Samar Jurn 2013 1 PDF

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

iuridiuli fakulteti
samarTlis Jurnali
#1, 2013
UDC (uak) 34(051.2)
s-216
mTavari redaqtori
irakli burduli (prof., Tsu)
saredaqcio kolegia:
levan aleqsiZe (prof., Tsu)

giorgi daviTaSvili (prof., Tsu)
avTandil demetraSvili (prof., Tsu)
besarion zoiZe (prof., Tsu)
mzia lekveiSvili (prof., Tsu)
guram naWyebia (prof., Tsu)
Tevdore niniZe (prof., Tsu)
nugzar surgulaZe (prof., Tsu)
paata turava (prof., Tsu)
lado Wanturia (prof., Tsu)
giorgi xubua (prof., Tsu)
laSa bregvaZe (T. wereTlis sax.
saxelmwifosa da samarTlis
institutis direqtori)
gunter toibneri (prof.,
frankfurtis universiteti)
lourens fridmani (prof.,
stenfordis universiteti)
bernd Sunemani (prof.,
miunxenis universiteti)
peter heberle (prof.,
bairoiTis universiteti)
© Tsu gamomcemloba, 2014
ISSN 1987-7668
Sinaarsi
vaxtang baCiaSvili
xelSekrulebis ganmarteba evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis principebis
mixedviT da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi misi implementaciis
mizanSewoniloba................................................................................................................................. 5
mixeil biWia
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba saadvokato saidumloebis
xelyofisTvis .................................................................................................................................... 23
ilona gagua
samarTlis roli da funqcia mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebisas ........... 47
ekaterine lafaCi
uZrav nivTebze qonebrivi uflebebis registraciis principebi qarTuli da
germanuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT ........................................................................................ 61
TamTa mamaiaSvili
morigeba rogorc samoqalaqo saqmiswarmoebis damTavrebis safuZveli ....................... 77
sofio maWavariani
pasuxismgebloba korporaciul jgufSi aSS-isa da germaniis samarTlis mixedviT
da misi principebis integraciis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi ....................................... 107
giorgi maxarobliSvili
samizne sazogadoebis SeZena kapitalis organizebul bazarze –
daufleba satendero SeTavazebiT da misi saxeebi............................................................... 139
roin migriauli
gakotrebis mmarTvelis samarTlebrivi statusi 1996 wlis gakotrebis kanonisa
da 2007 wlis gadaxdisuunarobis kanonis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze .............. 178
levan mosaxliSvili
informaciis Tavisuflebis principebi................................................................................... 185
giorgi rusiaSvili
vindikaciisa da Sesrulebis kondiqciis konkurencia aranamdvili ormxrivi
xelSekrulebis Sedegebis ukuqcevisas ................................................................................... 192
lika sajaia
avtorobisa da saxelis ufleba – qarTuli saavtoro samarTali
da Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi tendenciebi ........................................................................ 229
laSa cercvaZe
direqtoratis (direqtoris) movaleobebi kompaniis marTvisas
(SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi analizi aSS-is, upiratesad delaveris Statis,
da qarTuli samarTlis magaliTze) .......................................................................................... 248
nino xunaSvili
xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis Sinaarsis kontroli da SezRudva
keTilsindisierebis principis safuZvelze .......................................................................... 270
maia kopaleiSvili
iwvevs Tu ara saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 42-e muxlis
me-51 nawilis moqmedeba mSoblis sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas ................. 295
irakli kobaxiZe
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principi, rogorc uSualod
moqmedi samarTali ......................................................................................................................... 307
dimitri gegenava
undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis qarTuli modeli:
gordias kvanZi saqarTvelos konstituciaSi ........................................................................ 328
hans kelzeni
ZiriTadi normis Sesaxeb............................................................................................................... 345
saxelmZRvanelo principebi avtorTaTvis ............................................................................. 349

vaxtang baCiaSvili*
xelSekrulebis ganmarteba evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis

principebis mixedviT da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi
misi implementaciis mizanSewoniloba
I. Sesavali
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi marTlwesrigis mier samarTlebrivi ur-

