DON BOSCO INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY

“POWER MANAGEMENT
THROUGH HEAD COUNT”

ASHLEY JOSE

SNADDE
N BRAGANZA
SUSHANT
CHAVAN
KELVIN
D’SOUZA
JASON
FERNANDES

PROJECT GUIDE-
MRS.MADHAVI PEDNEKAR

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI 2010-11

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. ____________________________________

has successfully completed his Project Work on the Topic
“POWER MANAGEMENT THROUGH HEAD COUNT” in the
subject of Electronic Hardware Workshop, in the partial
fulfillment of Engineering in the department of Electronics
and Telecommunication Engineering of the University of
Mumbai during the year 2010-2011.

(Internal Examiner) (External

Examiner)

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 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering

Don Bosco Institute of Technology

University of Mumbai

2010-2011

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank our college - D.B.I.T for

providing us with all the components required
for the project free of cost and for granting us
permission to use the labs as and when
required. We would like to thank our project
guide Mrs. MADHAVI PEDNEKAR without whom
this project would not have come into
existence .She has been like fuel to our
engines, constantly encouraging and
motivating us in our endeavor .We would also
like to thank JOHN sir from the workshop for
letting us use tools to create the casing. And
last but not the least we would like to thank
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 KISHORE sir for acquiring the components and
helping us out whenever we faced a problem.

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 INDEX

SR. PG.
NO.
NO TOPIC
.
1 INTRODUCTION 5
2 PROGRAM FLOW CHART 6
3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 7
4 EXPLANATION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM 8
5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 9
6 COMPONENT LIST 10
7 SOFTWARE USED:PROTEAS 12
8 SNAP SHOTS OF SOLDERING AND
TESTING 14
9 TROUBLESHOOTING 18
10 APPLICATIONS 19
11 CONCLUSON 20
12 APPENDIX 21

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 INTRODUCTION

In today’s modern world, energy conservation is of prime

importance. Due to the ever increasing population, resources
are becoming insufficient for sustainable development.
People all over the world are becoming aware of this scarcity
in resources like water, fuel and electricity .Many of them are
opting for designs which reduce wastage of these precious
resources. Thus energy efficiency in design adds value to it.
In our project titled “POWER MANAGEMENT THROUGH HEAD
COUNT” we have inculcated this idea of conserving a
resource as in electricity.

Through the help of microcontroller, photo transistors and

triacs we have developed a project which can control
electrical devices such as fans and tube lights in a room
based on the number of people present thus saving
electricity.

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 Microcontroller over discrete IC’s
In our project the reason we have chose to use a
microcontroller over the discrete is not only to help us in the
understanding of the device i.e. the microcontroller but also
it greatly simplifies the circuit in terms of the amount of
hardware used the great thing about microcontrollers is they
require a very little hardware for their own operation where
as the amount of connection that would go into the same
circuit if it were to be made of discrete devices would be
greatly larger hence by using the AT89C51 we have not only
reduced the work of connections but also this has been a
learning opportunity for us and has given us a chance to use
the classroom knowledge about the microcontroller into a
real world application.

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PROGRAM FLOW CHART

The above program flow chart lucidly explains

the main logic behind our project.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
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 8
8

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EXPLANATION OF THE BLOCK DIAGAM

• EVERY TIME A CARD IS SWIPED THE OPTICAL

SENSOR SENSES IT AND SENDS A SIGNAL TO THE
MICROCONTROLLER

• THIS SIGNAL ACTS LIKE A COUNT VALUE.

• THE MICROCONTROLLER CONVERTS THIS COUNT

VALUE TO ITS BCD EQUIVALENT.

• THE DECIMAL EQUIVALENT OF THE BCD CODE IS

DISPLAYED USING TWO SEVEN SEGMENT
DISPLAYS

• AS SOON AS THE COUNT VALUE CROSSES A

PARTICULAR THRESHOLD VALUE SAY 30 IN A
CLASS OF 100 ,THE POWER CONTROL UNIT AS IN
TRIAC GETS TRIGGERED AND SOME OF THE
LIGHTS AND FANS ARE TURNED ON

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 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 COMPONENT LIST

Category Reference Value

Resistors "R1" 470

Resistors "R2" 10k

Capacitors "C1" 33p

Capacitors "C2" 33p

Capacitors "C3", 33u

Integrated Circuits "U1", AT89C51

Integrated Circuits "U2", 74LS47

Integrated Circuits "U3", 74LS47

TRIAC "U4", BT126

TRIAC "U5" BT126

TRIAC "U6" BT126

Transistors "Q1" 2N4410

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 Lamp "L1" 240V

Lamp "L2" 240V

CRYSTAL “X1” 12 Mhz

7 SEG DISPLAY “CA”

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 SOFTWARE USED IN DESIGN: PROTEUS

Features of PROTEUS include:

· True Mixed Mode simulation based on Berkeley

SPICE3F5 with extensions for digital simulation and true
mixed mode operation.

