Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

2011
62255
2011 ࣱˆႌԦࡘઐն
у቉Nj߶КˀԦࡘ
2011 ࣱˆႌԦࡘઐն
у቉Nj߶КˀԦࡘ

ഏᤗ

ˆႌᩏᛠ
ӧᄨᮏྱӜ
© 2011 ྟా੝థ‫ڍ‬ᬄ‫ܬ‬ТधԦᩏᛠ/ˆႌᩏᛠ
1818 H Street NW
Washington DC 20433
ႂពὙ202-473-1000
Ꭹ‫ڦ‬Ὑwww.worldbank.org

γ႐੝థాѽ

1 2 3 4 14 13 12 11

ఴ஠͇௦ࠪǑ2011 ࣱˆႌԦࡘઐնǒᄉഏᤗnjఴઐն௦‫ڍ‬ᬄ‫ܬ‬ТधԦᩏᛠ/ˆႌᩏᛠ
ࢹͺ̠տᄉࢹͺ੆౦ὋФ˖੝ᤗᄉԦဗNjយ᧕̾Ԣፆ᝶లॸԥ௡ˆႌᩏᛠ੯ᛠᗈ̂
੊̴͂੝̼ᛪஊउᄉ᜹ཁnj
ˆႌᩏᛠʿγ᝼ఴ˹ஜ૵эᆷ௃ឧnjఴ˹੝ᬃ‫ڎڠ‬ᄉႝႌNjᮧᓣNjՏሥԢФ߱ζ
োࣲʿᛪᇧˆႌᩏᛠ͉ࠪʹ‫ڠ‬Ӝᄉก।‫ͮڠ‬ᄉᄹกὋ˶ʿ਒։ᅋࠪᤇ̎ႝႌᄉᝢԺ
੊ଋԩnj

დ֠‫گ⇡ܯ‬
ఴ˹ᄉ౅஧ԩྟాγએnjలፂ᝴ԺὋ‫֖҃ܬ‬/੊͛୦ఴͺֵᄉᦉѫ੊КᦉЮࠓԺᑞᤊ
ԥథСก।nj‫ڍ‬ᬄ‫ܬ‬ТधԦᩏᛠ/ˆႌᩏᛠᴁҴ͛୦ФͺֵὋ᤯࣡Ժ̾᣽ᤳэ᝴థС
‫҃ܬ‬ᄉឯයnj
‫ݟ‬᜵ය‫ܬ‬Ӿ੊᧗ӾఴͺֵЮࠓὋឯ‫ݯ܌‬ᠪ஧ᤞ̓ྟా᝴Ժ˖ॶὋ‫ڦڠ‬Ὑ 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA὚ႂពὙ978-750-8400὚͛ᄽὙ978-
750-4470὚Ꭹ‫ڦ‬Ὑwww.copyright.comnj
͉ʹథСྟా֖᝴Ժ᝼ᄉល᫇ὋӉહՉᮉᬃ࡚ాѽὋឯᐎጆˆႌᩏᛠѢྟҨМࠈὋ
‫ڦڠ‬Ὑ1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA὚͛ᄽὙ202-522-2422὚
ႂߔᥪ͇Ὑpubrights@worldbank.orgnj

࠯᭦᝹᝟ὙHeads of State
Ӿ҄ଅྟὙBarton Matheson Willse and Worthington

Ⴠᇦ⑋ᗬჀဥࢣ‫ښ‬௜ኌࢣ␼͎௉М᠇ซᄘⰴσѦ␼ঐૂ૤‫ښ‬ଢ❻⣜᠇ഠᱳΔᏂȠ

᤯᣾ࠪॆ̬఑Ҧу቉ᄉఴ᠎Njԓ‫֖ځ‬Ր౦̾Ԣःࠪу቉᣾ር˖ᄉ੆᠋३ܾᤈ
ᛠѫౡὋఴయǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒை‫ڙ‬ຆӐథСᑞ᧓Ԩ̣˥ଏஶ౎ஂ૆ᥦ̎Ұ
Ҧ᫸ᔴ఑Ҧ֖у቉੊ൣ‫ڙ‬ˀ఑Ҧ֖у቉ઇ́ᄉ‫ڠ֖ࠑڍ‬Ӝᄉᝦ᝶njఴઐն๗
ԢᄉᦉѫЮࠓᡓ᣾˿ˆႌᩏᛠ͛ፑʼᄉԦࡘ΍֐Ὃᤇԥ௡Ѣ‫ڍ‬ᬄфንࡎ௅ᡕ
ʶᒰᄉᄹกὙԀᝌф఑Ҧу቉᫇ᮤ֖Χᤈፂ฿Ԧࡘᦏᭉ᜵ఝຆЙ‫˿ڠ‬ᝌஊ
෴Nj߶К֖Ԧࡘ˧ᫍᄉСጆnjࠪᤇʶᮖ۪ᤈᛠᆐቂὋˆႌᩏᛠࠬයᄉࣲʿ௦
ᡓᡔФӨ߿੝᜺߿ᄉ΍֐ὋᏪ௦˝˿ଡᰳࠪԩܷ᜺ഴ఑Ҧ‫ގ‬ᐺ੊ॕֽᄉ‫ڠ‬Ӝ
ᄉԦࡘ࣯ᮔᄉ஌ညnj
ࣿ

1944 ࣱ౎ᒬ 45 ˓‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ̼ᛪᐐᬶ‫࣊ڙ‬ᭆᮏ೧ౣὋ̴͂ࠪॆௐੌ̮̂ᦫᄉˆႌܷੌ

ᄉፂ฿಩ຸᤈᛠ˿ԥধὋࣲࠪ‫ʹݟ‬γએࣰ֖˶ᤈᛠ˿ଉᝦnj̴͂ʶᒰՎ਒तበ‫ڍ‬ᬄ
‫ܬ‬ТधԦᩏᛠ (IBRD)ὋԀՐ౎ᄉˆႌᩏᛠᬶ‫( ڃ‬World Bank Group) ᄉґᢵnjൣ‫ݟ‬
̼ᛪ͂ซ਒ҁᄉᥦಧὋþ᧗त֖Ԧࡘᄉ᝟Ѳ࠱ҪঋՉ‫ڠ‬ᄉፂ฿ᤈ൥Ὃ࠱థү̅ஊ෴
ሶ߿֖Χᤈࣰ֖njÿ‫ڍ‬ᬄ‫ܬ‬ТधԦᩏᛠ̅ 1947 ࣱ੺э˿ኃʶቷ᠝൛Ὃࣞүก‫ڍ‬
ᤈᛠ᧗तnj
60 ࣱՐὋ‫ڍ‬ᬄ‫ܬ‬ТधԦᩏᛠ˖ᄉþ‫ܬ‬Тÿᤇ˓ជԠథ˿ளᄉդ˦ὙԀࠪᬀࠜ
ෂNjจᳫNj๑‫ڠ‬Njѽඊ᧖̍Njӵ௒᣹Nj‫܊‬ડѽ௔NjӮᦉᔙ˜̾ԢФ̴у቉‫ڠ‬Ӝ੊ࣂ
ፂᝌͳᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ᤈᛠ᧗तnjγᎬeመ᧖࠶ᄉᗂͺǑణऄࡎᄉӠ̢̠ǒ቉Ѣࡘဗ˿‫੷ڇ‬
ᤇ̎‫ڠ‬ழᄉ᫇ᮤὋԀᘘिᄉ෴ူNj᠑‫֖ڇ‬఑Ҧᄉԥ‫ܬ‬९ဖnjᤆ෤థʶ˓঄̅ःࠪᤇ
̎᫇ᮤᄉͯஅЙ‫ࠃࠑڍ‬ဗ˿ʶᮉӡࣱԦࡘᄫಕnjᏪ˄ᑠि‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ᫇ᮤФॕֽॡࠓ௛
ੰ஘Ὑᡔ᣾᣷ႌᄉ఑Ҧ͗ઁ᥵‫˶ڍ‬પЙช໻Ὃ‫˝ځ‬᳣ᧁֵNj๑ᄦᛠ˝֖বѾ఑Ҧ௦
у቉໌ၶᄉ‫ܡڗ‬ὋᏪу቉͗ࣛ౎ᬱඞ᫇ᮤࣲࠪ۲ᆨ᝹ஶᤴ੆ᆠ‫ڭ‬nj᫇ᮤˊၶᄉ‫ڠ‬ழ
͗੆˝ॕֽຆᤉᄉ౜ቪ఑ҦѫߔᎩፎ֖థጷጺ࿀Ꮄᄉຝࣽnj
2008 ࣱੇడ‫ڍڙ‬ᬄੌ႔ᆐቂ੝ࡂþᆷγԦࡘ߶КÿԦᛪᝮពnjੇᤤસᤇ൒͗ᝫ౎
ुុ߶КNj෴ူ֖Ԧࡘ˧ᫍᄉСጆὋࣲᛪ᣹˿ᤇಧʶ˓᜹ཁὙ̈ᄰҞᜇᄉᅻខ௦௃
กॡ‫੆्ڠݝ‬ՋҦ౎ᝌф̈ᄰСᐎᄉ᫇ᮤᄉnjੇഏહ˿ੇ͂᭦˙ᄉૌੌὙᥦࡂ௦ࣛ
౎߶КˀԦࡘὋᝧ߶КˀԦࡘᄉူএຆຆ੦಩ὋᤈᏪ੩ᆠᑠिˀу቉ᄉৎব९ဖnj
ൣ‫͂ੇݟ‬ᄫґ‫֖ˋ˖ڙ‬ӑ᭣‫ڠ‬Ӝв൒ᄹҁᄉৰхʶಧὋ̃Ӡʶˆጡᄉ఑Ҧˀ̃Ӡ
ˆጡ̾‫ࠑڍ‬ᫍу቉˝ഴयᄉ఑ҦʿՎὋᝌфᄉழก˶ʿՎnjԀ΍‫ࠑڍ‬ѽᄝ੊Ꮷ͈Ϙ
᜹଍Үஊ෴ᮖ̠࠭᧓ԨᛠҮὋþཎ‫ڈ‬यÿጪՓፆౝᄉஊउ఺ౝ˶߸Кʿ᤟ՋϡѢः
ࠪnjͯஅЙNj᠑‫ڇ‬NjܾˉNjၿᮻֵ͈ಪ᭍ᕤኍ‫ځ‬ገलԦᄉஅЙจҮNjঋᤳᄉۡࣉӐ
̾ԢʿՎᏅͳᫍᄉʿࣰኍᦏ͗‫ܘ‬Ҫ఑Ҧᄉ᮲ᬖnjܰᦉԌҦὋඊ‫ݟ‬ᡋሒ᠞௛֖᭣กᄉ
᧚ᚷึҮᦏ͗ҪҚᤇሗ᮲ᬖnj
Ǒ2011 ࣱˆႌԦࡘઐնǒࠪ౎ᒬˆႌՉ‫ڠ‬ᄉᅻខ֖ፂᰍᤈᛠ˿ശՓඊᣖὋ̾Φࡂ
‫ʹݟ‬ୋᑱу቉֖ᑠि̾ԢᆷγԦࡘ߶КଡΘʶ̎਒᜸֖ѬࠃԺᛠᄉतᝫnjઐնᄉ᜵
ைࠪӉહͯNj˖NjᰳஅЙᄉ੝థ‫̾ࠑڍ‬ԢӜ۪ব੊Кီব఺ౝ౎ឬᦏథ᧗᜵਒˦Ὑ
ኃʶὋ ҃ऎᄉՋกব௦ሶ߿ᄉС᪃nj ‫҃ࠑڍ‬ऎʿᑞЌѫγએМඞNj᫸ൢᑻ᠋Ὃ
੊ଡΘᖌ३ՂกМൣᄉຘ᥊὚ࣉ‫ڣ‬ʿᑞଡΘࡂˉ఺͗὚੊ᏧᇪӜܾԜ˿ᇪ͗ѕᐐ
ҦὋ‫ڙ‬ᤇ̎ৰхʽ఑Ҧу቉ᄉԺᑞব͗థ੝‫ܘ‬Ҫnj‫ڙ‬ణѹᄉ᫼ൿὋ‫ࠑڍ‬᤯࣡ᭉ᜵ু
‫ܬ‬М͔ࠪ۲ఴᬶͳᛠҮᄉζॶὋᤇʶཁၴᒯ‫ࠪڙ‬۲ఴ҃ऎᤈᛠஇ᭨ґࡂ᜵ϡҁnj
ᡏ௉௦҃ᑇ˧᥊úúᑞॡঋࣛ౎ࠃᬄ੆౦ᄉᛠҮ௦Ф˖ᄉС᪃nj
v
vi ࣿ

ኃ̃ὋࠪМඞ߶КNjՂกМൣ֖ࡂˉҪ̾અЙ௦ђ࠵఑ҦॸʿԺ࠵ᄉ੣ൿnjཨᏪὋ
ੇ͂ᄉᬶͳᑞҦழ᭦ߚ‫ڙ‬ፆౝবᎤᬝὋ௃กࠪᤇ̎ᮖ۪ଡΘஂ૆njᑠि‫ࠑڍ‬Ժ̾੼
ҁࣞү߱͂तበи᫲ᄉ‫ڠ‬ழὋͭᄫґੇ͂ԁ෤థዜͪᄉᠪຸࣞү߱͂तበ᝜ࠢҦ᧙
੊Ꮷᅾൣͳጆnjੇ͂ᭉ᜵ఝҪ᧗᜼ᑞѸᤴࡂˉᄉ௉యᮉᄫὋྱѾ௦᤯᣾ሒᖸᦉ᫂Ѹ
ᤴࡂˉᄉ௉యᮉᄫnjఴઐնᤆࠪ‫ݘݣ‬ԟˀஊ෴ᐎᄩNj߶К֖Ղกஇ᭨̾Ԣፂ฿ᠱా
ᄉ᧗᜵বᤈᛠ˿̭ፀnj
ኃʻὋథ஌‫ڠ‬ःࠪᤇሗૌੌ਒։ᅋ҃ऎᭉ᜵Ԫ᭨nj‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝԢФ౎ᒬФ̴‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ
͖ͦॸᮋុஞࢹͺርࣿὋᤇಧ߱͂੥ᑞ᣽૸‫ڠ‬ϡѢःࠪὋࣲ˄‫ڙ‬ϡѢःࠪௐᅋᅊ̅
᫁ᤉᄫಕࣲซ᧗ఝ૆ˣᄉॕֽnjବү௦ᭉ᜵Ҫ̾ஞՋ֖ӨុᄉὋܲ૫ᡂᏧζ੫۲᧚
ࣂፂ᝼௙ᑞܴ‫ࠃڙ‬ဗᤇ̎ᄫಕᄉՎௐђᣏᑞҦᤆӠѫᘘिᄉளஊउᄉ᠆ઝnjੇ͂ᭉ
᜵‫̠ڙ‬᥊˞˦఺ౝˀԦࡘ఺ౝ˧ᫍࠃဗఝ‫ݝ‬ᄉ̓ଋὋᏪ˄ੇ͂ᭉ᜵ଋԩఝᰳᄉ᮲
ᬖὙ‫ݟ‬౦በก఺ౝ֖ᄢ̠ࠢտԵ࣎భᄹҁ‫ݝ‬ᄉʶ᭦ὋᏪ˄ʶ։‫ܪڠ‬Ꭾܾ᠋Ὃᥦ˥఺
ౝࡂ͗ᥗधణೣ੣ᄉ᫇ᮤࣲၸՉሗር֖ࣿ‫ށ‬տ͗౎ోᎇᒬࣁ̾ᥗБ੽ઝ᠉͉njఴઐ
նଡѢ˿ʶ̎ᛥ᧙ፆ౦ᄉХͳᛠҮ֖ழกnj
ኃ‫ٽ‬Ὃੇ͂ᭉ᜵᧓ၸѫጞᅋ੣ᄉழयnjʶ̎᫇ᮤԺ̾ၿ‫౎ࠑڍ‬ᝌфὋͭԲܰʶ̎
Ѷᭉ᜵ၿ‫ڠ‬Ӝ౎ᝌфὋඊ‫ݟ‬तበ࠱ʿ߶К‫ڠ‬Ӝࠓጩᤈ౎ᄉࣉ‫֖ڣ‬ፑኡᠪຸ̾ᤈᛠᑞ
Ҧत᝹njᤆథʶ̎ᛠҮѶᭉ᜵ၿ‫ڍ‬ᬄବү౎߸੆Ὃඊ‫ݟ‬त᝹ளᑞҦ̾ஂ૆Ղกஇ᭨
֖ѸᤴࡂˉὋඊ‫ݟ‬ၶ̖‫֖ڍ‬๖᠟‫˧ڍ‬ᫍᤈᛠՋͺ̾᫽ൢ᭣กᡋሒ᠞௛Ὃвඊ‫ࠪݟ‬ђ
ᣏၿᮻֵ͈ಪ᭍ᕤᤴ੆ᄉԌҦ᧓ԨᛠҮnj
ኃ̊Ὃ‫᧓ڙ‬ԨʼᤗழกௐὋੇ͂ᭉ᜵਒ខҁ ˆႌಪࡌൣ‫ڙ‬இԪ njӜ۪ব఺ౝ֖
˖ኍஅЙ‫ࠑڍ‬ൣ‫ڙ‬Ԧ૘ఝܷᄉͺၸὋᤇ਒։ᅋੇ͂ःឞఝҪ᧗᜼ӮúӮ֖Ӯúӑ̓
ึὋ˶ःឞఝҪ᧗᜼˖ኍஅЙ‫ࠑڍ‬ᤂయᄉᣀԪnj
ੇ͂੝ᝦ᝶ᄉ᫇ᮤ̂С᧗ܷnjʶ൒Юᦉу቉͗΍ʶᓉᄉԦࡘ˖‫̶ࠑڍ‬Ѣܷጝᄰॆ
̅ 30 ࣱፂ฿‫ܘ‬᫁ᄉ̼͈ὋᏪᬝЙ᫁యӿ఺ᄉ‫ڙࠑڍ‬Аన᠑‫ڇ‬ழ᭦Ժ̾ᖿՐ 20 ܲ˓
ᄇѫཁnj੼ҁథ஌ᄉழกࣞүᤇ̎‫ࠑڍ‬ᥗБள఑ҦᄉԦၶ੊ୋᑱ఑Ҧᄉԥ‫ܬ‬९ဖࠪ
Кီ߶К֖КီԦࡘ౎ឬᒯС᧗᜵Ὃͭ௦ϡҁᤇʶཁѶᭉ᜵̯಩ఴʼᤈᛠԥধὋӉહ
ࠪੇ͂‫ʹݟ‬᝿֖ͤଌ҃᮲ᬖᤈᛠԥধnj
͉ʹᤇዜஇԪᦏॸᮋ۲̅ʶ˓௙ᆷᄉᡸጲ‫ڎ‬Ὃॸᮋ۲̅ुܷᄉҮ఺njੇ࣎భ
ఴઐնᑞࣞү̴̠֖ੇ͂ᒬࣁଠፊѢᤇಧʶ˓ᡸጲ‫ڎ‬nj

ᎬͣྱeͱѽА

ᛠ᫁
ˆႌᩏᛠᬶ‫ڃ‬
ഏᤗᄫे

ґᝒ 1

ኃʶᦉѫὙ఑Ҧ᧗‫ܬ‬९ဖࣛ౎ᄉૌੌ 2
̃Ӡʶˆጡᄉу቉֖఑Ҧ௦ʶ˓Ԧࡘ᫇ᮤὋˀ̃Ӡˆጡᄉഴय
ᤏཨʿՎ 2
у቉ᄉ൴ᦹ९ဖὙॆ߶КNjМൣ֖ࡂˉழ᭦ᄉԌҦ᥄ҁᘘिᄉ
఺ౝ 6

ኃ̃ᦉѫὙ੩ᆠ‫ࠑڍ‬఑Ҧ९ဖᄉᡸጲ‫ڎ‬ 8
ু‫ܬ‬ζॶNjᣀԪ҃ऎὋ˝МඞଡΘ߶КNjМൣ֖ࡂˉ 8
‫ࠑڍ‬ԟˀᏧᄉࠃၸஊንࢹХˀழ಴ࢹХ 16

ኃʻᦉѫὙ‫ڍ‬ᬄஊንૈӮúúᬋͯ఑Ҧу቉᮲ᬖ 25
ᡸफ़ 1Ὑ᤯᣾Мඞ߶КNjМൣ֖ࡂˉᮖ۪ᄉ˃ˉӐବүὋ
Ҫु᫸ᔴࢹͺ 29
ᡸफ़ 2ὙᣀԪ‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝᄉርࣿԢ᮲ᬖˀፚ஌ክူ 31
ᡸफ़ 3Ὑ᧓ԨӜ۪੊КီᛠҮःࠪܰᦉԌҦ 34
ᡸफ़ 4ὝԨͯஅЙ‫ࠑڍ‬Nj˖ኍஅЙ‫֖ࠑڍ‬ᰳஅЙ‫ࠑڍ‬NjКီ֖
Ӝ۪ব఺ౝᄉବү Ὃԥ௡‫ڍ‬ᬄஊን֖ବүʿறԪӐᄉ
ಪࡌ 36

ซ᧕ 39
ԟᏥ஠࿸ 45
ᒰ៘ 53
஠࿸ซ᧕ 55
2011 ࣱˆႌԦࡘઐնᄫे 58

vii
 ഏᤗ
఑Ҧˀᑠि

ґᝒ ᮺᤳᄉᤈ൥Ὃͭᥦ̎̾ஊ෴֖ѱ̂఑Ҧ
ԥ‫ܬ‬९ဖ˝ྱཁᄉ‫ڠ‬Ӝԁᜁᤉᤉ‫ڠ‬ᖿ‫ڙ‬

፤ એᬶͳ߶КᄉҰҦʶᄯ௦̠ዜ
ԊԽᄉನॶὙ̯ణˣᤉᄉࣱ̼
ध‫ݼ‬Ὃ̠ዜ߶К᭤ᄉ௦Ջͺᤇሗᝢᅻࡂ
˿Ր᭦Ὃ̴͂ᄉፂ฿‫ܘ‬᫁ԩҁ˿૮ࠎὋ
̴͂ᄉ̠ዜ࿃хૈಕϢ໔ʿґnj
ࠪᥦ̎ၶา‫ڙ‬ሶ߿ဖܑ˖ᄉ̠౎ឬὋ
‫ݼ‬ጻ௦ెᖿᇪ͗Njۡࣉ֖ඞி‫੆्ࠑڍ‬ ԺᑞॡᬱူᝌᰳஅЙ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉጒᕥ̾Ԣ
ᄉΧ੆‫ځ‬ገnjං༣বᄉˆႌੌ́Nj൸ඞ Ԧ᣹ᄉКီፂ฿ˀ‫ီڠ‬ʼФ̴‫ڠ‬ழᄉ
‫ڠ‬஦֖́਒ខ्খу቉ᄉ᥋ৣ̾Ԣतበ ౜ቪ఑Ҧ֖ቃ‫̾ʹڇ‬ᑞࣲܴߚnjᥦ̎‫ڙ‬
ᑞܴΧᤈˆႌࣰ֖ˀጒᕥᄉ‫ڍ‬ᬄͳጆᄉ ጉᯰ᧖๑ࡿܰาҮNjଈ݃᤯᣾̍ʷັᓔ
ՉሗҰҦ˞ࠍ˿̃Ӡˆጡnj‫ڙ‬ʶ߿ርऎ Եᄉ๑ᄦࡂឬ௙˿ဗథКီͳጆᄉᤇሗ
ʼὋᤇ̎ͳጆ௦੆ҩᄉúú‫˧ࠑڍ‬ᫍᄉ ᅷᄳnj˝̣˥ˆႌʼဗ̼Ӑඞி‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ
ੌ́ඊ᣾Ԝ࠵᜸ܲ˿ὋᏪ˄Юੌᄉஜ᧙ ጒᕥ֖ᑞҦҪҁʶᡐԁʿᑞ᫸ൢᤇ˓
˶‫ڙ‬ʽᬋnj ԰Ꮴ᫇ᮤᄉѢဗ὞˝̣˥‫ڍڙ‬ᬄᇪ͗
ཨᏪὋʿ߶КʿͭΙཨߚ‫ڙ‬ὋᏪ˄߱ ᧗ள̭Йᬀࠜෂ᫇ᮤ࠱ᤂ 10 ࣱՐὋࣰ֖
ᤆ੆˝˿ੇ͂ᤇ˓ௐ̼˖ࠪԦࡘᄉᯪ᜵ ᄉґ௿ͪ˪Ιཨᥐᤉ὞˝̣˥ஞ˓ۡࣉ
ૌੌnjథ 15 ̢̠ၶา‫ڙ‬ԩᑠिবNjу቉ ᄉМ͔͗ᜁඈֵᡋሒ͊ߔՕχ὞˝̣˥
੊ܷ᜺ഴథጷጺѱ̂఑Ҧॕֽᄉ‫ڠ‬ӜὋ ˖ˋ֖ӑ᭣ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ὋࡉክФ˖ʶ̎፤૆
ᤆ෤థͯஅЙᄉᑠि‫੊ࠑڍ‬Ꮷԩу቉ ˿ᰳᤳᄉ‫ܘ‬᫁Ꮺ˄ᇪ͗࿃хૈಕథ੝
ॕֽᄉ‫ࠃࠑڍ‬ဗ᣾ʶᮉᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ӡࣱ இؒὋ̮͗᭦˙௾᥅ᄉʿ໗὞
Ԧࡘᄫಕ (UN MDG)njᬓ˿Ιཨᝧ̠ ఴయᄉǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒࡂ̣˥ឩԦ
উॶইইᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬֖ᫍ‫ࠑڍ‬Юᦉᄉ͛ፑ ˿఑Ҧᄉ᮲ᬖNj˝̣˥᫸ൢу቉֖ু‫ܬ‬
ੌ́ܰὋԠѢဗ˿థጷጺ࿀Ꮄ֖᭣ก ࣰ֖ᜁ᝼௙‫ݟ‬൤ᬱ̾ᝌфὋ̾Ԣ‫ࠑڍ‬ᮖ
᠞௛NjၿКီፂ฿᭍ᕤलᡐᄉᇪ͗ ̴̠֖࠭͂ᄉԦࡘNj߶КԢ͖ܰ̓ͦ͂
ҮᕤNj঻ণ˞˦ኍளᄉ‫ގ‬ᐺnjࡉክ᣾Ԝ Ժ̾ϡ̣̎˥౎ࣞүˆႌʼణᑠि֖
60 ࣱ˖ˆႌܲஜ‫ڠ‬Ӝ‫ڙ‬ђ᠑ழ᭦Ԩ३˿ ణԩ఑Ҧ‫੷ڇ‬ᄉ‫ڠ‬Ӝ᧗तሶ߿Ԧࡘᄉ
2 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

᥊ᡸଡѢ˿᫇ᮤnjჀ๷‫᠇۽‬ᅡ೜ഠඔ ́ቪӣጞࣲ໥Ԫ˝К᭦ᄉஎࠪὋᥦ˥
ଆၖಐ‫ہأ‬፿᠇֫ా‫ܯ‬፨ᛋⰴ͘Ԩዢ༢ எ ࠪ ణጻፆో὇௃᝶௦᤯᣾ᑇ᠆ᤆ௦
ёઢԤȟԨኌ‫ܯ‬ଆ̀ၖืᣍႎ‫ע‬೒ᚬ᠇ ᤯᣾ៀѻ᣹੆֖ᝌὈ˧Ր͗థʶ˓ᆀఆ
ԭ⛾Ƞু‫ܬ‬ζॶ֖இԪ߶КNjՂกԢፂ ᄉþՐу቉ÿ᫼ൿࣲణጻু‫ࣰ֖ܬ‬nj
฿҃ऎ௦థԺᑞ‫ڙ‬ʶ̼̠ᄉௐᫍЮ߸੆ Кီͳጆ˞᜵௦‫ډ‬ፈу቉ᄉᤇሗЦ‫ۋ‬ഴ
ᄉὋԀ΍௦‫ڙ‬ፂԊ᣾ː᧗у቉ᄉ‫˶ࠑڍ‬ यౝኒᄉὋ‫ڍ֖ࠑڍ‬ᬄԟˀᏧᦏథ௙ᆷ
ᑞ߸੆njͭ௦ᤇᭉ᜵਒ং‫ुڱ‬ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ᮖ ᄉͺၸὙ‫ڙ‬Ԧࡘ ழ᭦Ὃ߱͂ᄉͺၸ௦Χ
࠭ာߔ̾Ԣþፂ᣾இᤴÿᄉ‫ڍ‬ᬄͳጆ౎ ᤈጒᕥ֖ଡӣඞி‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉᑞҦ὇ͭ‫ڙ‬у
ᝌф̃Ӡʶˆጡᄉ᮲ᬖὋԀὙ࠱ବүᄉ ቉༎ཉᄉௐϊѶઙᢵᤝѢὈ὚‫ ̓ܰڙ‬ழ
᧗ཁ᧗ளஉҁ᫸ൢѱ֖̂ஊ෴఑ҦʼNj ᭦Ὃ߱͂ᄉͺၸ௦᫸ൢ‫ڍ‬ˀ‫˧ڍ‬ᫍ̾Ԣ
இ᭨‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝᄉርࣿNj‫ڠڙ‬Ӝࡎ᭦ϡѢ ஊउˀԥஊउᤁҮ˧ᫍᄉу቉֖ᤈᛠុ
ःࠪNjু‫ͯܬ‬அЙNj˖ኍஅЙ֖ᰳஅЙ Ϣ὚‫ڙ‬у቉Րᄉ፤֖ழ᭦Ὃ̾Ԣ‫̠ڙ‬᥊
‫˧ࠑڍ‬ᫍᄉՋͺnjఴઐն᝹ਆ࠱Ѣဗѫ ˞˦ ழ᭦Ὃ߱͂ᄉͺၸ௦ଡΘஐବnj
ࡎ൒ᄉNjథ஌ᄉКီᛠҮὋ‫ڠ‬ழNj‫ڍ‬ ̃Ӡʶˆጡᄉ఑Ҧ1 ˀ̃Ӡˆጡᄉ
ࠑNj‫ڠ‬Ӝ̾Ԣ‫ڍ‬ᬄᇪ࠱ѫѾԦ૘ʿՎᄉ ഴयʿՎnj‫ࠑڍ‬ᫍੌ֖́Юੌࡉክ̮௦
ͺၸnj ʶ̎‫ڠ‬Ӝᄉ‫ގ‬ᐺὋͭ‫ڙ‬᣾Ԝ 25 ࣱ˖߱
᧜̅ᤇ˓᝶ᮤᄉব᠎Ὃఴઐն௦̾ ͂ᄉஜ᧙థ੝ʽᬋnjЮੌᤴ੆ᄉ൪̑Ὃ
ʿՎࠬ࣡ᄉழय߸੆ᄉúú̯ʶध‫ࡂݼ‬ ࡉክФஜ᧙̮ཨᝧ̠ʿᑞଋԩὋԁԵథ
ՓՉ‫ڍ‬ᄉஇ᭨ᏧාԨፂᰍὋՎௐˀᐎՋ ̃ӠˆጡЛӠࣱ̼ᄉ‫ٽ‬ѫ˧ʶ὇᜸˃

‫̾ڍ‬Ԣ‫ڙ‬ஊ෴֖߶К᫇ᮤழ᭦Х‫˃ܫ‬᫁ ᮤ‫ڎ‬ᛪ
F1.1 Ὀ 2 nj఑Ҧ֖у቉ࣲ෤థᜁ

ᄉ‫ڠ‬Ӝব఺ౝࠚѬՋͺὋࣲ˄̠̾ዜ߶ ๖ᬓὙᤇ˓௠ီʼඇ‫ࡂ˖̠˓ٽ‬థʶ˓

Кᤇ˓ഏএ˝۲ᆨnjੇ͂࣎భᤇሗՋͺ ὇঳Рᡓ᣾ 15 ̢̠Ὀၶา‫ڙ‬ᑠि੊ԩ

СጆᑞΧ੆૆፝ᄉҰҦὋԜРՎຆӐੇ у቉ॕֽᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬Ὃ੊Ꮷ௦ѱ̂఑ҦᰳԦ

͂ࠪ߶КˀԦࡘ˧ᫍᐎጆᄉ˿ᝌὋࣲᴁ ᄉ‫ ࠑڍ‬3 njͭ௦ၿ̅‫ڙ‬ђ࠵Юੌழ᭦Ԩ

Ҵ‫ڙ‬ఴઐնុಉፆ౦ᄉ۲ᆨʼधࡘࠃᬄ ३੆ҩὋФ̴्यᄉу቉֖఑Ҧ௄ʿ߸
КቿՋþੌ́ÿ੊þࣰ֖ÿᄉᔴ႘Ὃ˶
ᛠҮnj
ʿ߸КቿՋþѱ̂఑Ҧÿ੊þஊ෴఑
Ҧÿᄉᔴ႘nj὇᜸˃ᮤ 1ὋF1.1–1.2 ֖
ᨏ̬ⓦօὙႎ‫ঁ╕ע‬೒ᚬ ᛪ F1.1Ὀnj
௴წ᠇ເฒ
᝴ܲ‫ڠ֖ࠑڍ‬ழӜ۪ᄫґ᭦˙ᅋ ᧗
‫ ܬ‬఑Ҧᄉ९ဖNjᘘिᄉ෴ူ֖ʿሶ߿ᄉ
̃Ӡʶˆጡᄉу቉֖఑Ҧ௦ʶ˓Ԧࡘ ࡌҸnjᯪЎὋу቉࣡࣡ʿ௦ʶ൒বᄉ̂
᫇ᮤὋˀ̃ӠˆጡᄉഴयᤏཨʿՎ
͇ὋᏪ௦૆፝ᄉ֖᧗‫ܬ‬ᄉὙ᣾Ԝ 10 ࣱ
˖ᄉЮੌథ 90% Ԧ ၶ ‫ ڙ‬᣾ Ԝ 30 ࣱ˖
̃ӠˆጡᄉКီͳጆை‫ڙ‬ᝌф‫ࠑڍ‬ᫍᄉ ࣂፂԦၶ᣾Юੌᄉ‫ ࠑڍ‬4 njኃ̃Ὃள्
ጊषࡌҸ̾Ԣʶ൒বᄉЮੌnjඞி‫ࠑڍ‬ यᄉу቉֖఑Ҧ‫ގ‬ᐺᅋԦࡘὙ᝴ܲ‫ࠑڍ‬
˧ᫍᄉੌ֖́Юੌᦏథྱ߿ᄉ᤾ᣣ֖ᮊ ‫ڙ‬఑Ҧᄉஊ෴у቉Րడ੆ҩ‫ڠ‬Ө‫׷‬᣹੆
ࣿnjԟˀᏧ௃᝶௦˞ా‫ࠑڍ‬ᤆ௦௙ᆷႌ ஊ෴ࣰ֖֖ӨᝫὋඊ‫ݟ‬Ὑᖻ࠶ၦܲNjӿ
߿ᄉԥஊउᤁҮὋᦏ௦ࣂᅻᄉnj‫ݟ‬౦ ‫ڠ‬ᯰડ֖Ӯ᭣ὋཨᏪဗ‫ڙ‬ᤇ̎‫ࠑڍ‬ԁ᭦
 ഏᤗ
ഏᤗ 3

˃ᮤ 1 ఑Ҧ‫ʹݟ‬ԦၶԪӐ

‫ڎ‬ᛪ F 1.1 Юੌ࠭ᒰᄉ൪̑ஜ᧙յʽᬋᡕҸ

ᬣᅋЮੌஜ᧙ᄉʽᬋὋ൤ዜу቉ඇࣱᤴ੆ᄉ൪̑὇ੌ൪Ὀ঳ஜ̯ 1988 ࣱᄉ 20 ܲʹ
ᬋᒯ2008 ࣱᄉʿҁ 5 ʹnj
300,000 60

250,000 50

200,000 40

ஜ᧙
ஜ

150,000 30

˖ ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬
Ю ੌᄉ᫻̠̑

100,000 20

‫̅ܪ‬Юੌ
50,000 10

0 0
1960 1968 1976 1984 1992 2000 2008

੝థЮੌ὇࠴᜺ ഴ ֖ܷ᜺ ഴ Ὀඇ ࣱ ᤴ ੆ ᄉ঳᫻̠̑ஜ

‫̅ܪ‬Юੌ὇࠴᜺ ഴ ֖ܷ᜺ ഴ Ὀ˖ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ ஜ ᧙

ᠪ஧౎ຸὙUppsala ܷߥ/‫ݗ‬லᬅࣰ֖ᆐቂ੝ (PRIO) ൦ᜈу቉ஜ૵ጷ὇Harbom ֖ Wallensteen

2010 ࣱὈNjLacina ֖ Gleditsch ὇2005 ࣱὈNjGleditsch ኍ὇2002 ࣱὈNjSundberg
὇2008 ࣱὈNjGleditsch ֖ Ward὇1999 ࣱὈNjLacina ֖ Gleditsch὇2005 ࣱὈNj̠ዜ߶Кᆐቂ
ᮉᄫԀ࠱Ԧᛪnj

ซὙ‫ ڙ‬Uppsala ܷߥ/‫ݗ‬லᬅࣰ֖ᆐቂ੝൦ᜈу቉ஜ૵ጷ὇Harbom ֖ Wallensteen 2010 ࣱὋ

Lacina ֖ Gleditsch 2005 ࣱὈ˖ࠪЮੌ૊᜺ഴ֖ዜ‫ۋ‬ᤈᛠ˿ѫዜnjᭉ᜵ᤈᛠᄢᅕᄉణͯᬌऎ௦ʶ
ࣱᤴ੆ 25 ˓̠὇դ 25 ˓Ὀ̾ʼ᫻̑ᄉ࠴᜺ഴЮੌnjࠪඇ‫ڣ‬у቉ඇࣱᤴ੆ᄉ᫻̠̑ஜᄉణͯNj
ణᰳ֖ణ·ͤ᝟᜸ Lacin ֖ Gleditsch ᄉᗂᤗ὇̅ 2005 ࣱԦࣲ࣊̅ 2009 ࣱఝளὈnjఴઐն᤯ኼ
᧓ၸᄉᦏ௦ణ·ͤ᝟Ὃ‫ڙ‬෤థణ·ͤ᝟ᄉৰхʽὋѶ᧓ၸణ֖ͯణᰳͤ᝟ᄉࣰ‫ڨ‬Ϙnj

ᛪ F 1.1 ఑Ҧፂ࣡ԥ‫ܬ‬
ॡ࠵థ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄽൣᤈЙþՐу቉ÿ᫼ൿnjడԦၶ᣾у቉ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬Ԧၶ఑Ҧу቉ᄉіညᒬ̃Ӡ
ˆጡНӠࣱ̼̾౎ʶᄯ‫ܘڙ‬ҪὋᏪ˄ᒬ 2003 ࣱ̾౎ྏԦᄉඇʶ൒ЮੌᦏԦၶ‫ڙ‬డፂԦ
ၶ᣾Юੌᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬nj

లԦၶ᣾у቉ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬఑Ҧу቉ Ԧၶ᣾у቉ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬఑Ҧу቉
ࣱ̼ Ԧၶᄉіည (%) Ԧၶᄉіည (%) Ԧၶᄉஜ᧙

1960 ࣱ̼ 57 43 35

1970 ࣱ̼ 43 57 44

1980 ࣱ̼ 38 62 39

1990 ࣱ̼ 33 67 81

2000 ࣱ̼ 10 90 39

ᠪ஧౎ຸὙWalter὇2010 ࣱὈNjˆႌԦࡘઐն୨з‫ڃ‬᫲ᄉ᝟ኪፆ౦nj
὇ᣀʽᮅὈ
ซὙԦၶ᣾у቉ૈ 1945 ࣱ̾౎Ԧၶ᣾͉ʹܷ᜺ഴу቉
4 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

˃ᮤ 1 ఑Ҧ‫ʹݟ‬ԦၶԪӐ὇ଋʼ஠Ὀ

‫ڎ‬ᛪ F 1.2 థጷጺᄉѱ̂఑Ҧ‫ގ‬ᐺᅋࣰ֖ᤈር

ᒬ 1999 ࣱ̾౎˖Ꮎฮඇ˓‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ఼̠͇̂ᦏథ੝‫ܘ‬ҪὋӉહᥦ̎‫ڙ‬ᝌфஊ෴у቉ழ᭦Ԩ३᫁ᡛᤈ൥
ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ὋᏪᤇࣲʿ௦˖Ꮎฮྱథᄉဗ៵ὋӮ᭣ᤇಧᄉ‫˶ࠑڍ‬᭦˙ᅋዜͪᄉኃ̼̃ૌੌnj

40

30
Ӑ

20

10
ᄰඊџ఼ညᄉፏࠪԪ
ࣱ

0

ˀ

–10
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

ᖻ ၦ࠶ ܲ ડᦏส ல ӿ ડᯰ‫ڠ‬ ͣ ᧖ Ч
ᯰૅࣄ ࡈ Ҫ ડ ၠ ல‫׍‬ ᣹ Ҫᳩ

ᠪ஧౎ຸὙˆႌԦࡘઐն୨з‫ڃ‬᫲಩૵ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ඈֵ֖࿀Ꮄ᫇ᮤҨМࠈ (UNODC) ᄉஜ૵᝟ኪ३ѢNjUNODC ̾Ԣ

ˆႌᩏᛠડʷᎾฮ֖ҪҾඊ‫ڠ‬Ӝ὇2007 ࣱὈὋ̾Ԣʶ̎‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ౎ຸnj
ซὙџ఼ညᄉ۲ࣱ˝ 1999 ࣱnj

఑Ҧ‫˼੷ʹݟ‬Ԧࡘ

‫ڎ‬ᛪ F1.3 ԩ఑Ҧॕֽᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ˀФ̴‫ڙࠑڍ‬᠑‫ڇ‬ழ᭦ᄉࢿᡯੰܷ

థС᠑‫ڇ‬ᄉణளஜ૵௬ᇧὋࠪˆႌܲஜ‫ڠ‬ழ౎ឬ᠑‫ڙڇ‬ђ࠵Ὃͭ௦ԩ఑Ҧॕֽᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬Ѷᖿ‫˿ڙ‬Ր᭦nj
ԩ᧗ܷу቉ॕֽᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬὇ੌ൪੊‫఼̠ځ‬࿀Ꮄᤴ੆ᄉ᣾ऎ൪̑ˀʶ൒᧗ܷੌ́ᤴ੆ᄉ൪̑ᄰॆὈὋ
ඇʻࣱ‫ڙ‬ђ᠑ழ᭦ࡂᖿՐ 2.7 ˓ᄇѫཁnj

65

60

55

50

45
᠑ ‫̠ڇ‬ԯᄇѫඊ

40

35
1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005
ԩҁܷ᜺ ഴ ఑ Ҧ ॕ ֽ ᄉ‫ڍ‬ ࠑ
ԩҁ࠴᜺ ഴ ఑ Ҧ ॕ ֽ ᄉ‫ڍ‬ ࠑ
ԩ఑ Ҧ ॕ ֽ ॡ࠴੊ʿԩ఑ Ҧ ॕ ֽ ᄉ‫ڍ‬ ࠑ

ᠪ஧౎ຸὙˆႌԦࡘઐն୨з‫ڃ‬᫲಩૵ ChenNjRavallionὋ֖ Sangraula὇2008 ࣱὈᄉ᠑‫ڇ‬ஜ૵

὇ស᜸ POVCALNETὋᎩ‫ ڦ‬http://iresearch.worldbank.orgὈ᝟ኪ३Ѣnj

ซὙ᠑‫̠ڇ‬ԯᄇѫඊૈඇ௅ၶา᠟ͯ̅ 1.25 ᎾЊᄉ̠ԯӳ঳̠ԯᄉ %nj

 ഏᤗ 5

˙ᅋᰳԦᄉ఑Ҧ࿀ᎴὋᬌ҃˿߱͂ᄉԦ ‫ٽ‬υ 14 Ὃၴᒯ៵᜴᭣ᤇಧᄉ‫ڠ‬Ӝဗ‫ᦏڙ‬

ࡘnjኃʻὋʿՎ्यᄉ఑Ҧ˧ᫍग़൤థ ԩҁˀඈֵథСᄉ఑Ҧᄉː᧗ॕֽ15nj
ᅋᐎጆnjஊ෴ᤁҮԺ̯̾࿀ᎴาҮ˖ᖌ ં҃఑ҦᄉҰҦ̼͈˶௦౜Фᰳ௔
३ᠪ᧚Ὃඊ‫ڙݟ‬ѷ౦ඞ˞Р֖‫֖ڍ‬ӑྕ ᄉnjΒ‫ݟ‬Ὃ‫ڙ‬᭣ฮ˧ᝇ֖Ӿऎฟ੩ѣ๑
࠶П5nj‫ڙ‬ᤤˠ᫼ൿὋ࿀Ꮄ‫͖ڃ‬Ժ̾ஂ૆ ᄦᄉ๑иᛠҮͤ᝟ඇࣱᏱᠪ 13 – 20 ̢
ஊ෴఑ҦὋඊ‫˻ྤڙݟ‬Ҫ֖ᐯࡈ̍ nj 6
ᎾЊὋ൤ܰᤆథԪఝᓔԵᓇጲ̾Ԣγ
‫ڍ‬ᬄ਒ខ्খᤁҮ࣡࣡௦࠭ᒰ‫ڠ‬ழᔪᬱ ᬖ᠟ʼុࣛ౎ᄉᮨܰ᠟ၸ 16njࠑऐ֖М
ᄉԓ‫ځ‬Ὃඊ‫ڙݟ‬ᬀࠜෂ֖ࣄ۲ல‫ں‬nj Ղ᧓Ԩᄉγએᒬࣁʿԩ᫁య఑Ҧॕֽ
‫ځ‬൤Ὃܷܲஜᄫґ᭦˙఑Ҧᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬᭦˙ ᄉଏஶᦏࣛ౎ෛ᧗ᄉፂ฿᠆ઝὙડᎾ
ᄉ௦ܲሗ्यᄉ఑Ҧnjኃ‫ٽ‬Ὃʿ໗Ժ̾ థ 35% ᄉМՂὋ᭣ฮథ 30% ᄉМՂὋ
ӣጞ˝ࠪஇԪᄉᤔѬ᜵යὋᥦ̎ஊ෴Nj ˋൖ֖˖̍థ 27% ᄉМՂᦏૈѢ࿀Ꮄ௦
ᇪ͗੊ፂ฿Ԫ᭨ᖿՐ̠̅͂ᄉయय़ᄉ ߱͂ˉҫาҮ᭦˙ᄉ˞᜵᫇ᮤnj࿀Ꮄᤴ
‫ڠ‬ழࡂ͗Ѣဗ఑Ҧу቉ᄉ᮲ᬖὋඊ‫ڙݟ‬ ੆ᄉ᠆ઝࠪ੽ԩᑞҦణ࠴Ꮷ౎ឬ௦ణෛ
˖ˋ֖ӑ᭣nj ᧗ᄉὙ୞ֺડ̾Ӯ᭣ฮ‫ڠ‬ӜᄉМՂ‫ځ‬࿀
ၿ̅ԥ‫ܬ‬ѢဗԠग़൤ᐎጆὋᤇ̎у Ꮄ૮ܾᄉᩘ‫׫‬ᮨ̾Ԣ࠱ᩘ‫׫‬ᮨၸ̅߶К
቉̖͗ၶ‫ڠ‬Ӝব֖Кီবᄉॕֽnjу቉ ழ᭦ᄉඊΒඊФ̴͉ʹ‫ڠ‬Ӝᦏఝᰳ17nj
࠭ᒰᄉধ፤Njᆠ‫֖ڭ‬Ԧࡘᄉढᤌࠪԩу ᤆ෤థͯஅЙᄉᑠि‫੊ࠑڍ‬Ꮷԩу቉
቉ॕֽᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ʿѽὋᏪ˄߱͂ᄉॕֽᤆ ॕֽᄉ‫ࠃࠑڍ‬ဗ˿ʶᮉӡࣱԦࡘᄫಕnj
͗จԢ‫ڠ‬Ӝ֖КီnjΒ‫̍ࡈ಺ںݟ‬ᤇಧ ˀФ̴Ԧࡘ˖‫ࠑڍ‬ᄰඊὋ‫ڙ‬ᑠि֖ԩу
ᄉ‫ڙ‬Ԧࡘழ᭦Ԩ३ᤈࡘᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬Ὃͤ᝟ඇ ቉ॕֽᄉ‫̠˖ࠑڍ‬ඞᖸШʿᓡᄉԺᑞব
ࣱ͗‫˝ځ‬ඇ˓ᬝЙу቉ᄉ᥵‫ڍ‬Ꮺ૮ܾ ᰳˏυὋ௃กᤞߦߔЙߥᄉԺᑞবᰳʻ
GDP ᄉ 0.7% nj᣾Ԝ 30 ࣱ˖ᬱඞ֖‫ڍ‬
7
υὋᄹҁᒬࣁᄉߦߔ‫ ڙ‬5 ࡦґ൪ԜᄉԺ
Юึሎܾ੝ᄉ̠‫ܘ‬Ҫ˿ 3 υ8njКˆႌ࠱ ᑞবᰳˏυὋᎤ࠵ผыපᄉԺᑞব˶ᰳ
ᤂ 75% ᄉᬱඞ௦ၿ᥵‫ڍ‬அࠓᄉ9nj ˏυnjࣰ‫౎ڨ‬ᄹὋ‫ ڙ‬1981 ࣱᒯ 2005 ࣱ
࠱‫ڠ‬ழஊ෴у቉Njథጷጺ࿀ᎴὋ̾Ԣ ᫍፂԊ᣾ܷ᜺ഴ఑Ҧ͇̂ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬᠑‫ڇ‬ည
‫ڍ‬ᬄӐᄉ́ቪ̈ᄰᐎጆᡐ౎ᄉள्य ඊ෤ፂԊ᣾఑Ҧᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ᰳ 21 ˓ᄇѫཁ
ᄉ఑Ҧ਒։ᅋ఑Ҧࣂፂ੆˝̠֖ࠜቃ ὇᜸˃ᮤ 1Ὃ‫ڎ‬ᛪ F1.3Ὀ18nj‫ڙ‬ఝࠜᜎ֖
̠РՎ᭦ࠪᄉ᫇ᮤὙ᣾Ԝ 10 ࣱ᧖Ὃ঻ ఝሶ߿ᄉ‫˖ࠑڍ‬ԩ఑Ҧॕֽᄉ‫ڠ‬Ӝ˶థ
ণᜂѣᤴ੆ᄉ൪̑ॆ˖ 80% ̾ʼԦၶ ዜͪᄉৰ्úúᤇ̎‫ڠ‬ӜԦࡘ໔Ր19nj
‫ڙ‬᭣᜴ழᄉᜂѣᄫಕ˖ 10Ὃͭ௦Ὃʶᮉ у቉֖఑Ҧᄉԥ‫ܬ‬९ဖࠪФ̴̠ҦNj
ࠪ 18 ˓᜴ൖ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉᆐቂ௬ᇧὋඇள‫ܘ‬ ᇪ֖͗ፂ฿੆ఴᄉᏱ᠟ФॕֽԺ᫁᣹
ʶ൒ᡴ‫঻ڍ‬ণ͇̂Ὃ߱͂ʶࣱᄉፂ฿‫ܘ‬ ஜ̼njథጷጺѱ̂఑ҦᄉᰳԦ͗ં҃
᫁ࡂ͗ђ࠵ 0.4 ˓ᄇѫཁ njԦၶ‫ڙ‬ʶ
11
ፂ฿Ԧࡘnj‫ڙ‬ӿ‫ڠ‬ᯰડὋ2005 ࣱ఑Ҧา
˓‫ڠ‬ӜᄉᜂѣԺ̾ᝧКီᄉࣉ‫̶ڣ‬Ѣ̼ Үᤴ੆ᄉ૮ܾᡓ᣾˿ GDP ᄉ 7%Ὃ௦Վ
͈úúԦၶ‫ࡈڙ‬௅࠶ʻᝇฮᄉʶ൒ᜂѣ ʶࣱᄉல‫ں‬᮵᮲ᤴ੆૮ܾᄉˏυܲὋᏪ
ᝧКီᆂෳ๖᠟Ꮷ̶Ѣᄉ̼͈ࡂ௦ෳ͈ ˄௦йˉNjӻၶ֖ஓᐱᮔኪ˧֖ᄉˏυ
‫ܘ‬᫁ஜӠ̢ᎾЊ njѽඊ̍఑Үध‫ݼ‬Ր
12
ܲ 20njЮੌᤴ੆ᄉࣰ‫ڨ‬૮ܾᄰॆ̅ʶ˓
‫ٽ‬ֆЮὋᆂෳ͈ಪ‫ܘ‬᫁˿ 15% 13 njᤁ ˖ኍ᜺ഴᄉԦࡘ˖‫ ࠑڍ‬30 ࣱܲᄉ GDP
ज़ൖฮᄉԺӴ‫ځ‬ᒬ 2003 ࣱ̾౎‫ܘ‬Ҫ˿ ‫ ࣧܘ‬21njԦၶ᧗ܷᄉ఑Ҧ͇̂ՐὋ᠞௛
6 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

