HISTORY OF BASKETBALL

The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by Canadian physical
education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. Naismith was a 31-year old
graduate student when he created the indoor sport to keep athletes indoors during the winters.[1] The game
became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and
then in other parts of the world. After basketball became established in American colleges, the professional
game followed. The American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1946, grew to a multibillion-
dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became an integral part of American culture.

RULES AND REGULATION OF BASKETBALL

The rules of basketball can vary slightly depending on the level of play (for example professional rules differ
from college rules) or where the game is played (international rules are different from USA professional rules).
These rule differences, however, are usually just variations on the basic game of basketball and the majority of
the rules discussed below can be applied to most any game of basketball played.

The winner of a basketball game is the team with the most points. You get points by throwing the basketball
through the opponent's hoop or basket. In regular play a basket made from within the three point line is worth 2
points and a basket shot from outside the three point line is worth three points. When shooting a free throw,
each free throw is worth 1 point.

Rules for the offense

The basketball team on offense is the team with the basketball. When a player has the basketball there are
certain rules they must follow:

1) The player must bounce, or dribble, the ball with one hand while moving both feet. If, at any time, both
hands touch the ball or the player stops dribbling, the player must only move one foot. The foot that is
stationary is called the pivot foot.

2) The basketball player can only take one turn at dribbling. In other words, once a player has stopped
dribbling they cannot start another dribble. A player who starts dribbling again is called for a double-dribbling
violation and looses the basketball to the other team. A player can only start another dribble after another
player from either team touches or gains control of the basketball. This is usually after a shot or pass.

3) The ball must stay in bounds. If the offensive team looses the ball out of bounds the other team gets control
of the basketball.

4) The players hand must be on top of the ball while dribbling. If they touch the bottom of the basketball while
dribbling and continue to dribble this is called carrying the ball and the player will lose the ball to the other
team.

5) Once the offensive team crosses half court, they may not go back into the backcourt. This is called a
backcourt violation. If the defensive team knocks the ball into the backcourt, then the offensive team can
recover the ball legally.

Defensive Rules

The team on defense is the team without the basketball.

1) The main rule for the defensive player is not to foul. A foul is described as gaining an unfair advantage
through physical contact. There is some interpretation that has to be made by the referee, but, in general, the
defensive player may not touch the offensive player in a way that causes the offensive player to lose the ball or
miss a shot.
Rules for everyone

1) Although the foul rule is described above as a defensive rule, it applies exactly the same to all players on the
court including offensive players.

2) Basketball players cannot kick the ball or hit it with their fist.

3) No player can touch the basketball while it is traveling downward towards the basket or if it is on the rim. This
is called goaltending. (touching the ball on the rim is legal in some games).

Every player on the court is subject to the same rules regardless of the position they play. The positions in
basketball are just for team basketball strategy and there are no positions in the rules.

HOW TO PLAY BASKETBALL

The ball is tossed in the air to start the game. One of the players deflects it to a teammate. It is dribbled and
passed among the teammates to protect the ball and to make a goal. The basket or the hoop is placed
horizontally at the height of 10 feet on a back board. Each team tries to protect the goal on their side while
trying to make a goal on the opponent’s side of the court.
The opposite team tries to get the ball, take control of it while bouncing and tries to grab it while it is passed
among the team mates to prevent a goal. When a player commits a foul, the other team gets a chance of
free throw or to inbound the ball. Each goal carries two points and each free throw one point. The team with
higher score wins the game. Players may be substituted when a substitute asks for it.
The game starts when the referee throws a jump ball. In the international sport, each game is divided into four
10 minute periods. However, if there’s a tie between the teams they play for an extra period of 5 minutes.
After the first period and after the third period, the players take a 2 minute break. After the second period the
players take a 15 minute break and exchange baskets. After a break, the last player holding the ball throws
the ball in and starts the next period.
The play time may also be increased if a foul is committed just before the time ticks off. In such cases a free
throw is granted despite the time lapse.
If a player throws the ball before the time lapses, but the ball flies down the basket after the timer ticks off, the
goal is still considered.