· Support for both interactive and graph based

simulation.

· CPU Models available for popular microcontrollers such

as the PIC and 8051 series.

· Interactive peripheral models include LED and LCD

displays, a universal matrix keypad, an RS232 terminal and a
whole library of switches, pots, lamps, LEDs etc.

· Virtual Instruments include voltmeters, ammeters, a

dual beam oscilloscope and a 24 channel logic analyser.

· On-screen graphing - the graphs are placed directly on

the schematic just like any other object. Graphs can be
maximised to a full screen mode for cursor based
measurement and so forth.

· Graph Based Analysis types include transient,

frequency, noise, distortion, AC and DC sweeps and fourier
transform. An Audio graph allows playback of simulated
waveforms.

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· Direct support for analogue component models in SPICE
format.

· Open architecture for ‘plug in’ component models

coded in C++ or other languages. These can be electrical.,
graphical or a combination of the two.

· Digital simulator includes a BASIC-like programming

language for modelling and test vector generation.

· A design created for simulation can also be used to

generate a netlist for creating a PCB - there is no need to
enter the design a second time.

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 SNAP SHOTS OF SOLDERING AND
TESTING OF THE PROJECT

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 WHEN NO CARD IS PRESENT IN
BETWEEN THE PHOTO TRANSISTER
LED REMAINS OFF

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WHEN CARD IS PRESENT IN BETWEEN
THE PHOTO TRANSISTER
LED TURNS ON

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 TROUBLE SHOOTING

• During the testing of our project ,when we brought the card in

betweem the photo-transistor the led did not glow.

• When we further investigated the cause of this problem we came to

know that the reason for this was that the transistor was connected in
forward bias instead of reverse bias.

• Then we connected the photo transistor in reverse bias and the light
began to glow.

• When we wanted to program the micro controller using the universal

programmer present in the college we foud that the parallel 25 pin
cable connecting the computer to the programmer was missing.

• We then contacted DYNALOG systems and went to Vikhroli to

purchase the cable but they did not have the required cable.

• So then we bought a DP 25 cable from an electronics shop and

programmed our micro controller.

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APPLICATIONS

• Our project – “POWER MANAGEMENT THROUGH HEAD

COUNT” has many applications in today’s world where
we are facing shortage of electricity.

• This project can be made to interface with any electrical

device like fans, tube lights and bulbs.

• It can be used to control the number of fans and lights

that need to be on depending on the strength of the
class.

• It can even be used as a counter to count the number

of people who have swiped their cards and have
entered the class.

• With further research we can create a system which

can create a database of the students that have swiped
their cards based on the barcoded information on their
i-cards for which we will require a bar code reader

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 CONCLUSION
We have thus successfully developed a project which
manages power through head count. This project has
tremendous scope in the energy sector. With further
research and funding in this field it can be practically
implemented in our day to day lives thus saving electricity- a
valuable resource. With the smart use of new age power
devices coupled with the versatility of a microcontroller
based digital system the interface between the high power
and low power devices has been seamlessly achieved thus
through sheer innovation and brilliant design we hope we
can bring some respite to the never ending problem of
power shortage

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 APPENDIX

AT89C51

Features

• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products

• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
– Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Six Interrupt Sources
• Programmable Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

Description

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit

microcomputer with 4K
bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM).
The device
is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory
technology and is
compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and
pinout. The on-chip
Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by
a conventional
nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with Flash
on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer
which provides

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a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control
applications.
PDIP

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DM74LS47

BCD to 7-Segment Decoder/Driver with

Open-Collector Outputs

General Description

The DM74LS47 accepts four lines of BCD (8421) input

data, generates their complements internally and decodes
the data with seven AND/OR gates having open-collector
outputs to drive indicator segments directly. Each segment
output is guaranteed to sink 24 mA in the ON (LOW) state
and withstand 15V in the OFF (HIGH) state with a maximum
leakage current of 250 mA. Auxiliary inputs provided
blanking, lamp test and cascadable zero-suppression functions.

