Facultad De Medicina Humana

Escuela Profesional De Medicina Humana

Medical English

CURSE : Medical English

TEACHER : Dra. Rosa Gonzáles Llontop

CONTENT : Modern Medical Care

GROUP VI :
ALCOSER ARCILA ALONSO
DE LA CRUZ RUIZ LENIN
MENDOZA MEGO BORIS
LUMBRE YUPTON CESAR
QUEVEDO MORI ARTURO
REGALADO ROCHA WILINTON

CYCLE : 2010-I

Lambayeque, Perú
September 2010
CURRENT MEDICINE

In the twentieth century, medicine has undergone a radical transformation,

especially in regard to the ability of professional action of this science, which
today can cure diseases that once were fatal, creating a very life expectancy
large. These developments are reflected in the methods of diagnosis, medical
and surgical therapy, and even in preventive medicine.

 Among the most sophisticated diagnostic elements are the modern techniques
of reconstruction of three-dimensional models of the body (traditional CT,
ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging), and
direct views from inside the body (arthroscopy, endoscopic surgery, cardiac
surgery remote control, etc.).. Examination by analytical chemistry and image
can now know every corner and reactions of the human body.

Advances in surgery are also spectacular. The use of the microscope, the laser
beam as a dissector, transplantation techniques, which have enabled
thousands of lives saved due to the introduction of entire organs (heart, kidney,
liver ...) in hospice-techniques endoscopic surgery, the many interventions
guided fine on small areas of the brain, and even the current trials of robotic
surgery and controlled by computer without almost anything involving the
intervention of human hands, added all at best sutures, hemostasis systems ,
cutting and dissection, have created a very satisfactory picture surgery.

One of the most significant surgical fields is the reference to the heart and great
vessels. The valve expansion techniques (intravenous today), recanalization of
coronary and other open heart achievements, unimaginable until recently, have
made possible the continuation of the lives of many patients.

Unfortunately, these advances in medicine do not occur equally in all countries

of the world, so that there is still a general advance in all branches of medical
care, some sectors of the population have better access, and therefore are
much better protected than others, especially the marginalized and poor
countries. Pending, and in the twenty-first century, which are pending both
medicine and political leaders that structure the social and economic dynamics
of the world.

But medicine still has to face many challenges, among which are cancer, the
treatment of many mental illnesses like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease,
and many infectious diseases such as hepatitis and AIDS (Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome).
 Although science has made major achievements in combating infectious
diseases, there are others for which there is no known effective method of
combat.

In the case of AIDS, for example, although drug therapy has increasingly better
results, has long been trying to find a vaccine to curb this scourge of our times.
The hepatitis B virus (HBV), in addition to producing liver disease, causes a
common form of cancer, and is the most important human carcinogen, after
snuff. In this sense, the progress of molecular biology of HBV has found
interesting medical applications, among which are prevention of infection
through vaccination. They have high hopes for new vaccines created through
genetic engineering, for the eradication of such diseases.

Cancer, for its part, is very different methods depending on the type, but today
is still looking for a system of immunotherapy, ie a treatment to increase the
potential innate immune system, which is the main natural defense the body
against viruses and other foreign invaders, including organ transplantation, to
eliminate cancer cells. And in any case, immunotherapy is a good complement
to existing treatments.

Thanks to modern techniques of biochemistry and molecular genetics has

opened a huge field of future possibilities for control of hereditary diseases.
There is a global project, the genome project, coordinated by numerous
institutions and aims to get the complete human genome. The maps obtained
will be of great value in research on gene and chromosome organization, as
well as the identification of genes involved in certain genetic diseases.

Medical developments promise better health in the future, through the use of
new therapies, genetic manipulation, construction of artificial organs, the use of
drug design and implementation of other ingenious techniques to restore organ
function. Likewise, counter many more infectious agents. However, all this
knowledge must be applied to enable a better quality of life, and we must take
into account ethical issues that every case entails
 CLINICAL LABORATORY

A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a laboratory where tests are

one on clinical specimens in order to get information about the health of a
patient as pertaining to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.

I. HEMATOLOGICAL TESTS

A. COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT

Also known as: CBC; Hemogram; CBC with differential.