පࣰᭉ᜵ 20 ࣱᄉௐᫍ੥ᑞু‫ ܬ‬22 nj૰ • 1995 ࣱᒯ 2007 ࣱᫍὋจᳫᄉ᳣Ⴙ

ԱពឬὋˀᒬཨ༪ࠎ੊ፂ฿ֆయʿՎὋ Ⴎᔟଋሗည̯ӳ 12–23 ˓తᴓЇቧ
ʶ൒᧗ܷᄉ఑Ҧ͇̂Ժ̾ખԜஞ˓ʶ̼ ᄉ 53% ‫ܘ‬ᒯ 96%nj
ᄉፂ฿‫ܘ‬᫁nj
ᤇ̎ஜߙ௦͗ፋ̠ዜࣛ౎ː᧗Ր౦
у቉ᄉ൴ᦹ९ဖὙॆ߶КNjМൣ֖
ᄉnj‫ڙ‬఑ҦܲԦᄉᇪ͗˖Ὃ᝴̠ܲ͗ፂ
ࡂˉழ᭦ᄉԌҦ᥄ҁᘘिᄉ఺ౝ
Ԋߔ‫ݘ‬௉ܻᄉৰхὙॆߦߔ͂௸‫ࠑٿ‬
ௐὋྗආॡథူၿઝॶ̴͂ᄉၶ֐֖ᢵ у቉ᄉЮ‫ڙ‬ԓ‫౎ځ‬ᒬஊ෴Nj߶К֖ፂ
ͳ߶Кnj௅࣡ᄉาҮὋඊ‫ݟ‬ʼߥNjʼ ฿ ᄉ ԓ Ү Ҧ 27nj ཨ Ꮺ ॡ ᬱ ࠱ ఑ Ҧ ᄉ ԓ
ာ੊ᏧԜࣉ‫ڣ‬Ὃᦏ੆˝ᝧ̠ઝॶᄉௐ ‫֖ځ‬఑Ҧፆ౦Ӝѫध(᜸˃ᮤ2Ὃ‫ڎ‬
҈nj̠͂ʿਜ਒νतੜࡓ੊Ꮷઅᠪ࠴ၶ ᛪ2.1Ὀnjᣖͯᄉ̠‫ ڨ‬GDP ‫ڙ‬ॡܷ
਒Ὃ‫˝ځ‬ᤇ̎ᦏԺᑞᮇ҈ᫍӐ˝˨థnj ርऎʼˀܷ᜺ഴᄉஊ෴у቉̾ԢᰳԦ
఑Ҧᄉᄯଋॕֽ˞᜵ᖿ‫ڙ‬᭞ࣱႃবᄉ ᄉ џ ఼ ࿀ Ꮄ ‫ ڨ‬థ ᐎ ጆ 28nj ‫ ࠪ ڙ‬М ඞ ᜹
ᢵʼúú̴͂௦ੌ஦ᦉ᫲֖࿀Ꮄ‫͖ڃ‬ᄉ এᄉុಉ˖Ὃࣱᣏ̠ᄉܾˉ᫇ᮤʶᄯ
˞Ҧúúͭ௦‫֖ݘݣ‬Їቧԩҁᄉᫍଋॕ ᜁलᤗ˝Χ΍̴͂ҪЙԥஊउᤁҮ֖
ֽ˧ܷˀ̴͂‫̠ڙ‬ԯ˖੝ӳᄉඊΒ߸К ۡࣉ࿀Ꮄ‫͖ڃ‬ᄉʶ˓Ү఺὇˃ᮤ 2Ὃ
ʿᄰሥ njႃ̠ӳᜁબઘ̠ஜᄉ 96 %Ὃ
23
‫ڎ‬ᛪ F2.2 Ὀ 29nj‫ڙ‬Չ˓‫ࠑڍ‬ὋҪЙԥஊ
ӳܾᢍ̠ஜᄉ 90% ὋᏪ‫֖ݘݣ‬Їቧӳ उᤁҮ֖ۡࣉ࿀Ꮄ‫͖ڃ‬ᑞ΍̠ਕ᜿ఝ
ᬱඞ֖ึሎܾ੝Ꮷᄉᤂ 80 % njᏪ˄఑
24
߶К֖ఝुܷ˶ᜁलᤗ˝ʶ˓᧗᜵ᄉឩ
Ҧ͗યᒰளᄉ఑ҦὙᄫᅛ᣾఑ᛠᄉႃߦ ‫ځ‬ὋᤇӾ᝼˿ဗథᄉᆐቂፆ౦Ὃᤇ̎ᆐ
‫̾ڙ‬Րᄉ̠ၶ˖࿀ʽ఑ҦᎴᛠᄉԺᑞব ቂፆ౦ᛪ௙ࡂˉᄉԓҮҦʿ̨ˀஅЙథ
ఝᰳ nj
25
Сᤆˀ࠳஛֖‫ͮڠ‬థСὋᤇ௄๗Ԣҁᇪ
ཨᏪὋॆ߶К३̾᧗तࣲ३ҁ፤૆ ͗ѕᐐҦԠ๗Ԣҁፂ฿఺͗njஊ෴ʼᄉ
ՐὋᤇ̎‫ڠ‬ӜԁᑞܴԨ३ణܷᄉԦࡘ੆ ʿӉࠓ֖ʿࣰኍ͗ࠪ‫ڠ‬ӜNj߼ஓὋ੊Ꮷ
ࡂnjі˓ୋᑱ˿᫁యஊ෴֖ѱ̂఑Ҧ‫ڇ‬ ሗிᏅͳ̖ၶʿᓡॕֽὋ߱ˀᣖᰳᄉЮ
੷ᄉ‫ڙ˝੆ࠑڍ‬ӡࣱԦࡘᄫಕழ᭦ᤈ൥ ੌ᮲ᬖ௦థСᐎᄉ30 ὇Ꮺ˄‫ڙ‬Мඞុಉ
ణঋᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬26Ὑ ˖˶֖᠑‫ڇ‬ʶՎᜁѴ˝࠭ᒰу቉ᄉ᧗᜵
‫ځ‬ገúú᜸‫ڎ‬ᛪ F2.1ὈὋᏪࠜథ֖᠑‫ڇ‬
• ۟‫܊‬Ψඊ̍ᑞᖌ३᠎᧙३ҁஇؒᄉ
ࠑऐᫍᄉʿࣰኍѶˀᣖᰳᄉ఑Ҧ࿀Ꮄ᮲
පᄉ̠ԯ‫ܘ‬Ҫ˿‫ٽ‬υܲὋ̯ 1990 ࣱ
ᬖథᅋࠚѬᄉᐎጆ὇ᛪ 1.1Ὀnj
ᄉ 13% ‫ܘ‬Ҫҁ 2009 ࣱ 2010 ࣱᫍ
ᄉ 66%nj ܰᦉ‫ځ‬ገԺ̾‫ܘ‬Ҫ఑Ҧᄉ᮲ᬖnj᧗ܷ
ᄉܰᦉ߶КԌҦὋࡂϷளᄉඈֵᡋሒ͖
• ᖅ಺ඊАᄉѹኍஓᐱ߸੆ည‫̨̨ڙ‬Л
ͦʶಧὋԺ̾΍ဗߚ҃ऎᄉᑞҦ௃กः
ࣱᄉௐᫍЮ‫ܘ‬Ҫ˿ʻυܲὋ̯ 1999 ࣱ
̶὇᜸˃ᮤ 2 ὈnjஅЙᄉจҮ˶Ժ̾‫ܘ‬
ᄉ 14% ‫ܘ‬Ҫҁ 2007 ࣱᄉ 46%nj
Ҫ఑Ҧᄉ᮲ᬖnjࠪ୞ֺડӮᦉ᭣ฮ‫ڠ‬Ӝ
• ӵ௒᣹ᖸШʿᓡᄉ௾᥅ርऎథ੝ʽ ᬋᭀ᧙จҮᄉᆐቂ௬ᇧὋ‫ڙ‬ᬋᭀ᧙ॡ࠵
ᬋὋ̯ 1997 ࣱӳ̠ԯᄉ 56% ᬋᒯ ᄉࣱ͊˧ՐԦၶ‫ڍ‬Юу቉ᄉԺᑞব‫ܘ‬
2005 ࣱᄉ 40%nj ܷnjၸᬋᭀ᧙ԪӐఢ̼அЙจҮᏥࠢ
 ഏᤗ 7

ᛪ 1.1 ߶КNjፂ฿֖ஊ෴ழ᭦ᄉጊषࡌҸ
ԌҦ Юᦉᄉ ܰᦉᄉ

߶К • ఑Ҧ֖Ѹ͝ᄉՐ፝ॕֽ • ЙΥNjӳᮖ
• ܰᦉࠪ‫ڍ‬ЮԬ˼͊ߔᄉஂ૆
• ᡴ‫ڍ‬ႌу቉ॕֽᄉᗻढ
• ᡴ‫঻ڍ‬ণ˞˦
• ‫ڍ‬ᬄ࿀ᎴᎩፎ

ፂ฿֖ᇪ͗ • ͯஅЙNjԬ˼ᄉ఺͗੆ఴͯ • ፂ฿᭍ᕤὋӉહᮻֵ͈ಪ

• ࣱᣏ̠ᄉܾˉ᫇ᮤ • චϊԪӐ
• ᒬཨᠪຸ᠈ࠜ
• ː᧗ᄉᑻ᠋
• ᣽ᤳᄉۡࣉӐ
ஊ෴ • ሗிNj߼ஓὋ੊‫ڠ‬Ӝᄉባ́ • ਕ᜿ʼᝢ˝ᄉࠪय़ʿՎᏅͳᄉ
• ࠃᬄߚ‫ڙ‬ᄉ੊ਕ᜿ʼᝢ˝ᄉ൧᜼ Кီবʿࣰኍ֖ʿМൣ
• Υ࿀̠ా

ᠪ஧౎ຸὙˆႌԦࡘઐնࢹͺጷ
ซὙᤇषᛪࡉክʿኪК᭦Ὃͭ௦૬૥ҁ˿థСу቉ᄉԓ‫֖ځ‬ᄰС‫ځ‬ገᄉߥశ஠࿸˖Ѣဗᄉ˞᜵᜵ገὋᤆథˆႌԦࡘઐն
୨з‫ڃ‬᫲‫֦ڙ‬ល֖ុಉ˖ଡѢᄉ˞᜵᜵ገ31nj

41 ˓᭣ฮ‫ ࠑڍ‬1981 ࣱҁ 1999 ࣱᫍᄉ ᄉ఺ౝ˖ 35nj‫҃ࠑڍ‬ऎ֖᭣‫҃ࠑڍ‬ऎᦏ

ৰхὋ Satyanath Nj Miguel ֖ Sergenti
὇ 2004 ࣱὈᄉᆐቂԦဗὋ‫ݟ‬౦౼ʶࣱ
ፂ฿‫ܘ‬᫁ʽᬋ 5ὄ ͗΍˧ՐᥦࣱԦၶу
቉ᄉԺᑞব‫ܘ‬Ҫ 50ὄ32njᑻ᠋᤯࣡ᦏథ
‫ڍ‬ᬄСᐎὋ᤯᣾᭣ก᠞௛Njรᨐ̾Ԣ̯
Ѣ‫ࠑڍ׫‬ᠪຸ੊‫ڍ‬ᬄՋՎ֖ྱ᝴ాᄉ̓
௛˖அԨͿ᧚Ꮺဖဖᄰ੭Ὃᑻ᠋ࠪ఑Ҧ
ᄉ᮲ᬖХథԤυᄉৎবॕֽὋ‫߱˝ځ‬Ժ
̾༎ᡐʿ໗Ὃ૮ࠎ‫҃ࠑڍ‬ऎ֖ᇪ͗᜺ᔴ
ᄉథ஌ব 33njචϊԪӐ֖ᒬཨᠪຸባ́
ࣛ౎ᄉளᄉܰᦉԌҦѶԺᑞ΍ʼᤗ੝థ
᮲ᬖҪҚ34nj
ཨᏪὋ᝴ܲ‫ࠑڍ‬ᙉཨ᭦˙ᰳܾˉညNj
ፂ฿ʼᄉʿࣰኍὋ੊Ꮷ౎ᒬథጷጺ࿀Ꮄ
ᎩፎᄉԌҦὋࣲͭ෤థʶвѢဗ௾᥅ᄉ
఑ҦὋᄰԥᤆଌ҃Ͱ˿߱njఴయˆႌԦ
ࡘઐն᧓ၸᄉழกुុᄉ௦Ὑ‫ʹ͉ڙ‬ᇪ
͗὇‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ੊‫ڠ‬ӜᄉὈ˖у቉֖఑Ҧᄉ
᮲ᬖᦏ௦ Юᦉ֖ܰᦉጊषࡌҸРՎ ͺ
ၸᄉፆ౦ὋᏪþБႮጆፑÿᄉҦ᧙੊Ꮷ
ឬःࠪጊषࡌҸᄉᇪ͗ᑞҦͳဗ‫ڙ‬Ջก
᭣࣡᧗᜵Ὃ҃ऎӉહᇪ͗᜺ᔴ֖ᛠ˝Ὃ
ඊ‫ݟ‬Ὑᮖ̠࠭ᡓᡔ߼ี֖ஊ෴ѫ൧Ὃ᣹
੆ӨᝫᄉᑞҦ὚Мඞᇪ͗ώ࠭Ҫु‫ࠑڍ‬
ѕᐐҦ֖ஊ෴‫ڃ‬ፆᄉᑞҦ὚ᤆథก᜺Nj
ก।֖ጷጺ 36njї௦‫ࠑڍ‬Njࣉ‫֖ڣ‬ᇪ͗
҃ऎలᑞፋМඞଡΘ۲ఴᄉ߶КNjࢹͺ
֖ፂ฿఺͗ᄉ‫ڠ‬ழὋу቉ࡂ͗ӣጞnj
ኤᏪᝒ˧Ὃ҃ऎᄉՋกব֖෴ူణ
ᘘिᄉ‫ڠ֖ࠑڍ‬ழణࠓ௛ԩ᧗‫ܬ‬఑Ҧ֖
ʿሶ߿ᄉॕֽὋᏪ˄ःࠪЮᦉ֖ܰᦉ
ԌҦᄉᑞҦణͯnj҃ऎᄉᑞҦ֖Мζ
Ҧࠪஊ෴֖ѱ̂఑Ҧ౎ឬᦏ௦᧗᜵ᄉ
὇᜸˃ᮤ 2Ὀ37nj
• ‫ڙ‬ʶ̎‫ڠ‬Ӝúúඊ‫̃ݟ‬ӠʶˆጡԀ࠱
ҁ౎˧ґᄉ‫͟׍‬ඊ̍ܰ‫ڠډ‬Ӝ38 ੊Ꮷ
̬ܸᄉѷ౦ඞ˞Р֖‫ ڍ‬39 úú‫ࠑڍ‬ஊ
ా‫ࠑڍڙ‬ᄉ᝴ܲ‫ڠ‬ӜᎤܾὋ఑Ҧ൦ᜈ
‫͖ڃ‬ଌ҃ᅋ‫ڠ‬ழʼᄉాҦ֖ᠪຸ́݃nj
• ܷᦉѫԩ఑Ҧॕֽᄉ‫ڠ‬Ӝ൑Ꭴࣰ֖ុ
ᝌу቉ᄉӨͺᑞҦ 40nj‫ڙ‬ʶ̎‫ࠑڍ‬Ὃ
8 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

҃ऎʿᑞᡴᡔሗிNj‫ڠ‬Ӝ੊߼ஓᄉ ᧚Ὃ੊Ꮷܰᦉ߶К࣯๗ኍὋԁ෤థ૆፝
ѫ൧ὋᏪ‫҃ࠑڍ‬ऎԠᜁ᜼˝௦థЖ ᄉᑞҦϡѢःࠪ46Ὃ̅௦఑Ҧв൒Ԧၶnj
ีϙՓᄉὋᤇࡂϷӑྕ࠶П‫ڙ‬᣹੆ ࠪՋก҃ऎᄉซ᧗ࣲʿ਒։ᅋᦏः
ࣰ֖ӨᝫґіӠࣱ˖ᄉৰ् nj‫ڙ‬ʶ41
ᡕᤂ᜴̅ழᄉ҃ऎnjԊԽʼʿ˫ܰ‫҃ڍ‬
̎ᇪӜὋᇪ͗ᜇ჈ᬌ҃˿ၿʼࡎଌ҃ ऎഴयణጻᜁ᝼௙ࠪʶ‫ڍ‬ᄉԦࡘᡐʿ˿
ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ஊాˀ᠑‫ڇ‬ᇪӜᫍᄉథ஌Ջ ̣˥ͺၸᄉ̂ΒὋྱѾ௦ᥦ̎ͺ˝൸ඞ
ͺὋ΍३఑Ҧᄉຸܿ᫇ᮤ௃ก३ҁ
ፑ෴᥋̖ᄉ҃ऎ 47Ὃ‫˝ځ‬ᤇ̎҃ऎ्ࠪ
ᝌфnj
यඊࠪͺၸఝซ᧗nj̬ܸᄉৰхΙཨ௦
• ൣ‫ݟ‬௉̎ௐϊԦၶ‫ڙ‬ડᎾ֖̬ܸԦၶ ᤇಧnj‫͎ڙ‬ડАὋᐎᄩ᯾͎ડА˙ௐክ
‫̍ڙ‬ฮˀ᭣ฮᄉৰ्ʶಧὋ᣽ᤳᄉۡ ူॆࡌ੆በ˿̯஺ຣҁဖܑᄉՉሗ˃᫂
ࣉӐҏि˿ᇪ͗ᄉѕᐐҦ 42njܾˉNj ‫ށ‬տ͗Ὃˀᔪଢ଼ࡌ᭦ᄉஊउՉᦉࣲᛠߚ
ፆౝবᄉʿࣰኍ̾Ԣ౮ஂ֖᭣กඈֵ ‫ڙ‬Ὃࣲ᤯᣾˿ᇧᔴก।Ὃͭᤇ̎ก।ˀ
‫ڣࣉڙ‬ʼᄉఝࠓ௛३ҁ੩ᆠ˿ᇪ͗ᄉ ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉᇪ֖͗ஊ෴ဗࠃі˪ඒ௃Сጆ48nj
ѕᐐҦὋҪܷ˿ᇪ͗ᥒԩ࿀ᎴᎩፎ֖ Ԁ΍௦ӮӮ‫ࠑڍ‬ᫍጷጺ्यᄉሧೱὋ
‫͖ڃ‬ӿࠎᄉԺᑞবnj ‫ݟ‬౦ʿᑞ᤟ःॆ‫ڠ‬ᄉৰх˶Ժᑞ௦෤థ
஌౦ᄉúúᄽᄰˀ֖ᝌNjԥᑻ᠋̾Ԣ̠
• ҃ऎᑞҦᘘिᄉ‫ ڙࠑڍ‬2008 ࣱᒯ
09 ࣱᄉᮻֵ͈ಪ᭍ᕤ˖ᥒԩ఑Ҧᇪ͗ ా‫ށ‬տ͗ᬣཨ‫ڙ‬ʶ̎‫˿౎ࣛࠑڍ‬᭣їᄉ

ᰖ˼ӿࠎᄉԺᑞবఝܷ43nj ஌౦Ὃͭ‫ڙ‬Ф̴‫ࠑڍ‬లॸ঳ᑞᡐҁͺ
ၸnjѫ̙ᅻខ঳͗థ੝அᖌὋఴઐնຌ
• ʶ̎‫ࠑڍ‬ណ‫ڎ‬᤯᣾ᰳԌஊ෴֖ࣼએᎩ
ఀ‫ڠ‬ᛪ௙˿ᤇʶཁὋͭᤇԵథ‫᤟ڙ‬ःॆ
ፎ፤૆ሶ߿Ὃͭᥦ̎ᑻ᠋֖Υ࿀̠ా
‫ڠ‬ৰхᄉௐϊ੥ᑞࠃဗnjþణ᤟Ջÿᄉ
ርऎː᧗ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ల౎Ԧၶ఑Ҧᄉ᮲ᬖ
҃ऎ௦ఴઐնᄉನॶnj
͗‫ܷܘ‬὇᜸˃ᮤ 2Ὀnj

ᘘिᄉ҃ऎࠪ̅ᝌ᧕˝̣˥‫ڙ‬Վʶ
˓‫੊ࠑڍ‬Ꮷ‫ڠ‬ழ఑Ҧ͗̾ʿՎ्यԥ‫ܬ‬ ᨏ΂ⓦօⱂืᣍࢎૂႎ‫ע‬
Ѣဗ࠾˝᧗᜵njԀ΍௦‫҃ڙ‬ऎణᘘिᄉ ೒ᚬ᠇⍆ᮧ࢏
ᇪࣰ֖͗˶͗ʿௐѢဗnjጉᯰ᧖˖Ӯ
ᦉ‫ڙ‬᣾Ԝ 20 ࣱ˖಩૵࠵ஜʼࡎ̠ྫྷ᣹ ু‫ܬ‬ζॶNjᣀԪ҃ऎὋ˝МඞଡΘ
੆ᄉӨᝫడற፝‫ڠ‬Ѣဗͯुऎу቉ 44nj ߶КNjՂกМൣ֖ࡂˉ
ͭ௦௃᝶௦‫ڙ‬ጉᯰ᧖ᤆ௦‫ڙ‬Ф̴‫ڠ‬ழὋ
˙ௐবᄉʼࡎӨᝫʿᑞ˝૆፝ᄉ߶К֖ ˝੩ᆠʿ߶К९ဖࣲᬋͯФ᧗‫ܬ‬Ԧၶᄉ
ԦࡘଡΘ۲ᆨὋᬓ᭣˧Րᑞ्੆Ջกᄉ ᮲ᬖὋ‫ࠑڍ‬இ᭨ᏧԢФ‫ڍ‬ᬄ͖ͦᭉ᜵त
‫ࠑڍ‬ஊా֖ᇪ͗҃ऎ 45njʼࡎӨᝫ᤯࣡ በՋกᄉ҃ऎὋ˝МඞଡΘ૆፝ᄉ߶
௦ʿ͗᫁ˣᄉὋ‫͂߱˝ځ‬᣾̅ࠜ̅˓̠ КNjМൣ֖ࡂˉὋᝧʿՎᄉᏅͳ‫ڙ‬ᇪ͗
ᓣॐ֖᣾̅࿘ᬧὋʿᑞ᤟ःՉሗԌҦ֖ ˖ᦏᑞ઴థʶ͊ాᄝὋՠѶὋᤇ̎Ꮕͳ
ԪӐnjॆளᄉЮᦉ֖ܰᦉԌҦѢဗௐὋ Ժᑞ‫̯̂ځ‬൦ᜈ఑ҦาҮᏪʿ௦᤯᣾Ջ
ඊ‫ݟ‬Ὑᮖ̠࠭ᄉ൪̑Njፂ฿᭍ᕤNjథጷ กาҮᡄ३ఝܲᄉ࠳᧗֖ᝢԺὋՎௐࠪ
ጺ࿀ᎴᡋሒᎩፎᄉᤈЙNjளᄉ఺֖͗Ϳ ᤊกาҮᤈᛠ३ҦᄉNjМࣰᄉ৿෴nj
 ഏᤗ 9

˃ᮤ 2 ԌҦܷҪʼ҃ऎᘘि=఑Ҧ᮲ᬖ

ՂกМൣNjࡂˉ֖఑Ҧ

‫ ڎ‬ᛪ F2.1 ࣰඞᅊ˖࠭ᒰу቉ᄉԓ‫ځ‬௦̣˥?

‫ڙ‬Н˓ԩ఑Ҧॕֽᄉ‫ڠ֖ࠑڍ‬ӜᤈᛠᄉុಉὋុಉᤤԨ˿Չሗథ‫̼ࠑڍ‬ᛪবᄉಧఴ֖‫ڠ‬ழὋࣰඞˠѢ
ˀ˓̠ፂ฿ለᇯ὇᠑‫ڇ‬NjܾˉὈ̾ԢʿМൣ὇Ӊહʿࣰኍ֖ᑻ᠋ὈᄰСᄉ᫇ᮤͺ˝࠭ᒰу቉ᄉԓ‫ځ‬nj

45

40

35

30

25

20
៵ ፋ̀ኔ‫ܬ‬ᄉុಉᄇѫඊ

15
ಉࠪ

10
ុ

0
᠑ ‫ڇ‬ ᠑ ஓ‫ڇ‬ ᐱ ́ ຸᠪ݃ ౎ܰ Υ ႔ ሗ ቉уி ߼ ஓ Мʿ ࣰ Ф߱
Ꭴሩ ቉уᄉຸᠪ ʿ ࣰ ኍ ᠋ᑻ

ᠪ஧౎ຸὙBøåsNjTiltnes ֖ Flatø὇2010 ࣱὈnj

‫ڎ‬ᛪ F2.2 Χ΍̠͂ҪЙԬ˼ᤁҮ֖࿀Ꮄ‫͖ڃ‬ᄉԓ‫ځ‬௦̣˥὞

ՎಧᄉុಉԦဗὋ̠͂ˠѢᄉ࠭ᒰࣱᣏ̠੆˝Ԭ˼͊ߔ੊࿀Ꮄ‫੆͖ڃ‬տᄉ˞᜵ԓ‫˶ځ‬᭣࣡
ᄰͪ ú ܾˉ௦࠭ᒰᤇˏሗဗ៵ᄉ˞᜵ԓ‫ځ‬njͭ൦ᜈᄉ਒ខ्খีѾड़ӁᄉளУԁలॸ௦
ᤇሗৰх὇ኃ̃ብὈnj
50
46%
45

40 39.5%

35

30

25

20
ःᏧᄇѫඊ

15% 13% 13%

ֽ

15
8%
10
5
0
Ԭ ˼͊ߔᄉԟ ˀ ࿀ Ꮄ‫͖ڃ‬ᄉԟ ˀ

ܾ ˉᠱ ᫋
ਕ ᜿ ఝ߶Кु ܷ
ʿ Мൣζএ ‫ܬ‬

ᠪ஧౎ຸὙBøåsNjTiltnes ֖ Flatø὇2010 ࣱὈnj

10 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

2011 ఘ̽ᝑ‫ښ‬ଢ๷‫∉݄ ۽‬ਈ‫܉‬Ϫซ‫᠇܉‬ᡊ፿

—ᡉ࣎eᗛ‫܈‬ጰ (Jorge Montaño)Ὃ‫ڍ‬ᬄ᳣ᧁֵክ҃ࡌ (International Narcotics Control Board)

੆տNjԓ‫׍᜴ܚ‬᯾Ꮎ‫ܷڍ‬΍NjˆႌԦࡘઐն֦ល‫ށ‬տ͗੆տ (WDR Advisory Council)nj

ܰᦉԌҦᄉͺၸ

ඈֵᡋሒ֖᠏ӭ̠ԯNjรᨐNj᭣กधԦѽၸᒬཨᠪຸ֖᧘ၶၶྫྷNjᤴϛ̾ԢΥ࿀ᅻខ̖ాᦏ௦ᠽᨐᄉ࿀ᎴาҮὋ
ᤇ̎าҮథү̅థጷጺ࿀ᎴࠪԦࡘ˖‫ࣂˉࠑڍ‬Ӡѫᘘिᄉᇪ͗ஊ෴NjՂก֖߶Кͳጆᄉຕᤨnj
Β‫ݟ‬Ὃ‫˖ڙ‬ᎾฮὋథі˓‫̃ڙ‬Ӡࣱґু‫˿ܬ‬ஊ෴ሶ߿ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄫґࡂ᭦˙ᅋ‫ాࠑڍ‬ҦᄉᛯᖿὋ߱͂ᄉ҃ऎᎤ˫᭦
ࠪᤇሗ੩ѣᄉҦ᧙njᡴ‫ڍ‬ᄉథጷጺ࿀Ꮄࣂፂ࠱ʶ̎ҪҾඊ๑‫ࠑڍ‬Ԫ੆˿ඈֵ֖̠ԯ᭣กึՓൖฮ֖ӑᎾᄉᡋङnjလ
ѽ፤̍Nj‫͟׍‬ඊ֖̍ማ᱔Ιཨ௦Кီ˞᜵ᄉԺӴ‫ځ‬Ѣ̖‫ڍ‬Ὃ‫׍᜴ܚ‬ၿ̅ˀణܷᄉሧඞึЙ‫ڍ‬Njඈֵ๖᠟‫̾ڍ‬Ԣ൦٧
ၶ̖ࣉ‫ڣ‬ඍ᥵Ꮺ᭦˙ᅋԽ௃ґΒᄉ఑Ҧํ໼nj᜴᭣੆˝ඈֵ̯ӮᎾᤁज़ൖฮᄫᄉ‫ڠ‬ᄉణள᤯᥊njі˓᭣ฮ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ
ᒬཨᠪຸᥒҁ᭣กधԦѽၸὋᏪ̍ฮѶ௦ஜ̾բ᝟ᄉNj̖ᒬᬀࠜෂᄉᲟྞ҃ҍᄉ̓௛˖ॶnjథጷጺ࿀ᎴԽ௃ґΒᄉ
ԦࡘԺᑞ࠭ᒰ᝴ܲᘘि‫ࠑڍ‬ஊాᄉၦᝌὋ‫͂߱˝ځ‬ᄉ҃ऎԩҁᄰС఑Ҧᄉ‫੷ڇ‬nj‫ˆڙ‬ႌ᝴ܲ‫ڠ‬ӜὋʿሶ߿ᄉፂ฿Ԧ
ࡘ˝ᤇ̎᭣กาҮᄉՋึଡΘ˿҇༎‫ځ‬ገὋၿ̅‫ڙ‬Ԧࡘ˖‫ࠑڍ‬ʿ͗ԩҁःథ৿ᎮὋᤇ̎᭣กาҮ࠱ፘ፝Ԧࡘ‫ܷܤ‬nj

WDR ซ᧕ὙʿϣКᄉͳ҃ज़ज़௦ԥ‫ܬ‬Ԧၶ఑Ҧௐᫍ˞᜵ԓ‫ځ‬
‫ ڙ‬Collier ኍ̠NjFearonNjGoldstone ኍ̠NjNorthNjWallis ֖ Weingast ˧ґᄉᆐቂࢹͺᄉ۲ᆨʼὋஊ෴መߥࠑ
Jim Fearon ֖ Barbara Walter ‫ˆڙ‬ႌԦࡘઐն˖᧓ၸ᝟᧙ፂ฿ߥᄉ੾శࠪ௾᥅ᄉก෴Njஊउᄉథ஌বNjᑻ᠋᫇
ᮤᣏॱ֖̠ాγએథҦˀЮੌྏԦ֖ԥ‫ܬ‬ᄉ᮲ᬖ̾Ԣѱ̂఑Ҧ࠭ᒰџ఼ᮟԦᄉ᮲ᬖᄉᬋͯ௦ՠХథᄰСবᤈᛠ˿
೜ᰍnjFearon ԦဗὋᥦ̎෴ူૈಕᰳ̅ᄰՎஅЙපࣰ‫ڨࣰࠑڍ‬Ϙᄉ‫̬ࠑڍ‬Ր 5 ᒯ 10 ࣱЮྏԦЮᦉу቉ᄉ᮲ᬖ᜵
ͯᄉܲúúܷጝ᜵ͯ 30ὄ ҁ 45ὄὋџ఼ᮟԦᄉ‫˶ࠑڍ‬థᤇሗᄰСবnjᤇʶᆐቂࢹͺᐯ߿˿ஊን‫˧ͳڃ‬ґᤤસᄉ
ழՓὋඊ‫ڍݟ‬ᬄу቉ˀᑠिবᎩፎ (International Network for Conflict and Fragility) ࠪᎁᤴࣰ֖֖ౝत‫ࠑڍ‬
ஊా˧ᫍᐎጆᄉुុnj

᠉͉ૈಕ֖ᑞҦૈಕ‫ڙ‬ᤇሗᏥ᧙˖Վಧ᧗᜵nj Fearon Ԧဗ᣾Ԝᄉᰳऎஊ෴঻ণ͗‫ܘ‬ҪॆґԦၶу቉ᄉԺ

ᑞnj Walter ԦဗˀΥ࿀̠ాᣖ˝ː᧗ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄰඊὋஊ෴࿀֖᭣กџ఼ஜ᧙ᄉܷࣧђ࠵͗΍᧗ளѢဗЮੌᄉԺᑞবᬋ
ͯ̃ᒯʻυnj‫ૈݜ‬ѢὙþࠪᤇሗፆ౦ᄉʶ˓Ջူᄉᝌ᧕ࡂ௦ὙஊउఝܷᄉԌ֖҃Υ࿀ʿ̨͗ࣛ౎ʿ໗Ὃᤆಕংᅋᤇ
ሗஊउʿ௦Ժ᭤ᄉៀѻ͖ͦ὚ᤇឬ௙ु҃বఝ࠴֖ఝҪ᠆᠉͉ᄉழयᑞܷࣧᬋͯЮᦉу቉ᄉ᮲ᬖnjÿФ̴ᄉ᠉͉
ૈಕ˶ॡ᧗᜵Ὑᛥ᧙ก෴֖ᑻ᠋ᄉૈಕˀᛥ᧙߽տ᠎᧙ᄉૈಕʶಧ᧗᜵ὋၴᒯఝҪ᧗᜵nj

ͭ௦ὋᣀԪ҃ऎ࣡࣡௦ʶᮉೣ੣ᄉ
͉ҫὋ‫ڙ‬ᑠिᄉဖܑ˖Ὃࡂఝ௦‫ڇ‬ᬱ᧗
᧗njኃʶὋ‫ڙ‬థ᣾఑Ҧу቉֖ʿζ͉᝭
ेᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬Ὃయభ᜵˥᣾ͯὋ᜵˥᣾ᰳnj
యభ᣾ͯὋ̠͂ʿᄰζஊउᄉ͉ʹ੽
ឲὋՋͺᛠҮ‫ځ‬Ꮺᬱ̶̾ឰࠃஶ὚యభ
᣾ᰳὋॆґᄉ҃ऎԠ௃Ҧࠃဗ̠͂‫ڙ‬ᣀ
ઈС्ܿ੆ᄉ᣽ᤳࠃဗԪ᭨ᄉయభ 49nj
ኃ̃Ὃ᝴ܲ҃ऎԪ᭨ᙉཨᑞܴࣛ౎ఝܷ
ᄉક҃఑Ҧᄉ᫁య᤟ःᑞҦὋԁ࣡࣡ࣛ
థᆀయ᮲ᬖnj͉ʹ᧗᜵ᄉᣀԪӉહˠᛠ
ᤤˠNj੩ᆠࣼએᎩNjᠱ̀߶Кనҫளᄉ
ᐋᑞNjʽஉфንాNjᠱ̀िҸᏅͳాҦ
ኍᦏ͗Վௐ̖ၶᡄࠑ֖ᣤࠑnjᣤࠑ᤯࣡
͗థ஌‫ڠ‬ጷጺᡐ౎ક҃Ԫ᭨njኃʻὋ
ܰᦉԌҦԺᑞ΍ᤈ൥ϟሎᢽ᥊nj
 ഏᤗ 11

ᛪ 2.1 ҃ऎᣀԪᄉణঋᤈࡘὙࠪࠃᬄᔴ‫ډ‬ᄉͤ᝟
ఴᛪឬ௙˿ 20 ˆጡԊԽʼణঋᄉஇ᭨Ꮷࠃဗ۲ఴ෴ူᣀ‫ۋ‬੝Ᏹௐᫍᄉᔴ‫ډ‬nj

᣹ҁ˙ႌϘ੝ᭉᄉࣱᬌ
ૈಕ
ణঋᄉ 20 ˓இ᭨Ꮷ ᡓᡔႌᬌϘᄉణঋᤳऎ

ஊउ߽տገ᠎ (0Ὄ4) 20 12

ᑻ᠋ (0Ὄ6) 27 14

иழࠪஊ෴ᄉॕֽ (0Ὄ6) 17 10

ஊउ஌ᑞ 36 13

ࠪᑻ᠋ᄉଌ҃ 27 16

ก෴ 41 17

ᠪ஧౎ຸὙPritchett ֖ de Weijer 2010nj

‫ں‬ᄆ‫ڠ‬ឬὋतበᑞܴ᫸ൢ᧗‫ܬ‬఑Ҧ ПNj‫܊‬ડ᧖௔NjӮ᭣֖ˋࣚෑኍ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ
ᄉՋก҃ऎ௦ʶ˓ᎀਤᄉ᣾ርὋᭉ᜵ʶ ፂᰍὋᤇ௦‫˝ځ‬Ὃࡉክ੝థᤇ̎‫ڠ‬Ӝ̮
̼̠౎߸੆njԀ΍ᣀ‫ۋ‬ణঋᄉ‫˶ࠑڍ‬ᭉ ཨ᭦˙ૌੌ֖᮲ᬖὋͭᤇ̎ᇪ͗‫ڙ‬᫸ൢ
᜵ 15 ҁ 30 ࣱᄉௐᫍ࠱Ф҃ऎፚ஌̯ ఑ҦาҮӣጞ੊̯఑ҦาҮՐ౦˖ু‫ܬ‬
̬ܸᄉᑠि࿃খ὇ඊ‫ݟ‬๑‫ڠ‬Ὀଡӣᒯൣ ኍழ᭦Ԩ३˿௬ᗂᄉ੆ҩnjᤇ̎ፂᰍ̾
࣡ᤁͺᄉ҃ऎӐ࿃খ὇ඊ‫ݟ‬ҪጩὈ὇᜸ Ԣఴઐն˖ᄉФ̴ፂᰍᡴऎॡܷὋӉહ
ᛪ 2.1 Ὀ 50nj‫ݝ‬๖ো௦ 20 ˆጡՐయὋᬣ ʶጆѴᰳஅЙNj˖ኍஅЙ֖ᣖͯஅЙᄉ
ᅋМඞࠪᓡ‫ݝ‬෴ူᄉ᜵ය‫ܘ‬ҪὋ̾Ԣథ ‫ࠑڍ‬NjʶጆѴஊ෴఑Ҧ֖ѱ̂఑Ҧᄉ‫ގ‬
ү̅ࠃဗᓡ෴ᄉ੾శ௅ᄝ‫ܲܘ‬Ὃ҃ऎᣀ ᐺὋ̾ԢʿՎᄉ҃ऎဖܑὋ௄థၿӉࠓ
‫ۋ‬ᄉᤈርܷܷҪঋnjᄉᆷὋ‫ڙ‬ʶ̼̠ᄉ ব֖᫇᠉ழ᭦ᄉ᫇ᮤ࠭ᒰϣК҃ऎ᭦˙
ௐᫍЮԨ३ᤈ൥ࠃᬄʼ௦᭣࣡ঋᄉʶ˓ Ջกૌੌᤇಧᄉ҃ऎဖܑὋ˶థᘘिᄉ
ᤳऎὙ̬ܸࠪᄉᬀࠜෂNj๑‫ڠ‬Njѽඊ᧖ ҃ऎᑞҦఴᢵࡂ௦᧗ܷ҃ጝ‫ځ‬ገᄉ҃ऎ
֖̍ˋࣚෑᏪᝒὋ‫ݟ‬౦ᑞ̾ᤇಧᄉᤳऎ ဖܑnj
ᤈ൥࠱਒։ᅋԨ३ࢼܷᄉԦࡘ੆౦nj ᑠिဖܑNj఑Ҧဖܑˀሶ߿ᄉԦࡘဖ
ఴయˆႌԦࡘઐնᄉ۲ఴಳ౵ᄉС ܑ˧ᫍߚ‫ڙ‬ᅋʶ̎۲ఴӜѾnjᯪЎ௦‫ڙ‬
ซཤཁࡂ௦ੇ͂ࠪ᫸ൢ఑Ҧ᧗‫ܬ‬९ဖᄉ ըҮᣖ˝ࣸคᄉ҃ऎᣀ‫˧ۋ‬ґὋᭉ᜵᤯
ᛠҮᄉԓҮҦథ˿‫˿̎ג‬ᝌὋӉહᆀయ ᣾ᬶͳᛠҮൃঁѶ೜njФ൒௦σ͘Ԩዢ
ЮᄉԓҮҦ֖‫ࠃڙ‬ဗࠪ఑ҦХథ૆፝ᄉ ༢ёઢԤȟԨኌ‫ܯ‬ଆ̀͘ᠹ᠇᠇֫ా⏩
ક७ᑞҦ੝ᭉௐᫍЮᄉԓҮҦnjС̅ʹ ࣤᄉࢹͺ᧗ཁnjኃʻ௦‫ڠ‬ӜᛠҮ֖‫ڍ‬ᬄ
੩ᆠᤇ̎९ဖὋੇ͂ᄉᅻខ௦ʿ߸К ᛠҮ‫ڙ‬᥆҃আⓦ‫˖עٱ‬ᄉͺၸnjኃ‫ٽ‬௦
ᄉὙఴઐնѴˠ˿̯ဗథᄉᆐቂNj‫ࠑڍ‬ ੝ᭉআⓦ࿋༲ᄉ˃ˉӐব᠎nj
ុᆐ̾Ԣࠪ‫ࠑڍ‬இ᭨Ꮷᄉ֦ល˖խԨᄉ ‫ڙ‬ᤇ̎᣾ር˖‫ͮڠॶ˖̅ܪ‬ᄉ҃ऎ
ஓᝪnj‫˖ࠑڍ͔ܲڙ‬Ὃఴઐն࣡࣡ාԨ ᣀ‫֖ۋ‬ᓡ‫ݝ‬෴ူὋ‫ڙ‬ᑠिဖܑ᧖ᛪဗ
จᳫNjఄѽNj‫͟׍‬ඊ̍NjҪጩNjӾऎࡈ ѢʿՎᄉͺၸழयnjᄫಕఝ˝˃ซὋᥦ
᜴̍Njѽඊ᧖̍Njᖅ಺ඊАNjӑྕ࠶ ࡂ௦ᣀԪ҃ऎὋ˝МඞଡΘ߶КNjՂก
12 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

‫ ڎ‬2.1 Мඞ̙థ߶КNjМൣ֖ࡂˉὙ̯ᑠि֖఑ҦᣀՓХ‫᤟ܫ‬ःҦᄉ҃ऎ

Нඟ̚ద߷Лnj
Н൤֗ࡃˊ

ܱᦊԍҧ

᧘थ
ηॷ


ᣁ ԫ
҄ए
᧘
थη


ᣁ ԫ

ॷ
᧘थ

҄


ᣁ ԫ

ए
ηॷ
҄ए

ఒҧ֗ᑡी ܱᦊஃે֗үҧ

ᠪ஧౎ຸὙˆႌԦࡘઐնࢹͺጷnj

Мൣ֖ࡂˉnjॆ᭦˙у቉ˀ఑Ҧᄉ᮲ᬖ ˝Ꭴ˫ζ͉਒։ᅋᭉ᜵ଡΘஊ෴Nj᧚ᚷ੊
ௐὋМඞ߶КNjՂกМൣ֖ࡂˉ௦૨ӻ ੾శஂ૆ᄉѽᄝᄰСழ‫ڙ‬ᆷᝢԺᑞѢဗሤ
̠ዜ߶КᄉС᪃‫ځ‬ገὋᤇ௦‫˝ځ‬Ὃ‫ݟ‬౦ ౜੆౦˧ґʿ͗ሤ౜ᦠՋ53njͭ௦Ὃतበ
෤థ۲ఴᄉМඞ߶КὋᇪ֖͗ፂ฿ᄉԦ ζॶఴᢵࣲʿ௦ᄫᄉnjൣ‫᧚ڙݟ‬ᚷӿ఺
ࡘࡂʿᑞԨ३૆ˣᄉᤈ൥ 51njलᡐ҃ऎ ˖ᄉৰ्ʶಧὋᬓ᭣˝МඞଡΘ߶КNj
Ԫ᭨ᄉԓҮҦ˶௦ʿՎᄉnjܰᦉԌҦ МൣࣲᝧФ‫ڙ‬ᇪ͗˖̙థʶ͊ፂ฿ాᄝ
֖҃ऎ҃ᛥᄉिཁРՎͺၸलᡐᄉ᧚ᚷ ᄉ҃ऎࠃဗ˿ᣀ‫ۋ‬Ὃᑞܴ᫸ൢ఑Ҧᄉԥ
ӿ఺ࡂ௦ʶ˓ৌॆᄉዜඊnj‫ڙ‬ᤇሗৰх ‫ܬ‬ԦၶὋՠѶᤈ൥௦ʿԺᑞ૆፝ᄉnj
ʽὋᭉ᜵ᤈᛠྱѾᄉҰҦ̾ু‫ܬ‬ඞ͔ࠪ ‫ݟ‬Վ఑Ҧᄉ᧗‫ܬ‬ѢဗʶಧὋतበζॶ
‫ࠑڍ‬ᮖ̠࠭ःࠪӿ఺ᑞҦᄉζॶὋ‫ʹݟ‬ ֖҃ऎᣀ‫ۋ‬ᄉҰҦ᤯࣡ᥕ९ԥ‫ܬ‬ᄉᛂ஼
ᤈᛠྱѾᄉҰҦփ὞ᥦࡂ௦᤯᣾᧓Ԩಕ ఛጲґᤈnj‫ ڎݟ‬2.1 ˖ᄉᛂ஼यᡸफ़੝
ংᅋˀ᣾Ԝख़ऄфᜇᄉᛠҮNj᤯᣾‫૆ڱ‬ ᇧὋᑱሎᑠि֖у቉࿃খᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬᤯࣡ʿ
ᤇ̎ᛠҮࣲՓ̠͂ᛪ௙ᤇ̎ᛠҮ௦ʿ͗ ௦᤯᣾ʶ൒þ੆᠋‫ڙ‬൤ʶˠÿᄉф߿ব
Ԩ๖ᄉnj ᣀઈNjᏪ௦᤯᣾ܲ൒ᣀઈࠃဗ҃ऎᣀ‫ۋ‬
तበζॶ௦ஊ෴஫஼֖᧚ᚷӿ఺˖ፂ ᄉnj‫ࠑڍ‬ᮖ̠࠭ॸᮋᤩ൥तበ̠͂ࠪ‫ڍ‬
࣡΍ၸᄉഏএὋͭॡ࠵‫ڙ‬Ԧࡘᮖ۪˖΍ ࠑᄉζॶࣲࠃဗ҃ऎᣀ‫ۋ‬Ὃඊ‫ݟ‬᭽‫ڙڍ‬
ၸ 52 ὋཨᏪ߱ԁ௦఑Ҧဖܑʽᤈᛠఝ˝ మᱤੌ́ፆోՐ‫߶ڙ‬КNjஊ෴֖ፂ฿ᮖ
૆ˣᄉ҃ऎԪ᭨ᄉґ‫ݍ‬ఛnjԓ‫ڙʹځ‬὞‫ځ‬ ۪ᄉ᣾ນὋвඊ‫ݟ‬ҪጩNjఄѽ֖ᬀ಩ण

ᑱሎи̂ፑ෴ᄉ᣾ນὋФᫍࡂӉહ๗Ԣ
ᇪ͗᜺ᔴ֖෴ူᄉԥ‫ܬ‬ᄉЮᦉጬ́ nj 54
᧗‫ܬ‬ᄉ᣾ር˝्੆Ջͺবᄉ᜺ᔴ֖ᑞҦ
ଡΘ˿ቆᫍὋ˶˝्੆‫੆ڙ‬ҩᄉ۲ᆨʼ
ౝኒளᄉ੆ҩᄉᓡব९ဖଡΘ˿ቆᫍnj
ᛂ஼ఛጲᄉඇʶဖᦏӉહ᧗‫ܬ‬Ԧၶᄉ
ˏ˓᫼ൿὋ‫ڙ‬ຆӐ҃ऎᣀ‫֖ۋ‬Ҫु෴ူ
੆஌˧ґὋतበζॶ̾Φᑞࣛ౎ሤ౜ᄉ
఺͗nj
तበζॶúúᡛܴӉࠓᄉᐎᄩˀ
ѹయፆ౦
‫̨ࠑڍ‬њᒬࣁᄉҦ᧙ᬱ̾ু‫ܬ‬ζॶnj
‫ڙ‬఑ҦˀᑠिࡌҸʽतበζॶᄉࢹͺ᜵
යፂ᣾ຆধཿᘼՐ᧓ԨᛠҮὋतበᡛܴ
ӉࠓᄉᐎᄩὋӾऎࡈ᜴̍ᝌф̍ᴎᄴ఑
Ҧ᫇ᮤNj 2006 ࣱˋࣚෑ̯в൒Ԧၶᄉ
఑Ҧ˖ু‫ܬ‬Njఄѽ‫ڙ‬ஊ෴᣾ນయᫍ‫᧓ڨ‬
Ԩ˿ᤇಧᄉଏஶnjԵథ‫ڙ‬तበζ͉ѹయ
ˀ҃ऎᣀ‫ॸ˖ۋ‬ᮋԟˀࠃஶࢹͺᄉՉழ
ᦏԟˀ˿ᐎᄩᄉৰхʽὋᐎᄩ੥ሥ३ʼ
௦þᡛܴӉࠓᄉÿnjᐎᄩʿॸ௦þӉࠓ
ʶѬÿᄉ 55njᡛܴӉࠓᄉᐎᄩ૊̾ʽˏ
ሗழ य ध ࡘ ࢹ ͺ Ὑ (1) ‫ ˦ ࣸ ڙ‬ᄉ ࡎ ᭦
ʼὋ᤯᣾ˀஊउԢᇪ͗ՉႌNj‫ڠ‬ӜЮ
ᄉ ᥵ ‫ ڍ‬Nj ૫үᏧ੊અᠪᏧՋͺὋ्੆
ࠪԪ᭨ᄉ‫૆ஂࠑڍ‬NjलЙథСᄉѽᄝᄰ
СழὋ̾Ԣ (2) ‫ڠڙ‬ழࡎ᭦ʼὋ࠱ᔴ‫ډ‬
ੰܷҁᇪӜᮖ᛽Ὃ੼Ѣࢹͺ᧗ཁὋ҃ᝠ
ࠃஶழ಴njᡛܴӉࠓᄉᐎᄩ˶Ժၸ̅ᝌ
фѱ̂఑Ҧˀஊ෴఑ҦὋФழयࡂ௦᤯
᣾ˀԩѱ̂఑Ҧॕֽ‫ڠ‬ӜᄉᇪӜᮖ᛽Nj
‫ˉ͌ˉ׷‬Ԣඞᫍ‫ͳڃ‬ᤈᛠՋͺnjඞᫍ
‫ͳڃ‬úúӉહ‫ݘ‬বጷጺúú᤯࣡‫ܬুڙ‬
ζॶNjγ૆‫ܬ‬ᔙˀᣀ‫ۋ‬Ҹܿழ᭦Ԧ૘ᅋ
᧗᜵ᄉͺၸὋѽඊ᧖̍‫ݘ‬বጷጺþ‫ݘݣ‬
ᄉώᝫÿ‫ڙ‬଍Үࣰ֖ӨᝫԨ३૆፝ᤈࡘ
ழ᭦ᄉͺၸࡂ᝼௙˿ᤇʶཁ nj 56
ഏᤗ 13
᜵ឬనѽᄝᄰСழԟˀӨͺὋࡂᭉ᜵
ԦѢˀ᣾ԜфᜇᄉζՁὙፆోࠪ᣷ᎅᏅ
ͳᄉஊ෴੊ፂ฿ଅ஭Nj๖ᬓᑻ᠋ဗ៵੊
Υ࿀̠ాᄉဗ៵ࣲतበ൤ዜԪ᭨ᄉþᩙ
߿ÿ఺҃Ὃᆷγ߱͂ʿ͗Ѣဗᤣᣀnj᭦
˙఺᥄੊᭦ࠪӿ఺ௐὋᑞ᣽ᤳԨ३੆౦
֖Ԩ३௬ᗂᄉ੆౦Վಧ˶థү̠̅͂ু
‫ࠪܬ‬ஊउᝌф఑Ҧ‫ގ‬ᐺNjࠃஶ҃ऎˀᇪ
͗Ԫ᭨ᑞҦᄉζॶnj‫ࠑڍ‬ˀᇪӜᫍNjஊ
उˀ᭣ஊउጷጺᫍNj‫ࠑڍ‬ˀ‫ڍ‬ᬄᫍNj‫ڍ‬
ࠑˀሒᖸᦉ᫂ᫍᄉՋͺСጆԺ̾ᤈʶ൥
ଡᰳ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ੯ᛠᑞҦnjʶ˓ᮖ۪ᄉᛠҮ
Ժᑞథү̅଍ҮԲʶ˓ᮖ۪Ԩ३੆౦nj
Β‫ݟ‬Ὃ፤એ߶КᄉᛠҮᑞΧᤈ߶Кᄉ᠞
௛Njᤁᣤ̾ԢѸᤴࡂˉᄉፂ฿าҮnjՓ
᣷ᎅᏅͳଡΘనҫ࠱۱Ш̠͂ࠪМൣᄉ
ᝢខnj‫ʹݟ‬፤ጆᡛܴӉࠓᄉᐎᄩὋ࠱‫ڙ‬
ʽʶᓫ˖ϡសጹᄉᝦ᝶njʽʶᓫᤆ࠱ᝦ
᝶Չ˓‫ࠑڍ‬ԟˀᏧᄉࠃᬄஊንˀழ಴nj
ᣀԪ҃ऎᑞࣛ౎Мඞ߶КNj
ՂกМൣ֖ࡂˉ
͉ʹᇪ͗‫ʹ͉ڙ‬ʶ˓᫼ൿЮଋԩԪ᭨ᄉ
᧙ᦏ௦థᬌᄉnj‫ڙ‬ᑠिࡌ᭦ʽὋ᝴ܲஇ
᭨ᦏᭉ᜵ፂ᣾ʶ˓ᤩ൥तበζ͉Nj۱Ш
ᑞҦᄉ᣾ር੥ᑞᮊѽࠃஶnj‫ڙ‬þ᣾ঋÿ
֖þ᣾ਤÿᄉஇ᭨ᛠҮ˧ᫍԨ३ৌॆᄉ
ࣰᛥᒯС᧗᜵ὋᏪ˄̯Ф̴‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ੆ҩ
᣾ນ˖˶Ժ̖̾ၶʶ̎۲ఴᄉፂᰍnj
ᯪЎὋ࠱இ᭨๗ԢМඞ߶КNjՂก
Мൣ֖ࡂˉᄉ҃ऎͺ˝௉యࢹͺᄉ᧗ཁ
ӠѫС᪃ὋளҪ‫ڸ‬࿗በՐᄉԦࡘ᣾ርࡂ
ͳဗ˿ᤇʶཁ ( ᜸˃ᮤ 3) nj᜵ஂ૆ᤇ̎
ˠଏὋ᧗᜵ᄉʶཁ௦᜵᥆҃౎ᒬМРᠪ
᧚੊ᒬཨᠪຸ᭣ก̓௛ᄉ᭣กᠪ᧚ึ
Үnj᤟ःॆ‫ڠ‬ৰхᄉҫࠃ˄þణ᤟Ջÿ
ᄉࢹͺழก௦ॸᮋᄉnjΒ‫ݟ‬ὋࡉክӬͮ
੆ఴॡᰳὋͭᳩࣄߊ‫ڙ‬Юੌయ̮ᫍཨ᤯
14 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