TierTobis monawileTaTvis micemuli SesaZleblobaa, Tavad uzrunvelyon erTmaneTs
Soris warmoSobil kerZo xasiaTis urTierTobebSi uflebrivi sargeblisa Tu Sesasru-
lebeli valdebulebis rogorc Sinaarsis, ise ganxorcielebis saSualebis gansazRvra.
marTlwesrigi, mxareTa kerZo avtonomiis1 principis aRiarebisa da pativiscemidan ga-
momdinare, uars ambobs rogorc maregulireblis, ise arbitris funqciis Sesrulebaze
da mxareTa Tavisufali molaparakebis sagnad miiCnevs saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis
dawyebis, ganxorcielebisa da dasrulebis erT mTlian process.
kerZo avtonomiis principis arsi vlindeba calkeuli individis SesaZleblobaSi,
sakuTari surviliT gansazRvros Tavisi kerZo cxovrebiseuli urTierTobis Sinaar-
si.2 aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad individs umravles SemTxvevaSi ar yofnis mxolod sa-
kuTari Zalisxmeva. sasurveli Sedegis misaRwevad xSirad mas sWirdeba sxva individTa
Tanamonawileobac. am TvalsazrisiT garigeba Tu nebis gamovlena moqmedebis Tavisuf-
lebis Tu kerZo avtonomiis realizebis saSualebaa.3
individebisaTvis miniWebuli xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis Tavisufali gansazRvris
SesaZlebloba im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gaxdes marTlwesrigis dasaregulirebeli, Tu
arsebobs konkretuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileTa gansxvavebuli pozi-
ciebi maT mier nakisr valdebulebaTa Tu maTTvis mikuTvnebul uflebaTa SinaarsTan
dakavSirebiT. am dros dRis wesrigSi dgeba gamovlenili nebis ganmartebis aucileb-
lobis sakiTxi. marTlwesrigi specialurad amisaTvis qmnis normatiul bazas, romelic
iTvaliswinebs xelSekrulebis ganmartebis maregulirebeli wesebis dadgenas. saqar-
Tvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi4 (SemdgomSi – ssk) Seicavs specialur normebs xelSekru-
lebisa da nebis gamovlenis ganmartebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romelic am stati-
is kvlevis sagania.
globalizaciis procesis Tanmdevia erovnuli kanonmdeblobebis internaciona-
lizaciis mcdeloba, rac unificirebuli wesebis SemuSavebaSi gamoixateba. es wesebi
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti.
1
kerZo avtonomiis principTan dakavSirebiT ix. kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzoga-
desi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 8.
2
Erman W., BGB, Handkommentar, 12. Auflage, B. I, Köln, 2008, 344.
3
Kereselidze D., AT des ZGB, 2005, 167, citirebulia: kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzoga-
4
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, parlamentis uwyebani, sakanonmdeblo damateba, 1997,
№31, 1.
5
samarTlis Jurnali #1, 2013
SesaZloa ganxilul iqnes rogorc maT SemuSavebaSi monawile saxelmwifoebis Sejere-

buli pozicia, ise rekomendacia, romelic mizanSewonilia, erovnul kanonmdebloba-
Si implementirebul iqnes ara mxolod monawile saxelmwifoebis mier, aramed maT mie-
rac, vinc am erTian samarTlebriv sivrceSi Sesvlis da Tavis damkvidrebis gacxadebul
survils amJRavnebs.
saqarTvelos evrointegraciis da evropul struqturebSi wevrobis deklari-
rebuli politikidan gamomdinare, gonivrulia Sefasdes da gaanalizdes evrokavSi-
ris farglebSi SemuSavebuli iseTi mniSvnelovani unificirebuli wesi, rogoric aris
evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis principebi5 (SemdgomSi _ principebi). statiis
moculobidan gamomdinare, kvlevis sagania principebSi asaxuli xelSekrulebis gan-
martebis maregulirebeli normebi, romelic SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnes, rogorc
mniSvnelovani rekomendacia qarTveli kanonmdeblisaTvis ssk-is reformis aucileb-
lobis SemTxvevaSi. aseve, mizanSewonilia gaanalizebul iqnes ssk-Si mowesrigebuli
xelSekrulebis ganmartebis maregulirebeli normebi da misi Tavsebadobis sakiTxi
principebis sistemur mowesrigebasTan.
II. xelSekrulebis ganmartebis mowesrigeba principebis mixedviT
xelSekrulebis ganmartebis mowesrigebisas principebi iTvaliswineben kerZo