The CBC is used as a broad screening test to check for such disorders as
anemia, infection, and many other diseases. It is actually a panel of tests that
examines different parts of the blood and includes the following:

 White blood cell (WBC) count is a count of the actual number of white
blood cells per volume of blood. Both increases and decreases can be
significant.
 White blood cell differential looks at the types of white blood cells
present. There are five different types of white blood cells, each with its
own function in protecting us from infection. The differential classifies a
person's white blood cells into each type: neutrophils (also known as
segs, PMNs, granulocytes, grans), lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils,
and basophils.
 Red blood cell (RBC) count is a count of the actual number of red
blood cells per volume of blood. Both increases and decreases can point
to abnormal conditions.
 Hemoglobin measures the amount of oxygen-carrying protein in the
blood.
 Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in a given
volume of whole blood.
  The platelet count is the number of platelets in a given volume of blood.
Both increases and decreases can point to abnormal conditions of
excess bleeding or clotting. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a machine-
calculated measurement of the average size of your platelets. New
platelets are larger, and an increased MPV occurs when increased
numbers of platelets are being produced. MPV gives your doctor
information about platelet production in your bone marrow.

 Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is a measurement of the average size

of your RBCs. The MCV is elevated when your RBCs are larger than
normal (macrocytic), for example in anemia caused by vitamin B12
deficiency. When the MCV is decreased, your RBCs are smaller than
normal (microcytic) as is seen in iron deficiency anemia or thalassemias.

 Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a calculation of the variation in the

size of your RBCs. In some anemias, such as pernicious anemia, the
amount of variation (anisocytosis) in RBC size (along with variation in
shape – poikilocytosis) causes an increase in the RDW.

 What does the test result mean?

White Blood Cell: May be increased with infections, inflammation, cancer,
leukemia; decreased with some medications (such as methotrexate), some
autoimmune conditions, some severe infections, bone marrow failure, and
congenital marrow aplasia (marrow doesn't develop normally).

Red Blood Cell: Decreased with anemia; increased when too many made
and with fluid loss due to diarrhea, dehydration burns.

Platelet: Decreased or increased with conditions that affect platelet

production; decreased when greater numbers used, as with bleeding;
decreased with some inherited disorders (such as Wiskott-Aldrich, Bernard-
Soulier), with Systemic lupus erythematosus, pernicious anemia,
hypersplenism (spleen takes too many out of circulation), leukemia, and
chemotherapy.
 II. Microbiological tests

A. Antibiogram

An antibiogram is the result of a

laboratory testing for the sensitivity of
an isolated bacterial strain to different
antibiotics. It is by definition an in vitro-
sensitivity.

In clinical practice, antibiotics are most

frequently prescribed on the basis of
general guidelines and knowledge
about sensitivity: e.g. uncomplicated urinary tract infections can be treated with
a first generation quinolone, etc. This is because Escherichia coli is the most
likely causative pathogen, and it is known to be sensitive to quinolone
treatment. Infections that are not acquired in the hospital, are called "community
acquired" infections.

However, many bacteria are known to be resistant to several classes of

antibiotics, and treatment is not so straight-forward. This is especially the case
in vulnerable patients, such as patients in the intensive care unit. When these
patients develop a "hospital-acquired" (or "nosocomial") pneumonia, more
hardy bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa are potentially involved.
Treatment is then generally started on the basis of surveillance data about the
local pathogens probably involved. This first treatment, based on statistical
information about former patients, and aimed at a large group of potentially
involved microbes, is called "empirical treatment".

Before starting this treatment, the physician will collect a sample from a
suspected contaminated compartment: a blood sample when bacteria possibly
have invaded the bloodstream, a sputum sample in the case of ventilator
associated pneumonia, and a urine sample in the case of a urinary tract
infection. These samples are transferred to the microbiology lab, which looks at
the sample under the microscope, and tries to culture the bacteria. This can
help in the diagnosis.

Once a culture is established, there are two possible ways to get an

antibiogram:

 a semi-quantitative way based on diffusion (Kirby-Bauer method); small

discs containing different antibiotics, or impregnated paper discs, are
dropped in different zones of the culture on an agar plate, which is a
nutrient-rich environment in which bacteria can grow. The antibiotic will
diffuse in the area surrounding each tablet, and a disc of bacterial lysis will
become visible. Since the concentration of the antibiotic was the highest at
the centre, and the lowest at the edge of this zone, the diameter is
suggestive for the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, or MIC, (conversion of
the diameter in millimeter to the MIC, in µg/ml, is based on known linear
regression curves).
 a quantitative way based on dilution: a dilution series of antibiotics is
established (this is a series of reaction vials with progressively lower
concentrations of antibiotic substance). The last vial in which no bacteria
grow contains the antibiotic at the Minimal Inhibiting Concentration.