Dribbling

Dribbling the basketball is one of the basics of the game. The point guard has to do the majority of the ball
handling, but all players have to know how to move from point A to point B while dribbling the ball
competently. Learn to dribble with both hands and keep your head up. You don't want to stare at the ball
while you are dribbling because you want to be able to see the court, find the open spots and pass the ball to
your teammates.

Shooting

The game is about scoring by putting the ball through the rim. Shooting is a learned skill and the more you work
at it, the more confidence you will get. Shooting well is about getting lift on your jump shot, bringing the ball to
the proper release position, putting backspin on the ball as you let the ball go and following through. Shooting
on your own before and after practice will give you a chance to improve your overall ability.

Defense

All players must make the effort to play effective defense. You don't have to be accomplished in other areas to
be strong on the defensive end. Stay between your man and the ball, use your arms to clog the passing lanes
and contest every shot without fouling. Playing defense is about effort and anticipation.
Rebounding

Rebounding is another vital basketball skill that is based on effort and intelligence rather than overall ability.
Defensive rebounders have an advantage over their offensive counterparts because they are positioned
between their opponent and the ball. Go to a spot about two to three feet from the backboard and face the
backboard when jumping. Use your butt to keep opponents from getting inside position on you and grab the
ball with both hands before bringing it down to chest level.

Passing

Find the open man when you have the basketball. Passing needs to be accurate and crisp. Don't hold onto the
ball just to show off your dribbling. The faster you can pass the ball to an open teammate, the better chance
your team will have at scoring. Use the chest pass, bounce pass or baseball pass to get the ball into a scoring
position.

DIMENSIONS OF BASKETBALL

NUMBER OF PLAYERS

Basketball is a popular sport in recent times. Each team has 5 players that are distributed on the
court according to their positions, these are Base, guard, wing, wing, and pivot.
It is necessary to clarify that in previous times, this sport was played with nine players but with time it
was reduced to seven and today to five.
The basketball games are divided into four times of 12 minutes (in NBA) and 10 minutes (in FIBA).

This is a sport that grew enormously over time and nowadays you can count on a large number of
leagues all over the world.
HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL
On February 9, 1895, in the town of Holyoke, Massachusetts, a YMCA physical education director
named William G. Morgan invented a new sport he dubbed mintonette.

Mintonette was an indoor sport meant to be gentler than basketball and incorporate some of the
characteristics of tennis, badminton, and handball. The net, originally a standard tennis net, stood at
6’6’’ and an unlimited number of players could be on each side of the court at any given time.
Similar to baseball, a match was made up of nine innings, with each team serving three times in an
inning with unlimited contacts.

In 1896, Professor Alfred T. Halsted, after witnessing how the players seemed to be volleying the ball
back and forth over the net, changed the sport’s name to volleyball, and the first game of volleyball
was played at Springfield College on July 7, 1896.

RULES AND REGULATION

General Volleyball Gameplay

A point or rally is started when one team serves the ball. The player serving the ball must stand behind
the end line or restraining line at the back of the court until after they have contacted the volleyball.
To serve a player hits the ball with their hand over the net and into the opposing team's side. If the
ball doesn't go over the net or hits the ground, the point is over. The opposing team must now return
the ball without letting it hit the ground. They can hit the ball up to three times. No single player can
hit the ball twice in a row (blocks don't count). Typically a team will try to set up an attack. They use
the first two hits to set the ball for a spike or hard hit over the net. The two teams continue hitting the
ball back and forth until the point ends. A point can end by one team hitting a winning shot that hits
the ground within the opponent's court or by one team causing a fault and losing the point.

Which volleyball team serves the ball is determined by the previous point. Whoever won the previous
point, gets to serve next. At the start of a match, the first serve is determined by a volley.

Team Rotation

Although players play certain roles on a volleyball team, they all must play all positions. There are
three players on the front line and three in the back. Each time a team gains the serve they must
rotate. The entire team rotates in a clockwise manner with one player moving to the front line and
another player moving to the back line. This way each player plays each spot.

