanation in 3b(i) wrong)

3 (a) (i) It is the force exerted per unit length per unit current on a conductor placed
perpendicularly to the magnetic field.

(ii)
current out of loop
solenoid rider of 2.0 g
P
Y Q
S
R
Im or Ie X
Is current in
to loop

For equilibrium, magnetic force acts perpendicularly downwards on SR.

By FLHR, magnetic flux density is directed along axis of solenoid in direction of S to P.
From RHGR, current flows as indicated in diagram.

(iii) Let h be length PS and L be length SR

Bm Im L(0.75 h) = W(0.25h)
Be IeL(0.5 h) = W(0.5h)

Im/ Ie = 0.25Be/0.75Bm (note: ratio of Be/Bm is ½)

= 0.167

(b) (i) Alternating current sets up a changing magnitude of the magnetic flux density within the
solenoid.
Changing magnetic flux density passing through the coil causes a rate of change of
magnetic flux linkage through the coil.
This induced an emf.

(ii) E = dΦ/dt = d(NBA)/dt = NA dB/dt

= NAμ0n di/dt
= (8)(0.01 x 0.02)(4π x 10-7)(400/50 x 10-2)(3.0/10 x 10-3)
= 4.83 x 10-4 V

(iii) Induced e.m.f /mV

0.483

Time/ms
10 20 30 40

– 0.483 correct trend

values of emf indicated

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4 (a) Observations (State any 1)
1. Existence of a threshold frequency below which no photoelectric emission occurs.
2. Maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons is independent of the intensity
of the radiation.
3. Maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons is dependent of the frequency
of the radiation.
4. Photoelectric emission takes place instantaneously.

How each observation provides evidence for particulate nature of EM radiation (Select 1)
According to the classical wave theory,
1. photoelectric effect should occur for any frequency of light, provided that the light
intensity is sufficient to supply energy to inject photoelectrons.
2. kinetic energy of the photoelectrons should increase as the light beam is made more
intense.
3. electrons should absorb energy continuously from the electromagnetic waves. As the
light intensity increases, energy should be transferred into the metal at a higher rate
and the photoelectrons should ejected with more kinetic energy.
4. there should be a measureable time lag for the electrons to absorb enough energy in
order to escape.
The above prediction by classical wave theory is in contradiction with the observed
experimental results. Hence, the observation provides evidence for the particulate nature of
electromagnetic radiation.

(b) (i) hf = KE max + φ

c
h = eV1 + φ
λ
(6.63 ×10 )(3 ×10 ) = (1.6 ×10 )V + (1.3)(1.6 ×10 )
−34 8
−19 −19
−9
550 × 10
1

V1 = 0.96 V

(ii) The sliding contact O is within the section BC on the slider.

This is because the potential at Y is higher than the potential at X. Thus results in the
photoelectrons to accelerate towards Y, giving rise to the value of the current.

(iii) The change made to the experiment is to use incident light of the same intensity but a
larger frequency.
N 1
As I = × hf × , when frequency increases, the stopping potential will increase.
t A
As intensity is constant, the number of photons reaching the plate per unit time
decreases, resulting in a decrease in the number emitted electrons per unit time.
Hence, current detected is lowered.

(c) Due to a (charge) density gradient across the p-n junction, holes will initially diffuse to the
n-type side across the junction, and electrons to the p-type side. These holes will neutralize
some of the electrons in the n-type side. Similarly those electrons which diffused to the
p-type side across the junction will neutralize some holes in the p-type side.

As diffusion takes place, a potential barrier builds up at the region of the junction. Diffusion
stops when the potential barrier is large enough to prevent further charges from crossing the
junction. The region of the junction is depleted of mobile charges and is called the depletion
region.

When a potential difference is applied across a p-n junction, the device conducts electricity
more readily for one polarity of the applied potential difference than for the other. Thus, a p-n
junction can serve as a rectifier.

