Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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Chapter Par;e
1. Introduct ion 3
3. Imp]e~ntation in GORDO 19
3~ 1 , Introduction to GORlX) '. . l~
3.3.2 Progrm~ 36
3.3 ..2.1 Handler 36
3.3.2.2 Net'.-:or k 37
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1. INl'RODUCl ' I ON
r.J.' his technical not e concentra t es upon (1) the HOST--Ho.,)rr pr oce dures
The first s ection is closely relat ed to the BBN reports No. 1822
and 1763[1J an~ specif'les the HOST fun cti ~rs for exchanging rness age~. It
functlons are implemented and int egrated into GOHiJ O• . It is involved \·rith
[1.] Parts of this section are t aken from or referred to those reports .
.'
3
" .
,"
,J " "
2. HOS11-:I0S1' PROCEDURES
2.1 Generalities
Tne basic ldea is that several users, "at a given BOSi', should
facilites.
'l'his implies that within each HOSr operating system, there must
exist a special prograu that multiplexes outgoing messages from the users
into the network and distributes Lricornl.ng messages to the appropriate users.
."
2.2 Links and Connactions (See f'Lgure J.)
2.2.1 Definitions
whose behavior is known but whose necharrisrrs are not - 'for .coITmuni ca t i n;:s;
me~sages between remote users rather bhan between pairs of HOST computers.
(1) establish several logical connections to any remote HOS'l' users, and (2)
One of. the purposes of the Neb-lark program is to serve the user's
Note here tha.t users ClI'8 only interested in connections and are
tional Jinks is that a HOS'l' will have the capability to loop h.lmse If through
its ll-'IP (it opens a connection to himself). 'l'his featur-e can be useful fo!'
debugging purposes ,
Flirther on through this paper we "rill not use any more the
. control messages back and forth. Control messages are basic to the
A pr-Imary connection:
6
established.
+; Is Irtelctype-likel!, Le.:
An aUXiliary cor~ection:
oriented) •
1
. <,
-"
>"
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I Q
~ -;:r:
it
•
'I'he HOS'l' comnoru.cate \"lith each other via m:;ssaf,ES. A message rna.y
s
vary 1n length up to 8G9:5 bits (See dcwn be low the structure) ~ Larger
such messages.
(2) A marklng (~2 bits when sent by the Sigma. ~() for starting a
message text on a word boundary, .(See BBN report ' No. 1822,
(3) 'Ihe message text (I-lax: 8015 pits for the Sigma 7). It mostly
report No. 1763, p. 13) See down be Iow for checksum calculation.
9..
Q
.
) Remark:
.checkstml calculation: .
/'
The last 16 bits of ever'y me ssage sent by a' HOSI' is a checksum.
This checksum is crmput.ed on the who.le mes sage .Inc Iuctlng clj1~' mD.r~dng, but
excluding the 32 bit leader and any padding. To compute the checksum:
'L Consider the message to be padded with zeroes to a length of
86 110 bits.
2. Section the 86 110 bits into 'six lIIlIO-bit segments , SO' Sr' .8 ,
5
3. Section each l4 Ll0-bit segment, S into go 1G-·bit e lerrent;s ,
to' t 1 .... t 89 ·
l{. Define a function G), whf.ch takes two 16-bit elements as
defined by
16
t m@ t n = t m0 t n , if t m + t n < 2
: t -(±l t
· m n
= t ,@ t'
'm n
- 216 + 1 if t
'm
+ t
n
~ 216
-10
. .. . .:
:: ~ ~ .'
.. ~ : .
":.
' .'
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. . '. .
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2. 11 USCI' 1'ransQctiorr,
===--
From what has been dis cussed unt.l.I 11c1"o2, the Nett:;orl-:: appears to a
user as a bunch of connections. Let us nOVI e xp.l.af.n h O','1 one can make usc of
these connections .
'Ihen , \'Ie are going to explain the rol.e of the Network program for
.the user level, in the for~:i of subr-cutIne calls and pararacter-s , Hcvever-,
this does not imply at all that the implercentation '.'lil1 closely follo\>[ this
pattern. (He aremcr-e involved here ",nth the description than the i mple
interface between the user level and the network progr-am level.