Once the MIC is calculated, it can be compared to known values for a given
bacterium and antibiotic: e.g. a MIC > 0, 06 µg/ml may be interpreted as a
penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Such information may be useful
to the clinician, who can change the empirical treatment, to a more custom-
tailored treatment that is directed only at the causative bacterium.
 B. BLOOD CULTURE

Blood culture is a microbiological culture of

blood. It is employed to detect infections that
are spreading through the bloodstream (such
as bacteremia, septicemia amongst others).
This is possible because the bloodstream is
usually a sterile environment.

Method

A minimum of 10 ml of blood is taken through venipuncture and injected into

two or more "blood bottles" with specific media for aerobic and anaerobic
organisms.

The blood is collected using clean technique. This requires that both the tops of
the culture bottles and the venepuncture site of the patient are cleaned prior to
collection with alcohol swabs containing 2% chlorhexidine and 70% isopropyl
alcohol.

To maximise the diagnostic yield of blood cultures multiple sets of cultures

(each set consisting of aerobic & anaerobic vials filled with 3-10 mL) may be
ordered by medical staff.

Ordering multiple sets of cultures increases the probability of discovering a

pathogenic organism in the blood and reduces the probability of having a
positive culture due to skin contaminants.

After inoculating the culture vials, they are sent to the clinical pathology
microbiology department. Here the bottles are entered into a blood culture
machine, which incubate the specimens at body temperature. The blood culture
instrument reports positive blood cultures (cultures with bacteria present, thus
indicating the patient is "bacteremic"). Most cultures are monitored for 5 days
after which negative vials are removed.

If a vial is positive, a microbiologist will perform a Gram Stain on the blood for a
rapid, general ID of the bacteria, which they will report to the attending
physician of the bacteremic patient. The blood is also subcultured or "subbed"
onto agar plates to isolate the pathogenic organism for culture and suceptability
testing, which takes up to 3 days. This culture & sensitivity (C&S) process
identifies the species of bacteria. Antibiotic sensitivities are then assessed on
the bacterial isolate to inform clinicians on appropriate antibiotics for treatment.

Some guidelines for infective endocarditis recommend taking up to 6 sets of

blood for culture (around 60 ml).

C. VDRL (the venereal disease research laboratory test)

Is a blood test for syphilis and was developed by the former Venereal Disease
Research Laboratory, now the Treponemal Pathogenesis and Immunology
Branch, of the United States Public Health Service. The VDRL type test was
invented before World War I, with its first iteration being that developed by
August Paul von Wasserman with the aid of Albert Neisser in 1906.

The VDRL test, as it is largely still done today, was developed in 1946 by
Harris, Rosenberg, and Riedel.
 III. INMUNOLOGIC TESTS

A. URINALYSIS (OR "UA")

Is an array of tests performed on urine and one

of the most common methods of medical
diagnosis. A part of a urinalysis can be performed
by using urine dipsticks, in which the test results
can be read as color changes.

A urine sample is about to be examined under a

phase-contrast microscope using a Neubauer counting chamber. The urine is under
the cover slide, in the upper segment formed by the H-shaped grooves.

The numbers and types of cells and/or material such as urinary casts can yield
a great detail of information and may suggest a specific diagnosis.

 Hematuria - associated with kidney stones, infections, tumors and other

conditions
 Pyuria - associated with urinary infections

 eosinophiluria - associated with allergic interstitial nephritis, atheroembolic

disease
 Red blood cell casts - associated with glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, malignant
hypertension
 White blood cell casts - associated with acute interstitial nephritis, exudative
glomerulonephritis, severe pyelonephritis
 (heme) granular casts - associated with acute tubular necrosis

 crystalluria -- associated with acute urate nephropathy (or "Acute uric acid
nephropathy", AUAN)
 calcium oxalatin - associated with ethylene glycol toxicity
B. ANTIBODIES

(also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are gamma globulin

proteins that are found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates, and
are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects,
such as bacteria and viruses. They are typically made of basic structural
units—each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains—to
form, for example, monomers with one unit, dimers with two units or
pentamers with five units. Antibodies are produced by a kind of white
blood cell called a plasma cell. There are several different types of
antibody heavy chains, and several different kinds of antibodies, which
are grouped into different isotypes based on which heavy chain they
possess. Five different antibody isotypes are known in mammals, which
perform different roles, and help direct the appropriate immune response
for each different type of foreign object they encounter. [2]

 Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small

region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of
antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen binding sites, to
exist. This region is known as the hypervariable region. Each of these
variants can bind to a different target, known as an antigen.[3] This huge
diversity of antibodies allows the immune system to recognize an equally
wide variety of antigens. The unique part of the antigen recognized by an
antibody is called the epitope. These epitopes bind with their antibody in
a highly specific interaction, called induced fit, that allows antibodies to
identify and bind only their unique antigen in the midst of the millions of
different molecules that make up an organism. Recognition of an antigen
by an antibody tags it for attack by other parts of the immune system.
Antibodies can also neutralize targets directly by, for example, binding to
a part of a pathogen that it needs to cause an infection.
 IV. BIOCHEMICAL TEST

A. ELECTROLYTE

Is any substance containing free ions that make the substance electrically
conductive. The most typical electrolyte is an ionic solution, but molten
electrolytes and solid electrolytes are also possible.

 Electrolytes commonly exist as solutions of acids, bases or salts.

Furthermore, some gases may act as electrolytes under conditions of
high temperature or low pressure. Electrolyte solutions can also result
from the dissolution of some biological (e.g., DNA, polypeptides) and
synthetic polymers (e.g., polystyrene sulfonate), termed polyelectrolytes,
which contain charged functional group.
 Electrolyte solutions are normally formed when a salt is placed into a
solvent such as water and the individual components dissociate due to
the thermodynamic interactions between solvent and solute molecules, in
a process called solvation. For example, when table salt, NaCl, is placed
in water, the salt (a solid) dissolves into its component ions, according to
the dissociation reaction NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq)
 It is also possible for substances to react with water when they are added
to it, producing ions, e.g., carbon dioxide gas dissolves in water to
produce a solution which contains hydronium, carbonate, and hydrogen
carbonate ions.
 An electrolyte in a solution may be described as concentrated if it has a
high concentration of ions, or dilute if it has a low concentration. If a high
proportion of the solute dissociates to form free ions, the electrolyte is
strong; if most of the solute does not dissociate, the electrolyte is weak.
The properties of electrolytes may be exploited using electrolysis to
extract constituent elements and compounds contained within the
solution.
B. HORMONE (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus")

Is a chemical released by a cell in one part of the body, that sends out
messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. Only a small
amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism. It is essentially
a chemical messenger that transports a signal from one cell to another.
All multicellular organisms produce hormones; plant hormones are also
called phytohormones. Hormones in animals are often transported in
the blood. Cells respond to a hormone when they express a specific
receptor for that hormone. The hormone binds to the receptor protein,
resulting in the activation of a signal transduction mechanism that
ultimately leads to cell type-specific responses.

 Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the

bloodstream, while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted
directly into a duct, and from the duct they either flow into the
bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known
as paracrine signalling.

C. BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE

A panel of tests, usually selected for their ability in the particular species to
evaluate the functional capacity of several critical organ systems and general
health. The 'profile' may literally be the results plotted on individual, parallel
numerical scales, producing a pattern similar to a bar grap.
 RADIOLOGY

1. DEFINITION

Radiology is the branch or specialty of medicine that utilizes imaging

technologies like x-rays, CT scans, and MRIs to diagnose and treat diseases.

Radiologists are physicians that utilize an array of imaging technologies (such

as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine, positron emission
tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) to diagnose or treat
diseases. Interventional radiology is the performance of (usually minimally
invasive) medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies. The
acquisition of medical imaging is usually carried out by the radiographer or
radiologic technologist.

2. PROJECTION (PLAIN) RADIOGRAPHY

MADURA FOOT X-RAY

Radiographs (or roentgenographs, named after the discoverer of x-rays,

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen) are produced by the transmission of x-rays through a
patient to a capture device then converted into an image for diagnosis. The
original and still common imaging produces silver impregnated films. In Film-
Screen radiography an x-ray tube generates a beam of x-rays which is aimed at
the patient. The x-rays which pass through the patient are filtered to reduce
scatter and noise and then strike an undeveloped film, held tight to a screen of
light emitting phosphors in a light-tight cassette. The film is then developed
chemically and an image appears on the film. Now replacing Film-Screen
radiography is Digital Radiography, DR, in which x-rays strike a plate of sensors
which then converts the signals generated into digital information and an image
on computer screen. Plain radiography was the only imaging modality available
during the first 50 years of radiology. It is still the first study ordered in
evaluation of the lungs, heart and skeleton because of its wide availability,
speed and relative low cost.