samarTalSi moqmed calkeul Teoriebs. gamoyenebulia rogorc bunebrivi,6 ise nor-
matiuli7 ganmartebis meTodebi. kerZo avtonomiisa da xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis
principebidan gamomdinare, principebi calsaxad aRiarebs xelSekrulebis bunebrivi
ganmartebis upiratesobas, Tumca im daTqmiT, rom xelSekrulebis ganmartebis yvela-
ze saukeTeso saSualebad mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvis dadgenas da, aqedan gamomdinare,
ganmartebas miiCnevs.8 aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, xelSekrulebis ganmartebis auci-
leblobis sakiTxi wamoiWreba ara mxolod maSin, rodesac igi Seicavs orazrovan, bun-
dovan an gaurkvevel debulebebs,9 aramed maSinac, rodesac metismetad mkafio da cxa-
di teqsti xelSekrulebis mxareTa saerTo nebas ar Seesabameba.
5
Principles of European Contract Law, evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis principebi aris
modeluri kanoni, e.w. „soft law“, romelic SemuSavebul iqna evropuli saxelSekrulebo
samarTlis komisiis mier. komisias Tavmjdomareobda danieli samarTlis profesori
ole lando, ris gamoc aRniSnuli principebis alternatiul saxelwodebad „landos
principebs“ miiCneven.
6
bunebrivi ganmartebis dros upiratesoba eniWeba nebis gamomvlenis namdvil nebas. mi-
Rebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlenis dros gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes nebis mimRebis
interesebic, Tumca, dacvas ar eqvemdebareba iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac nebis mimRebma
zustad icoda, ra surda nebis gamomvlens, miuxedavad imisa, rom gamovlenili neba mis
Sinagan survils ar Seesabameboda. amasTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix. Brox H., Walker
W-D., Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, 32. Auflage, 2008, 59.
7
normatiuli ganmartebis dros upiratesoba eniWeba gamovlenili nebis obieqtur mniSv-
nelobas. amasTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix. Brox H., Walker W-D., Allgemeiner Teil des BGB,
32. Auflage, 2008, 61-62.
8
PECL, Art. 5:101 (1). <http://frontpage.cbs.dk/law/commission_on_european_contract_law/PECL%20en-
gelsk/ engelsk_partI_og_II.htm>, [16.12.2012].
9
Lando O., Beale H.G., Principles of European Contract Law, Parts I and II, Kluwer Law International, Lon-
don/Boston, 2000, 287.
6
v. baCiaSvili, xelSekrulebis ganmarteba evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis princi-
pebis mixedviT da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi misi implementaciis mizanSewoniloba
xelSekrulebis ganmartebis normatiuli meTodi sadavo debulebis Sinaarsis

gansazRvrisas ikavebs e.w. „meoreul“ adgils. gansamarti debulebisaTvis obieqturi
mniSvnelobis miniWeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, Tu mxareTa saerTo ganzraxva
an erT-erTi mxaris gansakuTrebuli interesi ver dadginda.10
principebis 5:102 muxli CamoTvlis calkeul garemoebebs, romlebic SesaZlebe-
lia gamoyenebul iqnes xelSekrulebis ganmartebisaTvis. aRniSnuli garemoebebi ar
aris amomwuravi, aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi SeiZleba miiRos is
garemoebebic, romlebic am muxlSi CamoTvlili ar aris.11 5:102 muxlSi miTiTebul ga-
remoebebs SeuZlia mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos rogorc xelSekrulebis monawile-
Ta saerTo nebis dadgenaSi (muxli 5:101 (1), ise obieqturi ganmartebis meTodis gamoye-
nebis dros (muxli 5:101 (3).12
principebis 5:103-5:107 muxlebi exeba xelSekrulebis ganmartebis alternatiul
versiebs. principebi calsaxad adgens xelSekrulebis ganmartebis sxvadasxva versii-
dan erT-erTis upiratesobas. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom amgvarma
upiratesobam mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvis ignorireba da misi sawinaaRmdego ganmarte-
ba ar unda gamoiwvios.
1. xelSekrulebis ganmartebis Teoriebis asaxva principebSi
germanuli samarTlisaTvis mniSvnelovani „nebis Teoria“ da „gamoxatvis Teo-