2011 ఘ̽ᝑ‫ښ‬ଢ๷‫∉݄ ۽‬ਈ‫܉‬Ϫซ‫᠇܉‬ᡊ፿

˃ᮤ
 तበζॶ֖இ᭨҃ऎ̾ࠃဗМඞ߶КNjՂกМൣ֖ࡂˉᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ፂᰍ

Ӯ᭣तበζॶᄉ᣾ር

ú౔͎e݉ܲ (Jay Naidoo)ὋКီᖸШஇؒᐎᄩ˞ࣝNjӮ᭣঳ࢹ͗ґማ˹᫁NjӮ᭣᧗तˀԦࡘᦉ

ᦉ᫁NjӮ᭣Ԧࡘᩏᛠᛠ᫁NjˆႌԦࡘઐն֦ល‫ށ‬տ͗੆տnj

὇ǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒኃʻብᓫ႔Ὀ

1994 ࣱὋӮ᭣‫ڙ‬ᤈЙ᣾ນþௐయÿґፂԊ˿ܲ˓ᣀ Ӯ᭣‫ڙ‬Ԩ३ʼᤗ੆ҩᄉՎௐὋ˶ᩱܾ˿ʶ̎఺͗Ὃ

ઈཁὋᤇࡂ᜵ය‫ࠑڍ‬ᮖ࠭ϡѢҰҦὋᣀሧ́᝶᧗ཁὋ ᤇࠪߥ˷Ӯ᭣ፂᰍᄉФ̴‫ࠑڍ‬Ժᑞ˶థʶ̎ύ᧜਒˦nj
ࣲ΍ᤇʶ᣾ນ᣾ርХ‫ܫ‬Ժζবnj̯᭣‫ܷڍ‬ᐎᄩʶழ౎ Β‫ݟ‬Ὃ˝᭞ࣱѸᤴࡂˉ఺͗ˀ᫸ᔴ఑Ҧ࿀Ꮄ᮲ᬖі˪෤
ឬὋᤇӉહՓఝХࣸคবNjӉࠓবᄉழกᣀԪὋࣲᝢ థलᡐ᧗᜼njᤇ਒։ᅋੇ͂෤థЌѫ໗ᡛ᭞ࣱʶ̼ᄉᤔ
ខҁᤇሗᭉ᜵̾ᆷγӮ᭣‫ڍ‬ඞЖ֖ᄆሗ̠థͺѢஇԪ Ѭᭉ᜵Ὃᆷγ෤థϷ੆ࣱ̠ᥦಧፂԊ᣾ሗிᬥሎ஦́ᄉ
ᄉҮҦnj̯Ӯ᭣‫ڍ‬ඞЖʶழ౎ឬὋᤇӉહ̯‫ాͳڃ‬ѽ ̴͂‫ڙ‬ளၶᄉඞ˞‫˖ࠑڍ‬ᖌ३ఝܷᄉాᄝὋѫ̙ፂ฿
ˀ࠵ஜ̠γએᝇऎՓ˓̠ాѽˀܲஜ̠ፑ෴ᝇऎᄉধ ఺͗nj
፤ᣀԪnj‫ڙ‬፤ጆˏӜζழ᭦Ὃі͇ᜁ᜼˝ʿԺᤣᣀ థС 1994 ࣱಕংᅋඞ˞Ӑˀ֖ᝌᤈር᣹ҁᮆࢎᄉᒧற
ᄉಕংব͇̂὇ྱѾ௦ጩ࠶ᤥ e ఠॳડᄉ௃్͇᧕ ܹܲὋᏪࠪ̅ᣀԪ˝ࠋ҃‫ࠑڍ‬਒։ᅋ̣˥Ὃ̾Ԣඞᫍ‫ڃ‬
உὋ̾Ԣ᭣‫ܷڍ‬൦ᜈ஦́ᄉ˖ൢὈԦ૘˿ᒯС᧗᜵ᄉ ͳ‫ڙ‬ඞ˞Ӑˀ᫇᠉҃ԢФᖿࠃᄉᤈʶ൥ຆӐழ᭦ᄉ૆፝
ͺၸnj 1994 ࣱܷᤤՐὋ଍ᛠආޮγϣNjᤁၸᇪӜፆ ͺၸፋ̀ᄉСซѶᄰࠪᣖ࠵὚ࠪ̅ሗி˞˦Njʿࣰኍ᫇
ౝஇؒΘපጆፑኍіᮉѹయ੆౦ᄉࠃဗ‫ڙ‬፤એࠪளஊ ᮤ֖ᇪ͗ʿӉࠓব᫇ᮤᤆᭉ᜵ᤈʶ൥धࡘఝຆЙNjख़ऄ
उᄉζॶழ᭦˶ᡐҁ˿᧗᜵ᄉͺၸnj Ꮺ૆ˣᄉᣲ᝶nj

‫׬‬ʶᄉஊ෴ࡂ௦‫ڠ‬ழࠪ߶КNjМൣ֖ࡂˉ᫇ᮤᄉࡉ௉Сซ

౏ᕥ஠ (George Yeo)ὋளҪ‫ᦉᦉ̓ܰڸ‬᫁NjˆႌԦࡘઐն֦ល‫ށ‬տ͗੆տnj

὇ǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒኃ‫ٽ‬ብˀኃ̊ብᓫ႔Ὀ

੆ҩᄉˠଏʶ߿Ў̯‫ڠ‬ழध‫ݼ‬nj‫ݟ‬౦ʿซ᧗‫ڠ‬ழ੆ Ꮺ‫ݟ‬౦෤థѬࠃԺᛠᄉ੣ൿὋளᄉ҃ऎࡂ௃ก‫ڙ‬௾᤯̠
౦ὋМඞࡂ͗ࠪஊउஇؒМඞၶาᄉᑞҦˑܾζॶnj ᄉॶᄫ˖Njধਆ˖੦಩nj‫ڙ‬ளҪ‫ڸ‬त‫ڍ‬ՐᄉణѹіࣱὋ
‫ڠڙ‬ழᇪӜधࡘᄉু‫߶ܬ‬КNjतበζ͉NjѸᤴࡂˉNj ߶КNjก।ˀሡࣿὋ̾Ԣ˝અᠪˀፂ฿‫ܘ‬᫁Ѹᤴథѽ్
ଡΘనҫᄉᛠҮ࠱˝К‫ڍ‬বԦࡘ੩ʽ‫ࠃڱ‬ᄉ۲ᆨnj̨ ͇௦ॆҫ˧পnjζॶࡂ௦ʶѬnjளҪ‫ڍڸ‬ඞనक़҃ऎ‫ڙ‬
̨‫˖ࣉܷۡڙ‬Ԩ३੆౦௦ʿܴᄉnj‫ڙ‬ሗிˀ߼ஓу቉ ʶࣱ˧Ю३̾଍ᛠὋ‫ڠ‬ʽጷጺˀФ߱࿀ᎴาҮ३ҁ˿᪙
ᄉ᫇ᮤʼὋग़൤ᫍᄉʿ߶Кਕ͗ᒬᛠ໌ၶᗻढὋ‫ځ‬൤ Ԍnjᑻ᠋ဗ៵ᜁᤩ൥‫ڠ‬ख़ऄ಩ᬓnj˝ΧᤈઅᠪˀѸᤴࡂ
‫ܬুڙ‬ˀ‫ܬ‬ᔙ᣾ርध‫ݼ‬ґὋतበᜁ੝థᏅͳᝢ˝௦М ˉ఺͗Ὃॡ௉ࡂࠪҶҮกˀ‫ڠڗ‬ड़அกᤈᛠ˿இ᭨njˀ
ࣰМൣᄉ‫ڠ‬ழஊउ௦ፏࠪॸ᜵ᄉnjᤇࡂ௦ளҪ‫̃ڙڸ‬ ॆௐ᝴ܲԦࡘ˖‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ͛ፑ᜹ཁʿՎᄉ௦Ὃੇ͂୏प˿
Ӡˆጡ 60 ࣱ̼Ԧၶሗிᰖ˼Ր੝Ԩ३ᄉፂᰍnjຆ३М γએ˞˦ὋᴁҴᡴ‫ڍ‬МՂ‫ڙ‬ளҪ‫ڸ‬અᠪnj˞૆Ԫ᭨˖ᄉ
ඞζ͉ᄉᮖ̠࠭࠱̖ၶф߿বᄉࢿऩnj ஊࡌ‫ݼ‬ጻ௦ʶሗૌੌnj
तበ҃ऎᭉ᜵ௐᫍnjЎ߸੆ణ˝পᤔᄉ͉ҫὋྱѾ С᪃‫̅ڙ‬ᡄ३̠ඞᄉζ͉nj̠ඞᄉ࠳᧗ˀ‫ݝ‬ਕ௦҃ऎ
௦ःឞஇؒ߶К࿃хNjଡΘࡂˉ఺͗Ὃ΍̠ඞࠪల౎ ᑞܴढ፝ʽ౎ᄉஂଢ଼njᤇ˓᣾ርᒯ࠵ᭉ᜵ʶ̼̠౎߸੆nj
ఝЌ໗࣎భnjʶ൒੆ҩ࠱˝̬Րᄉ੆ҩѸᤴ్͇nj
 ഏᤗ 15

2011 ఘ̽ᝑ‫ښ‬ଢ๷‫∉݄ ۽‬ਈ‫܉‬Ϫซ‫᠇܉‬ᡊ፿

˃ᮤ 3 तበζॶ֖இ᭨҃ऎ̾ࠃဗМඞ߶КNjՂกМൣ֖ࡂˉᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ፂᰍ὇ଋʼὈ

‫͟׍‬ඊ̍‫߶ڙ‬К᣾ນయᫍᄉζॶ᧗त
úတ࠶‫܈‬e᭚᜴‫ޑ‬eડዚᭆலeॳeౣऔ (Marta Lucia Ramirez de Rincon)ὋCiudadania en Accion
۲᧚͗˞ࣝNj‫͟׍‬ඊ̍ґԟᝫտ֖߶К‫ށ‬տ͗ґ˞ࣝNj‫͟׍‬ඊ̍ґ‫ڍ‬᫸ᦉ᫁ˀґܰ᠞ᦉ᫁NjˆႌԦࡘ
ઐն֦ល‫ށ‬տ͗੆տnj

὇ǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒኃ̊ብᓫ႔Ὀ

2002 ࣱὋੇ͂᭦˙ᄉʶ˓ː࢏ᄉૌੌࡂ௦ᥗБ‫͟׍‬ඊ þMeteoro ᝟Ѳÿை‫᧗ڙ‬ளଁଦࠪК‫ڍ‬МᡸˀᰳᤳМ

̍෨˝ܾ᠋ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬njᤇ਒։ᅋ᜵γએੇ͂ᄉМඞʿԩ
ፄ౵ˀ঻ণ˞˦ᄉ‫ގ‬ᐺὋᤇ˶਒։ᅋ᜵γએੇ͂ᄉ۲
ᆨ᝹ஶNjМᡸˀඞ˞҃ऎБᥒຣѣ᫲Njэи̂ᦉ᫲ˀ
ඈ᠏ᄉᜂѣnjॆௐὋᤇዜ‫͖ڃ‬ᡑᅋ̠͂Ѣᛠᄉௐϊұ
૆ᢻᣙNjፄ౵̠᠎njၿ̅ 2002 ࣱܷᤤґᤇ˓᫇ᮤᤈ
ʶ൥ৎӐὋ‫ځ‬൤ஊउ࠱ু‫ܬ‬МᡸˀᰳᤳМᡸᄉ߶КѴ
˝ஊउࢹͺᄉ᧗˖˧᧗njஊउ҃ᝠ˿þ Meteoro ᝟
ѲÿὋ˶ࡂ௦͔੝ֆᅻᄉþၶา‫͟׍ڙ‬ඊ̍Ὃ᤯ᛠ‫ڙ‬
‫͟׍‬ඊ̍ÿᄉ᝟Ѳ (“Vive Colombia, Viaja por ella”)nj
ᡸᄉଌ҃ాὋ࠱̯߱͂ፋ̠ඞࣛ౎঻৽ᄉ᭣ก൦ᜈ‫͖ڃ‬
੣˖݃‫౎ٿ‬njஊउʶழ᭦ឯ‫͟׍‬ඊ̠̍ඞஉॶᰁᢻѢ
ᛠὋʶழ᭦ࡘध˿ʶ‫ܥڣ‬Ҹ์ܷᄉи̂Njৰઐ֖᝜ࠢᛠ
ҮὋ̾γએМᡸὋᆷγ̠ඞ߶Кnjஊउ࣎భ᤯᣾ᤇʶ᝟
ѲᄉࠃஶὋ࠱‫᧗ࠑڍ‬ள̓ҁ̠ඞ੣˖Ὃ΍᠞௛ˀ஺ຣˉ
ু‫ܬ‬าҦnjణ˝᧗᜵ᄉ௦Ὃளஊउ‫੆ڙ‬በ˧ѹࡂध‫ࠃݼ‬
ஶᤇᮉ᝟ѲὋ΍‫͟׍‬ඊ̍ᇪ͗᧗तζ͉ˀ࣎భᄉࢹͺԨ
३˿቉ᆠnj

‫ڙ‬ஊ෴ᤈር˖ᤳऎˀ̱ΧʿԺຈ˝ʶៀ
ડᡉ᣹࠶eӰડ࣎ዚ (Lakhdar Brahimi)Ὃ ґᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ማ˹᫁᯾͎ડА֖ᬀࠜෂྱ΍NjˆႌԦࡘઐն
֦ល‫ށ‬տ͗੆տ

὇ǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒኃ̊ᓫ႔Ὀ

Ӝѫஊ෴ᤈር˖ᄉᤳऎˀ̱Χ௦Ӡѫ᧗᜵ᄉὙழय᣾̅
༎ᤈὋԺᑞ͗᤟३Фԥnj‫ڍ‬ᬄᇪ͗ࠪ̅ 2005 ࣱ͎ડА
ඊΒᤤˠඞ˞҃ᄉណᰍઔథॡܷᄉ࣎భὋᤇሗయభलԦ
˿ాҦባ́Ὃ΍߼ี఑Ҧ᭣ͭ෤థᎀ֖Ꮺ˄Ѣဗ˿਎໥
਎ཉᄉࡌ᭦nĵࠃ᝼௙Ὃ͎ડА̱Χ्੆ᄉࠋกॡᬱࠃ
ஶnĵࠃՎಧ᝼௙Ὃ2009 ࣱᬀࠜෂܷᤤࠪੌՐ҃ऎᄉՋ
กব௦ʶሗૌੌᏪ᭣ʶሗஂ૆nj
ᤇˏሗᤤસФࠃࣲ᭣̈ʿᄰࠓúКီࠪఝХӉࠓবNj
ԥःఝ᣽ᤳᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬෴ူᄉ᜵යᡔ౎ᡔܷὋᏪᤤˠ௦໗ᡛᤇ
ሗᭉයᄉʶሗ᧗᜵ழयnjͭ௦ௐᫍᄉᤤસᭉ᜵៞ਠᄉઁ
ଦnjܷܲஜ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉඞ˞͛ፑᦏ௦‫ڙ‬ᄰॆ᫁ᄉʶൿௐయЮԦ
ࡘᡐ౎ᄉnjՎಧ‫ڠ‬Ὃ̬ܸඞ˞ӐҰҦ˶ᭉ᜵СซԊԽ͛
ፑˀॆґᄉஊ෴ѫ൧Ὃॸᮋ࠱ඞ˞Ӑͺ˝ᇪ͗ᣀ‫ۋ‬ˀ҃ऎ
तበᄉ૆፝᣾ርnj҃ऎतበʿः௦ʶ˓Ժ̾ខѾᄉþ̂
͇ÿὋतበᡐ౎ᄉ҃ऎ๯ᄥᄉЮࠓॸᮋࣸคὋ˄ᑞଡΘࠪ
ాҦᄉ҃ᛥnjඞ˞Ӑ௄ʿ‫̅ݼ‬ᤤˠὋ˶ʿൢ̅ᤤˠnj

᣾࠴‫ۋ‬ᄉሒᖸΘः‫׷‬Ꭹፎু‫˿ܬ‬ፂ฿ ኃ̃Ὃ˃ซ̅Мඞ߶КNjМൣˀࡂˉ
‫ܬ‬ᔙ੝ॸᭉᄉႂҦΘः57nj๑‫ ڠ‬2004 ࣱ ਒։ᅋܷܲஜФ̴இ᭨ᭉ᜵‫ڙ‬൤ՐΙ൒
ᒯ 2009 ࣱᫍ੆ҩᄉ᝜ҫஇ᭨࠱᧗ཁஉ ࡘधὋӉહஊ෴இ᭨NjాҦʽஉNjሒథ
‫ڙ‬धᬓᐋా໚ၸᏧὋ᧗ளतበ۲ఴᄉ Ӑ̾ԢᣀԪࠪ᣷ᎅᏅͳᄉখऎnjጆፑ‫ڠ‬
ࢹͺጡ।58nj धࡘᤇ̎இ᭨ᭉ᜵੆ͳጆᄉ҃ऎ὇Β
16 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

‫ݟ‬Ὃඞ˞Ӑ᜵ය‫ڙ‬ᤤˠ˧ܰХ‫ܫ‬᝴ܲ҃ Ԧࡘବүኍࢹͺௐᦏᭉ᜵ᤇ̎ᑞҦᄉӨ
ऎʼᄉ҃ᛥ఺҃Ὀ֖ᇪ͗᜹এᄉᣀԪnj ុࢹͺnjॆஊ෴ࡌҸᑠिὋᏪॆ‫҃ڠ‬ऎ
ʶ̎‫੆ࠑڍ‬ҩᄉஊ෴ᣀ‫ۋ‬Ὃ‫˿ڌࢽݟ‬ ʿХ‫ܫ‬ᆷγ᠉͉ҁͮᄉᑞҦௐὋ‫ڍ‬ᬄ༎
ӑྕ࠶Пࣰ֖ࡌ᭦ᄉాҦሧ̓Ὃ̾Ԣ Ҵ úú‫ݟ‬ᝢԺ఺҃ˀ৿Ꭾ఺҃ úú˶Ԧ
ఄѽNjӾࡈ੊ᗇᖬྤᄉඞ˞᣾ນᦏ௦ ૘ᅋ᧗᜵ᄉͺၸnj̾ᤂయԦၶஊԪᄉ
᤯᣾ʶጆѴ൥ᰠ‫ڙ‬᫁᣹ӠͷࣱᄉௐᫍЮ ౼᜴᭣࠴‫˝ڍ‬ΒὋॆ‫ࣰ֖ڠ‬ᝌфу቉᫇
߸੆ᄉnj ᮤᄉ఺҃ӠѫథᬌὋ᭣ฮᐎᄩˀ᜴᭣‫ڍ‬
ͭ௦˶͗ѢဗΒܰৰхὙॆ˓ѾᏅͳ ࠑፂ฿РՎͳՓឞ‫ڍ‬ஶҪԌҦὋΧ΍Ф
ᜁଅ஭‫ڙ‬ඞ˞ԟˀ˧ܰᄉဗ៵ࣂፂ੆˝ ‫ٿ‬ҁࠋஊ᥊ᡸʼ౎ࡂ௬३Ӡѫ᧗᜵˿nj
ԌχʶѬᄉణܷᄉভ৅಩ຸௐὋঋᤳ᧓ ‫ځ‬൤Ὃੇ͂ᝢ˝Ὃ‫ڠ‬Ӝ֖‫ڍ‬ᬄᇪ͗ࠪ᠆
ԨᛠҮNjधࡘᤤˠ௦ඊᣖՋူᄉˠଏ὚ ᠉͉ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ᮖ࠭ᄉᝢԺᑞܴ‫ुڙ‬Ӑ‫ࠑڍ‬
ॆ˧ґ᫽ᆽஇ᭨ᄉ੝థѽᄝСጆࣂፂ ࡎ᭦ᄉ༎Ҵ఺҃ˀ᫇᠉҃ऎழ᭦Ԧ૘
๖ܾὋࡂϷੌՐ௅ఴ੊᭽‫ڍ‬ᄉ‫ڠڗ‬இ᭨ ͺၸnj
ௐయ੝ፂԊᄉʶಧ 59Ὃᥦ˥ࡂԺ̾ѽၸ
ᤇ˓ௐ఺ঋᤳ᧓ԨᛠҮnjཨᏪὋ‫ܷܲڙ‬
ஜৰхʽὋጆፑᄉNjຑᤈᄉᛠҮͪ˪஌
‫ࠑڍ‬ԟˀᏧᄉࠃၸஊንࢹХˀ
౦ణ·nj
ழ಴ࢹХ

ࡂ‫ڙ‬ᑠिဖܑʽ‫ʹݟ‬ᮔ᫸఑Ҧ֖ু‫ܬ‬ሡ
ᎀᝌܰᦉԌҦˀҮտ‫ڍ‬ᬄஂ૆
ࣿᄉ᫇ᮤὋˆႌԦࡘઐնଡѢ˿ʿՎᄉ
ܰᦉԌҦὋ‫ݟ‬థጷጺ࿀Ꮄˀ᭣ก̓௛Ꭹፎ ধᏥழयnjఴઐնࣲʿ੩ኪ੆˝ʶఴЩ
ᄉຕᤨNj᥵‫ڍ‬у቉ᄉᗻढNjፂ฿᭍ᕤὋ அՉዜ‫ݫ‬ழᄉþᖜ៧ÿὋၿ̅‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉஊ
ᦏ௦Ժᑞ‫ܘ‬Ҫ఑Ҧ᮲ᬖᄉ᧗᜵‫ځ‬ገnjᑠ ෴ဖܑʿࡉᄰՎὋ‫ځ‬൤ࣲʿߚ‫ڙ‬þஉ˧
िࡌҸʽज़ज़ߚ‫ڙ‬᝴ܲܰᦉԌҦὋᏪः ‫ٽ‬๑Ꮺᄊэÿᄉᝌфழ಴njʿ᣾Ὃᙉཨ
ࠪᤇ̎ԌҦᄉ҃ऎज़ज़Ӡѫᘘिnj‫ݟ‬౦ ‫ڙ‬ᤤસतበζ͉ᄉழयˀतበ҃ऎᄉ੣
ᤇ̎ԌҦʿᑞ३ҁ‫ؒݯ‬ᄉᝌфὋ੊Ꮷ૆ ൿௐᭉ᜵‫ࠁ҃ڍځ‬Ὃͭ಩૵̾ज़ፂᰍ्
፝‫ܘ‬ҪὋѶԺᑞ΍३᫸ൢ఑Ҧˀু‫֖ܬ‬ ੆ᄉʶጆѴ۲ఴࢹХԺ̾੆˝᤟ःবុ
ࣰᄉҰҦϟሎൣᢽnjྱѾ௦‫ڙ‬ʿሶ߿ᄉ ஞᄉ۲ᆨnjᤇ̎ನॶࢹХӉહतበՋͺ
Ԧࡘဖܑ˖ὋᝌфܰᦉԌҦःॆ੆˝᫸ ᐎᄩ੝ᭉᄉՉሗζՁˀγ᝼఺҃Ὃᤆథ
ൢ఑Ҧˀু‫ࣰ֖ܬ‬ᄉ‫ੌࠑڍ‬႔̾Ԣ‫ڍ‬ᬄ ᜵ᛪ௙ˀ᣾Ԝᄉфᜇ֖तበᡐࠪሤ౜੆
ବүࢹͺᄉನॶЮࠓnj ౦ᄉζॶnjࢹХ˖ᤆӉહࠪழ಴ᄉଠ
ᑠिࡌ᭦ʽࠪ‫ڍ‬ᬄବүᄉᭉය˶͗థ ᤗὋᏪᤇ̎ழ಴˖௄థᑞঋᤳԨ३஌౦
੝ʿՎnjतበζॶᄉҰҦॸᮋ᣽ᤳԨ३ ᄉὋ˶థᑞ˝Мඞ߶КNjՂกМൣ֖ࡂ
੆஌ᄉ᜵යѠ௬˿ᤳऎᄉ᧗᜵বnjࠪत ˉଡΘ᫁య҃ऎγᬩᄉnjఴઐնᯪЎ̭
በՋͺᄉNjᡛܴӉࠓᄉᐎᄩᄉ᧗᜼̾Ԣ ፀ˿ᤇ̎۲ఴࢹХὋཨՐ᤯᣾ࠪХͳᄉ
ࠪМඞ߶КNjМൣˀࡂˉᄉ᧗᜼࠱ఝࣸ ‫ࠑڍ‬᮲ᬖ֖఺͗ᄉ᝿ͤὋᏥᘼ‫ʹݟ‬಩૵
คᄉ‫ڍ‬ᬄᑞҦᐐલ‫ڙ‬ʶᡐὋᏪᤇ̎ᑞҦ ʿՎ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ‫ڍ‬ৰὋ᧓ԨࢿऩӐᄉੌ႔ˀ
ॸᮋӨុʶᒰ‫ڠ‬Ԧ૘ͺၸὋΒ‫ݟ‬Ὃ‫ڙ‬ᤈ ழ಴nj
ᛠុᝌNj̠ాNj߶КବүNj̠᥊˞˦ˀ
 ഏᤗ 17

˃ᮤ 4ὙನॶࢹХ
ু‫ܬ‬ζॶ
ζՁὙల౎ஊን
Мඞ̙థ߶КNj
Мൣ֖ࡂˉ ˀࢹͺ᧗ཁ ζՁὙᭉ᜵Ԁ҈᧓ԨᄉᛠҮ γ᝼఺҃ ᣘүᛠҮ

• Мඞ߶Кᄫಕ • ԟˀयᤈር • ੯ᛠ఺ౝᄉ࿗በব • ᮲ᬖˀࢹͺ᧗ཁ᝿ͤ

ܰᦉԌҦ
• ஊ෴இ᭨NjాҦʽஉNj • ‫ڠ‬ழ‫߶ڙ‬КNjМൣ֖Ԧࡘ • ࿗በᄉኃʻழᄢᅕ • þʿͺ˝ÿᄉ෣᤯੆ఴ
ᑻ᠋ˀ᣾ນయՂกᄉ ழ᭦ᄉ੆౦ • þԤӒ҃ÿᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ú • ࠪˏҁʻᮉ௉య੆౦ᄉ
᧗त
С᪃ԓѶˀՋူᤈऎᛪ
ζॶ
• ͉֐Ժ᭤ᄉ̠ᤤ ‫ڍ‬ᬄͳጆ ኤӬ᜺Ѳˀ଍ᤈଏஶ


ᣀ Ԫ

• ‫ࠑڍ‬NjᇪӜNj᭣ஊउጷጺ • ࠪ᧗ཁᮖ۪ᄉᮔኪѫᦠ • ʶ˓੊ܲ˓С᪃ᐋᑞᄉ • ੌ႔ব෣᤯

҃ऎ
᧗

ˀ‫ڍ‬ᬄᑞҦᄉጷՋ ‫ڍ‬ᬄ࡞ᛠ
तζ

• ߶Кᦉ᫲ᄉ᧗ளᦉᎷ


ᣀ Ԫ

ॶ
᧗त

Ԩ๖൧᜼বஊን


ᣀ Ԫ

•
ऎ
ζॶ
҃ऎ

҃ऎஇ᭨
఑Ҧ֖ᑠि ܰᦉஂ૆֖ҮҦ

Мඞ߶К ՂกМൣ ࡂˉˀᄰСనҫ

۲ᆨবஇ᭨ˀþణ᤟Ջÿழय

߶Кᦉ᫂இ᭨Ὑ Ղกᦉ᫂இ᭨Ὑˀ߶Кஇ᭨௄ ᡴᦉ᫂ᇪӜᠱా᝟ѲὙᬶМඞ߶КNjࡂˉNjՂกNj

Мඞ̙థ߶КNj
Мൣ֖ࡂˉ
• ̾Мඞ߶Кѽᄝ˝߼ை ᄰ̈࿗በԠᄰ̈ᐎጆ὚Ҫु۲ఴ ஓᐱˀ۲ᆨ᝹ஶत᝹̅ʶͳ
಴͇ࠅူ὚ѽၸ͛ፑ఺҃ˀᇪӜ ࡂˉ᝟ѲὙ᧪ࠪ˝ሒథᦉ᫂Ѹᤴࡂˉ఺͗Nj᫁య
• ˀࠃᬄࢹͺʿறԨ३ᄉ
ܰᦉԌҦ ఺҃ὋનࡘՂกనҫ МРᮉᄫNjᠪ̖ੰЌNj͈Ϙᩖ᝟ѲNj᭣ൣयᦉ᫂
੆౦̾ԢՂกᐋᑞᄰСᄉ
ᑞҦଡӣ ᧓Ԩѫ᫼ൿᄉԥᑻଏஶὙ‫୓ڙ‬ං ஂ૆NjҶҮҦᣀሧˀ‫ݘ‬বፂ฿ᠱాὋᤈᛠ҃ऎኤӐ
Ϳ᧚҃ऎ˧ґᛪ௙‫ࠑڍ‬ᠪຸ௦Ժ ֖۲ᆨ᝹ஶু‫ࢹܬ‬ͺ


ᣀ Ԫ

• ᤯᣾ࣉඞᄢᅕNj೜ಉNj̾Ԣ
̾నҫ̅МРѽᄝᄉ὚ଌ҃அԨ ̠᥊˞˦ବүˀᇪ͗γએὙథ᝟Ѳ‫ڠ‬ୋᑱၿ‫ڍ‬ᬄ
҃ऎ

ᮔኪஂѢᄉᤨ௙౎୓ං࿀Ꮄ
Ϳ᧚ᄉᛠ˝ὋЌѫѽၸᇪ͗᫇᠉


ᣀ Ԫ

Ꭹፎ ᇪ͗ଡΘ̠᥊ବү֖ᇪ͗γએᄉ࿃х
҃

఺҃


ᣀ Ԫ

߹᜹ፂ฿ஊንὙ᧗ཁСซ๖᠟͈ಪจҮˀࡂˉ᫇ᮤ
҃ऎ

• йెˀᇪӜ᝜ҫ᧓ၸͯᠪఴ
఑Ҧ֖ᑠि ܰᦉஂ૆֖ҮҦ
ጆፑ

ຑᤈयᄉጆፑழ಴

• ‫ˉ˃ڙ‬Ӑᄉ߶Кᐋᑞழ᭦ᤈ • ஊ෴இ᭨ˀᤤˠஇ᭨ • ሒథӐኍፆౝবፂ฿இ᭨

ᛠ᫼ൿӐᄉᑞҦˀ᫇᠉఺҃ • ాҦʽஉ • ஓᐱˀӻၶஇ᭨
त᝹ • ᣾ນయՂก • Ӊࠓ᣷ᎅᏅͳ
• К᭦ԥᑻஇ᭨

ःࠪܰᦉԌҦᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ᛠҮ
Мඞ̙థ߶КNj
Мൣ֖ࡂˉ
Мඞ߶К ՂกМൣ ࡂˉˀᄰСనҫ

ܰᦉԌҦ • ᣷ܑՋͺ • ӨុΘःழˀᭉයழԥᯟ • ᬶ˖ᣘүᛠஊᑞҦ

• и̂Nj᝜ҫˀ᧚ᚷৰઐ • ᡴՂกክᣧӜᄉᐎՋុಉˀ • ᡴܑधԦ᜺Ѳ
ᡐឃ
• तበൣयˀ᭣ൣयጆፑᫍ
ᄉᐎጆ

఑Ҧ֖ᑠि ܰᦉஂ૆֖ҮҦ
ͳဗ঳ͳᤈࡘᄉԺᛠব੆౦ૈಕ
Мඞ߶К ՂกМൣ ࡂˉˀᄰСనҫ

ᆀయ • ఑Ҧ࠭ᒰᄉ൪̑ • ࡂለѽˀ᣾Ԝᄰඊ֖ˀ̴̠ᄰඊ௦ՠ • ࠪࡂˉ఺͗௦ՠ‫ܘ‬Ҫᄉᄹก

• ࠪ߶Кऎଡᰳ/ᬋͯ థ੝‫ܘ‬ҪࠪՉᏅͳ὇ሗிNj‫۪ڠ‬Nj • ͈ಪុಉ὇ᄰࠪ̅ࠃᬄஅЙὈ
ᄉ਒᜸ុಉஜ૵ ߼ஓNj᫼ጞὈᤈᛠᄉ਒᜸ុಉ
• థСࠪ‫҃ࠑڍ‬ऎᄉζ͉̾Ԣᑻ᠋᫇ᮤ
ᄉ਒᜸ុಉ

˖᫁య • ԩࠎᏧុಉ • ‫̯ڙ‬ԊԽᄉᝇऎᄹՋူᄉௐᫍᔴ‫ډ‬ЮὋ • థСࡂˉˀҶҮҦԟˀᄉࠑऐ

᧗ளᐐཤ̅੆౦֖ᤈࡘርऎᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ ុಉஜ૵
෴ူૈಕ
• థСശՓ֖ጪՓᄉʿࣰኍ̾Ԣᑞՠ
ᖌ३Ղกనҫᄉࠑऐុಉஜ૵
18 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

तበᡛܴӉࠓᄉՋͺᐎᄩ੝ᭉᄉ ᎴʿᎮဗ៵‫ڍ‬ᬄ‫ށ‬տ͗Nj੊ᏧၿᐎՋ‫ڍ‬
ஊ෴ˀஊንζՁ ፤֖ᛠҮ੽ઝ፤૆෴߶ᄉᐋ᠉ᦏ࡚̅ᤇ
ሗৰх62nj
‫ڙ‬तበζ͉ˀՋͺᐎᄩᄉζՁழ᭦ὋՉ‫ڍ‬
̯ੌ႔ᄉᰳऎሤ౜͛ᤫᤇ̎Ԫ᭨ζՁ
ᛪဗѢ˿৲̠ᄉᄰͪব὇᜸˃ᮤ 4Ὀnjᤇ
‫ݼ‬ጻ᭣࣡᧗᜵úúԵథ‫̠͂ڙ‬ᅻ᥊ᛠҮ
̎ζՁӉહᥦ̎ᭉ᜵Ԁ҈᧓ԨᄉᛠҮὋඊ
ˀஊንԪӐࣂፂԦၶ̾Ԣᤇ̎ԪӐ͗ࠪ
‫ݟ‬Ὑၿ‫ڠ੊ࠑڍ‬ழ͉֐Ժ᭤ᄉ̠ᤤNj‫ܘ‬Ҫ
ࠃဗఝࣸ᫪ᄉਜ௿ᡐҁʹሗͺၸᄉৰх
ᤨ௙ऎNj‫ڙ‬౼̎ৰхʽᤆ᜵๖ᬓឰ‫ݟ‬൧᜼
ʽὋᤇ̎ԪӐ੥ᑞܴॕֽ̠͂ᄉᛠ˝nj
বก।ኍ᠆᭦‫ځ‬ገnj߶Кᦉ᫲ᄉ᧗ளᦉᎷ
‫ࠑڍڙ‬ᮖ̠࠭࠺ల߸К਒ខҁӿ఺ӣጞ
Ժ̾᜼ሤ౜ᄉζՁὋ‫˝ځ‬ᤇឬ௙ࠪʿ߶К
᮲ᬖᄉৰхʽὋ̾эᆷᏪ౜ХឬనҦᄉ
‫ڠ‬ӜᄉСซርऎథ੝ҪुὋՎௐ˶ಕংᅋ
ழयᛪ௙௃੝ͺ˝ᄉː᧗Ր౦Ὃ࠱థү
ஊउࣂፂ਒ខҁ‫̎ג‬Ӭͮథʿ˝М͔੝ζ
̅ᤈʶ൥଍Үஇ᭨ᄉᤈርnjፂ฿֖ᇪ͗
͉੊ᏧΥ࿀М͔ᄉ᝭ेࣲ˄͗ԨᏪ̼˧nj
ѫౡԺ̾˝ᤇሗឬกଡΘஂ૆Ὃ‫˝ځ‬ѫ
‫ڙ‬तበζॶNj˝૆፝ᄉ҃ऎஇ᭨੩۲ᆨᄉ
ౡᛪ௙ʿறӣጞᄉ఑Ҧˀ௅ᄝܾ༦ᄉ҃
᣾ር˖Ὃଡᰳζোˀфን᣾ርᤨ௙ऎᄉଏ
ऎ‫࠭ʹݟ‬ᒰʶ˓‫੊ࠑڍ‬ʶ˓‫ڠ‬ழː᧗ᖿ
ஶ௦Ӡѫ᧗᜵ᄉnj
Ր̅ᄰ᥵‫੊ࠑڍ‬Ф̴‫ڠ‬ழᄉԦࡘ൥͒Ὃ
ζՁ˶Ժ̾௦థС̬ՐᛠҮᄉМնὋ ѫౡᤆᛪ௙లᑞᝌфʿறӣጞᄉ‫ގ‬ᐺᄉ
ᤇ̎ᛠҮӉહὙᤤસˏҁʻᮉС᪃ᄉѹ ‫ڙࠑڍ‬Ԧࡘழ᭦᭦˙ᅋঞಧː᧗ˀ૆ˣ
య੆౦὚̾Мඞ߶Кᄫಕ˝᧗ཁᤈᛠи ᄉՐ౦njǑ2011 ࣱˆႌԦࡘઐնǒᄉѫ
̂ˀ᝜ҫ᜺Ѳ὚ᆷ߿ஊ෴இ᭨NjాҦʽ ౡ௙ᆷ͛ᤫ˿ʽѴζোὙ
உ੊᣾ນయՂกᄉᡸफ़ˀᤈऎᛪnjᆷγ
• ෤థ‫ڠ੊ࠑڍ˓ג‬Ӝᑞ̶ܴ३ᡐ঒႔
ஊ෴֖ஊንζՁ‫ڙ‬ᔴ‫֖ډ‬ௐᫍʼᦏ௦Ջ
ᥦ̎఑ҦᮟጒԦၶNjМඞᑱሎ‫ࠑڍ‬ጝ
ူᄉᏪ˄௦ᑞܴࠃဗᄉὋᤇ‫ڙ‬ᮔయክူ
ోᄉ‫ڠ‬Ӝᄉ̼͈nj
ࢹͺ˖Ӡѫ᧗᜵Ὃ᜵ϡҁᤇʶཁࡂᭉ᜵
࠱ζՁˀ‫ࠑڍ‬᜺Ѳ֖ᮔኪርࣿፄ߿Ὃࣲ • ܾˉNjᑻ᠋NjʿӉࠓ‫ܘ‬Ҫ˿఑Ҧ᮲
ଡґˀ‫ڍ‬ᬄ͖ͦࡂ੝ᭉᄉ͉ʹܰᦉஂ૆ ᬖúúᝧ̠̠ᦏᑞ̯‫ࠑڍ‬ጒᕥ˖ԩᄝᄉ
ᤈᛠӨ‫׷‬nj Ջก҃ऎˀ෴ူፆౝ௦᫸ൢՉዜ఑ҦԦ
ၶᄉБႮጆፑnj
‫ڙ‬ζՁˀల౎ᛠҮథСᄉৰхʽὋ
΍ѽᄝᄰСᏧᄰζᤇ̎ζՁʶ߿͗ඒʿ • ‫ڙ‬ᑠिဖܑʽὋၿՂกМൣ֖ࡂˉஂ
Үୌ‫ڠ‬३ҁᖿࠃᄉγ᝼఺҃࠱ܷܷଡᰳ ଢ଼ᄉМඞ߶К௦ᯪ᜵ᄫಕnj
ζՁᄉԺζऎnj‫͟׍‬ඊ̍ˀӾऎࡈ᜴̍
• ᮖ̠࠭ᭉ᜵‫ڙ‬఑Ҧӣጞ੊఑Ҧԥ‫ܬ‬
ᄉ࿗በᡴᦉ᫂੯ᛠ఺ౝ֖ኃʻழᄢᅕ఺
˧ґ઄Ͱ఺᥄nj
ౝὋ‫ˋݟ‬ᄩúൖᄩ὇ˋӮ̍‫ࠑڍ‬ᐎᄩú
ൖฮᐎᄩὈ̍ᴎᐎՋᄢᅕ‫ڃ‬Ὃࡂ௦ॡ‫ݝ‬
ዴॶ᝹᝟‫ࠑڍ‬ழ಴Ὃু‫ܬ‬ζॶ
ᄉΒ᝼ 60nj‫҃ڙ‬ऎᑞҦˀ᫇᠉఺҃ᘘि
ࣲஇ᭨҃ऎ
ᄉৰхʽὋథ‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝԟˀᄉʶᮉ੊ܲ
ᮉᐋᑞʼᄉӬʶ੊þԤӒÿాҦ҃ऎ˶ ఴఴઐն҈਒ଌ҃˿‫ڙ‬ʿՎ‫ࠑڍ‬ፂᰍ۲
௦ʶሗγ᝼఺҃Ὃඊ‫ݟ‬ѽඊ᧖̍෴ူˀ ᆨʼ्੆ᄉನॶழ಴ࢹХᄉஜ᧙Ὃᄫᄉ
ፂ฿ክူବүழ಴ Nj๖ᬓӿ‫ڠ‬ᯰડథ
61
௦˝˿ᬶ˖ԥ௡‫ࠑڍ‬ፂᰍ˖ᄉ᧗ཁnj
 ഏᤗ 19

੝థࢹХᄉ᝹᝟‫ڨ‬ᅋᅊ̅᜺ഴӐᄉࠃ • þ‫ॅٿ‬಩ఴÿࡂˉ᝟Ѳnjᤇ̎᝟ѲӉ
ஶὋԀ‫ܷڙ‬᜺ഴᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬᜺Ѳ੊‫ڠ‬ழ᜺Ѳ હὙТत۲̅ᇪӜᄉܷ‫ۋ‬МРࢹርὋ
˖ࠃஶὋᏪʿ௦‫ۋ࠴ڙ‬ᮉᄫ˖ࠃஶnjᤇ Β‫ݟ‬Ӿऎ֖Ӿऎࡈ᜴̍‫ڙ‬К‫ڍ‬Չ‫ڠ‬ᄉ
̎ࢹХӉહ࠱ᇪӜፆౝˀ‫ాࠑڍ‬Ҧᦉ᫂ ࢹርὋᤇ̎ࢹር࠱᣷ᎅӐᇪӜˀԩ఑
ᐎጆᡐ౎ᄉᡴᦉ᫂᜺Ѳ὚߶Кᦉ᫂இ ҦॕֽᄉᇪӜᦏ‫ٹ‬હᤈ౎὚ኤӐሒᖸ
᭨὚Ղกஇ᭨὚‫ˉࡂࠑڍ‬ஊንˀ᝟Ѳ὚ ᦉ᫂ᄢክ҃ऎ̾Ԣᝌф۲ᆨ᝹ஶၪᮘ
ႂҦγᬩ֖ᇪ͗γએኍஂଢ଼Мඞ߶КNj ᫇ᮤ὇ྱѾ௦ႂҦ᫇ᮤὋᤇ௦ॕֽᑠ
ՂกМൣ֖ࡂˉᄉᄰСనҫ὚̾Ԣԥᑻ
िˀԩ఑Ҧॕֽ‫ڠ‬Ӝ‫ˉ׷‬ԦࡘᄉܿՁ
ᄉ᫼ൿবଏஶnjࢹХᤆӉહࠪ૆፝ᄉ఑
ᬌ҃‫ځ‬ገὈ὚तበᚷᠪˀઅᠪຘ᥊࠱
Ҧ᫸ᔴ౜˝᧗᜵ᄉՉሗ᝟ѲὋԀὙஊ෴
ၶ̖Ꮷˀࣉ‫ڣ‬ᐎጆᡐ౎Ὃመጉ෗֖ӵ
இ᭨NjాҦʽஉNj᣾ນయՂกNjஓᐱஇ
௒᣹ᄉ֝‫ˉ׾‬Nj˽ˉˀ஺ຣˉᄉʶ̎
᭨ኍ᝟Ѳnjʶெ௉యᄉМඞ߶КNjՂก
᜺ѲԦ૘ᄉࡂ௦ᤇሗͺၸ67nj
Мൣˀࡂˉஇ᭨ध‫ݼ‬Ԩ३ᤈࡘὋࡂᭉ᜵
ࠪʼᤗ᝟Ѳ̀̾ጆፑᄉСซnj • ‫ݘ‬বԟˀ߶КNjՂกМൣˀፂ฿ᠱా
ழ಴᝹᝟˖ణథ஌ᄉ̊˓ፂᰍ௦ ᝟ѲὋΒ‫ࡈݟ‬ҪડၠNjѽඊ֖̍‫܊‬ડ
὇ளᡐཁὈὙ ѽ௔ࠃஶᄉஇ᭨Ὃ᝜ࠢ఺Сᬷၸ‫ݘ‬ব
ᐋտࣲ˄ଡΘ᧪ࠪ‫ݘ‬বᄉనҫ὚̾Ԣ
• థү̅፤ጆʿ߶К‫ڠ‬ӜᒬʽᏪʼᄉ‫ڍ‬
ࡈ෼࠶ᄉፂ฿ᠱాଏஶὋᤇ̎ଏஶ᤯
ࠑ - ᇪ͗Сጆᄉழ಴ὋФ˖Ӊહ̾ᇪ
᣾Փ‫ݘ‬বᏅͳଡΘᠪ᧚ˀˉҫ۱ᝪὋ
Ӝ˝ఴᄉ఑Ҧ᫸ᔴ᝟ѲNjࡂˉԢᄰС
ᝌф˿డ‫ڙ‬ʿሶ߿‫ڠ‬Ӝलᡐጬ́ᄉব
నҫࠃஶ᝟ѲNj‫ڠ‬ழՂกຘ᥊Ԣ́ቪ
ᝌф᝟ѲnjΒ‫ݟ‬Ὃ‫ڙ‬᝴ܲᰳNj˖Njͯ Ѿᝇᓣ᫇ᮤ65nj

அЙ‫ࠃࠑڍ‬ஶᄉᇪӜ᝜ҫ᝟ѲNjᬀࠜ • ᛪ௙ளஊԺ̾ࠃဗ᜺ᔴክူᄉԥᑻ
ෂ‫ڃࠑڍ‬ፆ᝟Ѳ̾ԢડʷᎾฮᄉՉᮉ ᠋˃ᮉˠଏnjХͳ੣ൿӉહὙԦ૘
ܲᦉ᫂఑Ҧ᫸ᔴ᝟Ѳ63nj ሒᖸᦉ᫂ᑞҦὋᄢᅕ௛ԩܷᔴ‫ډ‬ᑻ
• ߶КˀՂกᤇˏܷ᧗ཁСซᮖ۪ᄉ҃ ᠋ॕֽᄉᐋᑞᦉ᫂ὋΒ‫ݟ‬ѽඊ̍ࠃ
ऎஇ᭨ᛩЌ᝟ѲὋ௉యᄉஇ᭨᝟Ѳः ᛠᄉౣˉࠅಉˀᖅ಺ඊАࠃᛠᄉС
᧗ཁСซኤӬᄉ۲ఴᐋᑞ὇Β‫ݟ‬ѱ̂ ሯड़அ὚Վௐ᧓ၸᇪ͗᫇᠉఺҃Ὃ
಴͇ࠅူNjЌѫᄉ۲ఴុಉ̾Ԣ᤹૬ ѽၸᰳऎᤨ௙ᄉஂѢМ࣊఺҃ˀᇪ
ርࣿὈ὚Ӊહை‫୓ڙ‬ංማࠚᎩፎ੊࿀ Ӝ / ඞᫍ‫ͳڃ‬ᄉᄢᅕ఺҃Ὃᆷγᄫಕ
ᎴᎩፎᄉඞ͔ᄢᅕNjࠅಉNj̾Ԣᮔኪ ࠪ៵३ҁ˿ᠪ᧚66nj
֖ஂѢᤨ௙὚΍᝜ࠢ҃ऎˀඞ̂Ղก
᤯᣾ᤇ̎ழ಴Ժ̾࠱तበζॶழ᭦
҃ऎᄉஇ᭨Վ൥ᤈᛠὋ̾ᥗБѢဗၿ
ᄉʶ̎ѹ൥੆౦ॆͺᄫಕὋᤇ̎੆౦Ӊ
̅᝜ҫᑞҦଡӣ࠭ᒰᡓయᎻઘ੊లፂ
ก߿ርࣿࡂ࠱ᤊกᏧ̀̾᧕உNj᧗ᤄ હὙᤁᣤጲᡸ෸ጲᄉᛠҮᒬၿNjႂҦ᜷

