RESEARCH REPORT

TITLE: Effects of Social Media (Positive & Negative)

RESEARCH PROBLEM

What are the effects of using social media?

INTRODUCTION

The bloom of technology in today's world sparked people to make things, ideas & jobs a lot more easier.
And suddenly, social media was born and provided a lot of purposes including finding information,
communication, making friends and a lot more. Social means relating to people or society in general while
media is a particular form or system of communication, therefore social media is a form or system of
communication in relation to people or the society (Merriam Webster Dictionary). Kids, teenagers and adults
can access social media, whatever your gender, religion or civil status. Social media is readily accessed, it us
free and popular especially in our modernized world.

Teaching how to use social media to anybody was not that hard. In fact, you need be at least thirteen(13)
years old to use Facebook, Snapchat, Twitter and Instagram (European Union, Data Protection Rules).
Despite this age requirement, a majority of 10-12 years old already use social media, a survey has
revealed(Sophie Jamieson, 2016). The most common social media that is often used by this particular age
bracket is Facebook wherein 49% of the respondents revealed (BBC's news programme for
Children,Newround) . Beside its positive effects like online learning and information access, it can also waste
time when used improperly, distraction to learners & social problems(Ana Marie De La Cruz, 2017).It is a big
challenge for parents, politicians and analysts on how to minimize this problem. The social media greatly
affects physical & mental health of the user. According to Pew Research Center based in Washington, D. C.,
they found out that social media induce more stress than it relieves. In addition to that, the Philippines ranked
one in the worldwide ranking in terms of the length of time in using both internet and social media and there is
also a decrease for SMS users by 40% in 2016 – 2018 since the internet sparked(ABS-CBN news, 2019). As
for students, the internet is already a necessity for them for doing their respective school requirements like
research, assignments and projects but it is also said that students use social media almost half of the day.
The possibility of obtaining a harmful effect from using the social media excessively is a thing that should be
worked on, thus identifying the effects of it both physically and mentally is a must.

The reason why the researchers chose this topic is for them to identify the positive and negative effects of
social media and its possible danger to the students. The researchers chose the Grade 11 students as
respondents because they are already aware of social media's existence and accessible for them. Upon
raising this problem, the researchers want to pursue this study to get every detail specifically and look for the
best solution of the said topic for young students are the most vulnerable on the effects of social media.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

A. Age
B. Gender
C. Grades
2. How often students use social media?
3. How important is social media to the students?
4. What is/are the significant effects of social media?
5. What are the possible intervention programs should be given to minimize the addiction of social media?

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This study is anchored on theories propounded by Albert Bandura, B. F. Skinner and Abraham Maslow.
Bandura's Social Learning Theory, as social media made inroads into our living rooms, much of social learning
has been influenced by it, especially among the impressionable minds of children and adolescents.
Adolescents have the most impressionable minds, which explains their ability to learn and comprehend and
quickly pick up behaviors from their surrounding environment. Behavior patterns do not necessarily have to be
taught to them - they are highly receptive to learning through social networking.

As media and its various forms have gradually intruded into most households, social learning theories have
identified the influence of media in shaping the social behavior of adolescent and children. Social networking
sites are virtual worlds for the internet users. Spending so much time in the virtual worlds affects the academic
learning abilities of young minds and the behavior of these youths. It is from the constant exposure to and
interaction in the virtual world as well as through chatting and video sharing that students pick up many of their
characteristics traits. There behavioral traits, learned as young adults, continue throughout adulthood. These
are potential influences of social learning patterns seen in grownups.

B. F. Skinner Operant Conditioning Theory is based upon the idea that learning is function of change in overt
behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of an individual's response to events that occur in the
environment. In the case of students who are engaging in social networking sites, the reason why students are
addicted to modern social media is the stimulus or the environment that drive them to practice such.

Psychological theory of needs theorized by Abraham Maslow pointed out that humans need to feel a sense of
belonging and acceptance, whether it comes from a large social group, such as clubs, office culture, religious
groups, professional organizations, sports teams, gangs, small social connections or even social networking
sites. They need to be love and be loved by others. In the absence of these elements, many people become
susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and clinical depression.