13
ria“, mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvis mniSvnelobis primatis gamo, principebis mixedviT,
Seviwroebulad gamoiyureba. „nebis Teoriasa“ da „gamoxatvis Teorias“ Soris konku-
rencia mniSvnelovania mxolod calmxrivi Secdomis doqtrinisaTvis da xelSekrule-
bis ganmartebis arss ar daazianebs14.
xelSekrulebis ganmartebis Teoriebi aris mTavari RerZi, ris garSemoc tria-
lebs principebi. is maT erTgvar rangirebas axdens da cdilobs ipovos balansi „subi-
eqtur“ da „obieqtur“ Teoriebs Soris.15 principebis 5:101 (1) muxli calsaxad adgens
mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvis mixedviT xelSekrulebis interpretaciis aucileblobas
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tundac is gansxvavdebodes sityvis zusti mniSvnelobisagan. aRniS-
10
amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Antoniolli L., Veneziano A., Principles of European Contract Law and Italian
Law, A Commentary, Kluwer Law International, Hague, 2005, 253.
11
Bush D., Hondius E.H., van Kooten H.J., Schelhaas H.N., Schrama W.M., The Principles of European Con-
tract Law and Dutch Law, A Commentary, Kluwer Law International, 2002, 247.
12
von Bar C., Zimmermann R., Grundregeln des Europäischen Vertragsrechts, Teile I und II (Studienaufgabe),
München, 2002, 347.
13
`nebis Teoriis“ mixedviT, xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi Semofarglulia xelSekrulebis
mxaris warmodgeniTa da ganzraxviT, xolo „gamoxatvis Teoriis“ mixedviT, xelSekru-
lebis Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba xelSekrulebis mxaris mier gamovlenili nebiT. amasTan
dakavSirebiT ix. Pawlowski H-M., Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, Grundlehren des buergerlichen Rechts, 7.,
neu bearbeitete Auflage, Heidelberg, 2003, 203.
14
Canaris C-W., Grigoleit H.C., Interpretation of Contracts, Towards a European Civil Code, 3rd Edition, 2004,
451.
15
Beatson, 31; Treitel, 8-9; Ghestin, No. 390; Ghestin et al., 2001, nos. 9 et seq., Mazeaud H., et al. No. 123;
Cian/Trabucchi, Art. 1362, sub X. Moreover Art. 4.1, 4.2 Unidroit Principles, citirebulia: Canaris
C-W., Grigoleit H.C., Interpretation of Contracts, Towards a European Civil Code, 3rd ed., 2004, 452.
7
nuli SesaZlebelia aixsnas im garemoebiT, rom xelSekruleba mxareTa Seqmnilia da mo-

samarTlem pativi unda sces maT aSkara an nagulisxmev ganzraxvas, maSinac ki, Tu maTi
survili bundovnad an orazrovnad iyo gamoxatuli.16 winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mxareebi
formalizmis msxverplni gaxdebian. amgvari formalizmis Sedegi SeiZleba is iyos, rom
mxareebi SeiboWnen xelSekrulebis calkeuli debulebebiT maSinac ki, Tu maT is Sec-
domiT Camoayalibes, an amis Sedegad aRmoCndnen situaciaSi, romelic arc erTi mxaris
mier ar ivaraudeboda.17
„subieqturi“ da „obieqturi“ Teoriebis rangireba wydeba „subieqturi“ Teoriis
sasargeblod. sasamarTlom pirvelad unda scados mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvis dadge-
na, xolo Tu misi dadgena SeuZlebelia, maSin SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes obieqtu-
ri ganmartebis meTodi.18
1.1. „subieqturi“ Teoria
„subieqturi“ Teoriis mixedviT, xelSekrulebis ganmartebis mizania im ganzrax-