ᇪӜᄉৰхnj‫ڙ‬ᤇʶழ᭦ὋʽѴ‫ࠑڍ‬ ᄥ᭦Njซб͌ˉஜᄫNjѸᤴᄉࡂˉܸ
ᄉፂԊᄊࠪੇ͂థ੝ըᇧὋᤇ̎‫ࠑڍ‬ ஜNjՂก಴͇ࠅူὋ̾Ԣ᤯᣾ࠅಉ੊ᡐ
ӉહὙᬀ಩णNjจᳫNjఄѽNj‫͟׍‬ඊ ឃђ࠵థᎴʿᎮဗ៵njణ᧗᜵ᄉ௦Ὃѹ
̍Njᖻ࠶ၦܲNj๑‫ڠ‬NjӾऎࡈ᜴̍Nj ൥੆౦࠱‫ुܘ‬Мඞࠪ‫҃ࠑڍ‬ऎᄉζॶὋ
ᖅ಺ඊАNjࡈҪડၠNj‫܊‬ડѽ௔ nj64
ࣲࠪ̾Րᄉ҃ऎत᝹्੆ᓡব༎Ҵnj
20 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

Β‫ݟ‬Ὃ‫ݟ‬౦߶Кᦉ᫲̾ѣඎ੊ΰᘺ ‫ڠ‬Ӝবώᝫˀᡴܑώᝫ
൦ᜈԬ˼ѫߔᄉஜᄫ੊Ꮷ᤹૬Ꮄ࿀ᄉஜ
͉ʹᇪ͗ᦏ̙ԩʿҁʿԩܰႌ࣯੷‫ڠ‬ᤈᛠ
ᄫ˝Ι૵᝹߿ᄫಕὋᥦ˥̴͂Ժᑞ͗̾
҃ऎஇ᭨ᄉ‫ݖ‬ΐὙ‫ڙ‬இ᭨ᄉՎௐὋ߱͂ॸ
᧓Ԩु҃੣ൿ˝˞ὋᏪᎤ˫ˀᇪӜतበ
ᮋःࠪܰᦉԌҦὋ௃᝶ԌҦ௦౎ᒬፂ฿᭍
᫁యζ͉̾ᥗБ఑Ҧԥ‫ܬ‬ᄉҮҦnjᄰ्
ᕤNj᭣ก᠞௛ᤆ௦‫ڍ‬ᬄᑻ᠋nj᝴ܲ᫇ᮤᦏ
˧ʽὋ̾Мඞ߶К὇ᛠҮᒬၿኍὈ࿃х
ᡓѢ˿Ӭ˓ඞி‫ࠑڍ‬ᑞҦᄉଌ҃ᔴ‫ډ‬Ὃఴ
˝Ι૵᝹߿ᄉᄫಕԺ्̾੆᫁஌༎ҴὋ
ઐնణՐʶብ࠱ᝦ᝶ђ࠵ܰᦉԌҦᄉ‫ڍ‬ᬄ
Χᤈ߶Кᦉ᫲‫ࠑڍڌࢽڙ‬ፑʶ̾Ԣథ஌
ஊንnj‫ࠑڍ‬ᮖ̠࠭Ժ̾‫ڙ‬ᴁҴథС᭣ก᠞
ᄉ‫ ࠑڍ‬- ᇪ͗Сጆழ᭦Ԧ૘ͺၸnjՎಧ
௛ኍ᫇ᮤᄉࣸค‫ڠ‬ӜবՋͺ੊КီՋͺὋ
‫ڠ‬Ὃ‫ݟ‬౦Ե௦᤯᣾ᒬʼᏪʽᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ழ಴
̾ԢᴁҴԤ᣷Ջͺॆ˖Ԧ૘᧗᜵ͺၸὋ
౎ଡΘనҫNjत᝹МРࢹርὋᥦ˥ᇪӜ
Ժᑞ᧓ԨᄉଏஶӉહὙ
‫ڙ‬఑Ҧ᫸ᔴழ᭦Ὃ‫҃ࠑڍ‬ऎ‫ڙ‬γએ੝థ
िҸМඞ὇௃᝶௦‫ݘ‬বᤆ௦ႃবὈழ • ‫ڙ‬ʿ߶߿ᄉ᣷ႌ‫ڠ‬ӜМधᝦ᝶߶Кˀ
᭦Ὃᦏ͗Ꭴ˫੽ઝ᠉͉ᄉҮҦnjԵథ࠱ ԦࡘӨͺ᫇ᮤὋᝦ᝶ᄉ۲ᆨ‫̅ڙ‬Мඞ
‫ࠑڍ‬੣ൿˀ᭣‫ࠑڍ‬੣ൿᄰፆՋὋ࠱ᒬʽ ߶КNjՂกМൣˀࡂˉழ᭦ᄉРՎᄫ
Ꮺʼ֖ᒬʼᏪʽᄰፆՋὋ੥ᑞఝ‫ஂڠݝ‬ ಕὋᏪʿ̨̨௦и̂ᛠҮnjᡴܑԦࡘ
૆᫁య҃ऎஇ᭨nj ᝟ѲԺ̾Ե๗Ԣʶ̎ྱ൳߶ଅ̾ѫ̙

ѫ᫼ൿᤩ൥߸੆ୋᑱ̠᥊˞˦ବүᄉ ፂᰍὋͭ߱˶Ժ̾Ԧࡘ੆ൣयᄉᐎՋ

᣾ນὋ˶௦҃ऎஇ᭨ᄉ᧗᜵ጷ੆ᦉѫnj ߶ଅὋ̾Φ᝹᝟֖ᄢᅕʿ߶Кᄉ᣷ܑ

ᥦ̎ॆґԌҦᤉᤉᡓѢ‫҃ࠑڍ‬ऎᑞҦᔴ ‫ڠ‬ӜᄉԦࡘ᝟Ѳ὚ᤆԺ̾Ԧࡘ੆ଡΘ

‫ډ‬ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ὋФஇ᭨Ꮷज़ज़ѽၸ‫ڍ‬ᬄ̠᥊ ХͳᄉࣞүὋࣞүʿ߶КᄉЮᬅ‫ڠ‬Ӝ

˞˦ବү౎Ԩ३ѹ൥੆౦njᤇ̎ழ಴‫ڙ‬ ᖌ३ᤈЙࣉ‫ڣ‬ᄉຘ᥊nj

઼ஐၶ֐NjतበζॶNjଡᰳ‫ࠑڍ‬ᑞҦழ • ᐎՋុಉˀᡐឃү᫁఑Ҧᄉᑻ᠋̂
᭦Ԩ३˿௬ᗂ੆஌njཨᏪ‫ڙ‬ᆷ߿࠱ᤇ̎ ͇Ὃൣ‫ݟ‬๑‫ڠ‬ˀࡈ௅ѽ̍὇ˀᎾ‫֖ڍ‬
ᐋᑞሧ̓ፋ‫఺ࠑڍ‬ౝ੝ᭉᄉௐᫍௐὋᭉ ᔭ‫ڍ‬ӨͺὈधࡘ੩ѣᑻ᠋ˀรᨐᄉࢹ
᜵ᤈᛠᓢᬱᄉాᛥnjࠪ̅ይᮻ᝟ѲὋᤇ ͺʶಧ 68njᐎՋᛠҮ࠱థү̅ᄰࠪᘘ
਒։ᅋ‫ڠॆڙ‬ይᮻஅᖌ˧ґᤩ൥ђ࠵ይ िᄉՂกክᣧӜᄉᑞҦत᝹Ὃࣲ˄Ժ
ᮻΘፋὋஉपК᭦ѫᦠὋ᧓Ԩథ᧪ࠪব ̾Ԩ३ӬʶክᣧӜ௃กԨ३ᄉ੆౦nj
ᄉѫᦠழ಴Ὃ‫ॸڙ‬᜵ᄉৰхʽὋˀஊउ
ᄉᇪ͗γᬩ఺ౝӨុࢹͺnjᏪࠪӝႤγ
Үտ‫ڍ‬ᬄବү
ϣNjஓᐱNjΘපˀМРӻၶࢹͺᏪᝒὋ
ᤇ਒։ᅋᬣᅋ‫ڠ੊ࠑڍ‬ழ҃ऎᑞҦᄉ ‫ڍ‬ᬄବүԩҁܲ᣷఺ౝ঳ᦉ֖૫ᡂ‫ڍ‬त
ʿறଡӣὋ‫ڍ‬ᬄᇪ͗ᄉͺၸ࠱ᤩ൥ि በᄉஊንˀͳጆᄉ҃ጝnj᧪ࠪᤇ̎᫇ᮤ
Ӑúúˋࣚෑ̯ၿ‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝଡΘӝႤγ ᧓ԨᄉᛠҮ‫ڙ‬ఴઐնಕᮤ˝þ‫ڍ‬ᬄஊን
ϣҁၿఴ‫ڍ‬ଡΘӝႤγϣᄉ᣾ນࡂ௦ʶ ૈӮÿᄉኃʻᦉѫ˖ᤈᛠ˿ᝦ᝶nj‫ࠑڍ‬
˓ॡ‫ݝ‬ᄉΒ᝼Ὃ߱ࠃဗ˿̯‫ڍ‬ᬄࠃஶNj ᮖ̠࠭ԢФॆ‫ڠ‬Ջͺ͖ͦʿᑞӬ࿗‫ࢺڠ‬
ҁஊउˀ‫ڍ‬ᬄ᭣ஊउጷጺኣᝠ੽ӉՋ Ծ‫ڍ‬ᬄͳጆᄉ߹᜹ԪӐὋͭԺ̾ࠃဗဗ
ՎNjвҁஊउክူᄉᤩ൥᣾ນ nj
67
థବүᄉ஌ᄝణܷӐnj
 ഏᤗ 21

‫ݟ‬౦‫ࠑڍ‬ᮖ̠࠭ԢФᄰСᮖ۪ᄉ‫ڍ‬ᬄ Ջͺ͖ͦ˧ᫍᄉþԤ᧗‫ݎ‬ጝÿ௦ࠪᄹय़
Ջͺ͖ͦ௙ᆷ˿᝟Ѳ‫߶ڙ‬КNjՂกМൣ ᮲ᬖᄉʿՎ᜹ཁNjԥःᄉᤳऎ̾Ԣࠪ‫ڍ‬
ˀԦࡘᮖ۪ᄉࢹͺ᧗ཁὋᤇ࠱థү̅ࠃ ࠑ҃ऎत᝹ᄉ᫁యԟˀᤈᛠክူᄉԲʶ
ဗ஌ᄝణܷӐnjՉ‫ڍ‬ፂᰍᛪ௙Ὃᭉ᜵࠱ ሗழयὋþԤ᧗‫ݎ‬ጝÿ௦ၿᬀ̣ડܺe
ዴҦᬶ˖̅ˏҁʻᮉԺ̾ঋᤳԨ३ࣲథ ၲࡈ὇Ashraf GhaniὈ֖Аᖇ࠶·ฦֺྱ
ү̅तበζॶᄉ੆౦̾ԢဗࠃԺᛠᔴ‫ډ‬ ὇ Clare Lockhart Ὀᯪ൒ଡѢᄉὋ˶௦
Юᄉ҃ऎत᝹ʼ౎njஜ᧙థᬌᄉຌఀ᜺ ᤯᣾௙ఀࠪ૫үᏧᠪ᧚ᄉԤ᧗᠉͉҃౎
Ѳᑞࠪࢹͺ᧗ཁúúඊ‫ݟ‬ʿ߶К‫ڠ‬Ӝᄉ ᤈᛠʼᤗክူᄉ71nj
۲̅ᇪӜᄉ࣯ᮔNj‫˞ڙ‬᜵Мᡸʼᄉ᤯ᛠ
߶КˀᒬၿúúϡѢఝ‫ݝ‬ᄉ߶ଅὋࡂϷ ੆౦ᄢᅕ
ЮੌፆోՐᄉѽඊ᧖̍ 69 ֖ 2002 ࣱ᭦
˝˿ࠪழ಴ᄉ੆ҩˀՠᤈᛠ᝿ͤὋࣲ‫ڙ‬
˙ѱ̂఑Ҧᄉ‫͟׍‬ඊ̍ 70 ੝ϡᄉᥦಧnj
Ѣဗ᫇ᮤௐࠪழ಴ϡѢ᤟ௐុஞὋ‫ࠑڍ‬
ᤁၸ‫ࠑڍ‬ᮔኪርࣿ౎ᆷ߿᧗ཁழ಴Ὃథ
இ᭨ᏧԢФ‫ڍ‬ᬄՋͺ͖ͦ˶ᭉ᜵߿యᖌ
ү̅Өុ߶КˀԦࡘᄰСᦉ᫂ᫍᄉζো
ԨథСђ࠵఑Ҧᄉ঳ͳ੆౦ᄉζোὋ̾
̓ึ֖ழ಴ᄉᐎՋ੯ᛠnj
ԢˀМඞࠪ߶КNjՂกМൣ֖ࡂˉᄫಕ
᤯᣾႐਒‫ڍ‬ᬄՋͺ͖ͦᄉ੆౦ࡘᇧ ᄉζॶᄰСᄉζোnjࠪܲஜԦࡘ˖‫ࠑڍ‬
ˀଌ҃᮲ᬖᄉᭉ᜵Ὃ‫ࠑڍ‬ᮖ̠࠭Ժ̾΍ ౎ឬὋӡࣱԦࡘᄫಕ̾ԢˀФᄰСᄉᄫ
ܰବࣛ౎ఝ‫ݝ‬ᄉ஌ᄝnj‫ڍ‬ᬄՋͺ͖ͦᒬ ಕ֖ૈಕ௦ӳ˞࠭‫ͮڠ‬ᄉ‫ڍ‬ᬄಳ౵njӡ
ᢵ˶᭦˙ᅋЮᦉ᜵ය᝼௙ବүలᜁ໚ၸ ࣱԦࡘᄫಕࣂፂଡᰳ˿̠ዜ௾᥅Ԧࡘᄉ
˄Ф੆౦ቿՋବүᄫಕᄉԌҦnjࡂ᮲ᬖ ᫇ᮤԩ᧗᜼ᄉርऎὋᏪ˄̮ཨ௦Չ˓ᑠ
ˀ੆౦ࡘध‫ں‬នᄉ̓ึὋ࠱థү̅੼ҁ ि֖ԩ఑Ҧॕֽᄉ‫᧗ࠑڍ‬᜵ᄉ᫁యᄫ
ᝌфѫ൧ᄉ᤬फ़njΒ‫ݟ‬Ὃ‫ڙ‬Ӿऎࡈ᜴ ಕnjཨᏪὋӡࣱԦࡘᄫಕᄉʿᡛ˧‫ڙܪ‬
̍Ὃॆ๑؊༪ᬱ᣾ԜՐ̾Ԣ̍ᴎᄴࣰ֖ ̅Ὃ߱ˀ఑Ҧ᫸ᔴԢ‫ܬࠑڍ‬ᔙழ᭦ᄉᤈ
Өᝫኣᝠ˧ՐὋஊउˀ૫ᡂᏧ᣹੆ʶᒰ ൥ࣲ௃ᄯଋᐎጆὋ˶ࣲల๯ᄥМඞ߶
਒᜸Ὃ੝థ‫ڍ‬ᬄବүᦏ᜵̾Ӿࡈ᧗त఺ КNjՂกМൣ੊ࡂˉኍᮖ۪ᄉ᫇ᮤnjᤇ
ౝ֖૫үᏧԤழᄉՏ˦ଡΘὋࣲ᧓Ԩ˿ ̎ᄫಕᄉࠃဗ௦ʶ˓Ӡѫ໫᫁ᄉ᣾ርὋ
ྱѾᄉγᬩᤨ௙ऎᄉଏஶὋ΍Ԥழᑞܴ ‫ځ‬൤௃ก˝‫ࠑڍ‬இ᭨Ꮷ੊Ф‫ڍ‬ᬄՋͺ͖
ࡘᇧᄹ३ҁᄉ੆౦ࣲଌ҃᮲ᬖὋՎௐԠ ͦଡΘঋᤳԥᯟᄉ‫ٿ‬ᡸὋ̾ࡘᇧԨ३ᤈ
ᑞࢽ‫ڌ‬ӿ఺Րௐ̼‫ ࠑڍ‬- ᇪ͗СጆᄉՋ ࡘᄉᮖࣲ۪ૈѢளᄉ᮲ᬖ੊̮ཨߚ‫ڙ‬ᄉ
กবnjஊउˀМඞ˧ᫍ̾Ԣ‫ࠑڍ‬ˀ‫ڍ‬ᬄ ᮲ᬖnj

ʿՎХͳৰхʽᄉૌੌˀ఺᥄
• ఑ҦሗዜὙඞ̂఑ҦNjѱ̂఑ҦNjᡴܑ఑ҦNj‫ڠ‬ழব఑Ҧ֖/੊਒ខ्খ఑Ҧ
᣾ນ఺᥄Ὑᎀਤ/ᬌ̅Ԁௐᄉ/᧗ܷቆᫍᄉԪӐ ˞᜵ѽᄝᄰСᏧὙЮᦉѽᄝᄰСᏧˀܰᦉѽᄝ
ᄰСᏧ὚‫ࠑڍ‬ѽᄝᄰСᏧˀ᭣‫ࠑڍ‬ѽᄝᄰСᏧ὚
ͯஅЙѽᄝᄰСᏧˀ˖ᰳஅЙѽᄝᄰСᏧ
˞᜵ԌҦὙЮᦉԌҦˀܰᦉԌҦ὚Չ‫ͳڃ‬ᫍᄉ ҃ऎૌੌὙᑞҦපࣰNj᠉͉఺҃NjӉࠓব
ː᧗ѫ൧ˀॱिѫ൧
22 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

ᑞܴఝ˝ᄯଋ‫ڠ‬ᛥ᧙‫ڙ‬ђ࠵఑ҦNjत ᛠҮὋ˶᜵М࣊ѹయ੆౦֖᫁యஊንὋ
በζॶ̾ԢМඞ߶КNjՂก֖ࡂˉழ᭦ ᤇథү̅तበԪ᭨੝ᭉ᜵ᄉþᡛܴӉࠓ
ᄉᤈࡘᄉૈಕὋࠪ̅ӡࣱԦࡘᄫಕ࠱௦ ᄉÿՋͺᐎᄩnjኃ̃Ὃᆷ߿᧗ཁழ಴ᄉ
౜˝థᄝᄉᛩЌ὇ԟ᜸˃ᮤ‫ٽ‬Ὀnjඞ਒ ᝹᝟̾ըҮ҃ऎஇ᭨nj
ុಉஜ૵ࡂԺ̾Ԧ૘ᤇಧᄉͺၸὋͭ௦ ‫ڙ‬థ᧪ࠪব‫᧓ڠ‬ԨʿՎᄉஊ෴ζՁ
᝴ܲᑠि֖ԩу቉ॕֽᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬௬ཨʿХ ֖ஊንζՁௐὋ᭦˙ᄉ௦ʹሗԌҦ̾Ԣ
‫ܫ‬ᤇዜஜ૵ 72nj˖ኍ֖ᰳஅЙ‫ࠑڍ‬ʶᄯ ᧓Ԩథ஌ᛠҮణᭉ᜵‫̎ג‬ѽᄝᄰСᏧᄉ
ᦏᤁၸඞ਒ុಉᄉழयࡂԦࡘˀ᮲ᬖ᫇ ஂ૆Ὃᤇ̎᫇ᮤӠѫ᧗᜵njॆሗிNj‫ڠ‬
ᮤՓஊउଡΘԥᯟ਒᜸ὋᑠिᄉͯஅЙ ۪Nj੊߼ஓᄉѫ൧ˀу቉ᐎጆ‫ڙ‬ʶᡐὋ
‫ࠑڍ‬ԁॡ࠵᧓ၸᤇሗழयnj˶Ժ̾᤯᣾ Ꮺᤇ̎ᏅͳᫍᄉՋͺԠ௦Ԩ३ᤈࡘᄉС
ᄯଋᛥ᧙߶К࿃хᄉஇؒ౎ᛪ௙ᤈࡘᄉ ᪃‫ځ‬ገௐὋ͉֐ᑞՠᖌ३МζࡂԨф̅
ᤳऎὋͭࡉክ఑Ҧ൪̑ஜ૵ඊᣖࠓ௛଼ ᖌ३͉֐ᄉ˓̠ᑞՠᡓᡔᏅͳѫ൧Ὃᡄ
ᬶὋͭᥦ̎Ժ̯̾఑Ҧ൪̑ஜ૵˖ԩᄝ ३௾᥅ᄉ࠳᧗nj‫ڙ‬ᑻ᠋᫇ᮤ੆˝ː᧗ᄉ
ణܲᄉͯஅЙᑠि‫ࠑڍ‬ԁ௃กᖌԨᤇዜ ԌҦᄉৰхʽ᪃ᐋͮᄉ͉֐ᑞՠᖌ३М
ஜ૵nj
ζѶԨф̅˓̠௦ՠൣᄯᄉՏ‫ܥ‬nj
ᣀઈཁᄉዜ‫˶ۋ‬Վಧ᧗᜵nj֖ॆ̬ᐯ
಩૵‫ڍ‬ৰ᧓ԨʿՎᄉੌ႔ˀழ಴
ࡈ̍ᐎՋஊउ੊Ф߱Ө‫׷‬यஇ᭨੝᭦˙

ࡉክੇ̯͂Չ‫ڍ‬ፂᰍ˖঳ፆѢʶ‫ݒ‬۲ఴ ᄉ्ҸᄰඊὋ‫ੌڙ‬Րᄉ௅ఴ֖᭽‫ڍ‬Nj‫ڙ‬

ࢹХὋͭඇ˓‫ᦏࠑڍ‬ᭉ᜵ᝢຌᒬࣁᄉ‫ڍ‬ ளၶ‫ࣚˋࠑڍ‬ෑᄉភၶՐNj‫ڙ‬ѽඊ᧖̍

ৰὋ಩૵ఴᢵᄉஊ෴ဖܑࠪ౎ᒬФ̴‫ڍ‬ ੌՐᄉኃʶ൒ᤤˠՐNj‫ࡈڙ‬ҪડၠԨ३
ࠑᄉፂᰍϡѢុஞnjඇ˓‫ᦏࠑڍ‬᭦˙ᅋ и̂ᑇѽՐNj‫ڙ‬ӵ௒᣹఼ܷ࡛ፆోՐὋ
ʿՎᄉԌҦὋʿՎᄉ҃ऎૌੌὋᭉ᜵ԟ ᣽ᤳࠇ࣊᫁యᄉஊ෴Njᇪ͗ˀ҃ऎԪ᭨
ˀФ˖Ԧ૘ͺၸᄉʿՎᄉѽᄝᄰСᏧὋ ᄉቆᫍ௬ཨఝܷnj
̾ԢʿՎᄉ᣾ນ఺᥄ዜ‫ۋ‬njᤇ̎ࢿऩࣲ ҃ऎᑞҦNj᫇᠉఺҃Nj̾ԢՉᏅͳ
ʿ௦ኤӬᄉᳫˀᄆᄉӜѾὋᏪ௦Ѣဗ‫ڙ‬ ᫍᄉζ͉ርऎ˶͗ॕֽ‫ڙ‬ѹయМ࣊ஊን
ܲ˓ᮖ۪úúඇ˓‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ఑Ҧᛪဗ्य ௐࠪࢹͺ᧗ཁᄉᤤસ֖ࢹͺᤈऎᛪᄉ҃
ᦏథ੝ʿՎNjЮᦉԌҦˀܰᦉԌҦᄉጷ ߿nj‫҃ڙ‬ऎᙉཨథҦὋͭԁ‫˝ځ‬ʿӉ
Ջథ੝ʿՎὋ҃ऎૌੌ˶థ੝ʿՎúú ࠓNj͗Υ࿀Мඞᄉాѽ֖ѽᄝὋ੊Ꮷʿ
Ꮺ˄ᤇ̎‫ځ‬ገ͗ᬣᅋௐᫍᄉ଍ሧԦၶԪ ᑞࠪᄰС఺ౝ֖̠տ᫇᠉὇ൣ‫ڙݟ‬౼̎
Ӑnjͭ௦Ὃ੝థ‫ᦏࠑڍ‬᭦˙ᅋʶ̎ᤇಧ ᑱሎᬶాፑ෴ᄉ᣾ນ᫼ൿ˖࣡᜸ᄉৰ
੊ᥦಧᄉ᫇ᮤnjǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒᝦ᝶ ्ὈᏪᜁ᜼˝ʿՋกᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬Ὃ‫ᤨڙ‬௙
˿Չ‫ڍڍ‬ৰ˖ᄉ᧗ܷࢿऩὋࣲ‫ڙ‬ʽᛪ˖ ऎNjԟˀব֖Мൣবழ᭦᧓ԨᛠҮඊଡ
ኤӬҪ̾Ӝѫnj ΘМРֵ̖֖నҫࠪᆀయЮतበζॶఝ
‫ࠑڍ‬இ᭨ᏧԢФᤜᬣᏧᭉ᜵‫ڙ‬፫Ջ ˝᧗᜵nj‫ڙ‬ᇪ͗ѕᐐҦˑܾᄉৰхʽὋ
Ꮵᘼॆ‫ڠ‬ஊ෴ဖܑՐὋ‫ڙ‬तበζॶˀ҃ ‫࠼ڙ‬ណᤈᛠఝࣸคᄉஇ᭨˧ґᭉ᜵ᔈௐ
ऎஇ᭨ᄉՉ˓᫼ൿϡѢˏዜфንnjኃ ᫍ౎तበʿՎᏅͳᫍᄉζ͉nj̾Ӯ᭣˝
ʶὋᆷ߿ˏዜζՁὋ௄᜵థԀ҈᧓Ԩᄉ ΒὋ‫ڙ‬Րሗிᬥሎௐ̼ኃʶ൒ܷᤤґ73Ὃ
 ഏᤗ 23

Ӯ᭣ᮖ̠࠭႐Ѣ˿ࠋஊஇ᭨ᄉௐᫍˀՉ ᝒὋథСழ಴᝹᝟Nj੆ҩ֖ᩱܾ఺͗ᄉ
Ꮕͳᫍतበ̈ζᄉௐᫍὋᤇʿܾ˝௙ఄ ஓᝪ˞᜵౎ᒬడ᭦˙᣾ዜͪ‫ܑܪ‬ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬
˧ˠnjӑྕ࠶П߶КᐋᑞˀՂกᐋᑞᄉ ὇‫ݟ‬ડʷᎾฮNjӾऎࡈ᜴̍Njˋൖ੊Ӯ
ሧ̓˶௦‫ڙ‬ζ͉ርऎ‫ुܘ‬Nj᫇᠉఺҃߸ ᭣ᄉඞ˞᣾ນὈnj੝̾Ὃ‫ࠑڍ‬இ᭨ᏧԢ
ؒ˧Ր੥߸੆ᄉ nj
74
Ф‫ڍ‬ᬄ͖ͦᭉ᜵̲ጹᏥᘼࠃஶ࣯ᮔଏஶ
ನॶζো௦Ὃ‫ʹ͉ڙ‬ௐ҈Ὃ఑Ҧᄉ͉ ᄉஊ෴ፂ฿्ҸὋࣲ̾Չ‫ڍڍ‬ৰ˝Ι૵
ʹʶ൒Хͳᛪဗᦏ෤థ಩ఴবᄉ҃ऎᎤ ᝹᝟ழ಴nj὇᜸˃ᮤ 5Ὀ
ᬝː᧗Ὃᤇ௦‫҃˝ځ‬ऎᎤᬝ௦࠭ᒰ఑Ҧ ඇ˓‫ᦏࠑڍ‬ᭉ᜵ࠪФᒬᢵ᮲ᬖᤈᛠ᝿
ԥ‫ܬ‬Ԧၶᄉԓ‫ځ‬὚੆ҩःࠪஊ෴у቉Nj ͤὋᆷ߿ࢹͺ᧗ཁὋ̾Φ᝹᝟ˀФஊ෴
ᇪӜ఑Ҧ֖ѱ̂఑Ҧᄉ᤬फ़థ᝴ܲРՎ ဖܑþణӛᦠÿᄉን႔ˀழ಴nj‫ڍ‬ᬄ᝿
˧‫ܪ‬njͭ௦ὋʿՎዜ‫ۋ‬఑ҦᄉʿՎጷՋ ͤࢹХὋ‫ݟ‬у቉/ӿ఺Րᄉᭉය᝿ͤὋ࠱
ழयᄉᆷ͗ࠪን႔ᄉᤤસᤴ੆ॕֽnj థү̅௙ᆷ᮲ᬖˀࢹͺ᧗ཁnjᤆԺ᧓ၸ
ՉሗிNj߼ஓ੊‫ူڠ‬Ꮕͳᫍᄉʿࣰኍ௦ ̾ʽ੣ൿ౎‫ुܘ‬᝿ͤࢹХᄉஅ஌Ὑ
लᡐ‫ڍ‬Юу቉ᄉ᧗᜵᮲ᬖ‫ځ‬ገὋ‫ځ‬൤Ὃ
• ‫ڙ‬᣾ນ᣾ር˖ᄉʿՎᣀઈཁúúʿ̨
ࡂˉழ಴ˀᄰСనҫःࣰ̾ኍ˝ᄫಕὋ
௦ӿ఺ԦၶՐὋᏪ˄᜵‫ڙ‬᮲ᬖʿறଡ
๖ᬓՉ‫ͳڃ‬ᄉ఺᥄ࢿऩnjͭ௦ࠪథጷጺ
ᰳᄉৰхʽú߿య‫ڠ‬Njፂ࣡ব‫ុڠ‬ஞ
ᄉ఑Ҧ࿀ᎴᏪᝒὋ᠑ࠜࢿᡯ᫇ᮤఝ˝᧗
᝿ͤࢹХnj
᜵὇ˀሗி੊߼ஓᢵ͊௃СὈnjХథॡ
ु‫ڍ‬ᬄСᐎᄉ఑ҦὋඊ‫ݟ‬థጷጺ࿀ᎴNj • ࠪ᣾ນయᄉ఺᥄NjԌҦNj҃ऎૌੌNj
਒ខ्খᤁҮ‫ڍڙ‬ᬄʼયУ˻ᯰὋᦏ᜵ ѽᄝᄰСᏧ̾ԢγᬩМඞ߶КNjՂก
යѬࠃҪु‫ڍ‬ᬄՋͺnj Мൣˀࡂˉᄉ҃ऎᤈᛠѫౡnj

‫ڍ‬ৰʿՎὋழ಴᝹᝟˶ࡂథ੝ʿ • ύү˃ᮤ࠴ጷ੊ඞ਒ុಉὋ̯Мඞ֖
ՎὋᤇࡂ᜵ය੼ҁˀॆ‫ڠ‬ஊ෴్͇þణ ѽᄝᄰСᏧᄉᝇऎѢԦᆷ߿ࢹͺ᧗
·ӛᦠÿᄉழ಴njΒ‫ݟ‬Ὃܲᦉ᫂ᄉ̾ᇪ ཁὋൣ‫ݟ‬Ӯ᭣‫҃ڙ‬ᝠФ᧗तࢹͺ᧗ཁ
Ӝ˝۲ᆨᄉ੣ൿԺ̾‫ڙ‬መྱᤓၦNjӿ‫ڠ‬ ੊ࣄ۲ல‫ڙں‬᝿ͤ᣷ႌ‫ڠ‬Ӝ఑Ҧ౎ຸ
ᯰડ֖ӑྕ࠶Пኍ‫ڍ‬ৰՉऩᄉ‫ݍ˖ࠑڍ‬ ௐ੝ϡᄉᥦಧ76nj
஌Ὃͭ௦መྱᤓၦˀӑྕ࠶П᧓Ԩᤇ̎
• ̲ጹধᏥ᣾Ԝ੝ϡᄉʶѬҰҦὋΒ
੣ൿௐᭉ᜵ఝ˝៞ਠὋ᜵ᆷγᤇ̎੣ൿ
‫ݟ‬Ὃ‫͟׍‬ඊ̍‫ڙ‬ᝌф̃Ӡʶˆጡѹయ
ʿ͗ᜁឧᝌ˝᧪ࠪ౼ʶሗி੊߼ஓᏅͳ
ᄉ఑Ҧ᫇ᮤௐࡂ‫ٿ‬ᮎ˿̾ज़੝థࢹͺ
ᄉ੣ൿὋᏪ௦ᜁ᜼˝ᒰҦ̅‫ڙ‬ՉᏅͳᫍ
ᄉ͕ཁˀʿᡛ77nj
तበጰࣛᄉ᤬फ़nj‫͟׍‬ඊ֖̍๑‫ڙᦏڠ‬
ᏥᘼࠪՂกᦉ᫂ᤈᛠஇ᭨Ὃͭ๑‫ڙڠ‬᫇ • ࠪࢹͺ᧗ཁЎᄉஜ᧙ˀᤈऎᛪ᧓Ԩఝ
᠉఺҃ˀᑞҦ᫇ᮤʼ᭦˙ᄉૌੌఝܷὋ ҫࠃᄉখऎὋൣ‫ࠪݟ‬ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬úˆႌᩏ
‫ځ‬൤᝹᝟இ᭨ழ಴ௐॸᮋϡѢᄰःᄉ ᛠúൖᄩᐎՋԦᡐᄉՐӿ఺ௐ̼ᭉය
Ꮵᘼ njࠪ҃ऎᑞҦᣖुNjͭ᭦˙ʿӉ
75 ᝿ͤ੝ଡѢᄉνஇ਒᜸ʶಧnj
ࠓˀ᫇᠉఺҃ૌੌᄉ˖ኍஅЙ‫ࠑڍ‬Ꮺ
24 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011
˃ᮤ 5 ಩૵Хͳ‫ڍ‬ৰុஞ᧪ࠪᇪӜᄉழ಴
಴Β‫ࠑڍ‬ὙᬀࠜෂNj࣊ᬟᤓNjಋۤࠦNj‫͟׍‬ඊ̍Nj
Ӿऎࡈ᜴̍Njࡈ෼࠶Njӵ௒᣹
у
቉ՐᇪӜԦࡘழ಴ᄉ۲ఴ᜵ገӠѫኤӬὋፂ᣾
ុஞԺ̾᤟ः᝴ܲʿՎᄉ‫ڍ‬ৰnj͉ʹၿ‫˞ࠑڍ‬
࠭ᄉᇪӜழ಴ᦏॸᮋӉդࠪࢹͺ᧗ཁᄉᇪӜфን఺҃Ὃ
̾Ԣࠃஶழ಴੝ᭉᄉᠪ᧚ஂ૆ˀ੾శஂ૆njᤇሗഴयЮ
ᦉߚ‫ڙ‬ॡܲᄉԪͳὋԺ̾಩૵ʿՎᄉԌҦዜ‫ۋ‬NjʿՎᄉ
҃ऎᑞҦ࿃х̾ԢʿՎᄉ᣾ນ఺᥄ᤈᛠុஞnjᤴ੆Ԫͳ
ᄉʻܷ಩ຸ௦ᇪӜ‫ʹݟ‬ϡѢфንNjᠪ᧚ၿឹଌ҃Nj᝟Ѳ
ၿஊउᄉ‫ᦉ˓ג‬᫂᠆᠉nj
ԌҦዜ‫ۋ‬Nj҃ऎᑞҦ̾Ԣ᫇᠉҃ऎᄉࢿऩ͗ࠪᇪӜ
фን̖ၶॕֽnj᝴ܲ఑Ҧ‫ڠ‬Ӝ˧ґ˶థᇪӜ‫ށ‬տ͗Ὃ
ʿ᣾ᤇ̎‫ށ‬տ͗ʿ௦ᜁ୓ං˿Ὃࡂ௦ˑܾ˿ζ᝗nj᧗ள
तበХథМζҦᄉԟˀ̼ᝫ҃Ὃᤇ௦౜˝С᪃ᄉኃʶ
൥nj̾࣊ᬟᤓ˝ΒὋॆ‫ڠ‬౼˓᭣ஊउጷጺ੩ᆠሗிႌ
ጲὋ‫ڙ‬ԟˀᄉᇪӜ˖ጷጺᤤˠ੆በ˿̼ᝫ҃ᇪӜԦࡘ‫ށ‬
տ͗njᄰͪ‫ڠ‬Ὃᬀࠜෂᄉ‫ڃࠑڍ‬ፆ᝟Ѳ˶௦̯ᇪӜԦࡘ
‫ށ‬տ͗ᄉ˸ెᤤˠᅋ੣njͭӾऎࡈ᜴̍᧪ࠪ̍ᴎNjᯰ᱔
԰ᏅࡳNjᔙડ‫᜴֖ގ‬Ҫ᧖ఠ˜ኍԩу቉ॕֽ‫ڠ‬Ӝᄉழ಴
ࣲʿ๗ԢளᄉᇪӜᤤˠnjᇪӜ‫ށ‬տ͗і˪ԓ࠯ʿҮ‫ڠ‬γ
႐ᅋὋᏪឞ‫ڍ‬ก।ࣂࠪ‫ڠ‬ழᄉ˸ెඞ˞ᤤˠϡ˿᜺߿nj
Ӿऎࡈ᜴̍ᤆ࠼ណᅋՓሽலౣెࣺˀ۲ᅕஓెࣺѫѾષ
൛Ὃណ‫ڎ‬᤯᣾ᤇሗழय࠱ʿՎ߼ஓᫍᄉу቉ᬋҁణͯὋ
ͭణጻᤆ௦᤯᣾ፑʶѲ઩ᠪ᧚Nj੆በፑʶᄉ‫ށ‬տ͗౎
๖ᬓᤇ̎ᇪӜᫍᄉѫ൧nj
੝᭦˙ᄉ҃ऎૌੌʿՎὋ˶͗ॕֽҁၿឹ౎ଌ҃ᠪ
᧚nj‫ݟ‬ʽ஠ࠃΒ੝ᤗὋழ಴ॸᮋ‫ڙ‬तበζ͉ᄉᯪ᜵ᄫಕ
ˀᠪ᧚ʿᅻԜՓ੊ʼࡎଁଌᠪຸᄉ᮲ᬖᫍϡѢాᛥὙ
• Ӿऎࡈ᜴̍ᄉ‫ڠ‬ழᑞҦᄰॆुὋѫӜ‫ށ‬տ͗तበ˿
᠈ஊክူӬͮὋКా᠆᠉᠈ஊ࿃х὚᠈ஊክူӬͮ
ଋԩ࣡᜺ࠅ᝟nj
• ࣊ᬟᤓᄉాҦʽஉ঳ͳࢹͺᎤ˫ᤈࡘὋ᤯᣾ᇪӜፆ
ౝᄢᅕᠪ᧚ึՓᄉᬱऎᣖܷὋᤇ਒։ᅋ᭣ஊउጷጺ
Ջͺ͖̮ͦཨ੽ઝᅋᠪ᧚ክူᄉᐋ᠉nj
• ᬀࠜෂᄉ‫ڃࠑڍ‬ፆ᝟Ѳ˖Ὃణѹၿ᭣ஊउጷጺ੽ઝ
ᠪ᧚ክူᐋ᠉ὋᏪ‫ށ‬տ͗Ѷଋԩ͗᝟۱ᝪὋͭ‫ڙ‬ʶࣱ
˧Юࡂ࠱ʶଯߔષ൛ᄉᐋ᠉ᄯଋሧ̓ҁᇪӜ‫ށ‬տ͗
੣˖nj
• ‫͟׍‬ඊ̍᭦˙ᄉ˞᜵҃ऎૌੌ௦‫ʹݟ‬΍‫ࠑڍ‬ˀᇪӜ
ఝ˝ጊࠚ‫ڠ‬ፆՋᡐ౎Ὃ‫ʹݟ‬Аన߶К఺ౝˀඞஊ఺
ౝ˧ᫍᄉʿζ͉nj‫ڙ‬ᤇሗৰхʽὋᠪ᧚ၿՉ˓ஊउ
ᦉ᫂ଁଦὋͭҮၸᠪ᧚Ѷᭉፂܲᦉ᫂࠴ጷဗ‫ڣ‬ҨМ
ࠈᄉ੺эnj
• ࡈ෼࠶ᄉᇪӜழ಴ѶӠѫК᭦Ὑʶ̎ழ಴࠱ࠪᠪ᧚
ᤈᛠᄢᅕᄉ˞᜵᠉͉̓ፋ᭣ஊउጷጺՋͺ͖ͦ὚
ʶ̎ழ಴˖ὋΒ‫ݟ‬ឞ‫ڍ‬ᄉܷ᜺ഴйెҨߥ᝟ѲὋ
ᇪӜߥಢ‫ށ‬տ͗Ѷ௦ߥಢ᝹ஶᄉก߿੝థ̠ὋԺ̾
ᤁၸஊउᠪ᧚౎ᐏឯˀ۱ᝪஓᐋտࢹnj
ᣀઈཁᄉዜ‫͗ۋ‬ॕֽҁᇪӜфን఺ౝˀൣयஊउ఺
ౝᫍᄉࠚѬӨͺnj᝴ܲѷѷୋᑱу቉ᄉ‫ڙࠑڍ‬ըҮѹయ
ᇪӜःࠪழ಴ᄉՎௐὋ˶͗ፂԊ᧗ܷᄉ҃ऎԪ᭨ˀክူ
Ԫ᭨njࠃဗᇪӜ‫ށ‬տ͗ˀளၶஊउͳጆᫍᄉࠚѬՋͺὋ
௦ʶ͇ॡ‫ڇ‬ᬱᄉ̂nj̾ᬀࠜෂ‫ڃࠑڍ‬ፆ᝟Ѳ˖ᄉᇪӜ
Ԧࡘ‫ށ‬տ͗˝ΒὋࡉክᤇ̎ᇪ͗Ԧࡘ‫ށ‬տ͗௦಩૵
2007 ࣱᄉҝ঳ፑ̽੆በᄉὋͭᄫґ̮ཨ‫ࠅ̅ܪ‬ನ࿃
খὋ࠺లൣयᚷЙ‫ࠑڍ‬ᛠஊክူͳጆnjಋۤࠦᄉ Seila
᝟Ѳ˖ὋᐎՋ‫ڍ‬धԦ᝟ѲᎷ˞࠭੆በ˿ᇪӜ‫ށ‬տ͗Ὃᬣ
ՐᣀԪ˝ஊउள‫ۋ‬ᇪӜ෴ူፆౝnj‫ڙ‬ӵ௒᣹Ὃ఼ܷ࡛Ր
ᄉԪ᭨ቆᫍᣖܷὋ̯ʶध‫ࡂݼ‬ᑞܴ࠱ᇪӜ‫ށ‬տ͗ፑʶҁ
ஊउాҦʽஉ᝟Ѳ˖Ԝnj
ᠪ஧౎ຸὙ԰಩๑‫
ݺ‬Guggenheim) 2011nj
 ഏᤗ 25

ኃʻᦉѫὙ‫ڍ‬ᬄஊንૈӮúú ৆Өᝫᄉ᣹੆Ὃвҁ᭣ஊउጷጺ‫̍ڙ‬ᴎ

ᬋͯ఑Ҧу቉᮲ᬖ ᄉ̠ాࠪព˖ॶԢӿ఺ክူώᝫ 80 ᄉҰ
Ҧᦏ௦‫ݟ‬൤nj
‫ڍ‬ᬄᛠҮࠪஇؒ߶К࿃хNjΧᤈፂ฿ጒ ͭ௦ᤇ̎ᮉᄫॕֽᔴ‫ډ‬థᬌnjࠪ‫ࠑڍ‬
ᕥԦ૘˿᧗ܷͺၸnjॡᬱਆ៵Ὃ‫ݟ‬౦෤ ౎ឬὋҪुи᫲त᝹ඊҪु᝜Ҧ֖Ղก
థܰବὋੌՐൖฮNjӾऎࡈ᜴̍Nj᭽ ఺ౝఝࠓ௛३ҁ‫ڍ‬ᬄବү὚߸ؒ߹᜹ፂ
‫ڍ‬Njѽඊ᧖̍Njᖅ಺ඊАNjӑྕ࠶П֖ ฿ஊንNjଡᰳӻၶ֖ஓᐱᦉ᫂ᑞҦඊѸ
ˋࣚෑᥦ̎ᢵ᠆᧗͉ᄉᮖ࠭Ꮷ࠱‫ࠃʹݟ‬ ᤴࡂˉఝࠓ௛३ҁ‫ڍ‬ᬄፂ฿Ԧࡘବүnj
ဗ‫੊ࠑڍ‬Ӝ۪ᄉሶ߿nj᝴ܲ˃ˉ̠տ‫ڙ‬ ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬᝜ࠢᑞҦNjူ᝶Ԧࡘ֖۱ᝪࣂፂ
ᑠि‫੊ࠑڍ‬ԩҁу቉ॕֽᄉ‫ࢹࠑڍ‬ͺὋ ३ҁुӐὋͭ࠺ల߸КˀՂกᑞҦ̈᤯
ᒰҦ̅˝Չ‫ڍ‬ଡΘࣞүnjͭ௦Ὃ᧪ࠪʿ ̈Үnjࡉክ౼̎Ԥ᣷఺ౝ˝߶К֖Ղก
Վဖܑ֖ᄫಕౝतᄉጷጺፆౝNjࢹХ֖ இ᭨ଡΘ˿˃ˉӐӨүὋͭ௦֖Ф߱ᮖ
ርࣿ࣡࣡‫ݰ‬ᆽ̴͂ᄉࢹͺnjᆷѬᄉឬὋ ۪ᄰඊᣖὋᤇ̎ᑞҦᄉԦࡘᡐ൥ᣖ௸Ὃ
ᤇ̎ርࣿᄉߚ‫ڙ‬௦˝˿ଡΘ 20 ˆጡ् Ԧᐱʿᡛnj‫ڍ‬ᬄ᧚ᚷ఺ౝ֖Ԥ᣷ፂ฿ବ
यᄉੌՐବүὋͭ௦Ὃ᧪ࠪᥦ̎ҰҦ᫽ ү᤯࣡ఝซ᧗‫ܘ‬᫁ὋᏪ᭣ࡂˉnjӡࣱԦ
றஊ෴఑Ҧ֖࿀Ꮄ఑Ҧ९ဖԦၶᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ ࡘᄫಕࡂ෤థଡԢМඞ߶КNjՂกМൣ
὇˃ᮤ 6Ὃ‫ ڎ‬6.1ὈNjᥦ̎ែය҃ऎᣀ‫ۋ‬ ֖ࡂˉnj
̾ፋ̀Мඞ߶КNjՂกМൣ֖ࡂˉ఺͗ ൤ዜᮉᄫᭉ᜵ܰ̓Nj߶К֖Ԧࡘ὇థ
ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬Ὃ̴͂ᄉᭉ᜵෤థलᡐᄰःᄉ ௐϊ˶Ӊહ̠᥊˞˦Ὀ఺ౝᄉᐎՋᛠ
Сซnj‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝЮᦉ᭦˙ᅋᛠҮᎀਤNj Үnjͭ௦Ὃᤇ̎఺ౝज़ज़Չథᒬࣁᄉࢹ
్‫ڰ‬ѫҞNj᣾ऎΙᠺࣰᛠጆፑNjୣѢܹ ͺ᧗ཁὋᒬࣁᄉࢹͺழ಴Ὃ౜˓Ѿᄉৰ
ঋᄉ᫇ᮤὋᏪ˄Ὃ‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝ˧ᫍ˶ߚ‫ڙ‬ хʽ̴͂͗ࣞү‫ࠑڍ‬இ᭨Ꮷ҃ᝠፑʶᄉ
᧗ܷѫ൧nj ழ಴ὋᏪ᭣਄ΒnjᐎՋ‫ڍ‬þʶଯߔ᝟
ᬣᅋКီ֖Ӝ۪ុᝌᑞҦᄉ‫ ुܘ‬78Ὃ Ѳÿ֖ܲ˓Ԥ᣷֖Ӝ۪বþஞͳஊउÿ
̾Ԣஂ૆‫ڠ‬ழ֖‫ࠑڍ‬ᐎՋុᝌу቉ᄉຘ ֖þஞͳጆፑÿώᝫࣂፂԦࡘᡐ౎Ὃ̾
᥊ᄉ‫ܘ‬ҪὋΒ‫ݟ‬ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬धԦ᝟ѲᎷˀᐎ ःࠪʶͳӐԦࡘNj֖ܰ̓߶Кੌ႔ˀᤁ
Ջ‫ڍ‬ஊ෴̂ҫᦉ 79 ஂ૆ʽᄉҪጩࣰ֖‫ށ‬ ͺ˖Ѣဗᄉૌੌ 81njͭ௦Ὃᤇ̎௦ʿՎ
տ͗NjᎾฮधԦᩏᛠை‫ڙ‬ΧᤈМඞ߶К ᄉᮖ۪ὋФᄫಕNjᤈऎᛪNjфን᣾ርNj
ᄉᇪӜᮉᄫὋ‫ڍ‬ᬄጆፑ˖ុᝌ఑Ҧу቉ ᠪ᧚ຘ᥊֖᝟ኪ᮲ᬖᄉழก˶ʿՎ82nj
ᄉឰܲ᫸ᔴࢹХࣂፂ३ҁ߸ؒnjᤇ̎ᮉ ࡉክᐎՋ‫ڍ‬Nj‫ڍ‬ᬄ᧚ᚷ఺ౝ֖Ԥ᣷
ᄫஂ૆ᄉܷܲาҮᆷࠃథү̅Мඞ߶ ૫ᡂᏧҰҦतበঋᤳஂ̶֖ঋᤳុऎᄉ
КNjՂกМൣ֖ࡂˉὋͭԁ෤థ੆˝ܰ ᑞҦὋବүᤆ௦࣡࣡ʿᑞ᣽ᤳҁ᣹ԩବ
̓Nj߶КˀԦࡘধ፤ᄉ˞ึnjᐎՋ‫ڍ‬Nj ‫ڍ‬njବүᜁѬҞ੆࠴ᄉᮉᄫὋ‫ځ‬൤ஊउ
Ӝ۪ব֖᭣ஊउጷጺ੽ઝᄉុᝌᛠҮ‫ڙ‬ ॡᬱᬶ˖Ҧ᧙ࠃဗіᮉ᧗ܷ੆౦nj಩૵
ॡܲৰхʽԦ૘˿᧗᜵ͺၸὙ̯᭣ฮᐎ 2004 ࣱፂՋጷጺࠪ 11 ˓ᑠि‫ុࠑڍ‬ಉ
ᄩNjᐎՋ‫ڍ‬Nj᜴᭣‫ࠑڍ‬ፂ฿РՎͳ‫᜴ڙ‬ ᄉፆ౦Ὃࣰ‫ڨ‬ඇ˓૫ᡂᏧԟˀ˿ 38 ˓
᭣ᄉុᝌาҮὋҁᐎՋ‫ڍ‬Χ΍ᬀࠜෂจ ᮉᄫὋඇ˓ᮉᄫᄉࣰ‫ڨ‬᜺ഴ̨˝ 110 ʹ
26 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