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Section B

5 a (i) Linear momentum is the product of mass and velocity of an object

(ii) N2L: the rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the external net
force acting on it and occurs in the direction of the force.
(iii) From (i) momentum P = mass m x velocity v
From (ii) force F = dP/dt = d (mv)/dt = m d(v)/dt
dv/dt = a hence F = m a
(iv) When objects of a system interact, the total momentum before impact is equal to the
total momentum after impact, if no net external force acts on the system.

OR total linear momentum of an isolated system of bodies is constant.

(b) (i) Momentum = m v cos 60 = 0.30 x 4.0 = 1.2 kg m s-1 to the right

(ii) Total momentum before = total momentum after

1.2 = PA + PB = 0 + PB
PB = 1.2 kgms-1 to the right
(iii) From (ii), velocity of B = PB/m =1.2/0.1 = 12 m s-1
Initial KE = ½ m (v cos 60)2 = ½ × 0.30 × 4.02 = 2.4 J
Final KE = ½ mBvB2 + 0 = ½ × 0.1 × 122 = 7.2 J
Additional KE = 7.2 – 2.4 = 4.8 J

(iv) Sketch on Fig. 5.1 the paths followed by parts A and B after the explosion. Label these
paths as A and B clearly.
for A : vertically downward
for B : parabolic path, but not symmetrical with initial path before P

B
v A

60°
O
(v) Time to reach from P to O vertically = time to reach from O to P vertically
0 = v sin 60 – gt
t = 8.0 sin 60/9.81 = 0.706 s
(vi) At P, both A and B have the same vertical velocity (0 ms-1).
Both experience the same downward vertical acceleration, g.
Both fall the same vertical distance ( the height of P) above the ground.
Hence they both take the same time to reach the ground.
(vii) From (b) (iii) and (v)
t = 0.706 s
distance = vB x t = 12 x 0.706 = 8.47 m

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(c) (i) It will reach a point lower that P.

For the upward motion, air resistance is acting downward against the velocity, the
deceleration of the motion is more than g.
It will slow down faster and reach zero vertical velocity earlier and hence the highest
point lower than P.

(ii) Sketch on Fig. 5.1 the path of the firework when it fails to explode where
1. air resistance is negligible. Label the path as R.
⇒ R path is symmetrical with the path OP
2. air resistance is not negligible. Label the path as S.
⇒ S path is not symmetrical, lower than P and shorter horizontal distance, reaches
peak earlier than P.
P

v R
S
60°

Fig. 5.2

6 a (i) Diffraction is the bending of waves around an object or spreading of waves through an
aperture where the linear dimensions of the object or aperture should be comparable to
the wavelength of the waves.

(ii) - contrast between spread for the 2 figures (basic understanding)

- contrast between curvature for the 2 figures, constant wavelength before and after gap
for each figure, include drawing of wavefront at the apertures for each figure

λ1

λ3 = λ1 λ2
λ4 = λ2

Fig. 6.2
Fig. 6.1
(iii) The ratio of wavelength to the size of door gap is large (ratio > 1) for sound and small
(ratio << 1) for light waves. Hence, more significant diffraction is observed for sound
waves than light.

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(b) (i) P 20.0 –2
Intensity at 5.50m from loudspeaker S1 = = = 0.05261 W m .
4πr 2
4π (5.50) 2
Power received by ear = Intensity × Area of ear
= 0.05261 × (2.0 × 10–3) = 1.05 × 10–4 W

OR using IntensityI = Power = P

Area A
At 5.50 m away,
tot P at 5.50m P Aear
I at 5.50m = I ear ⇒ = ear ⇒ Pear = tot Pat 5.50m
tot A at 5.50m Aear tot Aat 5.50m
2 .0 × 10 − 3
⇒ tot Psat 5.50m = ( 20 .0 ) = 1 .05 × 10 − 4 W
4π (5 .50 ) 2

(ii) In reality, the signal is not transmitted uniformly in all direction but in a more directional
manner towards the student. Thus power received would be much larger than that
calculated in (b)(i).