3. CT SCANNING

BRAIN CT SCAN IMAGE SLICE

CT imaging uses X-rays in conjunction with computing algorithms to image the

body.[3] In CT, an X-ray generating tube opposite an X-ray detector (or
detectors) in a ring shaped apparatus rotate around a patient producing a
computer generated cross-sectional image (tomogram). CT is acquired in the
axial plane, while coronal and sagittal images can be rendered by computer
reconstruction. Radiocontrast agents are often used with CT for enhanced
delineation of anatomy. Although radiographs provide higher spatial resolution,
CT can detect more subtle variations in attenuation of X-rays. CT exposes the
patient to more ionizing radiation than a radiograph. Spiral Multi-detector CT
utilizes 8, 16, 64 or more detectors during continuous motion of the patient
through the radiation beam to obtain much finer detail images in a shorter exam
time. With rapid administration of IV contrast during the CT scan these fine
detail images can be reconstructed into 3D images of carotid, cerebral and
coronary arteries, CTA, CT angiography. CT scanning has become the test of
choice in diagnosing some urgent and emergent conditions such as cerebral
hemorrhage, pulmonary embolism (clots in the arteries of the lungs), aortic
dissection (tearing of the aortic wall), appendicitis, diverticulitis, and obstructing
kidney stones. Continuing improvements in CT technology including faster
scanning times and improved resolution have dramatically increased the
accuracy and usefulness of CT scanning and consequently increased utilization
in medical diagnosis.

The first commercially viable CT scanner was invented by Sir Godfrey

Hounsfield at EMI Central Research Labs, Great Britain in 1972. EMI owned the
distribution rights to The Beatles music and it was their profits which funded the
research.[4] Sir Hounsfield and Alan McLeod McCormick shared the Nobel Prize
for Medicine in 1979 for the invention of CT scanning. The first CT scanner in
North America was installed at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN in 1972.

4. ULTRASOUND

Medical ultrasonography uses ultrasound (high-frequency sound waves) to

visualize soft tissue structures in the body in real time. No ionizing radiation is
involved, but the quality of the images obtained using ultrasound is highly
dependent on the skill of the person (ultrasonographer) performing the exam.
Ultrasound is also limited by its inability to image through air (lungs, bowel
loops) or bone. The use of ultrasound in medical imaging has developed mostly
within the last 30 years. The first ultrasound images were static and two
dimensional (2D), but with modern-day ultrasonography 3D reconstructions can
be observed in real-time; effectively becoming 4D.

Because ultrasound does not utilize ionizing radiation, unlike radiography, CT

scans, and nuclear medicine imaging techniques, it is generally considered
safer. For this reason, this modality plays a vital role in obstetrical imaging.
Fetal anatomic development can be thoroughly evaluated allowing early
diagnosis of many fetal anomalies. Growth can be assessed over time,
important in patients with chronic disease or gestation-induced disease, and in
multiple gestations (twins, triplets etc.). Color-Flow Doppler Ultrasound
measures the severity of peripheral vascular disease and is used by Cardiology
for dynamic evaluation of the heart, heart valves and major vessels. Stenosis of
the carotid arteries can presage cerebral infarcts (strokes). DVT in the legs can
be found via ultrasound before it dislodges and travels to the lungs (pulmonary
embolism), which can be fatal if left untreated. Ultrasound is useful for image-
guided interventions like biopsies and drainages such as thoracentesis). Small
portable ultrasound devices now replace peritoneal lavage in the triage of
trauma victims by directly assessing for the presence of hemorrhage in the
peritoneum and the integrity of the major viscera including the liver, spleen and
kidneys. Extensive hemoperitoneum (bleeding inside the body cavity) or injury
to the major organs may require emergent surgical exploration and repair.