ᎾЊὋᤇ̎ᮉᄫܲӦ᜺ഴ᣾࠴Ὃᬱ̾ࠪ
҃ऎԪ᭨̖ၶॕֽ njବүழ࣡࣡᤯᣾ 83
ˀ‫఺ࠑڍ‬ౝࣰᛠᄉͳጆधࡘବүᑠि‫ڍ‬
ࠑᄉาҮὙ࿗በᄉᮉᄫ఺ౝࠃஶԦࡘବ
үὋ᤯᣾‫ڍ‬ᬄ᭣ஊउጷጺࠃஶ̠᥊˞˦
᝟Ѳnjࡉክ፤֖͉ҫ֖ʶ̎૫ᡂବүᮉ
ᄫᄉௐᫍథ੝ढ᫁ὋͭឞͳጆΙཨࡌᬌ
̅ࠪу቉Րࡌ᭦ᄉᆀయ᧗᜼֖ବүᄉ
ᰳจҮব nj಩૵ൖᄩ‫ށ‬տ͗ᤂయᄉʶ
84
ᮉុಉὋ‫ڙ‬੝థବүಋۤࠦᄉᮉᄫ˖Ὃ
35ὄ ᄉᮉᄫ૆፝ௐᫍʿᡛʶࣱὋ66ὄ ᄉ
ᮉᄫ૆፝ௐᫍʿᡛʻࣱnjࡉክᑠि‫ࠑڍ‬
ఝᭉ᜵૆፝ᄉNjʿᫍறᄉବүὋͭ௦ࠪ
ᑠि‫ࠑڍ‬ବүᄉจҮবᤉᤉܷ̅᭣ᑠि
‫ࠑڍ‬nĵࠃʼὋґᏧᄉจҮব௦ՐᏧᄉ
̃υὋᮔ᝟ԩବ‫ڍڍ‬Юၶ̖঳Ϙᄉ஌
ည࠱‫ځ‬൤ᬋͯ 2.5 ὄnj὇ԟ᜸˃ᮤ 6 Ὃ
‫ ڎ‬F6.2 ֖ F6.3Ὀ nj 85
ђᣏܰᦉԌҦᄉӜ۪֖КီᛠҮ௦ᬋ
ͯ᮲ᬖᄉС᪃‫ځ‬ገὋͭ௦ବүΙཨ˞᜵
ᬶ˖‫ࡎࠑڍڙ‬᭦njథʶ̎੩ѣ᭣ก̓௛
ᄉѸளҨกὋࡂ௦̯Θᭉˏ‫ܪ‬ᅋ੣Ὃࣲ
ઁԦ᣹‫֖ࠑڍ‬Ԧࡘ˖‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉՉழѽᄝᄰ
СᏧᄉҰҦፆՋᡐ౎ Ὃ‫ݟ‬᥆҃у቉ᨚ
ᆂ ̓௛ᄉþ᧚ͣѽᤈር᝼˹҃ऎÿnj
87
ͭ௦Ὃૈ࠭ΘᭉԤழᛠҮԢԦ᣹‫ڠ‬Ӝ֖
Ԧࡘ˖‫ڠ‬ӜՋͺᄉ۲ఴԓѶὋԀРՎ᠉
͉ԓѶ࠺ల्੆njᘘिᏪѫ஘ᄉ᧚ᚷͳ
ጆᤴ੆˿þᄬጊ᧚ᨐÿᄉᑻ᠋̓௛Ὃဗ
థҰҦ˶‫ځ‬൤ᥒҁҏिnjᏪ˄ὋဗథҰ
Ҧࡌᬌ̅ܲ‫ڍ‬ႴिᄉNj᧗ԮᄉᛠҮὋᏪ
లᑞ᧓ၸुథҦᄉNjᠪຸ߶ଅՋူᄉӜ
۪ব੣ൿnjᬓ̍ฮधԦᩏᛠ֖ൖᄩᄉ᫁
యӜ۪ব᝟ѲNjᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ஊ෴̂ҫᦉӜ۪
ҨМࠈԢˆႌᩏᛠᤂయ‫ܘ‬ҪӜ۪ব᠝൛
ᄉҰҦ˧ܰὋܷܲஜԦࡘ૫ᡂ఺ౝఝซ
᧗‫ࠑڍ‬ବүᏪ᭣Ӝ۪ବүnj
‫ڍ‬ᬄಪࡌ௅ᡕ‫ఽܬ‬njчੌᄉፆోࣛ
౎˿धըʶ˓ளௐ̼ᄉԺᑞবὋ‫ڙ‬ᤇ
˓ௐ̼Ὃ‫ڍ‬ᬄᇪ͗ࠪԩ఑Ҧ֖у቉ॕ
ֽ‫ڠ‬ӜଡΘ‫ڍ‬ᬄବү᣹੆Рខnĵࠃ
ʼὋ‫ڙ‬᣾ԜӠࣱ˖Ὃ‫ఽܬ‬ᄉNj૆፝ᄉ
Өុ᫇ᮤ‫ܘ‬Ҫ˿njᡔ౎ᡔܲᄉஊ෴Nj
߶КNj̠᥊˞˦֖Ԧࡘ఺ౝ‫ࡎࠑڍڙ‬
᭦Ԧ૘ᅋͺၸnjᬣᅋௐᫍᄉ଍ሧὋ˝
᠆᠉͉ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ᮖ࠭Ꮷ᝹በಕэᄉก।
Өᝫࣂፂ௅ᄝ‫ఽܬ‬Ὑ1948 ࣱᮑ࣊ᄉ
ǑᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ԥሗி఼࡛Мጝǒᄉథ஌్
86 ൛థ 17 ൿὋ2003 ࣱᮑ࣊ᄉǑᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ԥ
ᑻ᠋МጝǒѶథ 455 ൿnj‫ڙ‬ፂՋጷጺ

‫ ڎ‬3.1 ๗ᡛᑠि֖у቉ဖܑᄉ૫ᡂᏧ᭦˙ᄉԤ᧗᠉͉ቔܑ

᫇᠉఺҃
‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝ ‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝ

᫇᠉఺҃

᮲ᬖˀፆ౦ᄉʿՎ᜼ᝇ
᫇᠉఺҃

᫇᠉఺҃

‫ڍ‬Юᤤඞ ‫ڍ‬Юᤤඞ֖ᗈ̂͗

ᠪ஧౎ຸὙˆႌԦࡘઐնࢹͺጷ
 ഏᤗ 27

˃ᮤ 6 ࠪԩҁ఑Ҧॕֽ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ‫ڍ‬ᬄବүழय

‫ ڎ‬F6.1 ᜴᭣ʿ‫ڨ‬ᛥᄉ‫ڍ‬ᬄବүὙᥗБࠪу቉Ր‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ᣾ऎϙன

ʶ൥ҁͮᄉ੆ࡂਕ֖᫸ൢу቉ᄉ‫ڇ‬ᬱব΍‫ڍ‬ᬄᇪ͗᣾ऎ‫᧗ڠ‬᜼у቉Րᣀ‫ࠑڍۋ‬njЮੌՐ‫ࠑڍ‬੝ᖌ३ᄉବү֖፤֖ବүᤉᤉ
ᡓ᣾˿ᭉ᜵᫸ൢу቉ӣጞᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬੝ᖌ३ᄉᮨऎnj

450
400
350
300
250
200
150
‫ތ‬ໃᆮԣĩཋᆼ્ჵĪ
‫ص‬

100
50
0
ಮरჹሁቁ

৮ йৢ࿸ ೞ ঠ৮ ύ ࠳ ୅࿸ ࠳ ୅ ࿸й ഝ ‫ا‬ ۪ ಎ౷ֶ ൴ ೎‫ݛ‬ ࡍ

ĩ ๵ᇗയ೬ Ҏ ‫ٻ‬ Ļ ĩ ๵ᇗയ೬ Ҏ ‫ٻ‬ Ļ ĩ ๵ᇗയ೬ Ҏ ‫ٻ‬ Ļ ĩ๵ᇗയ೬ Ҏ ‫ٻ‬ Ļ ĩ๵ᇗയ೬ Ҏ ‫ٻ‬ Ļ ௤र ණ௤
 Į  Ī  Į  Ī   Ī    Ī  Į  Ī

Ҏ ‫ٻ‬༎٬‫ݛ‬ ࡍ

ᠪ஧౎ຸὙˆႌԦࡘઐնࢹͺጷ۲̅ፂՋጷጺ (2010d) ஜ૵ᄉ᝟ኪϘnj

‫ ڎ‬F6.2 ఑Ҧу቉ௐᫍᡔ᫁ὋବүจҮࡂᡔܷ ‫ ڎ‬F6.3 ᫍ൞यବүὙ‫ڙ‬ʶ̎ᑠि‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉବүจҮ

‫ڙ‬᣾Ԝᄉ 20 ࣱ˖Ὃ‫ڙ‬ᣖ᫁ௐయЮ‫̅ܪ‬ᑠिNj఑Ҧ֖у቉࿃খᄉ‫ڍ‬ ʽ‫ࠑڍ˓ٽڎ‬ឬ௙˿ᤇʶࠃᬄৰхnj࣊ᬟᤓNj˖᭣Р֖‫ڍ‬NjіЮ̍

ࠑὋФବүᄉจҮব˶ᣖܷnj‫ ڎݟ‬6.2 ੝ᇧὋࠪ 1990 ࣱ̾౎Ԁ‫̅ܪ‬ ඊፀ֖๑‫ڠ‬౼ࣱଋԩᄉବү঳ᮨᬋͯ 20ὄ ੊ 30ὄὋଋʽ౎ᄉʶࣱ
᫁య఑˼࿃খᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ᏪᝒὋФы߽ழԦࡘବү὇ϗҫђБᬓܰὈᄉ Ԡ‫ܘ‬Ҫ˿ 50ὄ὇ஜ૵˖లդ̠᥊˞˦ବү֖ϗҫђБὋ‫ݟ‬౦ҪЙᤇ
ԪҮጆஜ˶ᣖᰳnj̯ፑ᝟ᄉᝇऎᏪᝒὋ‫˖ڎ‬ʼᛠᡕҸጲͳဗѢᄉС ˏᮉὋจҮࣧऎ͗ఝܷὈὋᤇሗৰх࡜᜸ʿᱤnj
ጆ਒˦᧗ܷὋឞ‫ڎ‬ᛪ௙Ὃʶ˓ፂ᣾ 20 ࣱ఑Ҧу቉ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ὋФ੝ଋԩ
150
ବүᄉจҮব௦෤థ఑Ҧу቉ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ̃υnjஅЙᰠԪ͗ᝧ͉ʹஊ
उ̶Ѣʿ࠴ᄉ੆ఴὋͭࠪ̅ᑠि‫࠾ࠑڍ‬Ф‫ݟ‬൤Ὃ‫˝ځ‬அЙᰠԪԺᑞ 100
͗࠭ᒰᑱሎஇ᭨ᢽ᥊Nj˖ൢ҃ऎत᝹nj
50
1.4
ԪӐည
ࣱ

0
1.2

1
̠ ‫ڨ‬ବү

–50
Ὀ
Үጆஜ

0.8
ү Ԫ
ђБ

–100
0.6
ବ

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

դϗҫ

0.4 ࣊ ᤓᬟ ˖ ‫֖ڍ‬Р᭣
὇ʿ

ඊ̍Юі ፀ ๑ ‫ڠ‬
߽ழԦࡘ

0.2
ы

0 ᠪ஧౎ຸὙˆႌԦࡘઐնࢹͺጷ۲̅ OECD 2010d ᝟ኪ

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
уNj఼џ ቉ ֖ ᑠ ࣱ͊Ԧᰳि
‫ڍ‬Йஅͯ ࠑ ᄯ ጲ Ὀࠑ‫ڍ‬Йஅͯ὇

ᠪ஧౎ຸὙˆႌԦࡘઐնࢹͺጷ۲̅ OECD 2010d ᝟ኪnj

28 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

‫ࠑڍ‬ЮᦉὋՉ‫߶ࡂڍ‬КˀԦࡘବүᄉᄰ ̠᠆᠉ᄉՎௐὋ૫ᡂᏧ᭦˙ᄉૌੌ௦‫ݟ‬
ࠪͺၸNjԢ᤯᣾‫఺ࠑڍ‬ౝଡΘବүᄉ᫇ ʹ΍‫ڍ‬Юయభˀࠃᬄବүᄉᭉය֖ဗࠃ
ᮤ਒᜸ʿʶnj˖ኍஅЙ‫ࠑڍ‬᣾Ԝሶ߿ᄉ ᄰկՋnj
ஂ૆֖ॆґବүҦऎᄉҪܷὋʿ̨ࣛ౎ ܲ᣷ֽः˶࣡࣡ԩҁ᤟Ջఝሶ߿ဖܑ
˿ࠂ᠛ᄉளҮҦNjᠪຸ֖ধਆὋ˶ࣛ౎ ᄉேథ఺҃ᄉ҃ጝnjΒ‫ݟ‬Ὃ‫ڍ‬ᬄ᧚ᚷ఺
˿‫ڍ‬ᬄ͖ͦ਒᜸ѫ൧ᄉளૌੌnjˆႌԦ ౝᄉ᧓᠓ርࣿतበ‫૆ڙ‬፝ᄉ߶КγᬩNj
ࡘઐնᇖ‫͗׷‬ᮟᮟԦဗὋ‫ࠑڍ‬ᮖ࠭ᏧNj ᤟ॆᄉ‫҃ࠑڍ‬ऎᑞҦ֖ባ́বࣉ‫ڣ‬ᄉϛ
Ӝ۪఺ౝNj˖ኍஅЙ‫֖ࠑڍ‬ፂՋጷጺ૫ ᝹˧ʼnj‫ځ‬൤Ὃ‫ڙ‬ᮉᄫ᝹᝟֖યಕయᫍ
ᡂᏧࠪ̅‫ࠑڍ‬ᮖ࠭ࡎஇؒ෴ူᄉయభ ߶К࿃хԦၶԪӐNj‫ڙ‬Եథ࠵ஜХథᠪ
ऎNj੝ᭉௐᫍNjᓡ෴ᄉþ्यÿˀþҩ ಪᄉஊउࠪԯ఺ౝһҦክူ‫ఽܬ‬ᄉ᧓᠓
ᑞÿ˧ᫍᄉСጆ὇ᤤˠˀఝࣸคᄉඞ˞
஠͇ௐNj‫ڙ‬థ਒ԟˀባ́ᄉՋಪ੽Ӊ‫׷‬
ࠃ᡺ˀᤈርNj‫ࠃڙ‬᡺˖ణܷᬌऎђ࠵ᑻ
ஜ᧙᭣࣡థᬌௐὋᤇ̎఺҃ࡂᬱ̅᤟ः
᠋ˀ҃߿᧓᠓กNj੆በԥᑻ‫ށ‬տ͗ᄉС
ᤇ̎ဖܑnjՎಧὋᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ማ˹‫ܪ‬ణѹ्
ጆὈኍழ᭦ߚ‫ڙ‬᜹এѫ൧nj
੆ᄉ᧓᠓ͳጆˀФͺ˝ᐎՋ‫ܷ͗ڍ‬۲̅
Ԥ᧗᠉͉௦‫ڍ‬ᬄᛠҮᄉನॶnjՉ‫఺ڍ‬ ঳ᦉᄉᮎ᫇నҫ֖ማ˹‫ܪ‬ᄉᐋᑞ᭣࣡ӛ
ౝ௙ᄆὋ᜵ࣞүᇪ͗ୋᑱᑠि࿃খὋࡂ ᦠnjͭ௦Ὃॆᤈᛠ፤֖ᛠҮௐὋࡉክဖ
ᭉ᜵᤯᣾‫֖ࠑڍ‬Ӝ۪ব఺ౝଡΘఝঋNj ܑ֖ᄫಕʿՎὋᤇ̎఺҃‫ڙ‬଍ࣸःၸ˖
ఝࢻ‫֖ݫ‬ఝ᫁యᄉବүnjͭ௦ൣ‫ݟ‬ፂՋ і˪෤థ३ҁ͉ʹុஞnj
ጷጺу቉ˀᑠि‫ڍ‬ᬄᎩፎ ੝ुុᄉᥦ
88
‫ݟ‬᜵ᄽൣᣀԪବүழयὋࣞүԩବழ
ಧὋՉ‫ࠪڍ‬लᡐ‫ڍ‬Ю੺᝿ํ᠟Nj໚ၸNj
ু‫ܬ‬ζॶࣲᮔ᫸᮲ᬖв൒ԦၶὋ‫ڍ‬ᬄᇪ
ᑻ᠋֖᝟Ѳ१Ҷ௃ҩᄉ᮲ᬖ౜ऎஏਕnj
͗Ժ̾Ꮵᘼ‫ݟ‬ʽ‫ٽ‬ሗᡸफ़ὋஇؒКီࠪ
Չ‫఺ڍ‬ౝᭉ᜵ࠪФМඞ֖ጩሯ̠᠆᠉Ὃ
߶К֖Ԧࡘᄉஂ૆nj
˶ᭉ᜵͖ࠪͦ‫ڍ‬ᄉᭉ᜵᠆᠉ὋᏪᤇ̎య
భԺᑞࣲʿʶᒰ὇ԟ᜸‫ ڎ‬3.1Ὀnj • ᡸफ़ 1Ὑ᧪ࠪМඞ߶КNjՂกМൣ֖
ࡂˉଡΘఝܲᄉNjఝ߸ஞNjఝ˃ˉӐ
இԪ૫ᡂᏧᛠ˝ᄉᤈር‫ݟ‬൤ᎀਤˀ
ᄉବүὋ᧗ཁஉ‫ڙ‬ளᤂу቉Ր֖᮲ᬖ
ᤇ̎۲ఴᄉҮ఺ᄰСnjΒ‫ݟ‬Ὃ᤯᣾ࣰᛠ
ͳጆधࡘ࠴ᄉᮉᄫὋुុþ्य᧗̅ҩ ҪҚࡌҸʽᄉ᫸ᔴࢹͺnj

ᑞÿᄉԪ᭨὇᧗ཁஉ‫ڙ‬ᤤˠNj᧓᠓ಕэ • ᡸफ़ 2Ὑஇ᭨఺ౝЮᦉ҃ऎὋঋᤳᛠ
กNjԥᑻ֖̠ా‫ށ‬տ͗ὈὋᥗБ๗ᡛ᮲ Үஂ૆ԩବ‫ࢹڍ‬ͺὋࣞүФু‫ܬ‬ζ
ᬖᣖܷᄉ҃ऎत᝹Ὃ੝థᤇ̎‫ڨ‬థү̅ ॶNjΧᤈ᫁య҃ऎत᝹nj
૫ᡂᏧ໗ᡛ‫ڍ‬Юࠪବү஌౦ᄉయభὋᥗ
• ᡸफ़ 3Ὑ᧓ԨӜ۪੊КီᛠҮःࠪܰ
Бܾ᠋ᄉ੺᝿nj‫ˆ̬ॆڙ‬ႌ᝴ܲ૫ᡂᏧ
ᦉԌҦnj
᠈ஊጊ᎕ᄉဖܑʽὋᤇʶቔܑʿ̨෤థ
ђᣏὋᏪ˄௅ᡕ቉Ѣnj‫ڍ‬ЮԌҦ˶͗ᤴ • ᡸफ़ 4ὝԨͯஅЙ‫ࠑڍ‬Nj˖ኍஅЙ
੆૫ᡂᏧ˧ᫍᄉѫ൧Ὃᤇ௦‫˝ځ‬౼̎૫ ‫֖ࠑڍ‬ᰳஅЙ‫ࠑڍ‬NjКီ֖Ӝ۪ব఺
ᡂᏧ‫ڙ‬᭦˙ᑻ᠋NjবѾࣰኍ੊᜵ය๑ܰ ౝᄉବүὋԥ௡‫ڍ‬ᬄஊን֖ବүʿற
ବү‫ڍڙ‬Ю̖ၶፂ฿஌ःᄉ᫇ᮤʼὋ᭦ ԪӐᄉಪࡌnj
˙ᄉԌҦᤉᤉܷ̅Ф߱‫ࠑڍ‬nj‫ࠪڙ‬ጩሯ
 ഏᤗ 29

‫ ڎ‬3.2 ‫ڍ‬ᬄᇪ͗᧓Ԩ᜷ᄥ߶КNjԦࡘ֖̠᥊˞˦ᮖ۪ᄉᐎՋᛠҮὋஂ૆‫఺ࠑڍ‬ౝᣀ‫ۋ‬

Мඞ̙థ߶КNj
Мൣ֖ࡂˉ

ܰᦉԌҦ

᧗त
ζॶ


ᣀ Ԫ
᧗

҃ऎ
तζ


ᣀ Ԫ

ॶ
᧗त

҃ऎ

ବүளழय


ᣀ Ԫ

ζॶ

̯௉య᝜նᣀԪ˝૆፝ᄉ᮲ᬖ᝿ͤ఺҃
҃ऎ

ᐎՋࢹͺጷ˝Мඞ߶К֖ՂกଡΘᮔኪஂ૆
఑Ҧ֖ᑠि ˀ੾శӨү
ܰᦉஂ૆֖ҮҦ
˝ՉழӨͺ߶ଅଡΘᠪ᧚ஂ૆

ፑʶᄉ᜺Ѳ᣾ር
᧪ࠪనҫଡΘˀܲᦉ᫂ᮔ᫸఑Ҧᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬
ܰ̓ Ԧࡘ
ᇪӜNj‫ࠑڍ‬ú᭣ஊउጷጺNj‫ࠑڍ‬úሒ̠ᦉ᫂ᮉᄫ
߶К ̠᥊˞˦ ú˝‫ࠑڍ‬γએͳጆଡΘ̠᥊˞˦ஂ૆

ᠪ஧౎ຸὙˆႌԦࡘઐնࢹͺጷnj

ᡸफ़ 1Ὑ᤯᣾Мඞ߶КNjՂกМൣ КNjՂก֖ࡂˉᄉ఺ౝࠪ̅ᮔ᫸఑Ҧ֖
֖ࡂˉᮖ۪ᄉ˃ˉӐବүὋҪु᫸ Үᕤ௦ᒯС᧗᜵ᄉúúࡉክᤇʿ௦߸К
ᔴࢹͺ ᫽ൢՉሗ఑Ҧᛠ˝ᄉþ༦˜‫ݫ‬ᕱÿὋ
ͭࠪ̅ᬋͯ఑ҦԦၶᄉԺᑞবԢ૆፝
‫ڙ‬੝థᒰҦ̅᫸ᔴܷ᜺ഴஊ෴Njѱ̂ ᬋͯ᮲ᬖᏪᝒԁ௦᭣࣡С᪃ᄉnj
఑ Ҧ ᄉ‫ڠ‬ழὋ߶КˀԦࡘᦏ௦ᄰᣘᄰ ߶КNjՂก֖ፂ฿ԌҦ௦ᄰ̈ᐎጆ
੆ᄉnj᫸ൢஊ෴֖࿀Ꮄ఑Ҧᛠ˝ᭉ᜵ᤁ ᄉὋᤇ௦੆ҩᮔ᫸఑Ҧࣲু‫ܬ‬ሡࣿᄉС
ၸþѸளধ፤ÿὋᭉ᜵᡹Ѣ͛ፑԦࡘഴ ᪃ፂᰍὙណ‫ڎ‬Ӭ࿗΍ၸи̂NjՂก੊Ԧ
यᤈᛠধᏥnjМඞ߶КNjՂกʿМ֖ࡂ ࡘଏஶ௦ᬱ̾᣹ҁ੆஌ᄉnj‫ڙ‬ᑠिᄉဖ
ˉ᫇ᮤʿ௦þ˞ึÿԦࡘᄉᬃ࡚ᝫᮤnj ܑ˖ᭉ᜵ʶஞ‫˃ݒ‬᫂᝟ѲὋՎௐ᜷ᄥ߶
ʿክ௦᭦˙ᅋ‫ڍ‬Юۡࣉ੊йె఑Ҧ᫇ᮤ КNjՂก֖ፂ฿ᣀ‫ۋ‬ᮖ۪njͭ௦Ὃၿ̅
ᄉፂ฿ጒᕥᄉܷ‫ڍ‬Ὃᤆ௦ѷѷୋᑱу቉ ᤇ̎ᮖ۪ၿʿՎᄉԤ᣷Njܲ᣷‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝ
֖ᑠिࡌҸ˄౜ҦᥗБв൒ᬝЙʼᤗܑ ᠆᠉ὋՉழ‫ڙ‬Վʶ᝟Ѳಳ౵ʽᐎՋᛠҮ
‫ڠ‬ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬Ὃં੊᭦˙ᅋளᄉ੊ԥ‫ܬ‬ᄉᇪ ᄉৰх᭣࣡࠵᜸nj፫Ջ˿߶КNjՂกNj
͗ઇᝫ֖Үᕤᄉ‫ڠ‬ӜὋ̴͂ᦏ࠱᭦ࠪʿ Ԧࡘ᫇ᮤᄉʶଯߔ᝟ѲःឞᡐҁϳӐҍ
Վ्यᄉʼᤗ᫇ᮤnjुӐγᬩМඞ߶ ஌౦Ὃஂ૆ԩବ‫ڍ‬ᄉᄰСࢹͺὋʶᡐ
30 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

ःࠪૌੌnj˝ஂ૆ᤇሗʶଯߔ᝟ѲὋ • ‫ڙ‬ʿҏि̠᥊˞˦ԓѶᄉґଡʽὋᏥ
‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝᄉବүழयःϡѢ̾ʽஇԪ ᘼ࠱̠᥊˞˦ବүጩЙ‫ࠑڍ‬ጆፑ˧
὇‫ ڎ‬3.2ὈὙ ˖úúύ᧜ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬धԦ᝟ѲᎷNjᐎՋ
‫ڍ‬Їቧ۲᧚͗ (UNICEF) ˆႌӻၶ
• உपᭅ௠ᄉᮔ᝜఺҃ὋᣀՓ૆፝ᄉ᮲
ᬖ᝿ͤ఺҃Ὃࠪ੝థ఺ౝՋกবᘘ ጷጺ (WHO)Njˆႌይᮻ᝟ѲᎷ

िNjЮᦉ੊ܰᦉԌҦ௬ᇧథॸ᜵Сซ (WFP) ԢФ̴఺ౝፆՋ̠᥊˞˦ବ

ᄉ‫ڠ‬ழᤈᛠ᝿ͤὋࣲซ᧗᫸ᔴˀᤈᛠ үˀᑞҦत᝹ᄉᓡ‫ࠃݝ‬᡺Ὃ΍ၸॆ‫ڠ‬
ࣰ֖இ᭨ᄉᑞҦnj ᄉ̠տ֖ᇪӜፆౝὋࣲ‫ڠॆڙ‬᠓˻
ᮻྫྷnj
• ኤӐॆґᄉ᝿֖ͤ᜺Ѳ఺҃Ὃ˝Չ‫ڍ‬
ଡΘʶ˓๯ᄥ˿ஊ෴NjՂกNj߶КNj ࠃஶᤇ̎᝟Ѳ᜵ය‫ڍ‬ᬄᇪ͗ᑞҦᄉ

̠᥊˞˦֖Ԧࡘᮖ۪ᄉ᜺Ѳnj ጆ ፑ বԪ᭨nj˝ःࠪԥ‫ܬ‬ᄉஊ෴֖࿀
Ꮄ఑ҦὋࡂᭉ᜵‫ڙ‬Мඞ߶К֖Ղก˧ᫍ
• ʿ᜵Ϣ႐‫ڙ‬ԯܿᄉӨͺʼὋ಩૵Չᒬ
तበᡐథ఺ᐎጆᄉளᑞҦnj᜵ଡӣឞᮖ
ᄉࢹͺᔴ‫੾ˉ˃֖ډ‬ᑞὋѬࠃஂ૆
۪ᄉᑞҦὋᯪЎஊउ᜵અᠪʶ੺ᮔЎ۱
߶КNjՂก֖ॆ‫ˉࡂڠ‬ԢᄰСనҫᄉ
ᝪ‫ݝ‬ᄉᮔ‫̠ܫ‬տὋᤇ̠̎Ժ̾ͺ˝੽ઝ
፫Ջ᝟Ѳnj፫Ջ᝟Ѳ˖ᄉˏᮉ᧗ཁ
ክူ֖ᮎ᫇ᐋ᠉ᄉ᝜ࠢὋԺ̾ઝ᠆ᡐ৿
ࢹͺѫѾ˝úú
ੈˀՂกᐋ᠉nj˝థ஌ःࠪဗ̼఑Ҧ
➢ ᐎՋࢹͺጷ˝߶К֖Ղกஇ᭨ଡΘ ᛠ˝Ὃ‫ࠑڍ‬ᭉ᜵ϱ‫ܫ‬᝜֖ࠢก߽Ҧ᧙Ὃ
੾శବү֖ᚷᠪnjΒ‫ݟ‬ὋࡂϷ‫ˋڙ‬ ុᬶᤝ͓̠տ֖ংਜనҫᏧὋ̾ԢФ̴
ࣚෑ࿗በ᣾ር˖੝ϡᄉὋԦࡘ఺ౝ ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ᝜ࠢ఺ౝnjኃ̃Ὃᤇ̎Ҧ᧙ॸᮋ
ஂ૆߶КˀՂกᦉ᫂˝ᝌфᮔኪ֖ ३ҁ߸ؒ۱ᝪὋࣲ˄ᑞܴઅЙࠃᬄࢹ
ஂѢ᫇ᮤ੝᧓ԨᄉՉᮉଏஶὋᏪХ ͺὋ‫ڙ‬РՎԓѶૈ࠭ʽὋःࠪʿՎ‫ࠑڍ‬
థ߶КˀՂก˃᫁ᄉՋͺ͖ͦԺ̾ ᝜ҫഴयࣛ౎ᄉࢿऩ᫇ᮤnj‫ݟ‬౦ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬
‫੾ڙ‬శᑞҦౝतᮖ۪Ԧ૘੝᫁89nj
֖‫ڠ‬Ӝ˖ॶᑞܴҪܷઅᠪὋ्੆РՎ
➢ ๗Ԣ෴߶NjՂก̾ԢԦࡘาҮᄉܲ ԓѶࣲᮔЎ۱ᝪஊउҦ᧙Ὃ࠱௬ᗂ‫ܘ‬Ҫ
ᦉ᫂ᇪӜ᝟ѲὋ‫ڙݟ‬ડʷᎾฮ੝ध ஌Ҧࣲ‫ुܘ‬ʶᒰবnj
ࡘᄉ˝ॆ‫ڠ‬ଡΘ጗ጬុᝌˀՂกన ኃʻὋ࠱и֖̂᝜ҫବүˀՂกବ
ҫNjᇪӜ᝜ҫNjࡂˉˀ۱ᝪNj߶К үᐎጆᡐ౎ᒯС᧗᜵ὋіᏧᄉѫҞѶ௦
ᄉМРˀ᠞௛ቆᫍNj̾Ԣώ࠭ࠔࠓ ‫ڙ‬ᑠिৰхʽ̖ၶՉሗ᫇ᮤᄉ˞᜵಩ຸ
ᄉᇪ֖͗஠Ӑᮉᄫኍ᝟Ѳnj ˧ʶnj࠱ѱ̂Ղกବүˀ‫̖᠈֖ڠڗ‬጗
• ˝஫஼ᏧԢྱ΍὇‫ڍ‬Юˀ‫ڍ‬ᬄὈଡΘ ጬኍॆ‫ڠ‬Ղกనҫᐎጆᡐ౎Վಧ᭣࣡
᤟ॆ఺҃Ὃ̾Φ̯‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝុҮఝܲ ᧗᜵ 90njኃ‫ٽ‬ὋᤇሗளᑞҦ˝᭦˙ૌੌ
੾శஂ૆Ὃ˝᣾ນ߶ଅᬶধࣸᄝὋ ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ଡΘКழͮᄉనҫӠѫ᧗᜵Ὃ
˶˝ՉழРՎᆷ߿ᄉาҮኡᬶᠪຸnj ̯ᐎՋ‫੊͗ူ߶ڍ‬Ӝ۪ব఺ౝ૾ాᄉ෴
Ф˖ྱѾःឞஂ૆‫ڠ‬Ӝ֖‫ڠ‬ӜЮ఺ౝ ߶੊ՂกᐋᑞὋҁःஊउ᜵යଡΘᄉ᝜
Ԧ૘ᡔ౎ᡔ᧗᜵ᄉͺၸὋ‫ݟ‬᭣ฮᐎᄩ ֖ࠢՂก̠տ὇ᤇ̠̎տʿઝ᠆Кီ੊
᜴֖᭣‫ࠑڍ‬ፂ฿РՎͳὋࣞүᤇ̎఺ Ӝ۪ব఺ౝᡔΫ̼अᄉ͉ҫὈὋ̾Ԣᮎ
ౝᖌ३Ԧࡘᅻខ֖ፂᰍnj ᫇Njᠪ᧚֖۱ᝪనҫnj
 ഏᤗ 31

ణՐὋ‫ڍ‬ᬄӐ౵ౝ˖ःॆ᫧௙Ղก ͗Ԣ᭣ஊउጷጺᄉᠪຸὋРՎ˝‫ځ‬ᰳܾ
இ᭨ࢹͺᄉᐋ᠉ѫᦠὋ̾Φܲ᣷ˀԤ᣷ ˉည֖ᇪᏅʿ֖Ꮺ̖ၶу቉᮲ᬖᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬
఺ౝᑞܴઅᠪԦࡘॸᭉᄉᑞҦ֖˃᫁nj ֖ᇪӜઅᠪnjФϡก௦˞᜵᤯᣾˝˖࠴
‫ڙ‬౼̎ᮖ۪Ὃ‫ݟ‬౦ஊउ᜵යὋˆႌᩏᛠ ͌ˉଡΘᠪ᧚֖֦លஂ૆Nj۱ᝪ֖ઝγ
֖Ф߱‫ڍ‬ᬄ᧚ᚷጷጺԺ̾‫ڙ‬Фᐋ᠉ᔴ‫ډ‬ Ѹᤴࡂˉ఺͗ὋՎௐ˶ஂ૆ᇪ֖͗஠Ӑ
ЮԦ૘ఝܷͺၸὋࣞүܽࠃᮔ᫸఑Ҧᄉ ᮉᄫὋ̾଍Үᓡ෴NjᇪӜӨͺᑞҦNj
۲ᆨὋΒ‫ݟ‬МР᠈ஊክူԢ߶Кᦉ᫂இ ᇪ͗ࠔࠓऎࣲᝢԺࣱᣏ̠ᄉᇪ֖͗ፂ฿
᭨ˀ఺ౝत᝹˧ᫍᄉᐎጆNjก।ࠃஶNj ᝇᓣnj᜵ѽၸሒ̠ᦉ᫂ᄉᑞҦὋФ˖Ӊ
ᇪӜࡎ᭦ፆՋ෴߶֖ՂกనҫᄉՂกጆ હ‫ڙ‬ӿᬖ‫ڠ‬Ӝ̯̂᠞௛ˀઅᠪᄉܷ͌ˉ
ፑԦࡘ֖ܲᦉ᫂ழกNjԦࡘ֖Ѹᤴࡂˉ
὇ˀॆ‫ࠑˉ͌ڠ‬तበᐎጆὈὋ̾ԢԺ‫ڙ‬
఺͗ᄉᮉᄫኍnjͭ‫ڍ‬ᬄ᧚ᚷጷጺࣲʿ
ӿᬖᄉ᣷ᤉ‫ڠ‬ӜӨүᐎፎ֖۱ᝪᄉ੾శ
᤟Ջፑᮖᤇ̎ᮖ۪ᄉ‫ڍ‬ᬄஂ૆าҮnj
͌ˉnj
౎ᒬᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ጆፑᄉຌఀᮖ࠭࠱థү̅
଍ҮᤇሗҰҦnj
ᡸफ़ 2ὙᣀԪ‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝᄉርࣿԢ
Хథፂ฿˃᫁ᄉ఺ౝᭉ᜵ఝܲ‫ڠ‬С ᮲ᬖˀፚ஌ክူ
ซࡂˉ᫇ᮤnj‫ڙ‬ᑠिᄉࡌҸʽὋ۲̅ᇪ
Ӝᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬МРࢹርᮉᄫःឞ३ҁఝܲNj ˝‫ڙ‬Мඞ߶КNjՂก֖ࡂˉᮖ۪ࠃஶঋ
ఝ᫁యᄉஂ૆Ὃ‫˝ځ‬ሒ̠ᦉ᫂ᭉ᜵ʶ߿ ᤳNjԺ૆፝ᄉ፫Ջ᝟ѲὋ‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝᭉ᜵
ௐᫍ౎խஅࣱᣏ̠ࡂˉnjФ߱Ѹᤴࡂˉ ᤈᛠЮᦉஇ᭨njͺ˝þत᝹ࣰ֖ˀत᝹
ᄉ͕Ў᝟ѲӉહஂ૆۲ᆨ᝹ஶNj࠾Ф௦ ‫ࠪࠑڍ‬ពÿᄉาҮ˧ʶὋԩу቉ॕֽ‫ڍ‬
ႂҦ֖ᤁᣤᄉઅᠪnjኃʻጷ᝟Ѳ௦੾ᑞ ࠑᮖ̠࠭ጷ੆ᄉ g7+ ੆տࣂፂध‫߿ݼ‬
֖ࢹͺፂᰍઅᠪ὚‫҃ڙ‬ᤴ‫׷‬Nj᠞௛‫֖׷‬ య͗௻Ὃ̴ࠪ͂ᏪᝒὋஇ᭨Юᦉ఺ౝር
๖᠟Ꮷ˧ᫍतበᐎጆ὚નࡘᚷᠪ֖ᖌ३ ࣿὋ࠾Ф௦᧓᠓ርࣿὋ௦᧪ࠪ‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝ
ᠪ̖఺͗Ὃ‫ͯݟ‬அЙࠑऐͰੜᮉᄫnjॆ இ᭨ᄉ్ܿतᝫ 91nj‫ݟ‬౦‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝᄉᮔ
ґᒰҦ̅Ѹᤴࡂˉ఺͗ᄉ‫ڍ‬ᬄ᧚ᚷ఺ౝ ኪNj̠տᦠᎵNjࠅ੺ˀՋՎርࣿ᜵ᔈ᫁
֖ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ᮉᄫः௙ᆷ᧪ࠪຆԩᑠिবNj ᣹ஜతௐᫍὋࣲ˄ࠪԩବ‫ڍ‬ᄉ఺ౝᑞҦ
у቉֖఑ҦॕֽӜ۪ᄉХͳᭉයὋЌѫ ଡѢʿѬࠃᬄᄉ᜵යὋᥦ˥ࡂ௃กঋᤳ
ᝢខҁ˝ࣱᣏ̠ଡΘၶ̖বᄉᝇᓣ֖ ˝ԩବ‫ڍ‬ᄉζॶু‫੊ܬ‬ຆࡎ൒ᄉ఺ౝᭉ
ᐋˉ੝ࣛ౎ᄉᤉᤉܷ̅ྫྷ᠎ѽᄝὋ᝿ͤ යଡΘஂ૆nj˝థ஌ࠃஶ᝟ѲὋ‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺
ࣲનࡘఴઐն੝ࡘᇧᄉᑠिৰхʽᄉణ ౝጆፑᭉ᜵‫ڙ‬ʽᤗ‫్ٽ‬ԓѶᄉ۲ᆨʼᤈ
·ࡂˉஊንЦᔴnjКီࡂˉࢹͺःӉહ ᛠ᧗ܷԪ᭨὇థСࠃஶᤇ̎᝟Ѳᄉழก
᧗ள᧗ཁСซၿ᭞ࣱܾˉ᫇ᮤ੝࠭ᒰᄉ ឯԟ᜸˃ᮤ 7ὈὙ
᮲ᬖnj
• ᝢខҁ߶К֖Ԧࡘ੆౦˧ᫍߚ‫ڙ‬
ʼᤗழก࠱థ੝үᄝὋͭᬓ᭣ᤈᛠ
ᐎጆnj
ఝܲᄉ‫ڍ‬ᬄҰҦὋܷ᧙ᄉܾˉ᭞ࣱ̠ԯ
੝ࣛ౎ᄉԌҦ̮࠱૆፝ʽԜnjʶ˓ᣖ˝ • ԩ੫ึር᜵तበ‫ڙ‬ᑠिˀԩ఑Ҧॕֽ
ܷᐾᄉழก௦तበʶሗКီள‫͖ͦۋ‬ ‫ڠ‬Ӝᄽࠃৰхᄉ۲ᆨʼὙʿ߶КNj
СጆὋᬶ˖Ԧࡘ఺ౝNjሒ̠ᦉ᫂Nj۲᧚ Ꭴ˫ባ́বࣉ‫ڣ‬Nj఺ౝᘘिnj
32 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

2011 ఘ̽ᝑ‫ښ‬ଢ๷‫∉݄ ۽‬ਈ‫܉‬Ϫซ‫᠇܉‬ᡊ፿

˃ᮤ 7 Юᦉ఺ౝஇ᭨

ˆႌԦࡘઐնᮎ᫇‫ށ‬տ͗‫ށ‬տᄉԥধὙঋᤳᛠҮ὞Ҫጩࣞүু‫ܬ‬ѽඊ᧖̍ᄉႂҦΘः

—ᓩ͟eጝᏞ೧e၌ѽܺ (Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf)Ὃѽඊ᧖̍঳ፑὋˆႌԦࡘઐնᮎ᫇‫ށ‬տ͗‫ށ‬տ

2005 ࣱѽඊ᧖̍К‫ܷڍ‬ᤤፆోՐὋளஊउԀࠇ࣊˿ʶ ѽඊ᧖̍ᄉፂᰍథˏ‫ܪ‬Ժᠪύ᧜njᯪЎὋ‫ࠑڍ‬ஊउ֖

˓ 100 ܸ᝟ѲὋ᝟ѲӉહু‫ܬ‬ᯪᦏᦉѫ‫ڠ‬ӜᄉႂҦΘ
ः̾ࣞүু‫ࠑڍܬ‬ζॶὋࣲঋᤳু‫ܬ‬ፂ฿าҮ֖۲ᆨ
నҫnjၿ̅ளஊउᎤ˫Չሗஶஊᠪຸˀ఺ౝᑞҦὋ‫ځ‬
൤‫᜴ڙ‬᭣‫ࠑڍ‬ፂ฿РՎͳᄉஂ૆ʽὋѽඊ᧖̍ஊउˀ
Չழବү఺ౝᐎፎ࣎భ३ҁࣞүnjͭ௦ὋᐎՋ‫ڍ‬Njˆ
ႌᩏᛠNj᭣ฮधԦᩏᛠNjൖᄩNjᎾ‫ڍڍ‬ᬄधԦᎷኍ͛
ፑବү఺ౝ௃ʶᑞܴ‫ڙ‬Ф࣡᜺ͳጆʽԢௐଡΘॆௐ੝
পᭉᄉԦႂ఺njѽඊ᧖̍ஊउణጻ੆ҩ‫ڠ‬३ҁ˿Ҫጩ
ஊउᄉࣞүὋՐᏧଡΘᄉˏԻԦႂ఺ࣞүۡࣉᦉѫ‫ڠ‬
Ӝু‫˿ܬ‬ႂҦΘःnj
‫ڍ‬ᬄՋͺ͖ͦᭉ᜵ࡂঋᤳ̖ၶፆ౦ˀՓॆ‫ࡏڠ‬ඞࡘᇧᤈ
ርᄉဗࠃ਒˦ࡉ௉ࡘधᇖ‫׷‬njФ൒Ὃ૫ᡂጆፑ˖ᄉѷব
᜺߿௃กঋᤳଡΘྱ߿ዜ‫ۋ‬ᄉବүnjࠃᬄʼὋൖᄩὋᎾ
‫ڍڍ‬ᬄधԦᎷ֖ˆႌᩏᛠᑞܴ‫ ڙ‬100 ܸЮ˝ႂҦጆፑ
ଡΘФ̴ዜ‫ۋ‬ᄉஂ૆὇྆஧Njᣤႂጲᡸু‫ܬ‬ὈὋͭ௃ʶ
ᑞܴ໗ᡛԦҮ఺ᄉྱ߿ᭉයnjඒ௃Ⴀ᫇Ὃੇ͂ᆷࠃᭉ᜵
ԥধॆґᄉஊንˀึርὋ᧪ࠪᬝЙӿ఺ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬இԪੇሥ
˧˝ᄉþርࣿᄮ̯খऎÿnj

‫ڙ‬ʿՎৰхʽΙ૵ˆႌԦࡘઐնԓѶஇ᭨Юᦉ఺ౝᄉ᤬फ़

• ᝢខҁ߶Кˀ • ‫ڙ‬ʿ߶КࡌҸʽὋథЌѫᄉူၿઁፂ฿֖ᇪ࣯͗ᮔᄉᄫಕ᝹᝟˝ΧᤈМඞ߶КˀՂก੆
Ԧࡘ੆౦˧ᫍ ౦὇‫ڙ‬ʼᤗѽඊ᧖̍ႂҦᮉᄫ˖ὋМඞࠪஊउζ͉ऎᄉଡӣԺ̾ͺ˝ᮉᄫ੆ҩᄉૈಕὋ
ᄉథ఺ᐎጆ Ꮺ᭣ႂҦΘःᄉԺ૆፝বὈnj᝹᝟Ջူᄉ߶Кᮉᄫ˶ԺΧᤈԦࡘ੆౦὇Β‫ݟ‬᠞௛‫ܘ‬᫁Ὀ
njᤇࡂ᜵යՉବү఺ౝ΍ၸ͛ፑþ੾శÿᮖ۪˧ܰᄉᛥ᧙੆౦ᄉૈಕὋ‫ڙ‬ʼᤗ፫Ջ᝟
Ѳಳ౵Ю᤯ҦՋͺnj
• ᮔኪ֖ԩ੫ึ • ॆࡌҸॡʿ߶߿ௐὋ࣯ᮔᄉ੆ఴ֖அᄝ͗‫ڙ‬ᆀయЮԦၶܷࣧऎஇԪnjᤇᭉ᜵ࡉҦଡᰳክ
ር᜵तበ‫ڙ‬ᄽ ူᮔኪ֖̠տ᜺Ѳᄉ༦าবnj᧪ࠪᮉᄫᮔኪᏪᝒὋาҮᮊࣿᭉ᜵ዴॶ߶ଅὋ‫˝ځ‬థ̎า
ࠃৰхᄉ۲ᆨ ҮԺᑞ‫ڙ‬ՐయᄉஅᄝఝܷὋͭ௦᜵ྱѾ᧗᜼ኣᝠՋՎᄉᤳऎ὇ᤳऎాஜ᜵ܷ̅੆ఴ஌ᄝ
ʼὙʿ߶КNj ֖੆ఴᄉాஜὈὋ‫˝ځ‬ᤳऎࣛ౎ᄉஅᄝణܷnj‫ݟ‬౦ባ́বࣉ‫ڣ‬ʿЌѫNjʿᤨ௙Ὃ᧓ၸʿ
Ꭴ˫߸‫ܫ‬ᄉባ Վᄉ᧓᠓ଌ҃੣ൿúúΒ‫ڍڙݟ‬ᬄʼᮔЎયಕԺԪஜ᧙ՋՎὋ੊Ժ̾ѽၸࠪ‫ڠ‬Ӝࣉ‫ڣ‬ᄉ
́বࣉ‫ڣ‬Nj఺ ˿ᝌᤈᛠᄯଋៀѻᄉՋՎึርúú࠱᭣࣡᤟Ջnj‫ݟ‬౦఺ౝᑞҦᘘिὋѶᭉ᜵࠱ርࣿዴኤ
ౝᘘि ҁॸ᜵ึርᄉణኤӬഴयὋࣲ˄ᦠ‫ܫ‬ᑞ̼ᛪԩବ‫఺ڍ‬ౝधࡘʶ̎าҮᄉ༦า఺҃nj
• ࣰᛥͺ˝ˀʿ • ᬓԁᒬཨ༪ࠎὋ‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝఝ‫ڙ‬਒ࠪФஂ૆ᛠҮ͗યᒰํ᠟੊໚ၸழ᭦ᄉ੺᝿ὋᏪ᭣‫ஂځ‬
ͺ˝ˏᏧᄉ ૆ʿԢௐ‫ܘ‬Ҫ఑Ҧ੊ᑱሎஇ᭨ࢹͺᄉ໷‫ڙ‬᮲ᬖnj࠱ఝܲᐋ᠉૾ాፋࠃᬄԟˀࢹͺᄉ‫ڍ‬ᬄ
᮲ᬖ ̠տԺ̾ଡᰳࠪʿͺ˝᮲ᬖᄉֽःᑞҦnj૊ཱବү఺ౝ۲᧚Ԧஉ֖าҮᄉᄫಕௐᫍᛪ౎
М࣊ˉࣂԨ३ᄉ੆౦̾Ԣढᤌԓ‫ځ‬ὋՎಧథ੝үᄝnj
• ࠪ‫ڙ‬ᑠिဖܑ • ᧜̅ᮉᄫ੆ҩࣛ౎ᄉஅᄝԺ᜹Ὃ‫ڍ‬ᬄବү‫ڙ‬у቉ᄉဖܑʽःឞԺ̾੽ԩᣖᰳᄉܾ᠋ညnj
ʽࠃஶᄉ᝟ ͭ௦Ὃܷܲஜବүᄉᤁͺৰхࣲ᭣‫ݟ‬൤Ὑ૫ү఺ౝ࣎భ‫ڙ‬ӿᬖဖܑʽᄉ੆ҩညˀ‫߶ڙ‬К
ѲὋ᜵ᮔ᝟Ф ဖܑʽᄉ੆ҩညʶಧᰳnjᣖ‫ݝ‬ᄉʶሗϡก௦Ὃઁሒ̠ᦉ᫂ᤈᛠ᮲ᬖઅᠪᄉԓѶၸ̅ᑠि
ܾ᠋ᄉԺᑞ ֖ԩ఑Ҧॕֽ‫ڠ‬ӜᄉବүࢹͺὙណᰍʿՎᄉழกὋᆷ߿ణ·ᄉʶሗ὚Љ᝴ᣖᰳᄉܾ᠋
বὋࣲ᤟ௐϡ ည὚ːಪ᝿ࣲͤঋᤳុஞ὚ࣲ଍ࣸథ஌ழกᄉःၸnj
Ѣᄰःុஞ
 ഏᤗ 33

• ࣰᛥͺ˝ˀʿͺ˝ˏᏧᄉ᮲ᬖ ᇪ͗ᮉᄫὋᥦ˥Ὃ‫ڠ‬ழ఺ౝᑞҦ̮࠱
ԩҁʶ߿ርऎᄉ᧗᜼Ὃ‫ڠ‬ழ੾శ̠੥
• ࠪ‫ڙ‬ᑠिဖܑʽࠃஶᄉᭉ᜵ѸளNj
ܰึᄉ᫇ᮤ˶࠱३ҁᎀᝌnj
ᭉ᜵ᑞҦᘘि఺ౝԟˀᄉ᝟ѲὋ᜵ᮔ
᝟Фܾ᠋ᄉԺᑞবὋࣲ᤟ௐϡѢᄰः • ಩૵ᤨ௙᜺Ѳᮔ฽Ὃ‫ܘ‬Ҫःপᮔኪnj
ុஞnj ‫ڙ‬ክူʿሶ߿ᄉৰхʽὋ‫ݟ‬౦ᑞ‫ڙ‬
ᮉᄫᮔኪ̾Ԣၸ̅ஊ෴֖፤֖͉ҫ
ବү఺ౝ˞᜵Ιᠺ঳ᦉଌ҃౎ክူ᮲
ᄉᮔኪ˖႐ѢఝܲःপቆᫍὋॆள
ᬖὋᏪ᭣᤟Ջ‫ڠ‬ழৰхᄉþ‫ࠁ҃ڠځ‬ÿ
᮲ᬖ੊఺᥄ѢဗௐὋࡂԺ̾ុஞՉ
ᄉବү఺҃njᤇሗϡกԺ̾ክူବү఺
ሗาҮ̶֖̓఺҃ὋᏪʿ͗˖றஞ
ౝᄉ᮲ᬖὋͭԁ᫽ᆽ˿ࠃᬄᄉ఺ౝत᝹
ͳᄉବү᜺Ѳnjᤇሗःপ᜺Ѳϛ᝹
ᤈርnjʶሗԺᛠҨก௦᤯᣾‫఺ࠑڍ‬ౝҪ
὇Β‫ݟ‬Ὃ‫ݟ‬౦᜺߿ᄉክူଏஶᤩຑ
ঋବүᤈርὋͭ˝ክူ᮲ᬖ֖੆౦Ὃ᜵
ܾ஌ὋѶ᧓ၸФ̴ᄉᄢᅕ఺҃Ὀࠪ
இԪବүᄉ̶̓ழयnj౼̎ବү఺ౝԺ
ԩବ‫ڍ‬ஊउ֖‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝᄉክူᦉ᫂
̾ଋԩᣖᰳᄉ᮲ᬖὋ‫ځ‬൤ᑞܴᤤસఝ˝
ᦏःឞ௦ᤨ௙ᄉnj
ᄯଋᄉ᤯᣾‫ࠑڍ‬ᮔኪ֖఺ౝᄉழय὚
Ф̴ବү఺ౝԺᑞࠪବүᄉ̶̓ᭉ᜵Ҫ ᜵ਆԨ३ܷ᜺ഴ੆౦Ὃઁܲ˓ବү఺
ुᄢᅕὋࣲሄൢஊउ఺ౝԟˀnjథʻሗ ౝᄉζ੫۲᧚ᬶ˖‫ڙ‬ʶᡐ΍ၸ˶௦ʶሗ
ᛩЌҨกὙ ᤬फ़Ὃ‫˝ځ‬ᤇಧϡᄉពὋԩବ‫ڍ‬ஊउᑞ
३ҁʶ˓ܷ‫ۋ‬ᄉӬʶᮉᄫὋᏪ‫ڍ‬ᬄବү
• ᤯᣾‫఺ࠑڍ‬ౝᤈᛠବүௐஇԪᄢᅕ֖
఺ౝ˶Ժ̾ԟˀᤉᤉᡓѢФᒬᢵ૫үᠪ
̶̓఺҃nj಩૵᮲ᬖុஞᄢᅕ఺҃Ὃ
᧚᜺ഴᄉᮉᄫnjՎಧὋᤇ˶௦ᬶ˖᮲ᬖ
Ӊહ̯ᮔኪஂ૆ᣀՓ᤯᣾ஊउጆፑ
ᄉʶሗழयὋ࠱ඇʶ˓ବү఺ౝ࿗ᒬ੽
ᄉþԺᡱᢍÿஂѢ 92Ὃ̯࣡᜺ઐն֖
ઝᄉํ᠟Nj໚ၸ੊ᑻ᠋᮲ᬖ᠉͉ᣀሧҁ
Юଌ఺҃ᣀՓ࿗በᄉ᧚ᚷᄢ฽఺ౝὋ
ܲ᣷ጆፑ˖njܲବү఺ౝζ੫۲᧚ࣂፂ
ࠪઅឃᄉ࿗በᄢଌ֖࿗በᄉ੾శ఺
‫ڙ‬ʶ̎‫ڠ‬ழԨ३˿ӫᡔ੆౦ὋΒ‫ݟ‬᤯᣾
ౝnj̶̓఺҃థܲሗ्यὋФ˖Ӊહ
ᬀࠜෂ᧗तζ੫۲᧚ (ARTF) ˀᬀࠜෂ
ᇪӜ఺ౝNjМඞᇪ͗Njሒ̠ᦉ᫂Njᐎ
ก।ˀሡࣿζ੫۲᧚ (LOTFA) ˝ឞ‫ڍ‬
Ջ‫̾ڍ‬Ԣˀ‫఺ࠑڍ‬ౝʶᡐ੯ᛠᮉᄫᄉ
ʶጆѴॕֽҦॡܷᄉᮉᄫଡΘᠪ᧚὚
Ф̴‫ڍ‬ᬄࠃஶ఺ౝnj
᤯᣾˝᭐லྱ۲᧚ (Holst Fund) ଡΘ
• ‫ڙ‬ବү఺ౝʶᓉʿԟˀᄉᣖ˝౜ቪᄉ ᠪ᧚Ὃࣞүள੆በᄉࣄҾல‫ں‬ஊउ
ӿᬖৰхʽὋ̾੯ᛠᑞҦ౎ᛩЌ‫ࠑڍ‬ ̅ 20 ˆጡ 90 ࣱ̼˖య‫֖ࡿ᜴ڙ‬Ҫ෡ध
ክူጆፑὋᤇ֖þԤӒÿ఺҃ʶಧnj ‫ݼ‬С᪃ᄉըҮࢹͺࣲ፤એጆፑᄉᤁᛠ὚
‫ڙ‬þԤӒÿ఺҃˖Ὃ‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝክူҦ ᤯᣾ࣰ֖त᝹‫ށ‬տ͗Ὃ˝ࡈ෼࠶ଡΘᡐ
᧙ˀ‫఺ࠑڍ‬ౝʶ᥊Ὃ૊ཱ‫ڍ֖ࠑڍ‬ᬄ ҁϳӐͺၸᄉᠪ᧚ 93njͭ௦ܲ૫ᡂ఺ౝ
‫ށ‬տ͗ᐎՋክူᄉึርРՎԦ૘ͺ ζ੫۲᧚ᄉፚ஌͕ҭʿʶὋ̠͂੺᝿ឞ
ၸnjʶ̎ஊउࣲʿਜ਒ᤤસ൤ሗழ ழयͯ஌NjᎤ˫ᮔయክူ̾Ԣ‫ࠑڍڙ‬
यnj‫ݟ‬౦̴͂ʿਜ਒Ὃ᤯᣾ॆ‫̠ڠ‬տ ጆፑ˖ᤁᛠ੆஌ʿʶ 94njᬣᅋఝܲବү
֖ᇪӜ఺ౝ౎ࠃஶ̠᥊˞˦Njፂ฿Nj ᠪຸ᤯᣾ܲ૫ᡂ఺ౝζ੫۲᧚ (MDTF)
34 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