12
..
NO = 2, etc .') .
13
.,
.'
NO: In case of N dj.fferent from zero this n umb er- indicates the
, conrle ct i ons and consists in exchanging control messages over the control
nessage ; it only differs from it by the text vThich is for use by Network
here at the Hosrr level (Network programs), and t herefore control mcsaagcs ,
that are going to be described b e Low, ar e transmitted , over the Inp like
s
regular messases.
III
The HOsel' (x) 's Network program , waken up (See 3.3) by a use f or
opening a pr-Imary connection, s t ar-t s a di.a l.ogue with the HOS"T (y)' s Net\'lOrk
program.
EKQ PRIT·1 a 1 2
PRIN: Corme ction type : pr-Ima r y (one s pec i.a'l chara ct er-)
messae;e:
HOST(x) Control .1i nk HOS'l'(y)
~
ACK ENQ PRII'Ji a1 2 a1 5
ACK: Positive acknowledgment (one ASCI I charact er)
015 Incoirln g liro.K II. It fo110':13 the s a;718 pat ter n as the . outgof.ng
15
progr~m.
the lIOSrl'(x) user is able to s lgn-J.n into the HOS-f(y) oper-at ing system and
then to call for the liRSA program (HOST (y) user program) .
'l'he Network programs at both ends \'1ill use the link #12 and #15
for pass Ing along messages , These messages are st.andard messages whose con
lished between HOS'l'(x) and HOSrr(y). For so do ing control messages are
..
exchanged over the control link.
16
NOVI the auxi l.turv conne c t ion i s e s t ablis hed, it \'1J11 us c Li nks 1.' 25 and 21
By neans of TH!lj'J::'~':l subrout t ncs r efer-r ins t o the auxl Ll ary CO\!
etc - .
CLOSE subrout i ne and then the Hetwor k pr cgrams at bot h ends exchange
~ontrol me s sages.
HOS'l'(x)
zor
Control Link
0 0 1· 0 1 2
-» HOS1'(y)
Remark 1 _. In (a), (c), and (e) HOS?( y) may answer- back a me s sage includinG
17
many various reasons such as: wrong sequence , connec tion al.ready
opened , and so forth . The n:es s age could be NJlX nm, where Ij~l)
the prcvi.ous b Ioclr has been rct'us cd . Upon receivir,g back such
Rernark 2 - On each of the above iJ.lustr2.tions (arrows) only the mess ege text
pacId l.ng
' .. . ) are:> exch angecd over t'.ne s e l'J.,nJ cs .
..
18
,
!
* 'l'he space .a pi -ocess can refer to is the Vf.r -cual, Space of 128k word
other part (12mc) is directly a ccessed by the us er. This later may fill
or modify its par-t of the virtual sp ace upon "coup l.Ing ' ~ (See be Icw:
19
servf.ce calls) pages taken from cl:iffero:mt files. Pir;ul'e 3 illustrates
this coupling.
* A process can request for services by IT.em1S of sysuetn calls. 'Ihe syatcm
COUPLE for coupl.fng a page from the file space to the virtuaJ.
space .
directorles.
Remark: 'I'hr'ough tht.s note the words procecs and program are used inter-·
changeab ly ,
20
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==:::::::::=:::---
z ation Overvi.e':'
- - - _ .------ _ ..-- - - -- -- -:::.-:
"Hand.ler-" •
Its main function is to satisfy the us ers ' · requests for opening!
doi ng,
* it est.ab lf.shcs , identj_fies and breaks the linl-<s upon ,ll sj.n£ t.he
.
cot"rmuni cat i on pa ge ) which contains the I /O ccmmnlcat ton bu ffers .
22
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3. 3 Sof'twai-e Descr-Ipt.l.on
~-:::.::...- ====-_
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'Ine Network pr ogram est ablishes) identifIes) and br eaks links and
24 .
shared pages.
mi.tt:ing a nessege , )
~'his table keeps trade of all the Lncoml ng (input) Hnks and so is
25 .
