Measures of Central Tendency

(Grouped Data)

When the data consist of a large number of values or when very few of the numbers are exactly the
same, the data are summarized in a frequency distribution. A frequency distribution table is a table which
divides the data into classes or categories.

 Range (r)
r = highest value – lowest value
= 61 – 5
= 56
 Class interval or Class limit (i )
The class interval refers to the grouping defined by the lower limit and an upper limit.
𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
i = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
56
=
8
=7
 Class boundary
In a continuous data like test weights, scores, heights, etc., the class interval 5 – 9 is supposed to start
form 4.5 and ends with 9.5. These are more accurate expressions of the class limits by at least 0.5. They are
named as class boundaries, or the real or true class limits.
 Class marks
The class mark is the midpoint or middle value of a class interval.
 Class frequency
Class frequency means the number of observations belonging to a class interval.

Statics Test Scores of 40 Students

45 33 19 15
50 28 28 16
56 31 36 18
54 30 34 26
20 44 25 38
18 51 26 39
5 61 28 33
10 58 28 33
19 40 16 34
21 37 12 35

Frequency Distribution Table

i f % x TCB <CF >CF RF
05 – 11 2 5% 8 4.5–11.5 2 40 0.05
12 – 18 6 15% 15 11.5–18.5 8 38 0.15
19 – 25 5 12.5% 22 18.5–25.5 13 32 0.125
26 – 32 8 20% 29 25.5–32.5 21 27 0.2
33 – 39 10 25% 36 32.5–39.5 31 19 0.25
40 – 46 3 7.5% 43 39.5–46.5 34 9 0.075
47 – 53 2 15% 50 46.5–53.5 36 6 0.15
54 – 60 3 7.5% 57 53.5–60.5 39 4 0.075
61 – 67 1 2.5% 64 60.5–67.5 40 1 0.15
40 100% 1
Where: i = class interval
f = frequency
x = class mark
TCB = true class boundaries
<CF = less than cumulative frequency
>CF = greater than cumulative frequency
Mean
∑ 𝑥𝑓
𝑥̅ = 𝑛

2(8)+6(15)+5(22)+8(29)+10(36)+3(43)+2(50)+3(57)+1(64)
= 40
= 1272/40
𝑥̅ = 31.8 is the average score of the Statistics test of 40 students

Median
𝑛
− <𝑐𝑓
2
𝑥 ̃ = LCBMdn + C ( )
𝑓

22−13
= 18.5 + 7 ( )
5
𝑥 ̃ = 31.1

Mode
𝐹𝑀𝑜 − 𝐹1
𝑥̂ = LCBMo + C (2𝐹 )
𝑀𝑜 − 𝐹1 − 𝐹2

(10−8)
= 32.5 + 7 [2(10)−8−3]
𝑥̂ = 34.06

GROUPED DATA

Activity 4:
Construct a frequency distribution table with six classes for the scores of the students of I-Rizal on
Mathematics test; and find the mean, median and mode.

37 16 24 24 33 47 39 28 18 34
25 35 22 19 43 15 23 26 33 35
29 30 46 34 38 24 20 18 33 34
40 39 25 21 15 16 32 35 20 25

Frequency Distribution Table

i f % x TCB <CF >CF RF
 VARIANCE
Variance is the basic measure of dispersion
Formula for Ungrouped Data
For Sample: For Population:
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ ) 2 ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠2 = 𝑠2 =
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
𝑠 2 = Variance 𝑠 2 = Variance
n - 1 = sample n = population
x = values x = values
𝑥̅ = mean 𝑥̅ = mean

Formula for Grouped Data

For Sample: For Population:
2
∑ 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 2
∑ 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠 = 𝑠 =
𝑛−1 𝑛
𝑠 2 = Variance 𝑠 2 = Variance
n - 1 = sample n = population
x = values x = values
𝑥̅ = mean 𝑥̅ = mean
f = frequency f = frequency
Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation is the most commonly used measure of dispersion or variability.
Formula for Ungrouped Data
For Sample: For Population:
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠=√ 𝑠= √
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
𝑠 2 = Variance 𝑠 2 = Variance
n - 1 = sample n = population
x = values x = values
𝑥̅ = mean 𝑥̅ = mean
Formula for Grouped Data
For Sample: For Population:
∑ 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 ∑ 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠= √ 𝑠=√
𝑛−1 𝑛
𝑠 2 = Variance 𝑠 2 = Variance
n - 1 = sample n = population
x = values x = values
𝑥̅ = mean 𝑥̅ = mean
f = frequency f = frequency

Activity 5

Frequency Distribution Table Frequency Distribution Table

(Grouped Data) (Ungrouped Data)
x f (𝒙 − 𝒙̅ ) (𝒙 − 𝒙̅ )𝟐 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒙̅ )𝟐 x (𝒙 − 𝒙̅ ) (𝒙 − 𝒙̅ )𝟐
6-10
11-15
16-20
21-25
26-30
31-35
36-40