὇ᄫґ̨˝ஞͳᚷᠪᄉʶ࠴ᦉѫὈຘ᥊ Юᦉ఺ౝஇ᭨ణՐʶᮉὋ੆౦ૈಕः
΍ၸὋ߶КNjՂก֖Ԧࡘʶଯߔ᝟ѲԢ ឞ֖ᑠिԢԩ఑ҦॕֽࡌҸᄉ͕Ў̂ᮉ
ʼᤗЮᦉ఺ౝஇ᭨ђ࠵൤ዜ᮲ᬖnj ࠚѬᄰСnj‫ࠑڍ‬Ԣ‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝᄉನॶࢹХ
‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝᭉ᜵ਠ᧗Ꮵᘼ‫ڙʹݟ‬ʿ‫ܘ‬Ҫ Ӊહͺ˝ӡࣱԦࡘᄫಕᛩЌᄉ὇ឯԟ᜸
੆ఴᄉৰхʽढ᫁ବүయᬌ̾໗ᡛʶ̼ ˃ᮤ 4 ὈNjఝ‫ଁڠݝ‬ଌᆀయ֖᫁యᤈऎ
̠఺ౝᣀ‫ۋ‬ᄉဗࠃᭉ᜵njࠪ‫ڙ‬᫁యӿ఺ ᄉतᝫૈಕnj‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝ‫̓ܰڙ‬Nj߶К֖
˖ᤈᛠᄉ̠᥊˞˦ᮉᄫὋःॆ‫ॆڙ‬ґ᝟ ବүᮖ۪ᦏ΍ၸʼᤗૈಕὋ࠱‫ܘ‬Ҫܷࠑ
Ѳ˧ʼஂ૆‫ڠ‬ழࢹͺ̠տNj‫ڠ‬ழ᧓᠓֖ ࠪʶଯߔᛠҮᄉሤ౜বnj
ᇪӜ‫̶̓ۋ‬ὋᤇԺ̾ੰܷ఺ౝत᝹ᄉॕ
ֽࣲᬋͯӬͮ੆ఴnjࠪ፤֖ᏪᝒὋԺ̾ ᡸफ़ 3Ὑ᧓ԨӜ۪੊КီᛠҮःࠪ
ఝܲ‫᧓ڠ‬Ԩ༦าଏஶὋ‫ݟ‬Ӊહܰବ߶К ܰᦉԌҦ
γᬩὋ‫ݟ‬Վ᭣ฮᐎᄩ֖ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬፤֖ᛠҮ
ᦉ˝ఴઐնଡΘᄉ᝶஠੝ଡᝫὋ‫ܰڍ‬Ҧ థ஌੩ѣ᭣ก᠞௛ᭉ᜵ၶ̖‫֖ڍ‬๖᠟‫ڍ‬

᧙௄Ժ̾‫ڙ‬ጊषௐయᛩЌ‫ڍ‬ЮҦ᧙Ὃ˶ РՎ੽ઝ᠉͉nj˝๖ऽ᭣กᡋሒᄉ᫁య

Ժ̾‫͉ڙ‬ҫፆో˧Րγ૆ܰᦉ፤֖Ҧ᧙ ॕֽὋॸᮋᝢខҁӬ࿗ʶ‫ڍ‬ᄉథ஌ᛠҮ

ᄉॕֽҦnjઅᠪ੆ఴᣖͯᄉុᝌ֖ܰ̓ Ե͗࠱᫇ᮤ଍ՓԲʶ˓‫ࠑڍ‬Ὃᤇࡂᭉ᜵

఺҃˶ᑞᬋͯу቉᮲ᬖὋ‫ځ‬൤Վಧ˶௦ Ӝ۪֖‫ڍ‬ᬄᄉРՎᛠҮnjࠪ̅ΘःNj

ʶ్ᣏౚԨ३੆౦ᄉ᤬फ़nj Ҫࢹ֖ᭅ‫ڣࣉ׫‬᭣࣡ᬶ˖˄௛̅ᄢଌᄉ
ᡋሒาҮὋΒ‫ݟ‬ᨚᆂᡋሒὋၶ̖Ꮷ֖๖
᤯᣾ᬋͯࠪஇؒМඞ߶КNjՂก֖
᠟ᏧኍܲழѽᄝᄰСᏧᐎՋ੩ѣᄉࢹͺ
ࡂˉᮉᄫବүᄉʿሶ߿বὋ੊̨̨፤૆
࠱᭣࣡థ஌njᬓᨚᆂᛠˉᄉ᧚ͣѽᤈር
ᇪ͗ѕᐐҦԢ̠տ֖҃ऎᑞҦὋधԦ఺
֖᧓ଇᛠˉᤨ௙ώᝫ˧ܰὋᒬཨᠪຸࠋ
ౝԺ̾‫ڙ‬ʿ‫ܘ‬Ҫ঳੆ఴᄉՎௐੰܷФॕ
ብ֖ᤂయˆႌᩏᛠNjᐎՋ‫ڍ‬᠞௛ˀधԦ
ֽnj‫ݟ‬ґ੝ᤗὋʿሶ߿ব౜ܷ‫ڠ‬ᬋͯ˿
ܷ͗ (UNTAD)NjᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ይᮻˀйˉጷ
ବүᄉథ஌বὋᑠि‫ࠑڍ‬Ԣԩу቉ॕֽ
ጺ (FAO) С̅‫ڍ‬ᬄ‫ڠڗ‬᠓˻ಕэᄉ᝟Ѳ
ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ఝᭉ᜵૆፝ᄉᇪ֖͗‫҃ࠑڍ‬ऎत
˶ХథՎಧᄉ਒˦nj᭣กၶ̖ཁ֖Ҫࢹ
᝹Ὃʿሶ߿বलᡐᄉବү஌ᄝᬋͯᄉር
ऎᄰॆ̅‫ڙ‬Ф߱Ԧࡘ˖‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉˏυnjᬋ ᝹‫ܫ‬ᭅ஘ᄉѫ࣊ҪҚ˿ඈֵᡋሒৰхᄉ

ͯʿሶ߿বᄉழกܲሗܲಧὋФ˖Ӊહ ‫ఽܬ‬বnj‫ڙ‬ᤇሗৰхʽὋΘःழӬழ᭦

Ι૵᤟ॆᄉழयଡΘ᣹ҁʶ߿ஜ᧙ᄉ ሄൢᛠҮᄉͺၸ͗ԩҁ҃ጝὋᡋሒ‫͖ڃ‬

ବү὇‫ݟ‬Վᮎ᫇‫ށ‬տ͗‫ށ‬տ Paul Collier ֖‫ۈ‬றᬶ‫˧ڃ‬ᫍᄉባ́͗࠭ᒰၶ̖‫ڍ‬ˀ

‫ڙ‬ኃ˴ብ੝ᤗὈ὚‫ݟ‬౦ྱ߿ዜѾᄉᮉᄫ ᤁᣤ‫ڍ‬఑Ҧᛠ˝ᄉӣጞnjᆐቂΘःழ

Х‫ܫ‬థ஌ᄉ᜺ഴӐ̶̓ᑞҦὋࡂᤜҪࠪ ֖ᭉයழଏஶጷՋʿՎழयᄉ੆ఴ֖

ణᑠि‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉବүᦠᮨ὇‫ݟ‬КီԦࡘ˖ அᄝ௦ஂ૆ᭉයழ᧓Ԩఝ౦றᛠҮᄉ

ॶᤂయࢹͺ᝶஠੝ଡᝫὈ 95὚‫ڙ‬Ԧࡘᛠ ኃʶ൥nj

Ү‫ށ‬տ͗ᄉಳ౵ʽ˝ᑠिԢԩу቉ॕֽ ੩ѣ᭣กඈֵ֖ᒬཨᠪຸᡋሒᛠҮ
‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉܷ‫ۋ‬ˀ᫁యᮉᄫଡΘྱ߿ඊΒᄉ ᄉ˖ॶ͉ҫ௦ᤜᢍ᧚ᨐὋԀᤜᢍ᭣กᄉ
ବүnj ᠪ᧚ึnjܷܲஜː᧗ԩҁ᭣กᡋሒ֖ᑻ
 ഏᤗ 35

᠋ॕֽᄉ‫ڠ‬Ӝ὇‫˖ݟ‬Ꮎฮ᜴֖᭣Ὀࣲʿ ᣷ஊउҰҦὋѽၸ᠞௛ˀᤁᣤ۲ᆨ᝹
Х‫ܫ‬அᬶ֖‫᧚ఽܬူܪ‬ᚷ̓௛ζো੊ុ ஶ੊ᡴܑϣऔᮉᄫኍԦࡘᝫᮤᤩ൥त
ಉˀᡐឃᎴ࿀ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ᑞҦnjʽᤗˏᮉ᧗ በԤழᄉζ͉njణᤂᖌ३ˆႌᩏᛠ෴
᜵ଏஶ࠱ˀКီᑻ᠋ᤜಉᐎᄩ֖ᤜ‫ٿ‬ᜁ ူፆౝᝢԺᄉʶሗழय௦˝ᑠिЮᬅ
ᄦᠪ̖ώᝫ (STAR) ኍӨүஂ૆Кီ๖ Ӝ۪ᤈЙࣉ‫ڣ‬ଡΘ˃ᮉᠪ᧚Ὃᤇ௦Բ
ᬓᑻ᠋᫇ᮤᄉώᝫʶ᥊Ὃ‫ڙ‬ᤇழ᭦Ԧ૘ ʶሗᴁҴᡴܑԦࡘՋͺᄉழयnj
ͺၸὙ
• Р̙Ӝ۪ክူᑞҦ Ӝ۪ЮክူᑞҦᄉ
• ुӐࠪˆႌᠪ᧚ᣀሧ˞᜵Ԧၶ‫ڍ‬᣹ҁ ᬶ˖˝Չ‫ڍ‬ԦࡘФᒬᢵ௃Ҧ᣹੆ᄉ҃
ʶ߿᜺ഴᄉᠪ᧚ึ᧙ᤈᛠੌ႔ѫౡᄉ ऎᑞҦଡΘ˿‫఺ݎ‬nj‫ڙ‬൤ழ᭦ὋҪҾ
ᑞҦnjဗ‫ڙ‬ጝథ 15 ˓˞᜵᧚ᚷࣉ‫ڣ‬ ඊ‫ڠ‬ӜР̙กऐ᜴֖᭣Р̙˖ܼᩏᛠ
֖᧚ᚷ˖ॶ࡞ᛠᤇʶҩᑞnjҪुधஉ ኍ ‫ ܁‬ሥ Ц ᔴ 97nj Ѹ त ᤇ ̎ ώ ᝫ ᭉ ᜵
বNjҪु᧚ᚷৰઐ఺ౝᑞҦNjѫౡԺ ௐᫍὋͭФᑞᣘүᓢᬱᄉ‫఺ࠑڍ‬ౝ
Ⴀᠪ᧚ึ᧙ࣲᄰ̈̓ึζোᄉʶᒰҰ ᣀ‫ۋ‬Ὃ‫ځ‬൤Ϙ३Ӝ۪֖‫ڍ‬ᬄԦࡘ఺ౝ
ҦԺܷ̾ࣧऎଡᰳКီԦဗ᭣กᠪ᧚ ᤈᛠବүnj
ึࣲᤜ‫ٿ‬ᜁᄦᠪ̖ᄉᑞҦnjКီ᧚ᚷ ᤇ̎Хͳᄉᡴܑώᝫ௦ܲ࠵థ̎ຑ
఺ౝ˶Ժ̾ᤈᛠੌ႔ѫౡὋࣲ࠱ζো ᤈᄉழกὋ‫ڍ‬ᬄବүԺ̾᧓ԨఝథҦᄉ
ଡΘፋԩॕֽ‫ࠑڍ‬nj˝γએᬤሒὋ ଏஶᠪүӜ۪বழกnjՐᏧᄉԓѶतበ
ʼᤗࢹͺः۲̅ѫౡ঳ึ᧙Ꮺ᭣˓ͳ ‫ڠڙ‬ழஊ෴ᅻខ֖Ӝ۪఺ౝᄉՋกব˧
᠌ਖ਼ζোnj ʼὋࣲˀКီ఺ౝᄉ੾శ֖ᠪ᧚ᑞҦᄰ

• ઁ᠉͉̯ၿԦ᣹‫᧚֖ࠑڍ‬ᚷ˖ॶ੽ઝ ፆՋnjӜ۪ব఺ౝˀКီ఺ౝʶᡐՋ

ੰࡘҁˀᑠि֖ԩ఑Ҧॕֽ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ੯ ͺὋԺ̯̾˧ґ੆ҩᬶ˖‫ڠ‬ӜᑞҦᄉώ

ก఺ౝᐎՋ੽ઝnj‫ݟ‬ʼᤗᔭ‫ڍ‬úࡈ௅ ᝫ˖ාԨፂᰍὋ˶Ժ̯̾ॆґᄉᡴܑՋ

ѽ֖̍Ꮎ‫ڍ‬ú๑‫ڠ‬Β᝼੝ᇧὋͺ˝Р ͺ˖ාԨፂᰍὋΒ‫ܷݟ‬຦М෱൒Ӝ۪98Nj

Վ᠉͉ᄉʶᦉѫὋԦ᣹‫᧚֖ࠑڍ‬ᚷ˖ ᜴᭣੩ѣᡋሒˀፂ฿ᐎՋ᝟Ѳ 99Ὃ̾Ԣ

ॶᤆԺ̾ˀᑠि‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ੯ก఺ౝʶᡐ ൖᄩ᧪ࠪ̾ґԩу቉ॕֽᄉ᣷ܑ‫ڠ‬Ӝᄉ

धࡘᑞҦत᝹ᮉᄫ96nj ᮉᄫ100njᤇሗழก࠱ஂ૆Ӝ۪఺ౝᄉஊ
෴ώᝫ὇Β‫ݟ‬᭣ᄩᄉ᣷ܑՋͺ᝟Ѳ101 ֖
Ӝ۪ᛠҮ˶Ժઁଦʶ̎ᓡ‫͗఺ݝ‬nj
ˋᄩᄉ൒Ӝ۪ώᝫኍὈ102Ὃࣲ३ҁКီ
૫ү఺ౝԺ̾Ҫܷࠪᡴܑ֖Ӝ۪۲ᆨ᝹
Ջͺ͖ͦᄉᠪ᧚ˀ੾శ˃᫁nj
ஶNj̾ԢՉሗӜ۪ክူ֖ፂ฿Ջͺ఺҃
൤ܰὋ̠͂ᭉᤈʶ൥ᡱᢍᆐቂචϊ
ᄉᠪ᧚֖੾శஂ૆ҦऎὋࣲ͕ЎᏥᘼԩ
ԪӐܸࠪචNjԺၸ‫ڠڗ‬Ԣᮻֵ͈ಪᄉॕ
఑Ҧॕֽᄉ‫ڠ‬Ӝnjᤇሗஂ૆Ժ̾᤯᣾ʽ
ֽὋФ˖͉ʹʶ˓‫ځ‬ገᦏ͗࠭ᒰу቉᮲
ᤗˏሗ्यࡘधὙ
ᬖnjॆґᄉᆐቂࣲʿᝢ˝චϊԪӐఴᢵ
• ᡴܑԦࡘ᜺Ѳ ‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝԺ̾ఝܲ‫ஂڠ‬ ͗࠭ᒰу቉Ὃᬓ᭣‫ࡌڙ‬Ҹጊष֖఺ౝᘘ
૆ᬶМඞ߶КNjՂก֖ࡂˉᛠҮ̅ʶ िᄉৰхʽԦၶপҚৎӐᄉපᠪຸ᫇
ͳᄉᡴܑᮉᄫnjԀ΍‫࠺ڙ‬లतበᓡ‫ݝ‬ ᮤnjͭʶጆѴဖဖᄰ੭ᄉ᫇ᮤᒰ΍ᑠि
ᄉᡴܑஊ෴ӨͺСጆᄉӜ۪Ὃ᧪ࠪᡴ ‫ࠑڍ‬᭦˙ᄉԌҦ௅ᄝ୻ӣὋᤇ̎᫇ᮤӉ
ܑ᜺Ѳᄉ‫ڍ‬ᬄବү˶Ժஂ૆ֽࣲःԤ હКီᑞຸ֖ሩᎤᠪຸ๖᠟ழयᄉʿற
36 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

இԪNjࠪᮻֵᤈԯᭉයᄉ૆፝‫ܘ‬Ҫ὇ᭉ ಕэՎಧ௦ʶሗૌੌὋྱѾ௦ॆ‫ڍ‬ᬄᇪ
᜵‫ڠڗ‬Njප֖ᑞຸઅЙὈὋ̾Ԣ˝᤟ः ͗‫ڙ‬ԩҁ఑Ҧॕֽᄉ‫ڠ‬Ӝ࡞ᛠክူᐋᑞ
චϊᏪஇԪ‫ڠڗ‬ၸ᤬njᤇ̎᫇ᮤःॆ३ ੊߶Кᐋᑞௐ࠾Ф‫ݟ‬൤nj
ҁຆЙᆐቂࣲलᡐஊንСซnj ˆႌᄉРՎԦࡘ௦ᬋͯ఑Ҧ᮲ᬖᄉ
С᪃‫ځ‬ገὋ‫ځ‬൤ὋᎤ˫ʶ˓ܷࠑʶᒰՎ
਒ᄉ᠆᠉͉ᮖ࠭ᄉಕэϘ३Сซnj᧪
ᡸफ़ 4ὝԨͯஅЙ‫ࠑڍ‬Nj˖ኍஅЙ
ࠪՋࠋবNj̠ాԢᑻ᠋ᄉӜ۪֖Кီ
‫֖ࠑڍ‬ᰳஅЙ‫ࠑڍ‬NjКီ֖Ӝ۪ব
ಕэNjᝢԺˀ҃ᜆ఺҃˝‫ࠑڍ‬இ᭨Ꮷଡ
఺ౝᄉବүὋԥ௡‫ڍ‬ᬄஊን֖ବү
Θ˿ஂ૆֖༎ҴὋ‫࡞ڙ‬ᛠ‫ݑ‬Ҵ֖᫇᠉ᐋ
ʿறԪӐᄉಪࡌ
ᑞͳ҃ᑞҦᘘिᄉ‫ڠ‬Ӝ࠾Ф‫ݟ‬൤njΒ
‫ݟ‬Ὃ2000 ࣱǑฦᎾࠇᝒǒᆷበ˿᭣ฮಕ
‫ڙ‬᣾Ԝ 20 ࣱ˖Ὃ᧪ࠪᑠिˀԩ఑Ҧॕֽ
э֖ᤊࠋஇԪஊउᄉӜ۪ःࠪ఺҃103Ὃ
‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ‫ڍ‬ᬄବүಪࡌԦၶ˿ԪӐὋʶᄯ
൤ՐὋஊԪ൒ஜ̯ 20 ˆጡ 90 ࣱ̼ᄉ
ଡΘሶ߿ஂ૆ᄉ˖ኍஅЙ‫ࠑڍ‬ὋФବү
֖ஂ૆અЙ௅ᄝ‫ܲܘ‬njʿ࠵Ӝ۪ব఺ౝ
15 ൒ᬋͯҁ 21 ˆጡܿ 10 ࣱᄉ 5 ൒Ὃ
ࡉክ‫ڙ‬᣾Ԝ 5 ࣱЮஊԪథ੝ʼӣὋͭை
˶‫߶ڙ‬К֖Ԧࡘ᫇ᮤʼԦ૘ᅋఝҪ᧗᜵
‫ܬুڙ‬ՋࠋবஊउᄉᛠҮ‫ڙ‬᭣ฮܷᬅ
ᄉͺၸnjͭ௦ὋథСКီу቉֖఑ҦNj
ʶᄯॡुҵnj
ःࠪᤇ̎᫇ᮤᄉ᠆᠉͉ᄉᮖ࠭ಕэNj
̾Ԣ‫ڍ‬ᬄବү्यᄉᝦ᝶ఝܲ௦ၿӑழ ‫ݟ‬ʽ੝ᤗὋКီ֖‫ڠ‬ழԺ̾᤯᣾ʶ̎
Ꮺ᭣Ӯழ఺ౝ੝଍Үnj˝सᛩᤇழ᭦ᄉ ᤟ॆଏஶὋुӐᰳNj˖NjͯஅЙ‫ڙࠑڍ‬
ʿᡛὋत᝹ࣰ֖ˀत᝹‫ڍࠑڍ‬ᬄࠪព ःࠪ఑Ҧ֖Ԧࡘᤇ̎РՎ᫇ᮤௐᄉӨͺ
३्̾੆nj Ҧऎnj

ˆႌԦࡘઐնࢹͺጷ˶ˀԩҁ఑Ҧॕ • ҪुӮӮ֖Ӯӑ̓ึnj‫ॆڙ‬ґᑠि֖
ֽᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬NjӜ۪ஊን҃߿ᏧNjӜ۪఺ౝ ԩ఑ҦॕֽᄉৰхʽὋӮӮ̓ึХథ
̾Ԣ͛ፑବү఺ౝधࡘ˿ࣸคᄉᇖ‫׷‬Ὃ ଡΘᄰСᑞҦ֖ፂᰍᄉࢼܷ໷Ҧ104nj
ࣲ‫ڙ‬᝴ܲᮖ۪᣹੆˿РខὋΒ‫ݟ‬Ὃ‫ࠪڙ‬ ѷѷፂԊ᣾ᣀ‫ۋ‬యᄉ˖ͯஅЙ‫ࠑڍ‬ᑞ
҃ऎत᝹֖෴ူὋМඞ߶КNjՂก֖ࡂ ˝Վዜ‫ࠑڍ‬ଡΘ඀᧜Ὃ‫ݟ‬Վఴઐն੝
ˉ̀̾᧗᜼ኍழ᭦्੆˿РខὋͭ௦Ὃ ᤗὋડʷᎾฮ‫ࣉۡڙࠑڍ‬఑Ҧᮔ᫸֖
ʶ̎ᮖ۪Ιཨߚ‫ڙ‬ѫ൧nj‫ݟ‬ґ੝ᤗὋ̠ ߶КˀՂกஇ᭨ழ᭦Nj˖‫ڙڍ‬Ѹᤴࡂ
͂ࠪ̅‫ࠑڍ‬ᮖ࠭ࡎஇؒ෴ူᄉయభऎNj ˉ఺͗ழ᭦NjӾऎ‫ڠॆڙ‬МРࢹር֖
੝ᭉௐᫍNjᓡ෴ᄉþ्यÿˀþҩᑞÿ ඞ˞ࠃ᡺ழ᭦NjˋӮ֖̍᭣ฮ‫ڙࠑڍ‬
˧ᫍᄉСጆߚ‫ڙ‬᜹এѫ൧njԟҪˆႌԦ у቉‫ڠ‬ӜᇪӜ˞࠭‫ۋ‬Ԧࡘழ᭦ᦏଡΘ
ࡘઐնᇖ‫׷‬ᄉ̠‫ࠪ˶ܢ‬Ԥ᧗ಕэᄉ੆᜸ ˿ࠂ᠛ᄉፂᰍnjͭ௦Ӯӑ̓ึ˶Վಧ
ᤈᛠ˿੺᝿Ὃ̴͂ᛪᇧὋᥦ̎Վಧ᭦˙ ᧗᜵njࡉክ఺ౝᑞҦՉऩὋͭӮӑ‫ڍ‬
Юᦉ෴ူૌੌᄉ૫ᡂ‫֖ڍ‬ጷጺःឞ̾ ࠑNjᄴNjࣉᦏ᭦˙ᅋʶ̎ᄰͪᄉԌ
ఝៜᤥখऎ౎ࠪय़ᑠिԦࡘ˖‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ Ҧnj᧪ࠪՉሗ᫇ᮤᄉःࠪҨกὋΒ‫ݟ‬
ʿᡛὋԦ᣹‫ڙߚ˶ࠑڍ‬ᑻ᠋NjᠥᠨNj ੩ѣ᭣กᡋሒNjґࣞี੆տ֖ᑱሎᇪ
᡺ᢅ̠ాԢМРᠪ᧚ၸ᤬ʿຌኍ᫇ᮤnj ͗ᄉࣱᣏ̠᧗Йᇪ͗Nj‫ڙ‬ඞி੊߼ஓ
‫ځ‬൤ὋࠪԦ᣹‫ࠑڍ‬ᏪᝒὋథ஌ࠃஶᓡ෴ ѫᜇᄉᇪӜώ࠭ࠔࠓ֖ᇪ͗ѕᐐҦ
 ഏᤗ 37

ኍὋᦏ࠱˝Ф̴‫ڠ֖ࠑڍ‬ӜଡΘథᄝ ၶᄉᇪ͗ઇᝫᛪ᣹˿ࠪ෴ူԪ᭨ᄉुཉ
ύ᧜njʼᤗ̓ึᑞܴ΍̠͂ᝢខҁ఑ ʿ໗֖య᝴Ὃᤇʶཁ࠾Ф᧗᜵nj߶К֖
Ҧ᫇ᮤࣲ᭣Ԧࡘ˖‫ࠑڍ‬࿗థᄉဗ៵Ὃ Ԧࡘᤈርᄉಕэѫౡ˖ࣲలጩЙ෴ူԪ
Ԧࡘ˖‫੼ࠬڙࠑڍ‬ᝌфழ಴ᄉ᣾ር˖ ᭨ʶᮉnjੇ͂ᭉ᜵ᄰСૈಕ౎ᄢ฽‫ࠑڍ‬
˶ࣲʿ௦ߣиͺੌnj ௦ՠࣂፂᡋʼဗࠃᄉNjʶ̼̠Ժ̾ࠃဗ
ᄉ߸ؒ҃ऎNjଡᰳ෴ူපࣰᄉൣᆷᢽ᥊
• Ջူ߶ଅ‫ڍ‬ᬄବүὋஂ૆Ӝ۪෴ူࢹ
ͺnj‫ڙ‬Ӝ۪఺ౝ᧓ԨᛠҮௐὋ‫ݟ‬᭣ฮ ὇ᣖঋᄉஇ᭨Ꮷࣂፂࠃဗ˿ᤇʶᄫಕὈὋ

ᐎᄩ‫ڙ‬Ջࠋবழ᭦੊ˋᄩ‫ڙ‬౼̎у቉ ౎ᄢ฽Мඞ‫ʹݟ‬ᄹय़ஊ෴߶К֖Ԧࡘᮖ

֖ᒬཨ༪ࠎৰхʽ᧓ԨᛠҮௐ὇ԟ᜸ ۪Ю‫఺ࠑڍ‬ౝᄉՋกবˀፚ஌ᡕҸnj‫ݟ‬

˃ᮤ 8ὈὋ̴͂‫ڙ‬लᮖФ੆տ‫ڍ‬ழ᭦ ᡸ௛‫ܢ‬eᬀจ࠶੝तᝫ὇ԟ᜸˃ᮤ 8ὈὋ

઴థ᭣ܷ࣡ᄉඊᣖ͕ҸnjӜ۪఺ౝᄉ ˃ᮤ 4 ੝ᤗૈಕ௦ࠪᤈ൥NjϢ໔੊χᤝ

ѕᐐͺၸథభፘ፝‫˶ुܘ‬३ҁ˿ԟˀ ᤈᛠඊᣖᄉኤӬழกnjᆷγᤇዜૈಕʿ

ˆႌԦࡘઐնᇖ‫͗׷‬ᄉᰳNj˖Njͯஅ ̨᜵ᛥ᧙఺ౝᄉ्य὇᤯᣾ก।Nj੆በ

Й‫̼ࠑڍ‬ᛪᄉࣸคᝢԺnjஂ૆‫ڙ‬Ӝ۪ ԥᑻ‫ށ‬տ͗ὈὋఝ᜵ᛥ᧙ፆ౦Ὃ᜵ᆷγ
ࣰԻʼᝦ᝶෴ူഴयᄉःၸ௦‫ुܘ‬Չ ᴁҴᏪ᭣ં҃‫ࠑڍ‬ѸளᛠҮὋ̾ԢΧᤈ
‫࠭˞ڍ‬਒ខᄉథ஌᤬फ़njԤ᣷֖ܲ᣷ ᰳNj˖NjͯஅЙ‫఺ࠑڍ‬ౝᄉ̈ᄰߥ˷nj
఺ౝ᧓ၸఝຌఀᄉፆౝᝦ᝶෴ူழ᭦ ࠱ᑠि‫ࠑڍ‬Nj૫ᡂᏧNjи᫲ี᥏‫ڍ‬ˀӜ
ᄉ᧗ܷᤈ൥ˀՐᤝ὇Β‫ݟ‬ஊԪὈ᫇ ۪ব఺ౝᐎՋ‫ڙ‬ʶᡐᄉᐎՋ‫ڍ‬त᝹ࣰ֖
ᮤὋ˶Ժ̾‫ڙ‬௃ᭉࠪ‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝஶҪʿ ‫ށ‬տ͗ὋԺ̾‫ʹݟ˝ڙ‬ఝ‫ڠݝ‬ᤜᢍᤈ൥
ԺଋԩᄉNjጝోব˦ҫᄉґଡʽଡӣ ˀ᮲ᬖNj‫ʹݟ‬ᆷ߿෴ူᣀ‫ۋ‬ဗࠃᄉᤈऎ
ζোР̙ᑞҦˀӨՎःࠪ໷Ҧ105nj ᛪଡΘतᝫழ᭦థ੝ͺ˝nj

• ܷҦ଍ࣸώᝫὋᝢԺ᠆᠉͉ᄉᮖ࠭ᝇ ੇ͂‫ڙ‬ఴഏᤗधኼᦉѫଡѢ˿ᤇಧʶ

ᓣnjࡉክ‫ں‬នNjᤨ௙ᄉ੺᝿঳ᑞԦ૘ ˓᫇ᮤὋԀॆ̬ˆႌ˝ʹ͗Ԧၶጉᯰ᧖

ʶ߿ᄉͺၸὋͭ௦ὋࠪᑠिࡌҸ᣾ऎ ๑ᄦNjᬀࠜෂ૆፝ᄉ఑ҦาҮ੊ᏧᎾฮ

੺᝿ᄉӑழழกԺᑞलᡐѫᜇnjԺ̾ ᄉඈֵᡋሒள‫ގ‬ᐺᤇಧᄉ᫇ᮤnjኔ಴ॡ

஌͋௛Ӱડൔ᭣ฮᮖ᛽੆ࡂ‫ݑ‬ኍώ ኤӬὋၿ̅ʿᑞ्੆ᑞܴ˝̠͂ࣛ౎߶

ᝫὋ੽ᝢᮖ࠭‫ڙ‬ʿՎᮖ۪Ԧ૘ᄉͺၸ КѽᄝNjՂกѽᄝ֖ፂ฿ѽᄝᄉ఺ౝὋ
὇Β‫ݟ‬Ὃ‫ڙ‬ԥᑻᮖ۪Хథ᫁యॕֽҦ ᆀయᝌфழ಴௃กଌ҃ʼᤗ఑ҦาҮnj
ᄉᦉ᫁੊‫߶ڙ‬Кᮖ۪੆ҩࠃஶஇ᭨ᄉ ᇪ͗௃ก̯ܰᦉࠃဗᣀ‫ۋ‬ὋᏪ˄˶ʿᑞ
иႌᮖ࠭Ὀnj᧓ᆇˉᤨ௙ᛠҮ᝟Ѳኍ ‫ڙ‬ʶܳ˧ᫍࡂࠃဗᣀ‫ۋ‬njͭ௦Ὃ‫ݟ‬౦‫ڍ‬
๗Ԣܲ˓ѽᄝᄰСழᄉώᝫԺ̾Ꮵᘼ ࠑᮖ̠࠭ԢФ‫ڍ‬ᬄ͖ͦᴎॶӨҦNj૆፝
ᛪ॔ࣂፂଡᰳᠪຸஅஂᤨ௙ऎᄉᮖ࠭ ʿਵ‫ुڠ‬Ӑை‫૆ஂڙ‬Мඞ߶КNjՂก֖
˓̠੊‫ڃ‬᫲Ὃʿ᝶ФΘᐋ̅ஊउNj ࡂˉᄉ‫ڠ‬ழNj‫ڍ֖ࠑڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝὋࠃဗᤈ
Мඞᇪ͗ᤆ௦͌ˉnj ൥ᄉԺᑞবΙཨߚ‫ڙ‬nj

ࠪஇؒ෴ူᄉௐᫍᛪઔథఝ˝ʶᒰ֖ ఴઐն੝థतᝫ‫̾ڨ‬КီРઝ᮲ᬖ
ဗࠃᄉయభὋ࠱ࣞүसՋ‫ڍ‬ᬄବүԩବ ᤇʶഏএ˝ನॶnjᬣᅋ‫ڍ‬ᬄథጷጺ࿀Ꮄ
‫ڍ‬Nj˖ᰳஅЙᄉ‫ڍ‬ᬄՋͺ͖ͦNjКီˀ ֖Кီፂ฿ʿሶ߿বलԦ˿ளᄉ‫ގ‬ᐺሶ
Ӝ۪఺ౝ˧ᫍᄉ᜼ᝇࢿऩnj᧜̅ᤂయԦ ߿ᄉ‫ځ‬ገὋ᮲ᬖ‫ڙ‬ʿற‫ڠ‬໥Ԫnjᬣᅋ˖
38 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

2011 ఘ̽ᝑ‫ښ‬ଢ๷‫∉݄ ۽‬ਈ‫܉‬Ϫซ‫᠇܉‬ᡊ፿

˃ ᮤ 8 Ὑ‫ڠ‬ӜώᝫNj᜺ᔴˀಕэ

ˋᄩፂᰍὙӿ఺ᮔ᫸ˀু‫ܬ‬

ገౣe઒ᔙ௒ (Surin Pitsuwan)Ὑˋᄩማ˹᫁὚ˆႌԦࡘઐնᮎ᫇‫ށ‬տ͗‫ށ‬տ

ˋᄩ‫ڠ‬Ӝፂ࣡ྏԦу቉njͭ௦Ὃᤇʿኍ̅ឞ‫ڠ‬Ӝ߸К
Ꭴܾ஫஼ˀᝌфу቉ᄉፂᰍnjˋᄩ‫ڙ‬஫஼֖ុᝌу቉
ᄉҰҦ˖Ԧ૘˿᧗᜵ᄉͺၸnj‫ ڙ‬1997–99 ಋۤࠦу
቉Nj1999 ࣱ̾౎ᄉˋࣚෑ፤֖ᛠҮNj2005 ࣱ̍ᴎ֖
ᝌ̾Ԣ 2008 ࣱ 5 తᄉ፴ႄጩ࠶Ռல᮵᮲༪ᬱ˖Ὃˋ
ᄩʻᰁᯰᢻԦ૘˿᧗᜵ͺၸnj‫ڙ‬஫஼֖ణጻѢԻᝌф
ழ಴ᄉ᣾ር˖Ὃ‫ڠ‬Ӝ֖ʶ̎ˋᄩ੆տ‫ڍ‬ϡѢ˿ࠂ᠛ᄉ
᠇࿸Ὃ˶̯˖խஅ˿ፂᰍnjᤇࡂ‫ݝ‬Ϸૂଋܰ̓‫ڎ‬Njᎃ
ጺࣰ֖ેඓʶಧὋѽၸ੣᣷ԺၸᄉNjՋ᤟ᄉ౅஧ԀТ
ѸͺѢణ·ᄉಧयˀ‫ڎ‬಴nj
ੇ̯͂˖խԨᄉ᧗᜵ፂᰍ˧ʶ௦Ὑˋᄩ੆տ‫˧ڍ‬ᫍ
Ԧၶஏਕ᫇ᮤௐὋˋᄩᄉጷጺፆౝԺ̾Ԧ૘᧗᜵ᄉஊ
෴ԷᬶͺၸnjӾࡈ֖ˋᄩԟˀˋࣚෑ፤֖ᛠҮᄉ੆տ
‫˧ڍ‬ᫍߚ‫ڙ‬ᅋᣖᰳᄉ̈ζnjԟˀ‫ڍ‬᤯᣾ี᥏ၿþˋ
ᄩÿи̂ᯪᮖሤ౜࡞ᛠᮖ࠭ᐋᑞᄉи᫲ὋᥗБ˿ᤊ
ᐿþʿ࣯๗ÿᄉԓѶnjՎௐὋ˝ழΦФˋᄩՋͺ͖ͦ
ᄉᛠҮὋӾࡈԦѢ᯾иବүᥘឯnjጩ࠶Ռல᮵᮲Ԧၶ
˧ՐὋˋᄩ‫ڙ‬ˀ፴ႄஊउᄉࠪព˖Ԧ૘˿᧗᜵ͺၸὋ
ࣞүԩॕֽ‫ڠ‬Ӝधᣯଋԩ‫ڍ‬ᬄବүᄉຘ᥊nj‫ڙ‬ᥦ̎‫ڠ‬
ӜὋ130,000 ܲՏႃ̠Nj‫֖ݘݣ‬ЇቧˑၶὋఝܲᄉ̠
ѶᯏԩѸ͝ᄉઈᇛnj
ੇ̯͂˖խԨᄉኃ్̃ፂᰍ௦Ὑੇ͂Ժ̾ࠃဗॆ‫ڠ‬ᅻ
ខ֖ஊ෴Էᬶͺၸ̾ԢФ͖߱ͦ੾శᑞҦ˧ᫍᄉథᄝጷ
Ջnjੇ͂ˀᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ᐎՋᛠҮஂ૆ጩ࠶Ռல᮵᮲༪Ր᧗त
ࢹͺὋࣲ˄३ҁ˿ˆႌᩏᛠ੾శ‫ڃ‬᫲ᄉஂ૆nj‫̍ڙ‬ᴎᄢ
ᅕྱี‫˖ڃ‬Ὃੇ͂ˀ౎ᒬൖᄩᄉՎ̂ʶᡐࢹͺὋ̴͂ፋ
ੇ͂ࣛ౎˿ࠂ᠛ᄉ੾శᅻខnj
ੇ̯͂˖խԨᄉፂᰍ˧ʻ௦Ὑੇ͂੯ᛠ൤ዜ͉ҫᄉ൒
ஜ਎ܲὋੇ͂ᄉᑞҦଡӣ˶ࡂ਎ঋnj̾ˋࣚෑ˝ΒὋ‫ڙ‬
Ꮎ‫ڍ‬ኍܰᦉ͖ͦᄉஂ૆ʽὋᖦ।ࠕNj᭽‫֖ڍ‬ฐ‫ڍ‬ᄉ᫁య
ᐎՋи̂ᝪጶˀи̂໥˷அҁ˿੆஌njဗ‫ڣ‬ᄉ፤֖ᦉ᫲
̠տԺ̾በԀ̓ึNjՋͺˀ੯ᛠᐎՋᛠҮὋᏪ˄‫ڙ‬ᤇʶ
᣾ር˖Ὃ̴͂ᒬᢵᄉᑞҦ˶३ҁҪुnj‫ڙ‬፴ႄὋˋᄩᄉ
ͺၸ‫̯̅ڙ‬Ӿऎࡈ᜴̍NjளҪ‫ڸ‬Njฐ‫ڍ‬ኍ੆տ‫˖ڍ‬યӁ
઴థ˗ࠜᄉ༪Ր᧗तፂᰍᄉ̠տὋՎௐ‫ڙ‬ማ˹‫ܪ‬ᄉಳ౵
Юᤈʶ൥ҪुᑞҦत᝹njˀʶ̎૫ᡂ͖ͦ᫁యᑞҦत᝹
ᮉᄫᄰᐎጆὋᤇʶፂԊᝧੇ͂ϡ‫˿ݝ‬ᬣௐःࠪల౎ளૌ
ੌᄉэ‫ܫ‬njክူஊ෴у቉֖ᒬཨ༪ࠎஐବࢹͺ˖ሤጌᄉ
ፂᰍࣞүˋᄩଡӣ˿ФӨុՋͺԦࡘੌ႔ᄉᑞҦnjੇ͂
ߥ͗˿‫ʹݟ‬ଌ҃቉Ԧ఑Ҧ͇֖̂‫ڠ‬ӜጊषࡌҸὋʿЉ᝴
ᤇ̎቉Ԧ͇̂࠭ᒰੇ͂ϟሎ፤૆РՎ߶К֖Ժ૆፝ጒᕥ
ᄉԦࡘᢽ᥊nj

ͯஅЙ‫ࠪࠑڍ‬Кီፂ฿ॕֽҦԢࠪКီ ᣷ᤉ‫ڠ‬Ӝ੊ۡࣉ੝࿗థnjᤇӠࣱ᜸᝼˿
ஊንধᏥ᠇࿸Ҧऎᄉ‫ܘ‬ҪὋ‫ాࠑڍ‬ҦС ʿሶ߿‫ځ‬ገࠪКီၶาᄉຕᤨὋ‫঻ڙ‬ণ
ጆಪࡌ˶‫ڙ‬ԦၶԪӐnjᤇሗᣀԪ᜵යੇ ˞˦าҮNj‫ڙ‬ʿறੰࡘᄉඈֵ᠞௛Nj‫ڙ‬
͂᧗ளख़ऄধᏥ‫ڍ‬ᬄ఺ౝࣰ̾ኍ͖ͦᄉ ‫ֵ͈׷‬ಪ੝ԩᄉॕֽ̾Ԣ‫ڍڙ‬ᬄʼึҮ
СጆРՎክူКီ᮲ᬖᄉழกnjᄽൣᄉ ᄉᬱඞஜ᧙ᄉ‫ܘ‬᫁ॆ˖ੇ͂ᦏᑞᄹҁФ
இԪᭉ᜵ुܷᄉူ᝶ஂଢ଼njဗ‫ˏڙߚڙ‬ ॕֽnj‫ځ‬൤Ὃ੩ᆠ఑Ҧԥ‫ܬ‬९ဖࣂፂ੆
ሗူ᝶۲ᆨὙᑠि֖఑Ҧ௦ॕֽԦࡘᄉ ˝ੇ͂РՎᄉૌੌὋᤇʶૌੌ᜵යੇ͂
˞᜵ᬩᆽὋᑠि֖఑Ҧʿв˝᠑ቃ֖ ᧓ԨጊপᛠҮnj
 ഏᤗ 39

2011 ఘ̽ᝑ‫ښ‬ଢ๷‫∉݄ ۽‬ਈ‫܉‬Ϫซ‫᠇܉‬ᡊ፿

᧗ႁ‫ڍ‬ᬄಕэˀ᜺ᔴРខúúӜ۪ጷጺᄉᐋᑞ

᭚௛ˌeᬀ࠶࣊࠶ (Louise Arbour)Ὑ‫ڍ‬ᬄӿ఺ጷጺ˞ࣝ὚ґᐎՋ‫̂ా̠ڍ‬ҫᰳጞ˃տ὚ˆႌԦࡘઐն

ᮎ᫇‫ށ‬տ͗‫ށ‬տ

ʿክ௦۲̠̅ዜၶ֐ᇷ‫ژ‬ʿԺΥ࿀ᄉ௾ˆ͈ϘὋᤆ௦
۲̅‫ڍ‬ᬄก।᜺ѶὋੇ͂ᦏХథʶ̎௾᥅ᝢԺᄉ᜺
ᔴὋᤇ̎᜺ᔴԥ௡‫ڙ‬ᐎՋ‫ࠋڍ‬ብ֖Ф̴‫ڍ‬ᬄ஠͇˖nj
ᤇ̎᜺ᔴࣲʿᑞᒬੇࠃஶὋᏪ˄ၿ̴̅͂ӉդС̅
஠Ӑܲಧবాѽᄉ్൛Ὃ‫ځ‬൤Ὃࠪ߱͂ᄉᝌ᧕ॸᮋԥ
௡Ѣ‫ڠ‬ழNj‫֖ࠑڍ‬Ӝ۪ᄉܲಧবnjࠪþ᜴ழ͈Ϙ᜹ÿ
ᣤѢᄉક҃ʿ᣾௦ࠪ̾ऩ۪ழयᛪ᣹౼ʶХͳ᜺ᔴᄉ
ધፏὋᏪ᭣ࠪ᜺ᔴఴᢵᄉધፏnj
‫ڠ‬Ӝব఺ౝԺ̾सՋ௾ˆ᜺ᔴ֖ॆ‫ڠ‬᮲ί˧ᫍᄉࢿ
ऩnjᤇ̎᮲ί੊ᛠ˝᜺ᔴॸᮋ‫᠎ࠃڙ‬ʼቿՋ‫ڍ‬ᬄᇪӜ
ᠺ̾ᖌ३ФѕᐐҦᄉನॶ‫ڍ‬ᬄэѶnjՠѶὋ஠Ӑܲಧ
বԺ̾ᣏᏪ௛ˠ‫ڠ‬᮫᜷ࣲᆠ‫ڍڭ‬ᬄಳ౵nj
Β‫ڙݟ‬Ղกᮖ۪Ὃ఺ౝഴय֖ርࣿᄉፑʶবԺᑞ଎ᄥ
ࠃᬄՂก᣾ር˖ᄉ᧗ܷѫ൧njͭԺ̾᧓Ԩܲሗ्यὋ̾
МࣰNjМൣNjᤨ௙NjនࠃNjՎৰԢ᫇᠉ԓѶ˝Ι૵ࠪ጗
ጬϡѢѻфnj
‫ڍ‬ᬄ૫ᡂᏧ‫ڙ‬ФࠪԦࡘᄉବү˖Ὃॸᮋક्҃य᧗̅
ЮࠓᄉᣤѢὋࣲଋԩ᜺ᔴᄉӜ۪ӐὋᤇ௦‫˝ځ‬᜺ᔴᄉӜ
۪Ӑᑞܴ‫ुܘ‬Ꮺ᭣ҏिФᄽൣᄉ௾ˆྱड़nj಩૵Վʶዴ
ᇷὋӜ۪఺ౝ‫ڙ‬ᝌ᧕‫ڍ‬ᬄ᜺ᔴௐὋॸᮋᏥᘼᄰС஠ӐὋ
୏पˀ˧ʿʶᒰᄉᛠ˝᜺ᔴnj
͉ʹԟˀᏧᦏॸᮋ੽ᝢ௾ˆ᜺ᔴ੝᝹߿ᄉಕэ௦ੇ͂
ᄉᤜයnjࠪ౼ʶྱ߿‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉፚ஌᝿ͤःឞԥ௡Ѣᄰࠪ̅
РՎᄉNjʶᒰᄉူਆὋឞ‫̅ܪڍ‬ᤈ൥NjϢ໔੊ᤆ௦ᛯᤝ
࿃খnj

ซ᧕

1. Ǒ2011 ࣱˆႌԦࡘઐնǒ࠱థጷጺᄉ఑Ҧႌ߿˝Ꮕͳࠪ൦Ҧᄉ΍ၸ੊‫ގ‬ᐺ΍ၸὋӉહ᧪ࠪ
‫ࣰࠪ᧪੊ࠑڍ‬ඞᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ᛠҮ὚Юੌ὚ࠪበழ˧ᫍᄉᤤˠ఑Ҧ὚۲̅‫ڠ‬ӜNjሗிNj߼ஓὋ੊
Ф̴Ꮕͳᢵ͊੊ፂ฿ѽᄝ́݃ᄉᇪᏅу቉὚‫͖ڃ‬఑Ҧ֖థጷጺ࿀Ꮄ̾Ԣ‫ڍ‬ᬄᄉNj᭣‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉNj
Хథ਒ខ्খᄫಕᄉ൦ᜈᤁҮnjࡉክ఑Ҧ௦Ԧࡘ᣾ር˖ᄉʶ˓᧗᜵ាᮤὋͭ௦ǑˆႌԦࡘઐ
նǒࣲʿ๗Ԣࠑऐ੊̠ˀ̠˧ᫍᄉ఑ҦnjథௐὋ఑Ҧ੊у቉‫ڙ‬ᤇ̎శឥ˖ᜁॆͺథጷጺ఑Ҧ
ᄉኤሥ౎ူᝌnj᝴ܲ‫ူܪڙࠑڍ‬౼्̎यᄉ఑Ҧ὇ඊ‫ݟ‬᭣‫ࠑڍ‬൦ᜈᤁҮᄉ঻ণᜂѣὈௐὋ
᧓ၸఴ‫ڍ‬ᄉѱกnj
2. Uppsala ܷߥ / ‫ݗ‬லᬅࣰ֖ᆐቂ੝ (PRIO) ൦ᜈу቉ஜ૵ं὇ Harbom ֖ Wallensteen
2010 ࣱNj Lacina ֖ Gleditsch 2005 ࣱὈ὚ Sundberg 2008 ࣱ὚ Gleditsch ֖ Ward
1999 ࣱ὚̠ዜ߶Кᆐቂᮉᄫ὇Ԁ࠱ԦᛪὈ὚Gleditsch ኍ 2002 ࣱnj
3. ԩᑠिবNjу቉֖఑Ҧॕֽᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬Ӊહᥦ̎Хథ̾ʽྱཁᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬Ὑ (1) ࣱџ఼ညᰳ̅ʹѫ
˧ʶ὚(2) ܷ᜺ഴЮᦉу቉὇2006 ࣱᒯ 2009 ࣱᫍඇࣱᄉ᫻̠̑ஜᡓ᣾ 1,000 ̠Ὀ὚(3) థᐎ
Ջ‫੊ڍ‬Ӝ۪বጷጺु҃੯ᛠᄉ᧗तࣰ֖੊፤૆ࣰ֖ᛠҮ὚̾Ԣ (4) 2006 ࣱᒯ09 ࣱᫍ҃ऎප
ࣰ˝὇ˆႌᩏᛠᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ஊን֖҃ऎ᝿ͤ (CPIA) ૈஜʿҁ 3.2ὈὋ˄థॡᰳᄉ఑Ҧ֖у቉᮲
ᬖᄉͯஅЙ‫ࠑڍ‬nj᜸ Uppsala ܷߥ/‫ݗ‬லᬅࣰ֖ᆐቂ੝൦ᜈу቉ஜ૵ं὇Lacina ֖ Gleditsch
2005 ࣱNjHarbom ֖ Wallensteen 2010 ࣱὈ὚ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬፤૆ࣰ֖ᛠҮᦉ (UNDPKO) 2010 ࣱ
b὚ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬धԦ᝟ѲᎷ (UNDP) 2010 ࣱ c὚ˆႌᩏᛠ 2010 ࣱ bnj
4. థСЮੌԦၶˀጻፆᄉᡕҸᄉᝦ᝶᜸ HewittNjWilkenfeld ֖ Gurr 2010 ࣱ὚Sambanis
2004 ࣱ὚ ElbadawiNjHegre ֖ Milante 2008 ࣱ὚Collier ኍ 2003 ࣱnj
40 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