Behaviorist theorized that learning occurs through interactions with the environments. Two other assumptions
of this theory are that the environment shapes behavior and that taking internal mental states such as
thoughts, feelings and emotions into considerations is useless in explaining behavior.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is for us to know the effects of social media and how useful or beneficial it is to
the students, parents and the teachers. Each one of them can able to assess the users and can identify much
more specific details that will help them formulate solutions. Social media is already dominating the minds of
the users so through this research, information from different respondents will be a way for them. Temporary
solutions will provide assistance to those users who are too attached on social media. Furthermore, life-long
solutions is believed to be formulated as soon everything will be on set & more researchers can able to fill up
the spaces of unanswered questions.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The major concept of this study is the effects of social media to the senior high students.

Social Media Students

(Independent Variable Performance
Dependent Variable

Facebook

Twitter

Snapchat

Instagram

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

The effects of social media can be clearly observed to youngsters nowadays, now with the advent of
technology. Although social media is extremely beneficial in several ways (i.e., self expression, communicating
with long-distance friends, self-identity, emotional support, and so on), it does have a negative impact on
mental health (Stonecipher, 2017). A study was conducted by the Royal Society for Public Health(RSPH) and
the Young Health Movement(YHM), surveyed 1,500 young adults from ages 14-24 from Northern Ireland,
England, Scotland and Wales revealed that the issues regarding social media are lack of quality and amount of
sleep, feelings of loneliness, bullying, fear of missing out(FOMO), anxiety, emotional support, depression, self-
expression and so on.

In an article published by Royal Society for Public Health(RSPH) and Young Health Movement(YHM),
instagram ranked the worst social media website based from the ratings of the young people who have been
surveyed last 2017, while Youtube was considered as the most positive. Shirley Cramer CBB, Chief Executive
of RSPH stated that social media has been described as more addictive than cigarettes and alcohol and is now
so entrenched in the lives of young people that is no longer possible to ignore it when talking about young
people’s mental health issues.

For young people, using social media and digital technologies as a tool to help with mental health make
sense for many reasons (Inkster, 2017). Social media is a part of their daily lives and so care could be
delivered in a lifestyle -integrated, self managed approach. This holistic perspective could integrate personal
interests and activities. It might help improve pyschoeducation, increase self-awareness of mental health and
act as a preventive measure. Young people sometimes feel more comfortable talking about personal issues
online.
 Social media also plays a critical role in introducing teens to new friends and connecting them to their
existing friend networks. Some 76% of teens ages 13 to 17 use social media and 64% of teens who have met
at least one new friend online report meeting a friend through social media, 62% of teens share their social
media username as one of the first pieces of information they share as a way to stay in touch when they meet
a brand new friend (Lenhart, 2015)

Many phone or tablet applications are meant to be playful, useful, or social but there has been an
increase in apps that can leave users feeling insecure about themselves and the way they look so they use
fake accounts to hide themselves or prevent judgement and cyberbullying. Below are the 10 apps that a parent
should know for these applications are detrimental to self-image and truly meaningless (Teacher Boards,
2018).

 Calculator. This app looks like a calculator but functions like a secret photo vault.
 Omegle. A free online chat website that promotes chatting anonymously to strangers.
 Yellow. This app is designed to allow teens to flirt with each other in a Tinder-like atmosphere.
 Whisper. An anonymous app where the creators promote sharing secrets and meeting new people.
 Ask.fm. Ask an anonymous question and get an answer. This app has been linked to the most severe
forms of bullying.
 Hot or Not. Strangers rate your profile. Goal is to lead to a hook up.
 Burn Book. Post anonymous rumors about people through audio, messages, texts and photos.
 Wishbone. An app that allows users to compare kids against each other and rate them on a scale.
 Kik. Messaging app. Kik has built-in apps and web content that would be filtered on home computer.
 Instagram. Many kids are now creating fake accounts to hide content from parents. Kids also like to
chat using Instagram because messages are deleted once a user leaves conversation. (Source:
AppsolutelyApril)

In school, the use of online platforms such as school website will give students the right access to quality
information about the school environment, departments, faculties, rules and regulations. It has been observed
that social media has a wider and faster means of circulating information not only to the students of an
institution but also to the generality of the public (De La Cruz, 2017).