Features

n Open-collector outputs
n Drive indicator segments directly
n Cascadable zero-suppression capability
n Lamp test input

Logic Symbol
VCC = Pin 16
GND = Pin 8

Connection Diagram
Pin Descriptions
Note 1: OC—Open Collector
Order Number Package Number Package Description

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DM74LS47M M16A 16-Lead Small Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC),
JEDEC MS-012, 0.150 Narrow
DM74LS47N N16E 16-Lead Plastic Dual-In-Line Package (PDIP), JEDEC
MS-001, 0.300 Wide
Pin Names Description
A0–A3 BCD Inputs
RBI Ripple Blanking Input (Active LOW)
LT Lamp Test Input (Active LOW)
BI/RBO Blanking Input (Active LOW) or
Ripple Blanking Output (Active LOW)
a –g Segment Outputs (Active LOW) (Note 1)
www.fairchildsemi.com 2

Truth Table
Note 2: BI/RBO is wire-AND logic serving as blanking input (BI) and/or
ripple-blanking output (RBO). The blanking out (BI) must be open or
held at a HIGH
level when output functions 0 through 15 are desired, and ripple-
blanking input (RBI) must be open or at a HIGH level if blanking or a
decimal 0 is not
desired. X = input may be HIGH or LOW.
Note 3: When a LOW level is applied to the blanking input (forced
condition) all segment outputs go to a HIGH level regardless of the
state of any other input
condition.
Note 4: When ripple-blanking input (RBI) and inputs A0, A1, A2 and A3
are LOW level, with the lamp test input at HIGH level, all segment
outputs go to a
HIGH level and the ripple-blanking output (RBO) goes to a LOW level
(response condition).
Note 5: When the blanking input/ripple-blanking output (BI/RBO) is
OPEN or held at a HIGH level, and a LOW level is applied to lamp test
input, all segment
outputs go to a LOW level.

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Functional Description
The DM74LS47 decodes the input data in the pattern indicated
in the Truth Table and the segment identification
illustration. If the input data is decimal zero, a LOW signal
applied to the RBI blanks the display and causes a multidigit
display. For example, by grounding the RBI of the
highest order decoder and connecting its BI/RBO to RBI of
the next lowest order decoder, etc., leading zeros will be
suppressed. Similarly, by grounding RBI of the lowest order
decoder and connecting its BI/RBO to RBI of the next highest
order decoder, etc., trailing zeros will be suppressed.
Leading and trailing zeros can be suppressed simultaneously
by using external gates, i.e.: by driving RBI of a
intermediate decoder from an OR gate whose inputs are
BI/RBO of the next highest and lowest order decoders. BI/
RBO also serves as an unconditional blanking input. The
internal NAND gate that generates the RBO signal has a
resistive pull-up, as opposed to a totem pole, and thus BI/
RBO can be forced LOW by external means, using wiredcollector
logic. A LOW signal thus applied to BI/RBO turns
off all segment outputs. This blanking feature can be used
to control display intensity by varying the duty cycle of the
blanking signal. A LOW signal applied to LT turns on all
segment outputs, provided that BI/RBO is not forced LOW.

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Decimal

Inputs Outputs
or Note
Function LT RBI A3 A2 A1 A0 BI/RBO a b c d e f g
0 H H L L L L H L L L L L L H (Note 2)
1 H X L L L H H H L L H H H H (Note 2)
2HXLLHLHLLHLLHL
3HXLLHHHLLLLHHL
4HXLHLLHHLLHHLL
5HXLHLHHLHLLHLL
6HXLHHLHHHLLLLL
7HXLHHHHLLLHHHH
8HXHLLLHLLLLLLL
9HXHLLHHLLLHHLL
10 H X H L H L H H H H L L H L
11 H X H L H H H H H L L H H L
12 H X H H L L H H L H H H L L
13 H X H H L H H L H H L H L L
14 H X H H H L H H H H L L L L
15 H X H H H H H H H H H H H H
BI X X X X X X L H H H H H H H (Note 3)
RBI H L L L L L L H H H H H H H (Note 4)
LT L X X X X X H L L L L L L L

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