5. Demombynes 2010 ࣱ὚ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ඈֵ֖࿀Ꮄ᫇ᮤҨМࠈ (UNODC) 2010 ࣱ anj

6. Leslie 2010 ࣱ὚Harriott 2004 ࣱNj2008 ࣱ὚‫ڍ‬ᬄӿ఺ጷጺ (International Crisis Group) 2008
ࣱ b὚Ashforth 2009 ࣱnj
7. Bayer ֖ Rupert 2004 ࣱὋᏪ Baker ኍ̠ 2002 ࣱԦဗу቉ᄉॕֽᄰॆ̅ 33% ᄉСሯ‫ۍܝ‬nj
థСᆷ߿у቉ࠪ‫ܘ‬᫁ॕֽᄉழกNjԓူ̾Ԣ۲̅ᯪ᜵᥵‫֖ڍ‬൒᜵᥵‫ڍ‬ᄉளѫౡᄉణளᝦ᝶᜸
De Groot 2010 ࣱ὚Murdoch ֖ Sandler 2002 ࣱnj
8. Ꮎ‫ڍ‬ᬱඞԢሧඞ‫ށ‬տ͗ (US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants) 2009 ࣱ὚ึሎܾ੝ᄢ
฽˖ॶ (Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre) 2008 ࣱnj
9. Gomez ֖ Christensen 2010 ࣱ὚Harild ֖ Christensen 2010 ࣱnj
10. Кီ঻ণ˞˦͇̂ஜ૵ं (Global Terrorism Database) 2010 ࣱ὚Ꮎ‫ࠑڍڍ‬ԥ঻˖ॶ(National
Counter Terrorism Center) 2010 ࣱ὚ǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒ୨з‫ڃ‬᫲ᄉ᝟ኪፆ౦nj
11. Gaibulloev ֖ Sandler 2008 ࣱnj
12. DaviesNjvon Kemedy ֖ Drennan 2005 ࣱnj
13. ǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒ୨з‫ڃ‬᫲಩૵Ꮎ‫ڍ‬ᑞຸζোᎷ (US Energy Information Administration)
2011 ࣱМ࣊ᄉൖฮ࣊͟ྱԓෳဗ᠍ሎࡿ͈ಪ὇ᎾЊ/ೊὈ᝟ኪ३Ѣnj
14. ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ඈֵ֖࿀Ꮄ᫇ᮤҨМࠈ 2010 ࣱ bnj
15. ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ඈֵ֖࿀Ꮄ᫇ᮤҨМࠈ 2010 ࣱ bnj
16. Hanson 2010 ࣱ὚Bowden 2010 ࣱnj
17. ˆႌᩏᛠ 2010 ࣱ dnj
18. ǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒ‫ڃ‬᫲಩૵ Chen Nj Ravallion ֖ Sangraula 2008 ࣱ᠑‫ڇ‬ஜ૵὇ஜ૵᜸
POVCALNETὋᎩ‫ڦ‬Ὑhttp://iresearch.worldbank.orgὈ᝟ኪ३Ѣnj
19. Narayn ֖ Petesch 2010 ࣱnj
20. ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬धԦ᝟ѲᎷ 2006 ࣱnj
21. С̅у቉֖఑Ҧᄉ̼͈ᄉഏᤗὋ᜸ Skaperdas ኍ 2009 ࣱnjࠪˀу቉థСᄉፂ฿̼͈
ᄉХͳͤ᝟᜸ Hoeffler, von Billerbeck, and Ijaz 2010 ࣱ὚Collier ֖ Hoeffler 1998 ࣱ὚Cerra
֖ Saxena 2008 ࣱ὚CollierNjChauvet ֖ Hegre 2007 ࣱ὚Riascos ֖ Vargas 2004 ࣱ὚ᐎՋ
‫ڍ‬धԦ᝟ѲᎷ 2006 ࣱnj
22. MartinNjMayer ֖ Thoenig 2008 ࣱnj
23. ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬Їቧ۲᧚͗ (UNICEF) 2004 ࣱ὚ᐎՋ‫̠ڍ‬ԯ۲᧚ (UNPFA) 2002 ࣱ὚ Anderlini
2010 ࣱ anj
24. Ǒӑ̚ࠇᝒǒ֖ǑᛠҮጨᮖǒ1995 ࣱ὚‫ݘݣ‬ᬱඞ‫ށ‬տ͗ (Women's Refugee Commission)
2009 ࣱ὚ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬Їቧ۲᧚͗ 2004 ࣱnj
25. Ꮎ‫( ͗ߥူॶڍ‬American Psychological Association) 1996 ࣱ὚Dahlberg 1998 ࣱ὚Verdú ኍ
2008 ࣱnj
26. ǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒ୨з‫ڃ‬᫲ᄉ᝟ኪፆ౦nj
27. С̅у቉ᡐ‫ځ‬ᄉူ᝶‫ڙ‬ൣ஠ᄉኃ̃ብథ੝ଉᝦnjࡂ൤‫ܪ‬ᝦ᝶ᄉ஠࿸ᏪᝒὋᦉѫ଍ᕚឳྫྷ
ӉહὙGurr 1970 ࣱ὚Hirshleifer 1995 ࣱ὚Skaperdas 1996 ࣱ὚Grossman 1991 ࣱ὚Fearon
1995 ࣱ὚Collier ֖ Hoeffler 2004 ࣱ὚SatyanathNjMiguel ֖ Sergenti 2004 ࣱ὚Blattman
֖ Mi g u e l 2 0 1 0 ࣱ ὚ Ke e f e r 2 0 0 8 ࣱ ὚ B e s l e y ֖ Pe r s s o n 2 0 0 9 ࣱ ֖ 2 0 1 0 ࣱ ὚
Toft 2003 ࣱ὚Murshed ֖ Tadjoeddin 2007 ࣱ὚Arnson ֖ Zartman 2005 ࣱnjஊ෴Nj߶К
ˀፂ฿ԓҮҦ˧ᫍᄉᐎጆ˶३ҁ˿Չ‫ڍ‬фንࡎᄉ੽ᝢnjͱѽА 2010 ࣱ bnj
28. С̅அЙʿࣰኍˀЮᦉу቉᮲ᬖ˧ᫍᄉСጆ᜸ Fearon 2010 ࣱ a njС̅அЙʿࣰኍˀ࿀Ꮄ
఑Ҧ˧ᫍᄉСጆ᜸ Loayza Nj Fajnzylber ֖ Lederman 2002 ࣱ a ὚ Loayza Nj Fajnzylber ֖
Lederman 2002 ࣱ b὚MessnerNjRaffalovich ֖ Shrock 2002 ࣱnj
29. Fearon 2010 ࣱ b ὚ Bøås Nj Tiltnes ֖ Flatø 2010 ࣱ὚ Neumayer 2003 ࣱ὚ Loayza,
Fajnzylber, and Lederman 2002 ࣱ a ὚ Loayza Nj Fajnzylber ֖ Lederman 2002 ࣱ b ὚
MessnerNjRaffalovich ֖ Shrock 2002 ࣱ὚ǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒ୨з‫ڃ‬᫲ᄉ᝟ኪፆ౦nj
30. Stewart 2010 ࣱnj
31. SatyanathNjMiguel ֖ Sergenti 2004 ࣱnj
 ഏᤗ 41

32. С̅҃ऎᄉिཁˀ఑Ҧу቉ᄉСጆὋ᜸ Fearon 2010 ࣱ b Ὃ Fearon 2010 ࣱ b ὚ Johnston

2010 ࣱ὚Walter 2010 ࣱnj
33. ᬓ൤˧ܰὋᤆథፆౝব֖ຑᤈবᄉ‫ځ‬ገᑞ‫ܘ‬Ҫу቉᮲ᬖnj‫ڙ‬ᤇ̎‫ځ‬ገ˖Ӊહᑞ΍ԥԬᛠҮఝ
ࠓ௛ᤈᛠᄉ‫ྱ्ڠ‬ཁnjᤇ̎‫ྱ्ڠ‬ཁʿ͗लԦੌ́ὋԵ௦‫ܘ‬Ҫ˿ੌ́ᄉԺᑞবnjܲࡢᄉ‫्ڠ‬
ࣂፂ᝼௙͗‫ܘ‬Ҫੌ́ᄉ᮲ᬖὋ‫ܘࡢܲ˝ځ‬Ҫ˿ԥԬᛠҮᄉԺᛠবnjֆ᣷ဖܑᄉॕֽ˶ॡܷὙ
௄థ‫˝ځ‬᭤ᤂੌ́੊Ф̴఑Ҧ࿀Ꮄ֖᭣กᡋሒᰳԦᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬Ꮺԩҁᄉ᠆᭦ॕֽὋ˶థ‫̅ܪ˝ځ‬
ࣰ֖̾˝˞ᄉֆ᣷ဖܑ˖Ꮺԩҁᄉൣ᭦ॕֽnj᜸ Buhaug ֖ Gleditsch 2008 ࣱ὚Gleditsch ֖
Ward 2000 ࣱ὚Salehyan ֖ Gleditsch 2006 ࣱ὚Goldstone 2010 ࣱnjథСֆ᣷ဖܑࠪЮੌᄉ
ॕֽὋ᜸ Hegre ֖ Sambanis 2006 ࣱ̾Ԣ Gelditsch 2007 ࣱnj
34. McNeish 2010 ࣱ὚Ross 2003 ࣱnj
35. ൤‫̾ܪ‬ణᤂథС‫ࠑڍ‬तበᄉ஠࿸˝Ι૵ὋྱѾ௦ North Nj Wallis ֖ Weingast 2009 ࣱ὚
Dobbins ኍ 2007 ࣱ ὚ Fukuyama 2004 ࣱ ὚ Acemo g lu Nj Johnson ֖ Robinson
2001 ࣱNj2005 ࣱNj2006 ࣱnjᤇሗᅻខ˶‫ڙ‬ణᤂᄉஊን஠͇˖३ҁԥ௡Ὑፂ฿ՋͺˀԦࡘ
ጷጺ (OECD) 2010 ࣱ aNj 2010 ࣱ gNj2011 ࣱnj
36. ǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒ˖࠱҃ऎ߿˦˝ൣय֖᭣ൣयᄉþຣ੅᜺ѶÿὋӉહൣयᄉก᜺Nj੆஠ก
।NjጷጺNj᭣ൣयᄉᛠ˝᜺ᔴԢРՎζএὋ̾Ԣ˝ࠃஶ֖੯ᛠʼᤗ᜺ᔴᏪߚ‫ڙ‬ᄉጷጺ्य
὇Ӊહ‫֖ࠑڍ‬᭣‫ࠑڍ‬ጷጺὈnj҃ऎࠪԺ̾ү᫁఑ҦᄉՉሗѽᄝNj҇༎֖ᛠ˝థᅋॕֽͺၸnj
ˀʼࡎӨᝫʿՎὋ҃ऎˀ˓̠௃Сúú௃᝶౼̎ᮖ̠࠭ߚ‫ڙ‬ˀՠὋ҃ऎ఺ᑞ̮ཨԺ̾૆፝Ὃ
‫ځ‬Ꮺ˝૆፝ક७఑ҦଡΘ˿ఝܷᄉγ᝼nj҃ऎࠪᇪ͗ᄉ੝థࡎ᭦ᡐͺၸúú‫ڠ‬ழࡎ᭦Nj‫ࠑڍ‬
ࡎ᭦NjӜ۪ࡎ᭦֖Кီࡎ᭦nj
37. Fearon 2010 ࣱ aNj2010 ࣱ b὚Walter 2010 ࣱnj
38. Arboleda 2010 ࣱ὚૵ǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒ୨з‫ڃ‬᫲ 2010 ࣱࠪ‫͟׍‬ඊ̍ᄉஊउ߽տNjඞᫍ‫ͳڃ‬
̼ᛪ̾Ԣ߶К̠տᤈᛠᄉ֦លnj
39. Gambino 2010 ࣱnj
40. 2010 ࣱ‫ڙ‬ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬धԦ᝟ѲᎷᄉԷᬶʽὋᐯࡈ̍ឬᔭឥᄉࡏඞ֖ឬกឥᄉࡏඞˠᛠ˿ʶ൒
͗ᝫὋѸᤴ˿ʶ˓ளជþՋͺᑞҦÿࣲᤈʶ൥இؒ˿ˀ᫸ൢ఑Ҧ֖ু‫ܬ‬ሡࣿథСᄉ҃ऎὋ
࠱߱͂Ԫ੆þ̈ᄰΙᠺᄉፆౝNj఺҃NjᠪຸNj͈Ϙ֖੾ᑞᄉुథҦᄉᎩፎὋ᤯᣾ࠪព֖֦
លὋᑞܴ‫ڙ‬ᇪ͗˖Ԧ૘᫸ൢу቉֖ౝኒࣰ֖ᄉͺၸÿᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ᮔ᫸ᛠҮ఺ౝᫍӨុಳ౵ (UN
Interagency Framework for Coordination on Preventive Action) 2010 ࣱὋ1nj
41. Barron ኍ 2010 ࣱnj
42. ˆႌᩏᛠ 2010 ࣱ c὚Buhaug ֖ Urdal 2010 ࣱnj
43. ᜸ SchneiderNjBuehn ֖ Montenegro 2010 ࣱnjᮻֵ᫇ᮤलԦᄉઇᝫาҮᄉஜ૵౎ᒬள᫔ઐ
᥊὚෴ူథ஌বஜ૵౎ᒬ KaufmannNjKraay ֖ Mastruzzi 2010 ࣱnj
44. Menkhaus 2006 ࣱNj2010 ࣱnj
45. С̅҃ऎ‫ڙ‬ፂ฿‫ܘ‬֖᫁Ԧࡘ˖ᄉͺၸὋ᜸ AcemogluNjJohnson ֖ Robinson 2005 ࣱnjᤆԺ
᜸ͱѽА 2010 ࣱ bnj
46. NorthNjWallis ֖ Weingast 2009 ࣱnj
47. С̅൸ඞ˞˦ࠪґ൸ඞ‫̼҃ॆࠑڍڠ‬ऎ्੆ᄉॕֽὋ᜸ AcemogluNjJohnson ֖ Robinson
2001 ࣱnj
48. ͎ડА᧗तᮉᄫྱѾ೜߽ࠢ 2009 ࣱnj
49. ૊ཱ Margaret Levi ᜹ཁὋþࠃᬄʼὋζ͉௦᝴ܲሗဗ៵ᄉ̼ՏជὋ‫ڙ‬ᤇ̎ဗ៵˖˓ͳਜ਒
੽ઝˀ̴̠੩̓᥊NjᝌфᬶͳᛠҮ᫇ᮤ੊̾ᄹᡐ౎ᤊԥᒬᢵѽᄝಕэ߿˦ᄉழयᛠҮኍՉሗ
᮲ᬖÿnjLevi ᤈʶ൥ૈѢὋþ᫇ᮤᄉನॶ௦ՋͺгᬖὋ߱਒։ᅋϡѢ੫̶ᄉ̠థʶሗՋူᄉ
ζএὋԀζ͉ൣᆷᄉࠪ៵̖͗ၶሤ౜ᄉፆ౦ὋᏪ˄ϡѢ੫̶ᄉ̠ਜ਒ᥕཱᤇʶζএᛠ̂ÿnj
὇Braithwaite ֖ Levi 1998 ࣱὋ78Ὀ
50. Pritchett ֖ de Weijer 2010 ࣱnj
51. ߶КˀԦࡘ˧ᫍᄉЮ‫ڙ‬ᐎጆడ‫̠ڙ‬ዜ߶Кᄉܷഏএʽԩҁᝦ᝶Ὃ̠ዜ߶КӉહБ̅঻৽Nj
Б̅Ӛ˫̾Ԣథ࠳ː‫ڠ‬าᅋᄉᒬၿnj᤯᣾࠱̠ዜᄉ߶К֖ጒᕥॆͺನॶὋ̠ዜ߶К᜵ᝌф
᝴ܲ‫ގ‬ᐺὋ௄థ౎ᒬ᠑‫ڇ‬ᄉ‫ގ‬ᐺ˶థ౎ᒬ఑Ҧᄉ‫ގ‬ᐺὋᤆథˏᏧ̈ᄰͺၸࣛ౎ᄉ‫ގ‬ᐺnj‫ڙ‬
੽ᝢ̠ዜ߶Кᤇ˓ഏএ̾Ԣឞഏএࠪ࠱̠ͺ˝Сซཤཁᄉ᧗᜼ᄉՎௐὋఴઐնఝ࣡᧓ၸᄉ
42 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

௦þМඞ߶Кÿᤇ˓శឥὋ̾቉Ѣੇ͂ࠪБ̅ᢵͳ఑Ҧ֖Б̅ࠪ఑Ҧᄉ঻৽ᄉСซnjੇ͂࣎
భዙ൤ᛩЌ̠ዜ߶Кഏএ˖థСБ̅঻৽ᄉᝦ᝶nj‫̠ڙ‬ዜ߶Кγᬩ‫ށ‬տ͗ (Commission on
Human Security) 2003 ࣱઐնᄉ۲ᆨʼὋ̠ዜ߶Кᄉ᧗᜵ব३ҁ˿ 2005 ࣱᐎՋ‫ܷ͗ڍ‬фᝫ
ᄉᝢԺὋឞфᝫ‫ ڙ‬2005 ࣱᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ˠᛠᄉࢎ͗ʼᖌ३᤯᣾nj̠ዜ߶Кᄉ᧗᜵বᤆ३ҁ˿ 2009
ࣱᐎՋ‫ܷ͗ڍ‬ઐնNj2010 ࣱᐎՋ‫ܷ͗ڍ‬фᝫ̾Ԣܹ̍ፂ฿Ջͺጷጺ (Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation)NjЛ‫ڍ‬ᬶ‫( ڃ‬G8) ֖ˆႌፂ฿᝶‫( ڲ‬World Economic Forum) ᄉᝢԺnj᜸̠ዜ
߶Кγᬩ‫ށ‬տ͗ 2003 ࣱ὚ᐎՋ‫ ܷ͗ڍ‬2005 ࣱ bNj2009 ࣱ bNj2010 ࣱnj
52. ‫ុڙ‬ᝌశឥ˖Ὃþतበζॶÿᄉ਒ধ௦‫ڙ‬எࠪԤழ˧ᫍतበζ͉὚‫᧚ڙ‬ᚷឥܑ˖Ὃశឥþζ
ॶÿᛪᇧࣉ‫ڣ‬ԟˀᏧᄰζஊउ࠱᧓ԨሶϣᄉஊንࣲథᑞҦࠃஶᤇ̎ஊንnjǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒ
ࠪឞశឥᄉ߿˦௦Ὑ‫ڙ‬ᜁ఑ҦาҮѫᜇᄉМඞᏅͳ˧ᫍNj‫ڙ‬Мඞ֖‫˧ࠑڍ‬ᫍNj‫֖ࠑڍڙ‬Ф̴
᧗᜵ѽᄝᄰСழ὇᥵‫ڍ‬Nj‫ڍ‬ᬄՋͺ͖ͦNjઅᠪᏧὈ˧ᫍतበζ͉ὋФ̴ѽᄝᄰСழ‫ڙ‬ஊ෴
ʼNjᛠ˝ʼ੊᧚ᚷழ᭦ᄉஂ૆௦Ԩ३ሤ౜੆౦ᄉॸ᜵్͇nj
53. С̅̈ζत᝹֖ʿறԪӐᄉయభὋ᜸ Hoff ֖ Stiglitz 2008 ࣱnj
54. Bedeski 1994 ࣱ὚Cumings 2005 ࣱ὚Kang 2002 ࣱ὚Chang ֖ Lee 2006 ࣱnj
55. ᜸ Stedman 1996 ࣱ὚Nilsson ֖ Jarstad 2008 ࣱnjС̅ʼࡎៀѻNjஊ෴֖ᝌˀӉࠓὋ᜸ Di
John ֖ Putzel 2009 ࣱnj
56. Anderlini 2000 ࣱnj
57. ˆႌᩏᛠ 2008 ࣱ fNj2009 ࣱ d὚ᳩࣄߊဖܑᦉ 1999nj
58. ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬፤૆ࣰ֖ᛠҮᦉ 2010 ࣱ anj
59. థС௅ఴ‫ڠڗ‬இ᭨ᄉৰхὋ᜸ Kawagoe 1999 ࣱnjథС᭽‫ڠڗڍ‬இ᭨ᄉৰхὋ᜸ Shin
2006 ࣱnj
60. Braud ֖ Grevi 2005 ࣱnj
61. ෴ူˀፂ฿ክူବүழ಴ (GEMAP) ௦‫ڙ‬ѽඊ᧖̍ 2005 ࣱܷᤤґलЙᄉ,ឞழ಴ࠪஅЙ֖ஂ
Ѣᮖ۪लЙþԤӒÿክူnj᤯᣾ၿஊउ֖‫ڍ‬ᬄᇪ͗РՎክူὋឞழ಴ை‫ڙ‬΍Ќ໗কႠᄉМ
͔֖૫ᡂᏧᆷζஊउ߽տࣱܲ౎ᄉଈ֖݃ᑻ᠋ࣂፂፆోὋ̴͂࠱३ҁԺ᭤ᄉనҫnjDwan ֖
Bailey 2006 ࣱ὚ѽඊ᧖̍Р֖‫ڍ‬ஊउ߽ᥲ 2009 ࣱnj
62. ˝੩ѣᑻ᠋ˀ࿀Ꮄဗ៵Ὃӿ‫ڠ‬ᯰડ̅ 2007 ࣱˀᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ኣᝠӨᝫὋѸत˿థᎴʿᎮ᫇ᮤ‫ڍ‬ᬄ
‫ށ‬տ͗ὋФ᜴ာྤឥ᎕з˝ CICIGnjឞ‫ށ‬տ͗ԩ֐þஂବNjҪुˀӨү᠆᠉ុಉˀ೜ˠ᭣ก
߶Кᦉ᫲֖ማࠚ߶Кጷጺ๗߀࿀Ꮄᄉӿ‫ڠ‬ᯰડ‫ࠑڍ‬ஊउ఺ౝnjÿ᜸ᐎՋ‫ ڍ‬2006 ࣱ anj
63. థСᬀࠜෂ‫ڃࠑڍ‬ፆ᝟ѲὋ᜸ Beath ኍ 2010 ࣱ὚Ashe ֖ Parott 2001 ࣱ὚᯾ᬀࠜෂବү‫ڃ‬
(Assistance Mission in Afghanistan) ֖̠ా̂ҫᰳጞ˃տҨ̂‫( ܪ‬UNOHCHR) 2010 ࣱnjథ
СડʷᎾฮܲᦉ᫂఑Ҧ᫸ᔴ᝟ѲὋ᜸ Alvarado ֖ Abizanda 2010 ࣱ὚Beato 2005 ࣱ὚Fabio
2007 ࣱ὚‫ڍ‬ᬄᮔ᫸࿀Ꮄ˖ॶ 2005 ࣱ὚Duailibi ኍ 2007 ࣱ὚PeixotoNjAndrade ֖ Azevedo
2007 ࣱ὚Guerrero 2006 ࣱ὚Llorente ֖ Rivas 2005 ࣱ὚Formisano 2002 ࣱnj
64. థСӾऎᄉৰхὋ᜸ӾऎйెԦࡘᦉ (India Ministry of Rural Development) 2005 ࣱNj
2010 ࣱnjథСӾऎࡈ᜴̍ᄉৰхὋ᜸ Barron 2010 ࣱ὚Guggenheim 2011 ࣱnjథСመጉ෗
ᄉৰхὋ᜸ GRYGIEL 2007 ࣱ὚‫ࠑڍ‬஌ᑞᆐቂ੝ (Institute for State Effectiveness) 2007 ࣱnj
థСӵ௒᣹ᄉৰхὋ᜸ Boudreaux 2010 ࣱnj
65. థСࡈҪડၠᄉৰхὋ᜸ BastickNjGrimm ֖ Kunz 2007 ࣱnjథСࡈ෼࠶ᄉৰхὋ᜸ Ashe
֖ Parott 2001 ࣱnj
66. థСѽඊ᧖̍ᄉৰхὋ᜸ Blundell 2010 ࣱnjథСᖅ಺ඊАᄉৰхὋ᜸ Crown Agents 2007 ࣱnj
67. థСˋࣚෑӻၶ᝟ѲὋ᜸ Rohland ֖ Cliffe 2002 ࣱ὚Baird 2010 ࣱnj
68. Messick 2011 ࣱnj
69. Giovine ኍ 2010 ࣱnj
70. Guerrero 2006 ࣱ὚Mason 2003 ࣱ὚Presidencia República de Colombia 2010 ࣱnj
71. Ashraf Ghani ֖ Clare Lockhart ‫ڙ‬Ǒν‫ܾܬ‬༦ᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ǒ˖᤯᣾þԤ‫ݎ‬ጝÿᄉᤨ᪪ࠪ‫ڙ‬ԩᑠि
֖у቉ॕֽᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬तበՋกஊउ֖‫܌‬ᛩ˞ాቆᄆᤇʶ᫇ᮤᤈᛠ˿ѫౡnjԤ‫ݎ‬ጝ̾þᑞܴஂ૆
‫ా˞ࠪࠑڍ‬ᄉ˞षᄉాѽ֖˦ҫᎩፎÿ˝ཤཁὋᯪЎૈᄉ௦þ‫ࠑڍ‬ˀМඞᫍᄉ‫ݎ‬ጝὋᤇሗ‫ݎ‬
ጝೱ಩̅ʶጆѴ̈ᄰСᐎᄉ᜺ѶÿὋФ൒ૈᄉ௦þ‫ࠑڍ‬ˀ‫ڍ‬ᬄᇪ͗ᫍᄉ‫ݎ‬ጝὋᤇሗ‫ݎ‬ጝᑞγ
᝼ࠪథС᫇᠉఺֖҃ᤨ௙ऎᄉ‫ڍ‬ᬄ᜺ᔴ֖ಕэᄉᥕߵnjÿGhani ֖ Lockhart 2008 ࣱ 8nj
 ഏᤗ 43

72. AgogliaNjDziedzic ֖ Sotirin 2008 ࣱnj

73. ૵ǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒ୨з‫ڃ‬᫲ 2010 ࣱࠪӮ᭣ԓ᭣‫ڍ֖ܷڍ‬ඞЖᄉС᪃ៀѻ̠տᤈᛠᄉ֦លnj
74. Barron ኍ 2010 ࣱnj
75. ૵ǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒ୨з‫ڃ‬᫲ 2010 ࣱ‫ڙ‬๑‫ڠ‬ᤈᛠᄉ֦ល὚ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬፤૆ࣰ֖ᛠҮᦉ 2010 ࣱ anj
76. థСӮ᭣ᄉৰхὋ᜸ Kambuwa ֖ Wallis 2002 ࣱ὚૵ǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒ୨з‫ڃ‬᫲ 2010 ࣱࠪӮ
᭣ԓ᭣‫ڍ֖ܷڍ‬ඞЖᄉС᪃ៀѻ̠տᤈᛠᄉ֦លnjథСࣄ۲ல‫ں‬ᄉৰхὋ᜸ˆႌᩏᛠ֖̍ฮ
धԦᩏᛠ (ADB) 2010 ࣱnj
77. ૵ǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒ୨з‫ڃ‬᫲ 2010 ࣱࠪ‫͟׍‬ඊ̍ஊउ߽տNjඞᫍ‫̼ͳڃ‬ᛪ̾Ԣ߶К̠տᤈ
ᛠᄉ֦លnj
78. ᤇ̎ࢹХӉહᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ஊ෴̂ҫᦉᄉុᝌ఺ౝ὚᭣ᄩ֖Ф̴Ӝ۪বу቉ុᝌ఺ౝ὚þኃ̃ᢽ᥊
ុᝌÿ఺ౝὋΒ‫̠ݟ‬᥊˞˦ࠪព˖ॶ (Centre for Humanitatian Dialogue)nj
79. Ojielo 2007 ࣱ὚Odendaal 2010 ࣱ὚ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ஊ෴̂ҫᦉ 2010 ࣱ anj
80. ӿ఺ክူώᝫ (CMI) ௦ᔃПʶࠑ࿗በᄉ᭣ᄜѽጷጺὋᒰҦ̅ᝌфу቉᫇ᮤNjत᝹૆ˣ
ࣰ֖nj2005 ࣱὋӿ఺ክူώᝫ˞ࣝὋґᔃП঳ፑᬀᡉᗓᖻ᧖Χ੆˿Ӿऎࡈ᜴̍Р֖‫ڍ‬ஊउ
֖ᒬၿ̍ᴎᤁҮ˧ᫍᄉࣰ֖Өᝫnj᜸ӿ఺ክူώᝫ 2011 ࣱnj
81. С̅ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬þʶଯߔ᝟ѲÿᄉសৰὋ᜸ Eide ኍ 2005 ࣱnjС̅þஞͳஊउÿᄉសৰὋ᜸ፂ฿
ՋͺˀԦࡘጷጺ-Ԧࡘବү‫ށ‬տ͗ (OECD-DAC) 2006 ࣱ὚ᔭ‫ڍڍ‬ᬄԦࡘᦉ 2009 ࣱNj2010
ࣱnjС̅þஞͳͳጆÿᄉសৰὋ᜸ፂՋጷጺ-Ԧࡘବү‫ށ‬տ͗ 2007 ࣱ anjС̅Ӝ۪বࢹХᄉ
សৰὋ᜸᭣ฮᐎᄩ 2006 ࣱNj2007 ࣱ bnj
82. Stewart ֖ Brown 2007 ࣱnj
83. ፂՋጷጺ-Ԧࡘବү‫ށ‬տ͗ 2008 ࣱnj
84. ፂՋጷጺ-Ԧࡘବү‫ށ‬տ͗ 2010 ࣱnj
85. ᤂయʶᮉᆐቂᝦ᝶˿ବүจҮ΍ԩବ‫̶ࠑڍ‬Ѣᄉ̼͈ὋବүจҮ͗ᤴ੆ஊउஅЙ֖Ԧࡘ᜺Ѳ
ᄉจҮnj߽ழԦࡘବүыᮨᄉจҮবፋᑠि‫ࠑڍ‬ᤴ੆ᄉ஌ည૮ܾ௦ሶ߿‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉˏυ̾ʼὋ
ѫѾӳФ‫ڍ‬Юၶ̖঳Ϙᄉ 2.5% ˀ 1.2%὇᜸ Kharas 2008 ࣱὈnj
86. ᭣ก᠞௛ఴ᠎ʼ௦ʶ˓Ӝ۪বˀКီব᫇ᮤὋ߱͗࠭ᒰᤋᩙ஌ःὋࠪၶ̖‫ڍ‬Njᤁᣤ‫ڍ‬ˀ๖᠟
‫ڍ‬ᤴ੆ॕֽnj‫͟׍‬ඊ̍ࠪ᠏ඈᬶ‫ڃ‬ᄉ੩ѣᛠҮࠪ˖ᎾฮNj‫׍᜴ܚ‬ၴᒯ௦᜴᭣ᤴ੆˿ॕֽ὚Ҫ
ѽለࡈ̍ᤂయ᧪ࠪඈֵՋกӐᄉஊንᣲ᝶˶ࠪၶ̖‫ڍ‬ᤴ੆˿໷‫ڙ‬ॕֽnjФ̴‫͗˶ֵ׷‬థዜͪ
ॕֽὙʶ˓‫͒ࠪࠑڍ‬ఱᬌ҃Ժᑞ͗࠭ᒰ෤థࠃஶዜͪஊንᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉᭉය‫ܘ‬ҪὋ΍ឞ‫ڍ‬ఝ௛Ԧ
ၶᑻ᠋ˀ఑Ҧnj
87. ᧚ͣѽᤈር᝼˹҃ऎၿඞᫍ‫ͳڃ‬Njࢹˉႌ֖ஊउРՎ᠆᠉ᖿࠃὋை‫ڙ‬᫽ൢ΍ѷ౦ඞ˞Р֖‫ڍ‬
ኍ‫ࠑڍ‬Ԭ˼਎໥਎ཉᄉþу቉ᨚᆂÿᄉึҮnjឞᤈርథᒬࣁᄉᨚᆂ᝼˹҃ऎὋ᜵යФ 49 ˓
੆տ὇̼ᛪ 75 ˓‫ࠑڍ‬Ὀᥕߵࣸคᄉ᜺߿Ὃ̾γ᝼ඏᨚᣤѢʿၸ̅ᠪү఑Ҧᛠ˝nj᜸᧚ͣѽ
ᤈር᝼˹҃ऎ 2010 ࣱnj
88. ፂՋጷጺúúԦࡘବү‫ށ‬տ͗ 2010 ࣱ anj
89. ૵ 2010 ࣱǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒ୨з‫ڃ‬᫲ࠪ᯾ˋࣚෑҨ̂‫ܪ‬ᤈᛠᄉ֦លnj
90. ᐎՋ‫̂ా̠ڍ‬ҫᰳጞ˃տҨ̂‫ ܪ‬2006 ࣱnj
91. g7+ ௦þᑠिᄉNjԩҁу቉ॕֽᄉ‫ڠ֖ࠑڍ‬ӜᐎՋ੆በᄉʶ˓࿗በNjᒬ෴ᄉ᝶‫ڲ‬Ὃ̾య‫ڙ‬
‫ڍ‬ᬄᓁԻʼԦѢРՎ‫ܥ‬ᮂÿnj g7+ Ѹत̅ 2008 ࣱὋ੆տ‫ڍ‬ӉહᬀࠜෂNj࣊ᬟᤓNj˖᭣Р
֖‫ڍ‬Nj˩३NjመྱᤓၦNjѷ౦ඞ˞Р֖‫ڍ‬Nj๑‫ڠ‬Njѽඊ᧖̍Njࡈ෼࠶Nj੝Ꭼ᫂ᏅࡳNj‫܊‬ડ
ѽ௔NjӮᦉᔙ˜֖ˋࣚෑnj᜸त᝹ࣰ֖ˀत᝹‫ڍࠑڍ‬ᬄࠪព (International Dialogue on
Peacebuilding and Statebuilding) 2010 ࣱnj
92. ۟‫܊‬Ψඊ̍௦ᤇዜᣀԪᄉΒ᝼˧ʶnj2005 ࣱὋ۟‫܊‬Ψඊ̍ஊउ֖૫ᡂ఺ౝՎ਒ၿ௅࣡ᮔኪ
ஂ૆ᣀՓፋ‫ڠ‬ழ֖ࣉஊउᣀሧஂ̶ᄉழ಴njឞழ಴ᄉଏஶӉહᆷγឞ‫ڍ‬੝థ‫ڠ‬ӜὋ௃᝶Ф‫ڙ‬
ᤤˠ˖‫ʹݟ‬અᇽὋᦏᑞܴ३ҁ˖ܼஊउ૆፝ஂ૆nj
93. ᜸ Garassi 2010 ࣱnjథСᬀࠜෂᄉৰхὋ᜸ Atos Consulting 2009njథС᜴ࡿˀҪ෡ᄉৰхὋ
᜸ˆႌᩏᛠ 1999 ࣱ anjథСࡈ෼࠶ᄉৰхὋ᜸ᐎՋ‫̂ా̠ڍ‬ҫᰳጞ˃տҨ̂‫ ܪ‬2010 ࣱ὚
ࡈ෼࠶ஊउὋᐎՋ‫ڍ‬धԦ᝟ѲᎷ̾ԢᐎՋ‫ڍ‬Ԧࡘᬶ‫( ڃ‬UNDG) 2010 ࣱnj
94. ᜸ፂՋࡘጷጺ 2010 ࣱ i὚Scanteam 2010 ࣱnj
95. Gelb 2010nj
44 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

96. Messick 2011 ࣱnj

97. ᜸ Favaro 2008 ࣱNj2010 ࣱnj
98. ܷ຦М෱൒Ӝ۪ (GMS) ‫ࠑڍ‬὇ಋۤࠦNj˖‫ڍ‬NjᏤૐ̠ඞඞ˞Р֖‫ڍ‬Nj፴ႄNjฐ‫֖ڍ‬ᡔӮὈ
ࠃஶ˿ʶጆѴЮࠓࣸคᄉӜ۪ᮉᄫὋ๯ᄥ̓᤯NjႂҦNjႂζNjဖܑክူNj̠ҦᠪຸधԦNj஺
ຣNj᠞௛Njሒᖸᮖ۪અᠪ֖йˉኍᮖ۪nj̠͂௾᥅ᝢ˝ܷ຦М෱൒Ӝ۪‫ڙ‬Ҫु˿ᡴܑ᠞௛ᄉ
ՎௐὋᬋͯ˿᠑‫ڇ‬පࣰὋࣲѸᤴ˿ፂ฿ሶ߿ˀࣰ֖ᄉРՎѽᄝnj
99. ᜴᭣๑ࡿώᝫ (WACI) ௦ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ඈֵ֖࿀Ꮄ᫇ᮤҨМࠈ (UN Office on Drugs and Crime)Nj
ᐎՋ‫᜴ڍ‬᭣ҨМࠈ (UN Office for West Africa) NjᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ஊ෴̂ҫᦉˀ‫ڍ‬ᬄѱ᝜ጷ
ጺ (INTERPOL) ‫᜴ڙ‬᭣ᐎՋ੩ѣ᭣กඈֵᡋሒNjథጷጺ࿀Ꮄ֖໚ၸᕱྫྷ᫇ᮤᄉᮉᄫnjឞώ
ᝫӉહʶጆѴ‫֖ࠑڍ‬Ӝ۪ࡎ᭦ᄉᑞҦत᝹าҮὋ๯ᄥ੯กNjกӝNj᣷ܑክူNjԥรᨐ֖Ҫु
ѱ̂Ղก఺ౝኍழ᭦Ὃ˝ࣰ֖त᝹ᛠҮ֖߶Кᮖ۪இ᭨ͺѢ˿᠇࿸nj
100. þൖฮ˃Ӝÿ̖ၶ̅ 20 ˆጡ 50 ࣱ̼ళὋ௦ʶሗ‫ڙ‬ଋ‫ܡ‬ᄉˏ‫੊ڍ‬ఝܲ‫ࠑڍ‬ᫍधࡘᡴܑՋͺᄉ
ளഴयnj˝˿Χᤈᡴܑፂ฿Njᇪ͗஠Ӑˀ͓̖᫋ˉᄉՋͺὋൖฮ˃ӜഴयʿறੰܷὋൖฮР
Վࣉ‫ڣ‬ᄉतበˀణᤂᄉඞ˞ᣀ‫͇̂ۋ‬ᤈʶ൥Χᤈ˿ᤇሗഴयᄉੰषnjᄫґൖฮߚ‫ ڙ‬100 ܲ˓
ൖฮ˃ӜὋణᤂᤇʶഴयᤆᜁ‫҃ܬ‬ҁ˿˖ൖˀˋൖӜ۪njࡉክᤇሗՋͺ‫̾ڙ‬ґԩҁу቉ॕֽ
ᄉ‫ڠ‬Ӝࣲ᭣ʶ࣌᮲ᮊὋͭ௦‫࠵ڙ‬ஜඞிᡴܲ‫Ͱࡏڍ‬ᄉӜ۪Ὃ੊Ꮷ‫ڙ‬ᥒԩ᣾‫ࠑڍ‬ᫍੌ́੊Юੌ
ᄉӜ۪ᦏథ੆ҩࠃஶᄉᡴܑԦࡘNjᇪ͗ˀ߶Кᮉᄫᄉᓡ‫ݝ‬ᔴΒnj᜸ Greta and Lewandowski
2010 ࣱ὚Otocan 2010 ࣱ὚ൖฮူ̂͗ (Council of Europe) 1995 ࣱ὚ൖฮူ֖̂͗ਿ᧖
ᴎ̍‫ڍ‬ᬄᇪ͗ߥᆐቂ੝ (Institute of International Sociology of Gorizia) 2003 ࣱ὚Bilcik ኍ
2001 ࣱnj
101. ᧜̅Үᕤᄉ᣷ܑʶՓ௦у቉ԥ‫ܬ‬Ԧၶ˧‫ڠ‬Ὃ᭣ฮᐎᄩ‫ ڙ‬2007 ࣱ଍Ѣ˿᭣ᄩ᣷ܑՋͺ᝟ѲὋ
ᒰҦ̅ႌ߿ஏਕᄉ᣷ܑ‫ڠ‬Ӝᄉ᣷ႌὋ᤯᣾଍ҮᡴܑՋͺˀ᠞௛౎᫸ൢу቉ᄉԦၶnjឞ᝟ѲӉ
դ‫ᦉ˓ٽ‬ѫὙᯪЎ௦ႌ߿Չ‫ڍ‬ᄉ‫֖ڠڗ‬๑ฟ᣷ႌὋ‫˝ځ‬᭣ฮԵథ‫ٽ‬ѫ˧ʶᄉ᣷ႌ௦ൣयႌ
߿Ὃᖌ३ՉழᝢԺᄉὋ‫ݟ‬౦ల౎ԦဗᆂෳὋࡂԺᑞलԦ́ᝫ὚Ф൒௦ҪुᡴܑՋͺὋ੩ѣึ
ቕ࿀ᎴาҮ὚ኃʻὋஂ૆ᡴܑᄉࣰ֖त᝹᝟Ѳ὚ኃ‫ٽ‬ὋҪुӜ۪ፂ฿ͳʶͳӐࣛ౎ᄉஅᄝnj
Фኃʶ˓ណཁᮉᄫ‫ڙ‬ᯰ᧖ᄉ᜴Ҫጉ‫ڠ‬Ӝ֖࣊۲ጩกጉᄉӯӯᤓ˨ડጉࡘधὋ᤯᣾խलॆ‫̠ڠ‬
ඞNjሒᖸ֖МРᦉ᫂ᄉРՎԟˀ౎ҪुՋͺnj᜸᭣ฮᐎᄩ2007 ࣱ anj
102. ˋᄩ‫ˋڙ‬Ӯ̍‫ڠ‬Ӝᄉ஫஼֖у቉ᝌф˖Ԧ૘˿᧗᜵ᄉͺၸnjࠃΒӉહ 1997-99 ࣱᄉಋۤࠦу
቉Nj1999 ࣱ̾౎ᄉˋࣚෑ፤֖ᛠҮNj2005 ࣱᄉ̍ᴎ֖ᝌ̾Ԣ 2008 ࣱ 5 తᄉ፴ႄጩ࠶Ռலབ
ࣛ᮲఑༪ᬱnj
103. ǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒ୨з‫ڃ‬᫲۲̅ Powell ֖ Thyne὇य़ѢྟὈᄉஜ૵ጷ᝟ኪ३Ѣnj
104. ‫ڙ‬Ӯ-ӮՋͺᄉ्͔ܲय˖Ὃ੾శବү௦ణ࣡᜸ᄉ्यnjᙉཨ᝴ܲ੾శବүᮉᄫᦏुុፂ฿
֖ᇪ͗ԦࡘὋͭӮழ‫˿੆्˶ࠑڍ‬у቉Րࣰ֖त᝹ᄉ˃ˉӐᑞҦnjࠃΒӉહὙӮ᭣᤯᣾ˀ࣊
ᬟᤓNjӵ௒᣹֖Ӯᦉᔙ˜ᄰ̈ߥ˷Ὃ˝МРనҫᄉፆౝᑞҦत᝹ଡΘஂ૆὚‫࠶܊‬ၦܲNjӿ‫ڠ‬
ᯰડ֖สᦏડல 45 ˓ۡࣉ˧ᫍՋͺክူӜ۪МРֵ̖ὋӉહྱ᧖ᖦࡈ‫( ݗ‬Trifinio) Ӝ۪ᄉ
පᠪຸ὚᭣ฮधԦᩏᛠ (African Development Bank) ‫ڙ‬ᑠि‫˶ࠑڍ‬థ᧪ࠪӮӮՋͺᄉХͳ఺
҃njՎௐឯ᜸ፂՋጷጺ 2010 ࣱ enj
105. Β‫ݟ‬Ὃ᧪ࠪᤂయԦၶ᣾ஊԪᄉ᜴᭣‫ࠑڍ‬Ὃ᭣ฮᐎᄩᄉ᜹ཁ௦ࠪᤇ̎‫ࠑڍ‬ᇪ֖͗ђ᠑᝟Ѳᄉବ
үःឞ૆፝ʽԜὋͭఝܷ᜺ഴᄉஂ૆ःឞኍҁᤇ̎‫ࠋॅٿࠑڍ‬ஊՐвፘ፝nj‫ࠃڙ‬᡺˖Ὃ૫ү
Ꮷѫ˝ˏีὋʶழ˞ष˖ൢ੝థବүὋᏪԲʶழ˞षବүʿϡ͉ʹԪӐὋፘ፝ᤈᛠnj૵Ǒˆ
ႌԦࡘઐնǒ୨з‫ڃ‬᫲̅ 2010 ࣱ‫̍ڙ‬ᄉல̍᠄ࣄࠪ᭣ᄩ߽տᤈᛠᄉ֦លnj

ԟᏥ஠࿸

Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson. 2001. “The Colonial Origins of Comparative
Development: An Empirical Investigation.” American Economic Review 91 (5): 1369–401.
———. 2005. “Institutions as the Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth.” In Handbook of Economic
Growth, ed. Philippe Aghion and Stephen N. Durlauf. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
African Union. 2006. “Draft Policy Framework for Post-conflict Reconstruction and Development
(PCRD).” African Union, Addis Ababa.
 ഏᤗ 45

———. 2007a. “Declaration on the African Union Border Programme and its Implementation
Modalities as Adopted by the Conference of African Ministers in Charge of Border Issues held in
Addis Ababa (Ethiopia).” African Union, Addis Ababa.
———. 2007b. “Framework for Postconflict Reconstruction and Technical and Vocational Education
and Training (TVET).” African Union, Addis Ababa.
Agoglia, John, Michael Dziedzic, and Barbara Sotirin, eds. 2008. Measuring Progress in Conflict
Environments (MPICE): A Metrics Framework. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
Alvarado, Nathalie, and Beatriz Abizanda. 2010. “Some Lessons Learnt in Citizen Security by the
IADB.” Background note for the WDR 2011.
American Psychological Association. 1996. “Violence and the Family: Report of the American
Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Violence and the Family.” American
Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
Anderlini, Sanam. 2000. “Women at the Peace Table: Making a Difference.” United Nations
Development Fund for Women, New York.
Anderlini, Sanam Naraghi. 2010. “Gender Background Paper.” Background paper for the WDR 2011.
Arboleda, Jairo. 2010. “Security and Development in Colombia.” Background note for the WDR 2011.
Arnson, Cynthia J., and I. William Zartman, eds. 2005. Rethinking the Economics of War: The Intersection
of Need, Creed and Greed. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Ashe, Jeffrey, and Lisa Parott. 2001. “Impact Evaluation: PACT’s Women’s Empowerment Program in
Nepal—A Savings and Literacy Led Alternative to Financial Institution Building.” University of
Brandeis and Freedom From Hunger, Waltham.
Ashforth, Adam. 2009. “Ethnic Violence and the Prospects for Democracy in the Aftermath of the 2007
Kenyan Elections.” Public Culture 21 (1): 9–19.
Atos Consulting. 2009. “Evaluation of the Law and Order Trust Fund for Afghanistan (LOTFA) Phase
IV: Report.” Atos Consulting, Paris.
AusAID. 2009. “Australian Aid to Water Supply and Sanitation Service Delivery in East Timor and
Indonesia: Evaluation Report.” AusAID, Canberra.
Baird, Mark. 2010. “Service Delivery in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States.” Background paper for
the WDR 2011.
Baker, Paul, Friedrich von Kirchbach, Mondher Mimouni, and Jean-Michel Pasteels. 2002. “Analytical
Tools for Enhancing the Participation of Developing Countries in the Multilateral Trading System
in the Context of the Doha Development Agenda.” Aussenwirtschaft 57 (3): 343–69.
Barron, Patrick. 2010. “Community-Driven Development in Post-conflict and Conflict-Affected Areas.”
Background note for the WDR 2011.
Barron, Patrick, Paul Arthur, Peter Bartu, and Teresa Whitfield. 2010. “Sub-national Conflicts in
Middle- and Higher-Income Countries.” Background paper for the WDR 2011.
Bastick, Megan, Karin Grimm, and Rahel Kunz. 2007. Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict: Global
Overview and Implications for the Security Sector. Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic
Control of Armed Forces.
Bayer, Resat, and Matthew C. Rupert. 2004. “Effects of Civil Wars on International Trade, 1950–92.”
Journal of Peace Research 41 (6): 699–713.
Beath Andrew, Christia Fotini, Ruben Enikolopov, Shahim A. Kabuli. 2010. “Randomized Impact
Evaluation of Phase-II of Afghanistan’s National Solidarity Programme: Estimates of Interim
Program Impact from First Follow-up Survey.” World Bank, Washington, DC. http://www.nsp-ie.
org/reportsimpacts.html.
Beato, Claudio C. 2005. “Case Study ‘Fico Vivo’ Homicide Control Project in Belo Horizonte.” World
Bank, Washington, DC.
Bedeski, Robert. 1994. The Transformation of South Korea: Reform and Reconstitution in the Sixth
Republic under Roh Tae Woo, 1987–1992. New York: Routledge.
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. 1995. “Chapter IV. E. Women and Armed Conflict.”
Fourth World Conference on Women, United Nations, Beijing.
Besley, Timothy, and Torsten Persson. 2009. “Repression or Civil War?” American Economic Review 99
(2): 292–97.
———. 2010. “State Capacity, Conflict and Development.” Econometrica 78 (1): 1–34.
46 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