Social media, such as Twitter, Facebook, Snapchat, and Instagram, are all highly used social media
platforms. The social media usage of students has the potential to affect their grades, social skills, and time
management skills, but it could be a positive or negative effect. Students often find themselves updating their
feed when they should be working or studying (Harrison, 2018). Although some students suffer from their
social media usage, there is a handful that aren’t affected at all. In fact, according to Tara Heffner, a
psychologist of Rowan University, social media can be a benefit for college students and their success. She
added ,”Using social media to cope with academic frustrations can be a good outlet, especially if the student is
connecting with another student that is having the same problem. Social media allows students to discuss
class material via social media as well as help them network. “

In terms of educational benefits, a number of researchers have found positive outcomes in online
community engagement among children and their peers. Tiene (2000) showed that “written communication
on cyberspace enables students to take part in discussions at a time convenient to them and articulate their
ideas in more carefully thought-out and structured ways.” Deng and Tavares (2013)concluded that “web-based
discussions can contribute to the development of students’ reflective ability and critical thinking skills.” The
authors also add that relative to face-to-face communication, “children are more willing to voice their views
(agreements or disagreements) and are more attuned to others’ opinions in online discussions.” (Badri, 2017)

A philosopher of communication theory, Marshall McLuhan, said ,”The new electronic independence re-
creates the world in the image of a global village.” This electronic independence is inherently dependent upon
the Internet. It illuminates the lives of people by spreading knowledge internationally, thereby making us global
citizens.

Humans are social animals. We always like to remain in some group or another, and we prefer to follow
what this group does. All of our traditions and cultures are the product of this group-oriented facet of human
nature (Karadkar, 2015). A well known American psychologist, Abraham Maslow, stated in his “Theory of
Motivation” that the social need of human beings is the third most important requirement after our physical and
safety needs. Even our self-esteem comes after this social dependence. This is the main reason why billions of
people use social networking to stay connected, make friends and satisfy their social needs.

As of 2015, the world’s largest social networking company, Facebook, has 1.49 billion active users, and
the number of users is increasing every year. One of the most interesting things to look at is the increasing
number of users on such social networking site. As per the survey conducted by Pew Research Center, 72
percent of high school and 78 percent of college students spend time on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram etc.
These numbers indicate how much the student community is involved in this virtual world of social networking.

Social media provides students a new mechanism for a familiar exercise. It provides students a direct
medium by which to publicly evaluate and comment on their campus environments, institutional policies, classes,
professors, and administration and fellow students in real-time. Social media zips through our campuses nearly
unseen, dragging behind it the heavy weight of social injustices and complicated. Jurisprudence accumulated
from decades of student speech (Gurcan 2015). Given social media’s potential for positive impact, no one is
suggesting we pull the breaks on it, and in many ways the technology is already out of our grasp.

Today’s students communicate via technology, and that if you say absolutely no Facebook or texting, you
are cutting off an important relationship with students technology as an online teacher use of technology via the
use of a variety of tools such as Skype, text, email, Facebook and twitter. Social media open up new ways for
collaboration and discussion in the sense that, it offers a great deal of content posting, coping, sharing and
search ability by easily using online search tools. Students today use social media anywhere and at any time
where internet connection is available in order to meet their educational needs (Dewing, 2010).Students use
social media to communicate with their teachers as a group outside of class and to plan school events and what
not, it also allowed students to get help on school work from teachers during the evening, weekends, and holidays
so that they never fell behind. The cell phone numbers and WeChat are equally used to get in touch with teachers
quickly during the school day, if a student is going to be late or absent or outside of school in an emergency.

On the subject of the number of complaints of inappropriate contact involving social media, the possible
threats are too great. Student engaging in a private relationship outside the classroom circles begs for
inappropriate behavior to commence (Gurman 2015). There is the likelihood of users not being courteous and
respectful of other such that Profanity, vulgarity, obscenity, or language that is harassing, derogatory, or
otherwise inappropriate for the school environment sometimes circulates in these platforms. Users could easily
display, send, retrieve, or download any items that are sexually explicit, or contain hate-based or discriminatory
material without the notification of a teacher, school administrator or even their peers in the event. This in turn
could make students concede that they have no right or expectation of privacy with respect to their use of school
technology and therefore would not want to participate fully (Gurman 2015).

Another critical thing that social media allows others to do are becoming cyber bullies. The introduction of
social media has brought about the unfortunate rise of cyber bullying; a social concern that has taken previous
forms of harassment to a whole new level. Users who would ordinarily avoid confrontation for fear of physical or
lawful reprisals find themselves free to act online as they wish, insulting and harassing others without
consequence. The masked identity that the Internet gives also causes other concerns for the victim, with the
unknown identity of the bully causing a heightened sense of stress and anxiety (Dakin, 2016).

