Natalia Pineiro

Anatomy- P. 6
April 20, 2010

Clinical Applications
14.2 Leukemia

1. Myeloid leukemia is when red bone marrow is producing too many granulocytes, but
they were immature cells, and unable to fight infection. Lymphoid leukemia is cancer
cells made up of lymphocytes, produced in lymph nodes.

2. An acute condition appears suddenly, symptoms progress rapidly, and death occurs
in a few months without treatment. Chronic forms begin more slowly and may remain
undetected for months or even years. Without treatment life expectancy is about 3
years.

3. Leukemia treatment includes correcting symptoms with blood transfusions, treating

infections, and using drugs that kill cancer cells. You can also have a bone marrow
transplant or stem cell transplants.

14.3 Return of the Medicinal Leech

1. The 5 yr old boy’s ear blood flow was blocked and after a close examination showed
that the arteries that the surgeon had repaired were fine, but the smaller veins were
becoming congested.

2. The doctor treated him with leeches because the veins that were congested were too
small for any other treatment or surgery.

3. Hirudin (anticoagulant) works up to 24 hours after the leech has drunk its fill and
dropped off and it specifically blocks thrombin in veins.

Mismatched Transfusion p.533

1. Symptoms of a mismatched transfusion include: anxiety, breathing difficulty, facial

blushing, headache, and severe pain in the neck, chest, and lumbar area.

2. Red blood cells burst which release hemoglobin Macrophages phagocytize the
hemoglobin Converts to bilirubin, causing the yellow skin of jaundice Kidney
failure.

Erythroblastosis Fetalis p.537

1. Erythroblastosis fetalis is hemolytic anemia in the fetus or neonate caused by

transplacental transmission of maternal antibodies to fetal RBCs.

2. An Rh- woman who might carry an Rh+ fetus is given an injection of a drug called
RhoGAM, which then bind to and shield any Rh+ fetal cells that might contact the
woman’s cells, sensitizing her immune system.

3. RhoGAM must be given within 72 hrs of possible contact with Rh+ cells.

15.2 From Science to Technology

 Natalia Pineiro
Anatomy- P. 6
April 20, 2010
1. The recipient’s failing heart is removed except for the posterior walls of the right and
left atria and their connections to the venae cavae and pulmonary veins. The donor
heart is prepared similarly and is attached to the atrial cuffs remaining in the
recipient’s thorax. Finally, the recipient’s aorta and pulmonary arteries are connected
to those of the donor heart.

2. LVAD is a mechanical half-heart which maintains cardiac function long enough for a
donor heart to become available.

3. Treatment for heart failure may entail coaxing stem cells already there to divide and
produce daughter cells that differentiate into exactly what is needed to heal the
damaged tissue.

15.2 From Science to Technology

1. Angiogensis is when blood vessels are newly formed.

2. Angiogensis is crucial in helping form a blood supply in order to serve a growing

body.

3. The growth factor stimulates certain cells to proliferate and aggregate to form
capillaries, which in time restore blood flow to the blocked cardiac muscle.

4. For the most part a tumor surrounds itself with blood vessels and eventually spread
throughout different parts of the body. Angiogensis promotes growth factors and help
the tumor to grow and spread.

Angina Pectoris p.551

1. Angina Pectoris is a thrombus or embolus that blocks or narrows a coronary artery

branch that deprives myocardial cells of oxygen, producing ischemia.

2. It can be triggered by physical activity or emotional stress.

3. It may cause heavy pressure, tightening, or squeezing sensation in the chest. The
pain is usually felt behind the sternum or in the anterior portion of the upper thorax,
but may be moved to the neck, jaw, throat, shoulder, upper limb, back or upper
abdomen. Symptoms: profuse perspiration, difficulty breathing, nausea, or vomiting.

4. Myocardial infarction is a blood clot that completely obstructs a coronary artery or

one of its branches.

Mitral Valve Prolapse p.546

1. In this condition, one or both of the cusps of the mitral valve stretches and bulges
into the left atrium during ventricular contraction. Sometimes the blood regurgitates
into the left atrium.

2. Symptoms of Mitral Valve Prolapse include: chest pain, palpitations, fatigue, and
anxiety.
 Natalia Pineiro
Anatomy- P. 6
April 20, 2010
3. People with this condition must take antibiotics before going to the dentist to prevent
Streotococcus bacteria in the mouth from migrating through the blood to the heart
and causing infection.

4. Endocarditis is an inflammation of the endocardium due to infection, appears as a

plantlike growth on valve.