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It h as the f oll.o','d.ng chaz-act er-Iet.Lc a:
SpecifI c f'e at.u re L: This t able. is al.s o used for moment aril y
(f.nput and out .put ), The se bu f f'e:c G are used f or e ither pas sir:g; aJ.o::g or
process l ng r:~es saCe s.
The si ze of e2.c11 of t.he se buf'fe r'c should at Le aat be equ a'l to th2.::
'of a measage ; i. e., 8095 bi ts . \':e have chosen a buffer s I ze of 253 wor ds
. (8096 bits) s o that both of the buf'f'er-s are :iJ 1c~udec1 \·r:i.thj.Y1 ODe P2G8 (51 2
words) . 'l'he 6 r ema trrlng ~'ICrQS of t he p;).ge are ger:era.lly used for contr-ol .
29
Main characteristics:
Network program
General feqt ur 2s :
.'
30
·
* Coupling : Coupled to both a user- process vi t-t ua). space and the
- ' Out put buff e!' ( 253 words ) for 6utsoing messages
31
I '
. ;
i.ndepende ntl y on dIffer-em f..; mess ag es and , s o cont r-Ibut e s to an ove l'J CJ.rpjn~~.
, .
For' Inst.anc e , when the Hand.Ier - i ;~ bu sy tra11srilitLins; a message to t he haX'd:I: 2.! l~,
the Net\~ or'~ program can I'ormat 0. eade r , mal'~ing , ' etc. ) . the r eset message to
be ' shl ppecJ out) so t hat it C Cl~1 Jy;1:1:i.tiate t he H2.;;~ne I' 83 s oon as i t i s fre e.
*
Content: I nput buffer (253' 'I!C?r ds) f or incomi ng messages
.Rem2.rk :
the Ne t woz-k stor es rr:orr.entarl ly the Lnc omlng message in one of t he buffer
f .nvok ed, )
therefore such proce dur es need not be provided. (The Net work progr-am
a110':15 a user to r-e-cmi t on'Iy when having r-e ce lved t he Rf1 l?"i of t he previous
'. transmitted message , )
32
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General reatures :
interf ac e in 0:L'\.1er t o t.r-ansml.t 01' r-eccf.ve raes s ages . 'l'l"'2J1smi.ssion C:U1d re
Main characteristics:
* Locat Ion: Core resident. The Handler is in the same memory
as paz-t of i.t ~
36
"
t he lIosrr-JJ!lP hardvrare •
General f eatur e s:
t.r-ansml t t.tng/r-ecej.vf ng mcasages , ' It uses the Handler as a'1 aid for intel'
such.
Mcdn characteristics:
* 'Location: Disc re3iC: ent. Nore precf.se ly it is on disc when
37
·for cont r-Ibut.ing to cs t .abf.Lsbment s/de .Ict.Lons
HOS'1'S) •
mis s ion ;
38
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3. 11 Sof'tware Pr-ocedures
point out the basic sof'tvrare procedures -t hey ·imp l :y . For each case vIe \dll
delineate (1) what the user pr-ogram does wid (ii) what the iJet1/iork program
. does.
it goes to sleep.
file DJ\'rJ\;
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1: it couples the first page of this file to its vi. !'tuc:~l space
(see 3.3.1.2).
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message sent by t he r emote HOST for ac1mo:'!led;sinz t he est. ab LLs rmerrt of the
41
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LINK t able upon re-hashtng the sane key value (See above).
. .
--/I (S) + r emot e HOST II. (i) + -1nco,ning f'Lag'". In this entry it
stores the HOST II a), the Lncomlng l i l"k tI (13), and connection
fl . oo ,
slot of t he CONW~CI' t able in st.or-I ng the
th
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th
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Networ-k 'process ;
* it goe s to sleep.
connectI on share d pages and selects t he OD'o: that has its 'user
transrnitting a rnessage.
*."i t takes the mess age t ext from the output buffer of the shared
the 'Handler in a vcr-J similar' VlaY 8.S above (See 'Open a primary
Lmk) .
it goe~ to sleep.
[1J Rerr:ar1c: In a first phase the user \'1ill dl.rect.Iywr-Lt.e the network
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