If teens were to follow up high social media usage with lots of time spent socializing in person, the
effects perhaps wouldn’t be so adverse. But in most cases, they aren’t. It turns out, liking a post, commenting
“Cute,” or keeping up with a “snapchat streak” isn’t the same as catching up. It’s not even close. Yet too many
teens, according to these experts, are substituting real life interactions for Instagram posts, and paying the
price (Barrett, 2018).

Global social networking audiences surpassed 2 billion users in 2016. The most popular social
network worldwide is Facebook; with 1.86 billion monthly active users by the end of 2016. Other popular
social networks include WeChat, Twitter, Instagram, Tumblr and Sina Weibo. Some mobile messaging
apps such as LINE or Kakaotalk have transformed into social platforms by including profile timelines and
games reminiscent of traditional social networks. Currently, the global average social network penetration
rate was 37 percent. North and South America ranked first and second in this category at 66 and 59
percent respectively. In total, 21 percent of U.S. online time was spent on social media content. One of
the most popular online activities, social networking, is becoming predominantly mobile. December 2016
data reveals that in the United States, 60 percent of social media time was spent via smartphone app. As
of the fourth quarter of 2016, Facebook had 1.15 billion mobile-only active users worldwide. In 2018, the
Centers for Disease Control issued some sobering statistics about student anxiety and depression. Teens are
more lonely, anxious and depressed than ever. About a third of teens surveyed by the CDC said they’d felt
persistent sadness or hopelessness. Social media, says John Richter, director of Public Policy at the Mental
Health Association, believes social media is exacerbating this trend (Statistica, 2019).

The Child Mind Institute’s 2018 Children’s Mental Health Report focuses on anxiety in teenagers,
spotlighting the prevalent role of social media has in their lives. The report points out that existing research
does conclude that social media can be constructive, “youth with a stronger emotional investment in social
media are likely to have higher levels of anxiety.”

As years come, social media will later be an essential part of our life and will be a tool for connectivity. But
as the time flies, effects of social media will be more prominent and crisis will be later on possible. Social media
platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram serves as entertainment for us, communication, and also to kill
time so there is no reason to consider these platforms as a hindrance in our daily lives and will be a reason to
make our health worse. Through entering the online world, socialization is a must and must not use into evil
actions like cyberbullying & harassment. Prove that the generation today is now equipped with skills and talent
to handle different situations and not doing inappropriate things that taint the current generation’s dignity. It may
be a challenge for us but now with the advancement of technology and with the guidance of our love ones,
nothing is impossible.
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH SETTING

The study was conducted at Informatics Consolacion. The focus of the study are the Grade 11 students
that are randomly picked having 30 students since these students already knew social media’s existence and
is accessible for them. This study consists of a questionnaire made by the researchers themselves having nine
(9) items that is answerable by a multiple choice and one (1) yes-or-no item question and one(1) question
having a follow-up question, all items are regarding the effects of social media.

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTREPRETATION OF DATA

DISCUSSION

1.) What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. Age

Age No. of Respondents Percentage

16 10 33.33%
17 17 56.67%
18 1 3.33%
19 2 6.67%
TOTAL 30 100%

The Data revealed that only 1 out of 30 respondents or 3.33% are 18 years old, and only 2 out of 30
respondents or 6.67% are 19 years old. Lastly, there are 10 respondents out of 30 that is in the age of 16, This
coincides with the study conducted by the Pew Research Center and posted by Amanda Lenhart wherein the
study revealed that 57% of teens ages 13 to 17 have made a new friend online, with 29% of teens indicating
that they have made more than five new friends in online venues. Most of these friendships stay in the digital
space; only 20% of all teens have met an online friend in person.

B. Grades

Grades No. of Respondents Percentage

70-79 0 0%
80-89 22 73.33%
90-99 8 26.67%
TOTAL 30 100%

The data revealed that there are 22 out of 30 respondents that have a third grading average of 80-
89 or 73.33%, and 8 respondents who have 90-99 third grading average or 26.67%. Lastly, no respondents in
the average from 70-79 or 0%. In terms of educational benefits, a number of researchers have found positive
outcomes in online community engagement among children and their peers. Tiene (2000) showed that “written
communication on cyberspace enables students to take part in discussions at a time convenient to them and
articulate their ideas in more carefully thought-out and structured ways.” Deng and Tavares (2013)concluded
that “web-based discussions can contribute to the development of students’ reflective ability and critical
thinking skills.”