Scoring

Scoring in volleyball is pretty simple, but it also has changed over time. Most matches are divided up
into sets. A typical match may be a best of 5 sets where the first team to win 5 sets wins the match. In
each set, the first team to 25 points wins as long as they are 2 points ahead. A point is scored on
every rally, regardless of which team serves.

It used to be that only the volleyball team serving could score a point on a won rally. Also, sets were
typically played to 15 points. This was changed in 1999.

Volleyball Faults

There are several ways to fault and lose the point. Here are some examples:
 Hitting the volleyball illegally - you must strike the ball in a manner such that you don't hold the
ball or palm, carry, or throw it.
 Stepping over or on the line while serving
  Not hitting the ball over the net
 Touching the net
 Reaching under the net and interfering with a player or the ball
 Not serving in the correct order
 Hitting the volleyball out of bounds
 Double hitting - when the same player hits the ball twice in a row
 Hitting the ball more than 3 times
HOW TO PLAY VOLLEYBALL

When first learning how to play volleyball, you need to understand the object of the game. The
object of the game is to beat your opponents to a predetermined number of points.
In the old days, volleyball was played to 15 points and a point is scored only when the serving team
wins the rally.
Today, rally scoring is primarily used which means a point is scored as a result of each play. Most
volleyball games today are rally scoring and played to 25 points.
To win the game, you must score more points than your opponent and be leading by at least 2.

Winning the Rally

When first learning how to play volleyball, it's important to understand how to score points.
To score a point in volleyball, a team must win a rally. A rally is begun by a server serving the ball into
play. The ball is served over the net to the opposing team.
The opponent then gets a maximum of three hits to return the ball back over the net.
A team wins a rally if...

 there opponent isn't able to successfully return the ball

 a player hits the ball down into their opponents court
 a player hits the ball out of bounds
 the team hits the ball off an opposing player
 a player commits a fault when playing the ball

Basic Rules

Indoor volleyball is played with two 6 player teams. Each team has 3 front row players and 3 back
row players. The front row players mainly hit and block. The back row players mainly pass and dig.
The teams are separated by a net over which the ball must cross.
In the men’ s game, the net is positioned to 2.43 meters high.
In the women’ s game, the net is positioned to 2.24 meters high.

Basic Skills

There are some basic volleyball skills and court positions that you must know before you start playing
volleyball.
The skills listed here are just basic.
The basic skills for playing volleyball are serving, passing, setting, attacking, blocking and digging.
The serve is what begins the game.
Passing the ball is the skill that's performed by the player receiving the ball.
Setting is the action of playing the ball to a teammate. Setting is usually done in an overhead motion
using the hands. Players that have a hard time getting in good position to hand set may elect to set
using a forearm passing motion. This is called bump setting.
Attacking or spiking is the action of sending the ball over the net to the opponent's court. Attacks are
usually done by taking steps to approach the net to jump and hit the ball. The volleyball approach
and hit is often thought of as the most fun skill in volleyball.
A block is the action of trying to prevent the ball from crossing the net into your court.
Digging is the action of playing the ball in a way that prevents the ball from touching the court after
an attack by the opponents.
To get good at these volleyball skills require improving physical proficiency and hand-arm-and-eye
coordination. Being able to effectively communicate with your teammates and having an
understanding of how to play volleyball will highly influence how well you perform these skills.

DIMENSIONS OF VOLLEYBALL

NUMBER OF PLAYERS IN VOLLEYBALL

A total of 6 players per team are allowed on the court for each team at any time.
If your team has more, say 15 players, the additional players can be on the bench as a part of the
team, but only those listed on the scoresheet may enter play.
As for subs, given that there are up to 3 or 5 games in a match, a maximum of 12 substitutions can be
made per game. Once player A subs in for player B, only player A can replace B again. After that
second sub, no more can be made for that position the rest of the game. Subs are resent each
game within the match. The number of allowed substitutions cannot be carried over to the next
match.