Bilcik, Vladimir, Alexander Duleba, Michal Klyap, and Svitlana Mitryayeva. 2001. “Role of the
Carpathian Euroregion in Strengthening Security and Stability in Central and Eastern Europe.”
Research Center of the Slovak Foreign Policy Association; Strategies Studies Foundation; Freedom
House; and Carpathian Foundation, Truskavets, Ukraine.
Blattman, Christopher, and Edward Miguel. 2010. “Civil War.” Journal of Economic Literature 48 (1):
3–57.
Blundell, Arthur G. 2010. “Forests and Conflict: The Financial Flows That Fuel War.” Background
paper for the WDR 2011.
Bøås, Morten, Åage Tiltnes, and Hedda Flatø. 2010. “Comparing the Cases.” Background paper for the
WDR 2011.
Boudreaux, Karol C. 2010. “A Better Brew for Success: Economic Liberalization in Rwanda’s Coffee
Sector.” World Bank, Washington, DC.
Bowden, Anna. 2010. “The Economic Cost of Maritime Piracy.” One Earth Future Foundation,
Louisville, CO.
Braithwaite, Valerie, and Margaret Levi, eds. 1998. Trust and Governance. New York: Russell Sage
Foundation.
Braud, Pierre-Antoine, and Giovanni Grevi. 2005. “The EU Mission in Aceh: Implementing Peace.”
EUISS Occassional Paper 61, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris.
Buhaug, Halvard, and Kristian S. Gleditsch. 2008. “Contagion or Confusion? Why Conflicts Cluster in
Space.” International Studies Quarterly 52 (2): 215–33.
Buhaug, Halvard, and Henrik Urdal. 2009. “An Urbanization Bomb? Population Growth and Social
Disorder in Cities.” Paper presented at the Joint CSCW WG3/GROW-Net workshop. Oslo,
Carey, Henry F. 2005. “Militarization Without Civil War: The Security Dilemma and Regime
Consolidation in Haiti.” Civil Wars 7 (4): 330–356.
Cerra, Valerie, and Sweta C. Saxena. 2008. “Growth Dynamics: The Myth of Economic Recovery.”
American Economic Review 98 (1): 439–57.
Chang, Yun-Shik, and Steven H. Lee. 2006. Transformations in Twentieth Century Korea. New York:
Routledge.
Chen, Shaohua, Martin Ravallion, and Prem Sangraula. 2008. “Dollar a Day Revisited.” World Bank
Economic Review 23 (2): 163–84.
Christia, Fotini, Ruben Enikolopov, Shahim A. Kabuli, and Andrew Beath. 2010. “Randomized
Impact Evaluation of Phase-II of Afghanistan’s National Solidarity Programme (NSP).” World
Bank, Washington, DC; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome; and
Afghanistan Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development, Kabul,
Collier, Paul, Lisa Chauvet, and Håvard Hegre. 2007. “The Security Challenge in Conflict-Prone
Countries.” Copenhagen Consensus 2008 Challenge Paper, Copenhagen.
Collier, Paul, Lani Elliott, Håvard Hegre, Anke Hoeffler, Marta Reynal-Querol, and Nicholas Sambanis.
2003. Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. 1998. “On Economic Causes of Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers
50 (4): 563–73.
———. 2004. “Greed and Grievance in Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers 56 (4): 563–95.
Council of Europe. 1995. “Examples of Good Practice of Transfrontier Co-operation Concerning
Members of Ethnic Groups Residing on the Territory of Several States.” Council of Europe,
Strasbourg.
Council of Europe, and Institute of International Sociology of Gorizia. 2003. “Cross-Border Co-
operation in the Balkan/Danube Area: An Analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and
Threats.” Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe; Gorizia, Italy: Institute of International Sociology
of Gorizia,
Crisis Management Initiative. 2011. “Aceh.” Crisis Management Initiative, Helsinki, Finland.
Crown Agents. 2007. “Customs Reform Programme 1997–2006: The Modernisation of Alfândegas de
Moçambique.” Crown Agents, Sutton, U.K.
Cumings, Bruce. 2005. “State Building in Korea: Continuity and Crisis.” In Matthew Lange and Dietrich
Rueschemeyer, eds., States and Development: Historical Antecedents of Stagnation and Advance. New
York: Palgrave Macmillan.
 ഏᤗ 47

Dahlberg, Linda L. 1998. “Youth Violence in the United States: Major Trends, Risk Factors, and
Prevention Approaches.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14 (4): 259–72.
Davies, Stephen, Dimieari von Kemedy, and Mark Drennan. 2005. “Illegal Oil Bunkering in the Niger
Delta.” Niger Delta Peace and Security Strategy Working Group, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
De Groot, Olaf J. 2010. “The Spillover Effects of Conflict on Economic Growth in Neighbouring
Countries in Africa.” Defence and Peace Economics 21 (2): 149–64.
Demombynes, Gabriel. 2010. “Drug Trafficking and Violence in Central America and Beyond.”
Background paper for the WDR 2011.
DFID (Department for International Development). 2009. “Building the State and Securing the Peace.”
DFID, London.
———. 2010. “Working Effectively in Conflict-Affected and Fragile Situation.” DFID, London.
Di John, Johnathon, and James Putzel. 2009. “Political Settlements.” Governance and Social Develop-
ment Resource Centre, International Development Department, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham, U.K.
Dobbins, James, Seth G. Jones, Keith Crane, and Beth C. DeGrasse. 2007. The Beginner’s Guide to
Nation-Building. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
Duailibi, Sergio, William Ponicki, Joel Grube, Ilana Pinsky, Ronaldo Laranjeira, and Martin Raw. 2007.
“The Effect of Restricting Opening Hours on Alcohol-Related Violence.” American Journal of Public
Health 97 (12): 2276–80.
Dwan, Renata, and Laura Bailey. 2006. “Liberia’s Governance and Economic Management Assistance
Program (GEMAP): A Joint Review by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations’ Peacekeeping
Best Practices Section and the World Bank’s Fragile States Group.” World Bank, Fragile States
Group; New York: United Nations, Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Best Practices Section,
Washington, DC.
Eide, Espen B., Anja T. Kaspersen, Randolph Kent, and Karen von Hippel. 2005. “Report on
Integrated Missions: Practical Perspectives and Recommendations.” UN Executive Committee on
Humanitarian Affairs, New York.
Elbadawi, Ibrahim, Håvard Hegre, and Gary J. Milante. 2008. “The Aftermath of Civil War.” Journal of
Peace Research 45 (4): 451–59.
Fabio, Sanchez. 2005. Las Cuentas de la Violencia. Bogota: Norma Editorial.
Favaro, Edgardo, eds. 2008. Small States, Smart Solutions: Improving Connectivity and Increasing the
Effectiveness of Public Services. Washington, DC: World Bank.
———. 2010. “Using Regional Institutions to Improve the Quality of Public Services.” Background
paper for the WDR 2011.
Fearon, James D. 1995. “Rationalist Explanations for War.” International Organization 49 (3): 379–414.
———. 2010a. “Governance and Civil War Onset.” Background paper for the WDR 2011.
———. 2010. “Homicide Data.” Background note for the WDR 2011.
Formisano, Michel. 2002. “Econometría Espacial: Características de la Violencia Homicida en Bogotá.”
El Centro de Estudios sobre Desarrollo Económico, Bogotá.
Fukuyama, Francis. 2004. State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century. Ithaca, NY:
Cornell University Press.
Gaibulloev, Khusrav, and Todd Sandler. 2008. “Growth Consequences of Terrorism in Western Europe.”
Kyklos 61 (3): 411–24.
Gambino, Anthony W. 2010. “Democratic Republic of Congo.” Background paper for the WDR 2011.
Gelb, Alan. 2010. “How Can Donors Create Incentives for Results and Flexibility for Fragile States?
A Proposal for IDA.” Working Paper 227, Center for Global Development, Washington, DC.
Ghani, Ashraf C., and Clare Lockhart. 2008. Fixing Failed States: A Framework for Rebuilding a Fractured
World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Giovine, Luigi, Robert Krech, Kremena Ionkova, and Kathryn Bach. 2010. “Holding on to Monrovia:
Protecting a Fragile Peace through Economic Governance and Short-Term Employment.”
Background paper for the WDR 2011.
Gleditsch, Kristian S. 2007. “Transnational Dimensions of Civil War.” Journal of Peace Research 44 (3):
293–309.
Gleditsch, Kristian S., and Michael D. Ward. 1999. “Interstate System Membership: A Revised List of
the Independent States since 1816.” International Interactions 25 (4): 393–413.
48 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

Gleditsch, Kristian. S., and Michael D. Ward. 2000. “War and Peace in Space and Time: The Role of
Democratization.” International Studies Quarterly 44 (1): 1–29.
Gleditsch, Nils P., Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg, and Håvard Strand. 2002.
“Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research 39 (5): 615–37.
Global Terrorism Database. 2010. “Global Terrorism Database.” National Consortium for the Study
of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. http://www.
start.umd.edu/gtd/.
Goldstone, Jack A. 2010. “Representational Models and Democratic Transitions in Fragile and Post-
conflict States.” Background paper for the WDR 2011.
Gomez, Margarita Puerto, and Asger Christensen. 2010. “The Impacts of Refugees on Neighboring
Countries: A Development Challenge.” Background paper for the WDR 2011.
Government of Nepal, UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), and UNDG (United
Nations Development Group). 2010.“Third Consolidated Annual Report on Activities Implemented
under the United Nations Peace Fund for Nepal: Report of the Administrative Agent of the United
Nations Peace Fund for Nepal for the period 1 January to 31 December 2009.” UNDP; UNDG; and
Government of Nepal, Kathmandu.
Government of the Republic of Liberia Executive Mansion. 2009. “Liberia Makes Progress on
Corruption, Transparency International Index Shows.” Government of the Republic of Liberia
Executive Mansion, Monrovia.
Greta, Maria, and Krzysztof Lewandowski. 2010. “Euroregion’s ‘Mission’ and the Success of the Lisbon
Strategy.” Business and Economic Horizons 1 (1): 14–20.
Grossman, Hershel I. 1991. “A General Equilibrium Model of Insurrections.” American Economic
Review 81 (4): 912–21.
Guerrero, Rodrigo. 2006. “Violence Prevention Through Multi-sectoral Partnerships: The Cases of
Cali and Bogotá.” African Safety Promotion: A Journal of Injury and Violence Prevention 4 (2): 88–98.
Guggenheim, Scott. (2010). “Community Driven Development versus Flexible Funding to
Communities in Conflict and Post-conflict Environments.” Background note for the WDR 2011.
Gurr, Ted R. 1970. Why Men Rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hanson, Stephanie. 2010. “Combating Maritime Piracy.” Council on Foreign Relations, Washington, DC.
Harbom, Lotta, and Peter Wallensteen. 2010. “Armed Conflicts, 1946–2009.” Journal of Peace Research
47 (4): 501–09.
Harild, Niels, and Asger Christensen. 2010. “The Development Challenge of Finding Durable Solutions
for Refugees and Internally Displaced People.” Background note for the WDR 2011.
Harriott, Anthony. 2004. Understanding Crime in Jamaica: New Challenges for Public Policy. Kingston:
University of West Indies Press.
———. 2008. Organized Crime and Politics in Jamaica: Breaking the Nexus. Kingston: Canoe Press,
University of West Indies.
Hegre, Håvard, and Nicholas Sambanis. 2006. “Sensitivity Analysis of Empirical Results on Civil War
Onset.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (4): 508–35.
Heinemann-Grüder, Andreas, Tobais Pietz, and Shay Duffy. 2003. “Turning Soldiers into a Work
Force: Demobilization and Reintegration in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Brief 27, Bonn
International Center for Conversion Brief, Bonn, Germany.
Hewitt, J. Joseph, Jonathan Wilkenfeld, and Ted R. Gurr. 2010. Peace and Conflict 2010. Boulder, CO:
Paradigm Publishers.
Hirshleifer, Jack. 1995. “Anarchy and Its Breakdown.” Journal of Political Economy 103 (1): 26–52.
Hoeffler, Anke, Sarah von Billerbeck, and Syeda S. Ijaz. 2010. “Post-Conflict Recovery and Peace
Building.” Background paper for the WDR 2011.
Hoff, Karla, and Joseph E. Stiglitz. 2008. “Exiting a Lawless State.” Economic Journal 118 (531): 1474–97.
Human Security Report Project. 2010. “Human Security Report 2009/2010: The Causes of Peace and
the Shrinking Costs of War.” Human Security Report Project, Vancouver.
India Ministry of Rural Development. 2005. “The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act.” Government of India, New Delhi.
———. 2010. “Background Material for the World Development Report on Conflict, Security &
Development.” Background note for the WDR 2011.
 ഏᤗ 49

Institute for State Effectiveness. 2007. “Kosovo, Developing a Strategy for the Future.” Institute for
State Effectiveness, Washington, DC.
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. 2008. “Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends
and Developments in 2007.” Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre of the Norwegian Refugee
Council, Geneva.
International Centre for the Prevention of Crime. 2005. “Urban Crime Prevention and Youth at Risk:
Compendium of Promising Strategies and Programmes from Around the World.” Paper presented
at the 11th United Nations Congress on Crime and Criminal Justice. Bangkok, April 18.
International Crisis Group. 2008. “Kenya in Crisis.” Africa Report 137, International Crisis Group,
Brussels.
International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding. 2010. “Dili Declaration and Annex:
Statement by the G7+.” International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding, Dili.
Johnston, Michael. 2010. “Anti-Corruption Strategies in Fragile States.” Background paper for the
WDR 2011.
Kambuwa, Marvin, and Malcolm Wallis. 2002. “Performance Management and Integrated
Development Planning in South Africa.” Paper presented at the 24th Round Table Conference of
the African Association for Public Administration and Management, Maseru, November 25.
Kang, David. 2002. Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines.
Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi. 2010. “Governance Matters 2009: Worldwide
Governance Indicators 1996–2008.” World Bank, Washington, DC.
Kawagoe, Toshihiko. 1999. “Agricultural Land Reform in Postwar Japan: Experiences and Issues.”
Policy Research Working Paper 2111, World Bank, Washington, DC.
Keefer, Philip. 2008. “Insurgency and Credible Commitment in Autocracies and Democracies.” The
World Bank Economic Review 22 (1): 33–61.
Kharas, Homi. 2008. “Measuring the Cost of Aid Volatility.” Wolfensohn Centre for Development
Working Paper 3, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC.
Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. 2010. “The Kimberley Process.” Kimberley Process
Certification Scheme, Jerusaleum.
Lacina, Bethany, and Nils P. Gleditsch. 2005. “Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of
Battle Deaths 2005.” European Journal of Population 21 (2–3): 145–66.
Leslie, Glaister. 2010. “Confronting the Don: The Political Economy of Gang Violence in Jamaica.”
Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva.
Llorente, Maria V., and Angela Rivas. 2005. “Case Study of Reduction of Crime in Bogotá: A Decade of
Citizen’s Security Policies.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, Washington, DC.
Loayza, Norman, Pablo Fajnzylber, and Daniel Lederman. 2002a. “Inequality and Violent Crime.”
Journal of Law and Economics 45 (1): 1–40.
———. 2002b. “What Causes Violent Crime?” European Economic Review 46 (7): 1323–57.
Martin, Philippe, Thierry Mayer, and Mathias Thoenig. 2008. “Civil Wars and International Trade.”
Journal of the European Economic Association 6: 541–55.
Mason, Ann. 2003. “Colombia’s Democratic Security Agenda: Public Order in the Security Tripod.”
Security Dialogue 34 (4): 391–409.
McNeish, John-Andrew. 2010. “Natural Resource Management: Rethinking Resource Conflict.”
Background paper for the WDR 2011.
Menkhaus, Ken. 2006. “Governance without Government in Somalia: Spoilers, State Building, and the
Politics of Coping.” International Security 31 (3): 74–106.
———. 2010. “Somalia and the Horn of Africa.” Background paper for the WDR 2011.
Messick, Richard. 2010. “Anti-corruption Approaches in Nigeria and Haiti.” Background note for the
WDR 2011.
Messner, Steven F., Lawrence E. Raffalovich, and Peter Shrock. 2002. “Reassessing the Cross-National
Relationship between Income Inequality and Homicide Rates: Implications of Data Quality Control
in the Measurement of Income Distribution.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 18 (4): 377–95.
Murdoch, James C., and Todd Sandler. 2002. “Economic Growth, Civil Wars, and Spatial Spillovers.”
Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (1): 91–110.
50 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

Murshed, S. Mansoob, and Mohammad Z. Tadjoeddin. 2007. “Reappraising the Greed and Grievance
Explanations for Violent Internal Conflict.” Research Working Paper 2, MICROCON, Brighton,
U.K.
Narayn, Deepa, and Patti Petesch, eds. 2010. Moving Out of Poverty: Rising from the Ashes of Conflict.
Washington, DC: World Bank.
National Counter Terrorism Center. 2010. “Worldwide Incidents Tracking System.” National Counter
Terrorism Center, McLean, VA.
Neumayer, Eric. 2003. “Good Policy Can Lower Violent Crime: Evidence from a Cross-National Panel
on Homicide Rates, 1980-97.” Journal of Peace Research 40 (6): 619–40.
Nilsson, Desirée, and Anna K. Jarstad. 2008. “From Words to Deeds: The Implementation of Power-
Sharing Pacts in Peace Accords.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 25 (3): 206–23.
North, Douglass C., John J. Wallis, and Barry R. Weingast. 2009. Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual
Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Odendaal, Andries. 2010. “Local Peacebuilding in Ghana.” Paper presented at the Experience-sharing
Seminar on Building Infrastructures for Peace. Naivasha, Kenya,
Ojielo, Ozonnia. 2007. “Designing an Architecture for Peace: A Framework of Conflict Transformation
in Ghana.” Paper presented at the First Biennial Conference and General Assembly of the Society
for Peace Studies and Practice. Abuja, January 22.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2007. “OECD DAC Handbook
on Security System Reform: Supporting Security and Justice.” OECD, Paris.
———. 2010a. “Do No Harm: International Support for Statebuilding.” OECD, Paris.
———. 2010b. “OECD. Stat Extracts”. OECD, Paris. http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?
———. 2010c. “South-South Cooperation in the Context of Aid Effectiveness: Telling the Story of
Partners Involved in More Than 110 Cases of South-South and Triangular Cooperation.” OECD,
Paris.
———. 2010d. “The State’s Legitimacy in Fragile Situations: Unpacking Complexity.” OECD, Paris.
———. 2010e. “Transition Financing: Building a Better Response.” OECD, Paris.
———. 2011. “Supporting Statebuilding in Situations of Conflict and Fragility: Policy Guidance.”
OECD, Paris.
OECD-DAC.(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development-Development Assistance
Committee). 2006. “Whole of Government Approaches to Fragile States.” OECD-DAC, Paris.
———. 2008. “Scaling Up: Aid Fragmentation, Aid Allocation, and Aid Predictability: Report of 2008
Survey of Aid Allocation Policies and Indicative Forward Spending Plans.” OECD-DAC, Paris.
———. 2010. “Aid Risks in Fragile and Transitional Contexts: Key Messages from the Forthcoming
Publication Aid Risks in Fragile and Transitional Contexts.” The International Network on Conflict
and Fragility, OECD-DAC, Paris.
Otocan, Mariano. 2010. “Euroregion as a Mechanism for Strengthening Trasfrontier and Interregional
Co-operation: Opportunities and Challenges.” Paper presented at the European Commission
for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission) and Council of Europe: Interregional and
Transfrontier Co-operation: Promoting Democratic Stability and Development. Trieste, Italy,
February 25.
Peixoto, Betânia T., Mônica V. Andrade, and João P. Azevedo. 2007. “Avaliação Do Programa Fica
Vivo No Município De Belo Horizonte.” Associação Nacional dos Centros de Pós-Graduação em
Economia, Rio de Janeiro.
Powell, Jonathan M., and Clayton L. Thyne. Forthcoming. “Global Instances of Coups from 1950 to
Present: A New Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research.
Presidencia República de Colombia. 2010. “La Agencia Presidencial para la Acción Social y la
Cooperation Internacional.” Presidencia República de Colombia, Bogotá.
Pritchett, Lant, and Frauke de Weijer. 2010. “Fragile States: Stuck in a Capability Trap?” Background
paper for the WDR 2011.
Republic of Lebanon Ministry of Environment. 1999. “Lebanon’s First National Communication
Report.” Government of Lebanon, Beirut.
Riascos, Alvaro J., and Juan Vargas. 2004. “Violence and Growth in Colombia: What Do We Know After
10 Years of Quantitative Research?” Webpondo Edición No.11.
 ഏᤗ 51

Rohland, Klaus, and Sarah Cliffe. 2002. “The East Timor Reconstruction Programme: Successes,
Problems and Tradeoffs. World Bank CPR Unit.” CPR Working Paper, Washington, DC.
Ross, Michael. 2003. “The Natural Resource Curse: How Wealth Can Make You Poor.” In Natural
Resources and Violent Conflict, ed. Ian Bannon and Paul Collier. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Salehyan, Idean., and Kristian S. Gleditsch. 2006. “Refugees and the Spread of Civil War.” International
Organization 60: 335–366.
Sambanis, Nicholas. 2004. “What is Civil War? Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an
Operational Definition.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 48 (6): 814–858.
Satyanath, Shankar, Edward Miguel, and Ernest Sergenti. 2004. “Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict:
An Instrumental Variables Approach.” Journal of Political Economy 112 (4): 725–53.
Scanteam. 2010. “Flexibility in the Face of Fragility: Programmatic Multi-Donor Trust Funds in Fragile
and Conflict-Affected Situations.” World Bank, Washington, DC.
Schneider, Friedrich, Andreas Buehn, and Claudio E. Montenegro. 2010. “New Estimates for the
Shadow Economies All over the World.” International Economic Journal 24 (4): 443–61.
Shin, Gi-Wook. 2006. “Agrarian Roots of Korean Capitalism.” In Transformations in Twentieth Century
Korea, ed. Yuk-Shik Chang and Steven H. Lee. New York: Routledge.
Skaperdas, Stergios. 1996. “Contest Success Functions.” Economic Theory 7: 283–290.
Skaperdas, Stergios, Rodrigo Soares, Alys Willman, and Stephen C. Miller. 2009. “The Costs of
Violence.” World Bank, Washington, DC.
Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction. 2009. “Hard Lessons: The Iraq Reconstruction
Experience.” Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Stedman, Stephen. 1996. “Negotiation and Mediation in Internal Conflict.” In The International
Dimensions of Internal Conflict, ed. Michael E. Brown. Cambridge: Center for Science and
International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
Stewart, Frances. 2010. “Horizontal Inequalities as a Cause of Conflict: A Review of CRISE Findings.”
Background paper for the WDR 2011.
Stewart, Patrick, and Kaysie. Brown. 2007. Greater than the Sum of its Parts?: Assessing “Whole of
Government” Approaches to Fragile States. Boulder: International Peace Academy.
Sundberg, Ralph. 2008. “Collective Violence 2002–2007: Global and Regional Trends.” In States in
Armed Conflict 2007, ed. Lotta Harbom and Ralph Sundberg. Uppsala: Universitetstryckeriet.
Toft, Monica D. 2003. The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of
Territory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
UN (United Nations). 2006. “Agreement between the United Nations and the State of Guatemala
on the Establishment of an International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala.” United
Nations, Geneva.
United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan, and UNHCR (Office of the High Commissioner
on Human Rights). 2010. “Harmful Traditional Practices and Implementation of the Law on
Elimination of Violence against Women in Afghanistan.” United Nations Assistance Mission in
Afghanistan, UNHCHR, Kabul.
UN DPKO (United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations). 2010. “Haiti Police Reform.”
Background note for the WDR 2011. [AQ: clarify a, b. c]
———. 2010a. “List of Operations.” United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, New
York, NY.
———. 2010b. “United Nations Peacekeeping Fact Sheet.” United Nations Department of Peacekeeping
Operations, New York, NY.
UNDPA (UN Department of Political Affairs). 2010. “Input to World Development Report on the
Theme of Fragility and Conflict: Conflict prevention efforts in West Africa.” Background note for
the WDR 2011.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2006. “El Costo Económico de la Violencia en
Guatemala.” UNDP, Ciudad de Guatemala.
———. Forthcoming. “Idle Minds, Empty Pockets, and Thwarted Futures: Men as Victims and
Perpetrators of Violence.” New York: Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, UNDP.
UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). 2004. “The Situation of Women and Girls: Facts and
Figures.” UNICEF, New York.
52 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

United Nations Interagency Framework for Coordination on Preventive Action. 2010. “The United
Nations Interagency Framework Team for Preventive Action.” UN Interagency Framework Team
for Preventive Action, New York.
UNOHCHR (United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights). 2006. “Rule of
Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Truth Commissions.” UNOHCHR, New York/ Geneva.
———. 2010. “Voice of Victims—Transitional Justice in Nepal.” UNOHCHR, Geneva.
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2007. “Crime and Development in Central
America: Caught in the Crossfire.” UNODC, Vienna.
———. 2010a. “The Globalization of Crime: The Threat of Transnational Organized Crime.” UNODC,
Vienna.
———. 2010b. “World Drug Report 2010.” UNODC, Vienna.
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), and Latin America and the Caribbean Region
of the World Bank. 2007. “Crime, Violence, and Development: Trends, Costs, and Policy Options
in the Caribbean.” UNODC and the Latin America and the Caribbean Region of the World Bank,
Washington, DC.
UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund). 2001. “The Impact of Conflict on Women and Girls: A
Consultative Meeting on Mainstreaming Gender in Areas of Conflict and Reconstruction.” UNFPA,
Bratislava.
US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 2009. “World Refugee Survey 2009.” United States
Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Washington DC.
USAID (United States Agency for International Development). 2007. “Kosovo Dairy Value Chain Case
Study: Guided Case Studies In Value Chain Development For Conflict-Affected Environments.”
USAID, Washington, DC.
Verdú, Rodrigo G., Wendy Cunningham, Linda McGinnis, Cornelia Tesliuc, and Dorte Verner. 2008.
Youth at Risk in Latin America and the Caribbean. Understanding the Causes, Realizing the Potential.
Washington, DC: World Bank.
Vetschera, Heinz, and Matthieu Damian. 2006. “Security Sector Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina:
The Role of the International Community.” International Peacekeeping 13 (1): 28–42.
Walter, Barbara F. 2010. “Conflict Relapse and the Sustainability of Post-Conflict Peace.” Background
paper for the WDR 2011.
Wisler, Dominique. 2005. “The Police Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” In After Intervention: Public
Security Management in Post-Conflict Societies—From Intervention to Sustainable Local Ownership,
ed. Anja Ebnother and Philipp Fluri. Viena: Consortium Working Group.
Women’s Refugee Commission. 2009. “Refugee Girls: The Invisible Faces of War.” Women’s Refugee
Commission, New York.
World Bank. 1999. “Aid Coordination and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: The West Bank and Gaza
Experience.” Precís 185, Operations Evaluation Department, World Bank, Washington, DC.
———. 2008. “Republic of Lebanon: Electricity Sector Public Expenditure Review.” World Bank,
Washington, DC.
———. 2009. “Lebanon: Social Impact Analysis For the Electricity and Water Sectors.” World Bank,
Washington, DC.
———. 2010a. “Enterprise Surveys.” World Bank, Washington, DC.
———. 2010b. Global Monitoring Report 2010: The MDGs After the Crisis. Washington, DC: World
Bank.
———. 2010c. “Violence in the City: Understanding and Supporting Community Responses to Urban
Violence.” World Bank, Washington, DC.
World Bank, and ADB (Asian Development Bank). 2010. “Post Crisis Needs Assessment.” World Bank
and ADB, Islamabad.
Zoellick, Robert. 2010. “Keynote Speech at the International Institute for Strategic Studies Sixth Global
Strategic Review Conference.” International Institute for Strategic Studies, Washington, D.C.
ᒰ៘

ఴઐնၿ Sarah Cliffe ֖ Nigel Roberts ᮖ࠭ᄉನॶ࠴ጷᎃзὋ੆տӉહ Erik Alda,

David Andersson, Kenneth Anye, Holly Benner, Natalia Cieslik, Ivan Crouzel,
Markus Kostner, Daniel Maree, Nicholas Marwell, Gary Milante, Stephen Ndegwa,
Nadia Selim, Pia Simonsen, Nicholas van Praag, Suranjan Weeraratne ֖ Nikolas
Win MyintnjBruce Jones ͺ˝࠴ጷᄉᰳጞࠪܰᮎ᫇ϡѢ˿᧗᜵᠇࿸njϡѢ᧗᜵᠇࿸ᄉ
ᤆథ James Fearon, Jack Goldstone ֖ Lant Pritchettnj
Bruce Ross-Larson ௦ఴઐնᄉ˞ᎃnj
Ǒ2011 ࣱˆႌԦࡘઐնǒ ၿԦࡘፂ฿ࡌ (DEC) ֖ˉҫஊን֖‫ڍ‬ѾనҫᎩፎ
(OPC) РՎ˞૆߸੆njᤇᮉࢹͺ௦‫ڙ‬Ԧࡘፂ฿ࡌౣ඄ܺˀˉҫஊን֖‫ڍ‬Ѿనҫ
ᎩፎJeffrey Gutman ֖ Joachim von Amsberg ᄉૈ࠭ʽधࡘᄉnjCaroline Anstey,
Hassan Cisse, Shahrokh Fardoust, Varun Gauri, Faris Hadad-Zervos, Ann Harrison,
Karla Hoff, Phillip Keefer, Anne-Marie Leroy, Rui Manuel De Almeida Coutinho,
Alastair McKechnie, Vikram Raghavan ֖ Deborah Wetzel ˶ଡΘ˿ࠂ᠛ᄉૈ࠭nj
Madeleine AlbrightNjLouise ArbourNjLakhdar BrahimiNjMohamed Ibn
ChambasNjPaul CollierNjNitin DesaiNjCarlos Alberto dos Santos CruzNjMartin
GriffithsNjMohamed “Mo” IbrahimNjH.E. Paul KagameNjRamtane LamamraNj
Shivshankar MenonNjLouis MichelNjJorge MontañoNjJay NaidooNjܷࡳ᠊ʻNjገ
ౣe઒ᔙ௒NjZeid Ra’ad Al-HusseinNjMarta Lucía Ramírez de RincónNjH.E. Ellen
Johnson SirleafNjDmitri TreninNjիतඞNj౏ᕥ஠nj
ˆႌᩏᛠᛠ᫁ᎬͣྱeBeͱѽАଡΘ˿ૈ࠭ˀतᝫnj
ˆႌᩏᛠЮܰᄉ᝴̠ܲ‫˝ܢ‬ઐնଡΘ˿਒᜸֖तᝫnjԦࡘஜ૵ᦉ᫂˝ஜ૵ᬃेϡ
Ѣ˿᠇࿸Ὃࣲ᠆᠉þᦉѫˆႌԦࡘૈಕÿЮࠓnj
ࢹͺጷ̯ࣸคᄉᇖ‫˖׷‬ᖌᄝᓡܲnjੇ͂‫̾ڙ‬ʽՉ‫ڠ‬ˠҨ˿͗ᝫὙᬀࠜෂNj‫ڠݗ‬
ѽNj་ܷѽ̍NjඊѽௐNjҪૅܷNj˖‫ڍ‬Nj‫͟׍‬ඊ̍Njѷ౦ඞ˞Р֖‫ڍ‬Nj˜᳠Nj۟ԢNj
۟‫܊‬Ψඊ̍Njก‫ڍ‬Njॳ‫ڍ‬Nj๑‫ڠ‬NjӾऎNjӾऎࡈ᜴̍Nj͎ડАNj਒ܷѽNj௅ఴNjᐯ
ࡈ̍NjᳩࣄߊNjᯰ᧖Nj‫׍᜴ܚ‬Njࡈ෼࠶NjᕲПNj૚‫ގ‬Njࣄ۲ல‫ں‬Njӵ௒᣹Nj෡ྱᬀ
ડͣNjӮ᭣Nj᜴ာྤNjᔙ˜Nj။ЦNj။‫ܢ‬NjˋࣚෑNjᔭ‫ڍ‬NjᎾ‫ڍ‬Nj᜴ࡿ֖Ҫ෡̾Ԣ
˶᫂njࢹͺ࠴ጷ࣎భ‫ڙ‬൤ࠪԟˀʼᤗᆐᝦ͗Nj᜼ᮟ͗ᝫNj‫ڙ‬ጲᝦ᝶ᄉߥᏧNjஊንᆐ
ቂ̠տNjஊउ߽տ̾Ԣ᭣ஊउጷጺNjМඞᇪ֖͗ሒᖸ఺ౝᄉࢹͺ̠տᛪᇧਕ៘nj

53
54 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

ࢹͺጷ᜵ࠪ̾ʽ఺ౝ੝ፋ̀ᄉ਩ਦஂ૆ᒰ̾៘਒Ὑ᭣ฮᐎᄩNjˋӮ̍‫ࠑڍ‬ᐎᄩNj
ൖฮᐎᄩNj་ܷѽ̍ஊउNjҪૅܷஊउNj˖‫ڍ‬ஊउNj˜᳠ஊउNjᔃПஊउNjॳ‫ڍ‬
ஊउNj௅ఴஊउNj‫׍᜴ܚ‬ஊउNjᕲПஊउNj૚‫ގ‬ஊउNj။ЦஊउNj။‫ܢ‬ஊउNjᔭ‫ڍ‬
ஊउNjፂ฿ՋͺˀԦࡘጷጺ֖ᐎՋ‫ڍ‬nj
ࢹͺጷ˶᜵ࠪˆႌԦࡘઐն҃ͺ‫ڃ‬᫲ʿਵᄉஂ૆ᛪᇧਕ៘ὙJessica ArdinotoNj
Nga (Ty) LopezNjBertha MedinaNjBrónagh Murphy ֖ Jason Victornj୨з‫ڃ‬
᫲ᤆ᜵ਕ៘ Irina Sergeeva ֖ Sonia Joseph ࠪᠪຸክူᄉஂ૆Ὃ̾ԢˆᛠѢྟ
ࡌ (Office of the Publisher) ֖঳ҫ̂ˉࡌᏡដ‫҃ڙܪ‬ͺNjѢྟNjᏡដˀ͛୦
ழ᭦ଡΘᄉӫᡔஂ૆ὋФ˖ྱѾਕ៘ Mary FiskNjStephen McGroartyNjNancy
LammersNjSantiago Pombo-BejaranoNjDenise BergeronNjJanet SasserNjCécile
Jannotin ֖ Hector Hernaez ϡѢᄉ᠇࿸njDebra Naylor ֖ Gerry Quinn ˝ឞ˹ଡ
Θ˿᝹᝟Ԣ‫्ڎ‬ழ᭦ᄉ˃ˉஂ૆njੇ͂ᤆ᜵ਕ៘ʽѴ̠տࠪࢹͺጷᄉࠂ᠛ஂ૆ὙIvar
CederholmNjJean-Pierre DjomalieuNjSharon FaulknerNjVivian HonNjGytis
KanchasNjRajvinder (Dolly) KaurNjAlexander KentNjEsabel KhouryNjNacer
MegherbiNjThyra NastNjJimmy OlazoNjNadia PiffarettiNjCarol PineauNjJean Gray
PonchamniNjSwati PriyadarshiniNjJanice Rowe-BarnwellNjMerrell Tuck-Primdahl
֖ Constance Wilhelnj
ੇ͂ਕ៘ˆႌᩏᛠጰጝҨМࠈ Dominique Bichara ֖ Tania Meyer ᄉஂ૆Ὃੇ͂
˶ਕ៘੝థࣞүࢹͺጷ‫ڙ‬КီधࡘˆႌԦࡘઐնᇖ‫׷‬ᄉՎ̤ὋӉહˆᛠ‫̾ڙ‬ʽ‫ࠑڍ‬
ҨМࠈᄉՎ̂͂ὙᬀࠜෂNjඊѽௐNj˖‫ڍ‬Nj‫͟׍‬ඊ̍Njѷ౦ඞ˞Р֖‫ڍ‬Nj۟ԢNj۟
‫܊‬Ψඊ̍Nj๑‫ڠ‬NjӾऎNjӾऎࡈ᜴̍Nj͎ડАNj਒ܷѽNj௅ఴNjᐯࡈ̍NjᳩࣄߊNj
ᯰ᧖Nj‫׍᜴ܚ‬Njࡈ෼࠶Njࣄ۲ல‫ں‬Njӵ௒᣹Nj෡ྱᬀડͣNjӮ᭣Njᔙ˜NjˋࣚෑNj
᜴ࡿ֖Ҫ෡̾Ԣ˶᫂nj
஠࿸ซ᧕

ఴઐնࣸคԟᏥ˿ˆႌᩏᛠᒬᢵᄉ஠͇̾Ԣ᝴ܲܰᦉᠪ஧౎ຸnjᐿ௿ѫౡၿ̾ʽ
̠տଡΘὙ Beatriz Abizanda Nj Aga Khan ԦࡘᎩፎNj Nathalie Alvarado Nj Sanam
Naraghi-Anderlini Nj Matthew Andrews Nj Jairo Arboleda Nj Paul Arthur Nj Claus
AstrupNjAlexandra AvdeenkoNjKathryn BachNjMark BairdNjPatrick BarronNjPeter
Bartu Nj Christina Biebesheimer Nj Arthur G. Blundell Nj Morten Bøås Nj Saswati
Bora Nj James Boyce Nj Henk-Jan Brinkman Nj Tilman Brück Nj Rex Brynen Nj Iride
CeccacciNjBrian CenterNjPinki ChaudhuriNjAsger ChristensenNjJames CockayneNj
Blair Glencorse Nj Tara Cooper Nj Maria C. Correia Nj David Craig Nj Christopher
CramerNjMartha CrenshawNjOlivia D’AoustNjVictor A.B. DaviesNjPablo de GreiffNjAlex
de WaalNjDimitri F. De PuesNjFrauke de WeijerNjChristopher DelgadoNjGabriel
DemombynesNjDeval DesaiNjPeter DeweesNjSinclair DinnenNjLe Dang DoanhNjBarry
EichengreenNjGregory EllisNjSundstøl EriksenNj૚‫ ގ‬FAFO ᆐቂ۲᧚͗NjAlexander
Evans Nj Doug Farah Nj Edgardo Favaro Nj James D. Fearon NjᔃПܰ̓ᦉNj Hedda
FlatøNjShepard FormanNjPaul FrancisNjAnthony GambinoNjEsther GarciaNjScott
GatesNjAlan GelbNjLuigi GiovineNjJack A. GoldstoneNjMargarita Puerto GomezNjSonja
GrimmNjJean-Marie GuehennoNjScott GuggenheimNjDebarati Guha-SapirNjPaul-Simon
HandyNjBernard HarborneNjNiels HarildNjEmily HarwellNjHåvard HegreNjCullen S.
HendrixNjAnke HoefflerNjKarla HoffNjRichard HorseyNjFabrice HoudartNjYasheng
HuangNjElisabeth HuybensNjᎾฮधԦᩏᛠNjSyeda S. IjazNjHorst IntscherNjKremena
Ionkova Nj Michael Jacobson Nj Prashant Jha Nj௅ఴ‫ڍ‬ᬄӨҦ఺ౝ (JICA) Nj Michael
JohnstonNjPatricia JustinoNjTarcisius KabutaulakaNjGilbert Khadaglia NjAnne
Kielland Nj Robert Krech Nj Christof P. Kurz Nj Sarah Laughton Nj Constantino
LluchNjNorman V. LoayzaNjClare LockhartNjMegumi MakisakaNjAlexandre MarcNjKeith
Martin Nj Omar McDoom Nj Mike McGovern Nj John-Andrew McNeish Nj Pratap
Bhanu MehtaNjKenneth MenkhausNjRichard MessickNjӾऎйెԦࡘᦉNjNadir
MohammedNjHannah NielsenNjHåvard Mokleiv NygårdNjDavid PearceNjMary
Porter Peschka Nj Nicola Pontara Nj Douglas Porter Njᗇᖬྤܰ̓ᦉNj Monroe
PriceNjHabib RabNjClionadh RaleighNjMartha RamirezNjAnne Sofie RoaldNjPaula
RoqueNjNarve RotwittNjCaroline SageNjYezid SayighNjMark SchneiderNjRichard
ScobeyNjJake ShermanNjSylvana Q. SinhaNjJudy Smith-HöhnNjJoanna SpearNjAnna
Spenceley Nj Radhika Srinivasan Nj Frances Stewar t Nj Håvard Strand Nj Scott
StrausNjNicole StremlauNjNaotaka SugawaraNjDeepak ThapaNjÅge TiltnesNjMonica
Toft Nj Robert Townsend Nj Bakary Fouraba Traore Nj Keiichi Tsunekawa NjᐎՋ‫ڍ‬
ध Ԧ ᝟ Ѳ Ꮇ (UNDP) NjᐎՋ‫ڍ‬፤૆ࣰ֖ᛠҮᦉ (UNDPKO) NjᐎՋ‫ڍ‬ஊ෴̂ҫᦉ
(UNDPA)NjBernice van BronkhorstNjPhilip VerwimpNjJoaquin VillalobosNjSarah von
BillerbeckNjHenriette von Kaltenborn-StachauNjBarbara F. WalterNjJusuf WanandiNjXueli
WangNjClay WescottNjTeresa WhitfieldNjAlys WillmanNjMichael WoolcockNjMichael
WyganowskiNjKohei Yoshidanj
ఴઐնᄉᐿ௿஠͇Ժ̾᤯᣾̈ᐎᎩᖌ३ὋᎩ‫˝ڦ‬Ὑwww.worldbank.org/wdr2011Ὃ˶Ժ
̾᤯᣾ǑˆႌԦࡘઐնǒҨМࠈጉԨnjᤇ̎஠͇˖ᛪ᣹ᄉ᜹ཁࣲʿ̼ᛪˆႌᩏᛠ੊ఴઐն
ᄉ᜹ཁnj
᝴ܲˆႌᩏᛠᄉЮᦉ̠տԢܰᦉ̠‫ܢ‬Փ୨з‫ڃ‬᫲ᛪ᣹˿̴͂ᄉ਒᜸njᤇ̎థ͈Ϙ
ᄉ਒᜸Njૈ֖࠭᠇࿸ၿ̾ʽ̠տଡΘὙPatricio AbinalesNjSégolène AdamNjJames W. 55
56 ˆႌԦࡘઐն 2011

AdamsNjDouglas AddisonNjOzong Agborsangaya-FiteuNjSanjeev S. AhluwaliaNjAhmad

AhsanNjBryant AllenNjNoro AndriamihajaNjEdward AspinallNjLaura BaileyNjBill
BattaileNjFerid BelhajNjEric BellNjChristina BiebesheimerNjAnna BjerdeNjBrian
BlankespoorNjChris BlattmanNjEdith H. BowlesNjMike BourkeNjSean BradleyNj
Cynthia BradyNjAnne BrownNjGillie BrownNjColin BruceNjPaola BuendiaNjRoisín de
BurcaNjWilliam ByrdNjCharles CallNjOtaviano CanutoNjMichael CarnahanNjFrancis
CarneiroNjPaloma Anos CaseroNjMukesh ChawlaNjJudy Cheng-HopkinsNjFantu
Cheru Nj Punam Chuhan-Pole Nj Laurence Clarke Nj Kevin Clements Nj Cybèle
CochranNjColombia’s Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP)NjDaniele
Conversi Nj Louise Cord Nj Pamela Cox Nj Jeff Crisp Nj Geoffrey Dabelko Nj Beth
DaponteNjMonica Das GuptaNjElisabeth DavidNjMartin DavidNjJohn DavidsonNjScott
DawsonNjShanta DevarajanNjJames DobbinsNjJoost DraaismaNjGregory Keith
EllisNjIbrahim ElbadawiNjObiageli Kathryn EzekweliNjKene EzemenariNjJudith
FagalasuuNjOscar Fernandez-TarancoNjEzzedine Choukri FishereNjCyprian F.
FisiyNjAriel FiszbeinNjRobert L. FloydNjVerena FritzNjFrancis FukuyamaNjIvor
Fung Nj Varun Gauri Nj Madhur Gautam Njॳ‫੾ڍ‬శՋͺМՂ (GTZ) Nj Coralie
Gevers Nj Indermit S. Gill Nj Chiara Giorgetti Nj Giorgia Giovannetti Nj Edward
G i r a r d e t Nj Ja c k G o l d s to n e Nj Ke l l y Gre e n h i l l Nj Pa b l o d e Gre i f f Nj S co t t E .
Guggenheim Nj Tobias Haque Nj Bernard Harborne Nj David Harland Nj Jenny
HedmanNjJoel HellmanNjBert HofmanNjVirginia HorscroftNjElisabeth HuybensNjElena
IanchovichinaNjPatchamuthu IllangovanNjSana JaffreyNjMartin JelsmaNjEmmanuel
E. Jimenez Nj Hilde Johnson Nj Mary Judd Nj Sima Kanaan Nj Alma Kanani Nj Phil
Keefer Nj Caroline M. Kende-Robb Nj Homi Kharas Nj Young Chul Kim Nj Mark
Kleiman Nj Steve Knack Nj Sahr Kpundeh Nj Aart Kraay Nj Keith Krause Nj Aurélien
Kruse Nj Arvo Kuddo Nj Sibel Kulaksiz Nj Julien Labonne Nj Tuan Le Nj Theodore
LeggettNjRené LemarchandNjAnne-Marie LeroyNjBrian LevyNjEsther LoeningNjAna
Paula Fialho Lopes Nj Chris Lovelace Nj Andrew Mack Nj Charles Maier Nj Sajjad
MalikNjDavid MansfieldNjAlexandre MarcNjRoland MarchalNjErnesto MayNjAlastair
McKechnieNjDave McRaeNjPratap MehtaNjPiers MerrickNjJeffrey MironNjPeter
MollNjMick MooreNjAdrian MorelNjEdward MountfieldNjRobert MuggahNjIzumi
NakamitsuNjEric NelsonNjCarmen NonayNjAntonio NuciforaNjLiam O’DowdNj
ፂ฿ՋͺˀԦࡘጷጺ (OECD) /у቉ˀᑠि᫇ᮤ‫ڍ‬ᬄᎩፎ (INCAF)NjAdyline Waafas
Ofusu-AmaahNjPatti O’NeillNjRobert OrrNjMarina OttawayNjPhil OxhornNjKiran
PandeyNjAndrew ParkerNjMartin ParryNjBorany PenhNjNadia PiffarettiNjNicola
PontaraNjRae PorterNjBen PowisNjGiovanna PrennushiNjGérard PrunierNjVikram
RaghavanNjBassam RamadanNjPeter ReuterNjJoey ReyesNjDena RingoldNjDavid
RobalinoNjMichael RossNjMustapha RouisNjJordan RyanNjJoseph SabaNjAbdi
SamatarNjNicholas SambanisNjKirsti SamuelsNjJane SansburyNjMark SchneiderNjColin
ScottNjJohn SenderNjYasmine SherifNjJanmejay SinghNjDavid SislenNjEduardo
SomensattoNjRadhika SrinivasanNjScott StrausNjCamilla SudgenNjVivek SuriNj
။‫ܢ‬ԦࡘˀՋͺ఺ౝ (SDC)NjAlmamy SyllaNjStefanie TeggemannNjThomas John
Thomsen Nj Martin Tisné Nj Alexandra Trzeciak-Duval Nj Anne Tully Nj Carolyn
TurkNjOliver UlichNjᔭ‫ڍڍ‬ᬄԦࡘᦉ (DFID)NjᎾ‫ڍڍ‬ᬄԦࡘᎷ (USAID)NjPeter
UvinNjManuel VargasNjAntonius VerheijenNjThierry VircoulonNjM. Willem van
EeghenNjAxel van TrotsenburgNjJuergen VoegeleNjFemke VosNjTjip WalkerNjJohn
WallisNjEl Ghassim WaneNjDewen WangNjAchim WennmannNjAlys WillmanNjAndreas
WimmerNjSusan WongNjRob WrobelNjTevfik YaprakNjand Philip Zelikownj
ੇ͂ᛱॶਕ៘ˆႌՉ‫ڠ‬ሤ౜ԟˀࣲଡΘ਒᜸ᄉՉ̠ͮ‫ܢ‬Ὃ൤ܰὋੇ͂˶Ӡѫਕ៘
Չͮ‫ࠕى‬ӯࠆ̾Ԣࠪੇ͂ᄉӯࠆԦᛪ਒᜸ᄉМ͔Ὃੇ͂ӯࠆᄉᎩ‫˝ڦ‬Ὑ http://blogs.
worldbank.org/conflict/nj
ࡉክੇ͂Ҧ́ଡΘʶ˓߸ஞК᭦ᄉ᠇࿸ᏧՏӬὋͭ௦లБેʶ໣ʹnj୨з‫ڃ‬᫲‫ڙ‬൤
ࠪੇ͂ԺᑞԦၶᄉ͉ʹ႟໣ᛪᇧઔൟὋࣲв൒ࠪ੝థ˝ఴઐնϡѢ᠇࿸ᄉ̠ᛪᇧਕ៘nj
2011 ࣱˆႌԦࡘઐնᄫे

ࣿ
ಳ౵ˀፆౝ
శឥᛪ
ழกឬ௙
᎕႔ឥˀᠪ஧ឬ௙

ഏᤗ

ኃ 1 ᦉѫὙૌੌ
ኃ1ብ ఑Ҧԥ‫ܬ‬Ԧၶ‫ގ‬ᐺԦࡘᤈር
ኃ2ብ ࠭ᒰ఑Ҧᄉᑠिব

ኃ 2 ᦉѫὙ౎ᒬՉ‫ڍ‬Ԣ‫ڍ‬ᬄᇪ͗ᄉፂᰍ
ኃ3ብ ̯఑Ҧҁু‫ܬ‬ҦὙζॶ᧗तˀ҃ऎஇ᭨
ኃ4ብ ᧗तζॶὙᤉሎӿ࢖
ኃ5ብ இ᭨҃ऎὋᝧ̠ඞ̙థ߶КNjМൣˀࡂˉ఺͗
ኃ6ብ ‫ڍ‬ᬄᇪ͗ࠪ᧗तζॶˀஇ᭨҃ऎᄉஂ૆
ኃ7ብ ђᣏܰᦉԌҦᄉ‫ڍ‬ᬄᛠҮ

ኃ 3 ᦉѫὙҫࠃᄉᤤસˀतᝫ
ኃ8ብ ‫ࠑڍ‬ᛠҮૈӮ
ኃ9ብ ‫ڍ‬ᬄᛠҮளૈӮ

஠࿸ซ᧕
ԟᏥ஠࿸
ᦉѫૈಕ
ᦉѫˆႌԦࡘૈಕ
ጉल

58
 Four easy ways to order

Phone: Mail:
Online: Fax:
+1-703-661-1580 or P.O. Box 960
www.worldbank.org/publications +1-703-661-1501
1-800-645-7247 Herndon, VA 20172-0960, USA

World Development Report 2011 PRICE QTY TOTAL

Conflict, Security, and Development
Paperback: (ISBN 978-0-8213-8439-8) SKU 18439 US$26.00

Hardcover: (ISBN 978-0-8213-8500-5) SKU 18500

US$50.00

Prices vary by country, as World Bank Publications offers geographical Subtotal

discounts on its titles. Please visit publications.worldbank.org/discounts
Within the U.S. (prepaid orders): $8 per order + $1 per item.
Geographic discount*
Outside the U.S.:
• Nontrackable airmail delivery--US$7 per order + US$6 per item. Delivery
time is 4-6 weeks. Shipping and handling**
• Trackable couriered airmail delivery--US$20 per order + US$8 per item.
Delivery time is 2 weeks.
Total US$

MAILING ADDRESS
METHOD OF PAYMENT
Name
Charge my
Organization
Visa Mastercard American Express
Address
Credit card number
City
Expiration date
State Zip
Name
Country
Signature
Phone
Enclosed is my check in US$ drawn on a U.S. bank and
Fax
made payable to the World Bank
Email

Customers outside the United States

Contact your local distributor for information on prices in local currency and payment terms
http://publications.worldbank.org/booksellers

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ORDER!

 ၶখࠅ᝟
ᚬॊ࿗ᠣॳ၅
ˆႌᩏᛠᒰҦ̅γએ༒ӿᄉ೧ౣ֖ᒬཨᠪຸnj ᓫᄴ֖ђଅ Ὑ
ˆᛠѢྟࡌ಩૵፮ᓣѢྟώᝫӨ͗὇Green • 40 ೪ಝ
Press InitiativeὈ଍ᕚᄉၸጭಕэὋᤤસၸդ • 1300 ʹᔭ‫ڍ‬བ᧙Ӭͮᄉᑞ᧙
50% вၶጛ፤ᄉвၶဖγጭӾ҄ᔭ஠ԓྟԢ • 3,813 ᇓыຝࠈචͳ
Ꮱ ដ ྟ ᄉǑ 2011 ࣱ ˆ ႌ Ԧ ࡘ ઐ ն Ὑഏ ᤗ ǒnj • 18,363 Ҫ̰ऋප
፮ᓣѢྟώᝫ௦ʶᮉ᭣ᖸѽ᝟ѲὋஂ૆Ѣྟ • 1,115 ᇓ‫ͳڌ‬ऋपྫྷ
̠ ‫ ᧓ ܢ‬ၸ ࣲ ᭣ Ԩ ᒬ ༒ ӿ ೧ ౣ ᄉ ᤴ ጭ ጛ ፤nj
᜵˿ᝌఝܲζোὋឯ᝺᫇ Ὑ
www.greenpressinitiative.orgnj
32565