2.) How often students use social media?

Time No. of Respondents Percentage

Everyday 16 53.33%
Every other day 2 6.67%
Once a week 9 30%
Never 3 10%
TOTAL 30 100%

The data revealed that more than half of the respondents(53.33%) use social media everyday
followed by 30%(9 of the 30 respondents) who revealed that they only use social media once a week and
10%(3 of the 30 respondents) who never use social media. Lastly, only 2 or 6.67% of 30 respondents who use
social media every other day. As of 2017, daily social media usage of global internet users amounted to
135 minutes per day, up from 126 daily minutes in the previous year (Statistica, 2019)

3.) How important is social media to the students?

Importance No. of Respondents Percentage

Very Important 16 53.33%
Least Important 12 40%
Not Important 2 6.67%
TOTAL 30 100%

The data shows that 16 of the 30 respondents or 53.33% revealed that they see social media as a
very important thing to them compared to 12 our of 30 respondents who answered least important or 40% and
lastly, 2 out of 30 respondents answered not important or 6.67%. The reason why 53.33% of the respondents
revealed that social media is very important because social media is a way for them to communicate with each
other like asking for the assignments, projects etc. Through the online world, they can reach out those people
who were far away from them.

4.) What is/are significant effect(s) of social media?

Effects No. of Respondents

Unclear Vision 3
Lack of sleep 16
Extreme Attachment to Technologies 2
Insomnia 2
Tardiness 6
None at All 3
 TOTAL 30

It was revealed that most of the respondents experienced the lack of sleep followed by tiredness/
tardiness, then unclear vision, insomnia & tardiness. Example situation of lack of sleep is that because of
social media’s entertainment purposes, the user will be hooked into it until to the point his/her phone gets shut
down unless he/she is playing her phone while charging, he/she will stop when she felt sleepiness in that
user’s eyes. In result to that, it will lead to lack of sleep especially if the user’s class schedule starts early in the
morning or the user will be late in class. It will be a significant effect to the user wherein it affects his/her
performance in their house and school. Not just that, it will also lead to some problems on health and later on
pose a threat to the user’s body.

Are you A Social Media Addict No. of Respondents Percentage

Yes 17 56.67%
No 13 43.33%
TOTAL 30 100%

It was revealed that 56.67%(17 out of 30 respondents) consider themselves as a social media
addict compared to 43.33%(13 of 30 respondents) who do not consider themselves as a social media addict.
The reason why 56.67% respondents revealed that they are a social media addict because they are spending
too much time in using social media to the point that almost every hour, they want to check their respective
feeds and they have the feeling of extreme attachment to technologies. A study conducted last 2018 revealed
that students find themselves updating their feed when they are working or studying (Harrison, 2018)

5.) What are the possible intervention programs should be given to minimize the addiction of social media?

Intervention Programs No. of Respondents Percentage

Focusing on your study 13 43.33%
Join outdoor activities 6 20%
Bonding with family/ friends 5 16.67%
Doing your Favorite Hobbies 6 20%
TOTAL 30 100%

The data revealed that 13 of the 30 respondents(43.33%) recommend to focus on your study to
minimize the addiction of social media followed by 20% who revealed that joining outdoor activities and doing
your favorite hobbies will minimize the addiction of social media. Focusing in your study is a broad intervention
program since it is nearly impossible for a social media addict to focus in your study especially when social
media is involved in a student’s life. A side study was conducted and revealed that to focus to your study and
prevent the grasp of technology, guidance of parents in a must for them and it was also revealed books are
better to be used in an looking for assignments or a project to prevent social media’s involvement. For
instance, for a user to be monitored properly ,there should be only limited time for social media usage. This
can be done by parents. Parents can also check their children’s works in his/her school hours. The parents
should monitor what are the things they did in school and to find out if the student did well in school.
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION

The study revealed that most social media users are 16-17years old for they are in a stage of
socialization and getting to understand different things. They use social media almost everyday because it is a
way for them to socialize without getting in touch to others and also to see what is trending. Students use
social media for them to search for their homework and use social media as a reference. Facebook is the no. 1
social media website to be used by the respondents since Facebook bloomed year 2004 and children already
have the grasp into it until it became popular and more users are hooked into it. They also revealed that they
are already addicted to it and consider social media as very important in their lives since social media makes
student life easier. It is a package wherein just a click you can find what you are looking for and social media’s
functions became a lot more like gaming, research purposes etc. That’s why social media pose a threat to the
user, both physically and mentally like lack of sleep, insomnia and extreme attachment to technologies.