(c) (i) When the two sound waves from S1 and S2 meet at a point, the resultant displacement
at that point is the vector sum of the separate displacements that each individual
sound wave would cause at that point.
(ii) Using v = f λ ⇒ λ = v / f = 330 / (2.75 × 103) = 0.12 m

(iii) Path difference = 4.12 – 3.82 = 0.30 m = 2.5 λ

Number of high intensity regions ie maxima = 2

(iv) The two sound waves are coherent/have constant phase difference.

(v) Pt A (with path difference = 0) is loud and from (6ciii), path difference at pt B is 2.5λ,
hence, pt B is a soft sound. (intensity or amplitude of pressure change is minimum).
Since intensity ∝ (amplitude of Δpressure)2,
2 2
I A2 ⎛ A2 ⎞ 2 I ⎛ A2 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟⎟ ⇒ =⎜ ⎟⎟ ⇒ A2 = 2 A1
I A1 ⎜⎝ A1 ⎠ I ⎜⎝ A1 ⎠
At point B, minimum amplitude of Δpressure, Amin = √2 A1 – A1 ,
2
I B ,resul tan t ⎛ 2 A1 − A1 ⎞
⇒ =⎜ ⎟ ⇒ I B ,resul tan t = 0.172 I
I A1 ⎜ A ⎟
⎝ 1 ⎠

(vi) Either:
When separation between loudspeakers S1 and S2 is decreased, spacing between
consecutive high intensity regions increases.
OR
The intensity of the high intensity regions will be smaller. Hence the maximum would
be softer. (but the difference may not be significant and hence, may not be effectively
detected by our naked ear. Hence the first answer maybe detected easier).

(d) (i) A stationary wave is formed between the 2 speakers and a displacement node occurs
at pt Z where there is maximum variation of pressure; maximum signal detected.

(ii) d = 3λ = 3 (0.12) = 0.36 m

L – region of louder volume/higher intensity

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S – region of smaller volume/lower intensity.

L S L S L S L S L S L S L
S1 S2
λ

7 (a) (i) 1 coulomb is the amount of charge that passes through a section of a conductor in 1
second in which there is a current of 1 ampere.

1 Joule is the work required to move an electric charge of one coulomb through an
electrical potential difference of one volt; or one coulomb volt (C·V)

1 watt is the rate at which work is done when one ampere (A) of current flows through
an electrical potential difference of one volt (V)

(ii) V = W/Q

Units of voltage = Units of Energy ÷ Units of Charge

= [kg m s-2 × m ] ÷ [A × s]
= kg m2 A-1s-3

(b) (i) Using P = V2 / R

⇒ R = V2 / P = (12)2 / 72 = 2.0 Ω

(ii) 1. I = 12/(2 + 0.2)

= 5.45 ≈ 5.5 A

2. Charge passing through the lamp during journey,

Q = I t = (5.45) (20 x 60) = 6540 ≈ 6500 C

3. Energy supplied,
E = I2Rt = (5.45)2(2.0)(20 x 60)
= 71286 ≈ 71 kJ

(c) (i) 1. If there is no current in the battery, the p.d. across the battery and the lamps must
be equal to the e.m.f. of the battery i.e. 12 V,
At a p.d. of 12 V, current in each lamp,
I1 = 6.0 A

Current in the generator,

I = 2I1 = 2(6.0) = 12 A
2. The p.d. across R,
VR = e.m.f. of generator – p.d. across lamps = 15.0 – 12 = 3.0 V
Resistance of R = VR / I = (3.0) / (12) = 0.25 Ω

(ii) When the lamps are switched off,

net e.m.f. = e.m.f. of generator – e.m.f. of battery = 15.0 – 12 = 3.0 V
Current in battery = current in R = net e.m.f. / (R + r) = (3.0) / (0.25 + 0.20) = 6.7 A

(d) Two advantages of the circuit are:

1. Power is available to the lamps as long as one of the e.m.f. source is available.
2. When the lamps are switched off, the power from the generator could be used to charge
the car’s battery.

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