5. MRI (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING)

MRI IMAGE OF HUMAN KNEE WITH A DISPLACED PATELLA

MRI uses strong magnetic fields to align atomic nuclei (usually hydrogen
protons) within body tissues, then uses a radio signal to disturb the axis of
rotation of these nuclei and observes the radio frequency signal generated as
the nuclei return to their baseline states plus all surrounding areas. The radio
signals are collected by small antennae, called coils, placed near the area of
interest. An advantage of MRI is its ability to produce images in axial, coronal,
sagittal and multiple oblique planes with equal ease. MRI scans give the best
soft tissue contrast of all the imaging modalities. With advances in scanning
speed and spatial resolution, and improvements in computer 3D algorithms and
hardware, MRI has become a tool in musculoskeletal radiology and
neuroradiology.One disadvantage is that the patient has to hold still for long
periods of time in a noisy, cramped space while the imaging is performed.
Claustrophobia severe enough to terminate the MRI exam is reported in up to
5% of patients. Recent improvements in magnet design including stronger
magnetic fields (3 teslas), shortening exam times, wider, shorter magnet bores
and more open magnet designs, have brought some relief for claustrophobic
patients. However, in magnets of equal field strength there is often a trade-off
between image quality and open design. MRI has great benefit in imaging the
brain, spine, and musculoskeletal system. The modality is currently
contraindicated for patients with pacemakers, cochlear implants, some
indwelling medication pumps, certain types of cerebral aneurysm clips, metal
fragments in the eyes and some metallic hardware due to the powerful
magnetic fields and strong fluctuating radio signals the body is exposed to.
Areas of potential advancement include functional imaging, cardiovascular MRI,
as well as MR image guided therapy.

Ultrasound

The Ultrasound uses sound waves of high frequency to look at organs and
structures within the body. Health professionals use them to see the heart,
blood vessels, kidneys, liver and other organs. During pregnancy, doctors use
ultrasound tests to examine the fetus. Unlike X-rays, ultrasound involves no
radiation exposure.

During the scan, a special technician or doctor moves a device called a

transducer over a body part. The probe sends sound waves that bounce off
tissues inside the body. The transducer also captures the waves that bounce
back. The images are created by these sound waves
 Radiation Therapy
Also called: Brachytherapy, Radiotherapy 

Radiation is a form of energy released in particles or waves. In high doses,

radiation destroys cells or keeps them from multiplying.
Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment. Its goal is to kill cancer cells and shrink
tumors. Unlike cancer cells, most of your normal cells recover from radiation
therapy. Doctors try to protect normal cells by limiting the radiation dosage and
spreading treatment out over time. When they use radiation machines, they
shield as much of your body as possible while targeting the cancer.

The radiation for cancer treatment comes externally, from special machines, or
internally, from radioactive substances that a doctor places in your body.
Sometimes radiation is used with other treatments, like surgery or
chemotherapy.

Diagnostic Imaging

Diagnostic imaging refers to technologies that doctors use to look inside your
body for clues about a medical condition. A variety of machines and techniques
can create pictures of the structures and activities inside your body. The
technology your doctor uses will depend on your symptoms and the part of your
body being examined. X-rays, CT scans, nuclear medicine scans, MRI scans
and ultrasound are all types of diagnostic imaging.

Many imaging tests are painless and easy. Some require you to stay still for a
long time inside a machine, though. This can be uncomfortable. Certain tests
involve radiation, but these are generally considered safe because the dosage
is very low.
For some imaging tests, a tiny camera attached to a long, thin tube is inserted
in your body. This tool is called a scope. The doctor moves it through a body
passageway or opening to see inside a particular organ, such as your heart,
lungs or colon. These procedures often require anesthesia.

OPHTHALMOLOGY

It is born of the need to realize and complement examinations of support to the

ophthalmological diagnosis, as well as in the prevention of visual deficiencies
and in the necessary cases, in the treatment and the visual rehabilitation. His
performance is realized to level of primary care in hospitable sectors and from
the first aids to state and private levels, being this the principal filter in the
affections of the field of vision.

 CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHER: is a non-invasive medical imaging

technique for mapping the surface curvature of the cornea
 PUPILOMETER: It measures the size pupillary
 ORA (OCULAR RESPONSE ANALYZER): It measures the resistance of
the cornea and the elasticity

OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY

They can develop in:

- The clinic doing auditory examinations, of balance and of the nasal

function for the support to the medical diagnosis, as control of medical -
surgical treatments;
- The production and execution of programs of precocious inquiry of
auditory alterations, in neonates with Emission Otoacústicas and school
children with sifted telephone earpieces;
- The precocious detection of deafness’s induced by noise with the
production and execution of programs of prevention of the deafness;
- The auditory rehabilitation with headphones or implants cochleares
- The treatment of the patients with dizziness by means of the vestibular
rehabilitation and the maneuvers of reinstatement of particles:
o Accomplishment of examinations ORL in evaluations doctor legal.
o Other services destined for the teaching, investigation and
extension in related topics to ORL.