RECOMMENDATION

We strongly believe that to reduce the addiction of social media, they can apply these intervention
programs like:

 Focusing on your study – it may be hard for the user to focus in his/her respective study when the user
is already addicted to it so we recommend that using books instead of using website to look for their
respective assignments will at least prevent the inclusion of social media in students life. Parents can
monitor their children’s performance in school to make sure he/she did well in school.
 Joining outdoor activities – Although this one is not that easy to do but it is best for them to at least go
out and freshen their mind to at least prevent the involvement of social media.
 Doing your favorite hobbies – To kill time, users of social media surf the internet to entertain
themselves. Why not do their hobbies like drawing, dancing, singing or listening to music?
 Bonding their family/friends – When a user reaches home, the first thing they do is open their social
media accounts then start surfing. Why not go step outside their house and hang out with
family/friends?

Aside from that, the respondents also revealed that majority of them want the teachers to use social
media in their discussions particularly in presenting a topic, assignment or project.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Stonecipher, M (2017). The effects of social media on mental health, https://spunout.ie/news/article/the-effects-

of-social-media-on-mental-health

RSPH & YHM(2017). Instagram ranked worst for young people’s mental health, https://www.rsph.org.uk/about-
us/news/instagram-ranked-worst-for-young-people-s-mental-health.html

Teacher Boards(2018). The Effects of Social Media in Student Teens,

https://www.teacherboards.co.uk/community/the-effects-of-social-media-in-student-teens/

De La Cruz, A(2017). Positive and Negative Effects use of Social Media by Students,
http://blog.blogdash.com/media-industry/positive-negative-use-social-media-students/

Harrison, K(2018). How social media affects students, https://www.peacetimesonline.com/ae/2018/01/24/how-

social-media-can-affect-college-students/

Karadkar, Abhishek(2015). The impact of social media in student life,

http://www.technicianonline.com/opinion/article_d1142b70-5a92-11e5-86b4-cb7c98a6e45f.html

Boateng, R & Amankwaa, A(2016). The Impact of Social Media on Student Academic Life in Higher Education.
Beijing: Global Journals Inc. (USA)

Dalton, C & Dakin, P(2016). The Effects of Social Media on Students Essay, https://studymoose.com/the-
effects-of-social-media-on-students-essay

Barrett, K(2018). Social Media’s Impact on Students' Mental Health Comes Into Focus,
http://neatoday.org/2018/09/27/social-media-impact-on-students-mental-health/

Juice Academy(2018). Social Media and its Impact on Students Life, https://www.studentjob.co.uk/blog/1833-
social-media-and-its-impact-on-student-life

Information Parlour(2015). Effects of Social Media on Education, http://informationparlour.com/article-

education-effects-social-media-education

Nosheen, S & Muhammad, I(2019). The Impact of social media on student’s life, https://nation.com.pk/06-Jul-
2018/the-impact-of-social-media-on-student-s-life

Lenhart, A(2015). Teens, Technology, and Friendships, http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/08/06/teens-

technology-and-friendships/

Tiene, D(2000). Online discussions: A survey of advantages and disadvantages compared to face-to-face
discussions,https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Online%20discussions%3A%20a%20survey%20o
f%20advantages%20and%20disadvantages%20compared%20to%20face-to-
face%20discussions&publication_year=2000&author=C.D.%20Tiene#d=gs_qabs&u=%23p%3DQNDTWXjU4y
sJ
Deng, L & Tavares, N(2013). From Moodle to Facebook: Exploring students' motivation and experiences in
online communities,
https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=From%20moodle%20to%20facebook%3A%20exploring%20st
udents’%20motivation%20and%20experiences%20in%20online%20communities&publication_year=2013&aut
hor=L.%20Deng&author=N.%20Tavares#d=gs_qabs&u=%23p%3DdOdOQJZjIJwJ

Badri, M & Rashedi, A(2017). School performance, social networking effects, and learning of school children:
Evidence of reciprocal relationships in Abu Dhabi,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736585317302769#b0120
Statistica (2019). Daily time spent on social networking by internet users worldwide from 2012 to 2017 (in
minutes), https://www.statista.com/statistics/433871/daily-social-media-usage-worldwide/#0