vis dadgena, romelic TiToeul mxares hqonda xelSekrulebis dadebis dros.19 prin-
cipebis 5:101(1) muxli prioritetulad miiCnevs mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvis mixedviT
xelSekrulebis ganmartebas. 5:101(2) muxlis mixedviT, erT-erTi mxaris gansakuTrebu-
li interesis gaTvaliswinebiT, ganmarteba mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, ro-
desac meore mxares ar SeeZlo, rom ar scodnoda xelSekrulebis dadebis dros pirve-
li mxaris gansakuTrebuli interesis Sesaxeb.
1.1.1. xelSekrulebis monawileTa saerTo ganzraxvis dadgena
xelSekrulebis monawileTa saerTo ganzraxva aris mTavari orientiri, ris mi-

xedviTac principebi xelSekrulebis ganmartebas moiTxovs. mxareTa saerTo ganzrax-
vis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi xelSekrulebis zusti mniSvneloba ukan planze inacvlebs.
werilobiTi xelSekrulebis zust mniSvnelobasa da mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvas Soris
konfliqtis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba ukanasknels eniWeba.20 xelSekrulebis
ganmarteba mosamarTlem unda daiwyos mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvis SemowmebiT, rome-
lic arsebobda xelSekrulebis dadebis dros.21 aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, xelSekru-
lebis dadebis Semdgom erT-erTi mxaris ganzraxvis Secvla gavlenas ver moaxdens im
saerTo ganzraxvis mixedviT boWvaze, romelic xelSekrulebis dadebis dros arsebob-
da da romelic ganmsazRvrelia sadavo debulebis ganmartebisaTvis.
16
17
Canaris C-W., Grigoleit H.C., Interpretation of Contracts, Towards a European Civil Code, 3rd ed., 2004, 450.
18
19
Canaris C-W., Grigoleit H.C., Interpretation of Contracts, Towards a European Civil Code, 3rd ed., 2004, 452.
20
21
8
mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvis arseboba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs e.w.

samomxmareblo xelSekrulebebSi, sadac xelSekrulebis SinaarsSi mniSvnelovan adgils
ikavebs xelSekrulebis standartuli debuleba. unda aRiniSnos, rom mxareTa saerTo
ganzraxva SesaZlebelia xelSekrulebis standartuli debulebis drosac arsebobdes,
kerZod maSin, rodesac mxare, romelsac ar miuRia monawileoba xelSekrulebis teq-
stis SedgenaSi, sakmaris codnas flobda da eTanxmeboda am debulebas.22 sakmaris cod-
naSi SesaZlebelia specialuri codna moiazrebodes, romelic momxmarebelTa farTo
wres ki ar aqvs, aramed konkretul urTierTobaTa specifikaSi kargad garkveul pirs.
SesaZloa, es iyos mewarme, romelic xelSekrulebis sagnis miwodebiT an SeZeniT aris
dakavebuli da am sferoSi xangrZlivi gamocdileba gaaCnia. aqedan gamomdinare, xelSek-
rulebis standartuli debulebis arsebobisas saerTo ganzraxvis dadgenis dros mosa-
marTlem xelSekrulebis meore mxaris statusi unda gaiTvaliswinos. ar SeiZleba rigiT
momxmarebels standartuli debulebis yvela detalis codna moeTxovos.
mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvis mixedviT, xelSekrulebis ganmartebasTan erTgvar
winaaRmdegobaSi modis mxareTa individualuri werilobiTi molaparakeba, romlis mi-
xedviTac isini Tanxmdebian, rom werilobiTi xelSekruleba moicavs SeTanxmebas maT
Soris arsebul yvela sakiTxze da nebismieri winasaxelSekrulebo molaparakeba an Se-
Tanxmeba, rac ar aris CarTuli werilobiT Sedgenil xelSekrulebaSi, ver gaxdeba mi-
si nawili.23 calkeuli mosazrebis24 mixedviT, saerTo ganzraxvis dadgenis procesi Se-
Tavsebadia wesTan, romelic krZalavs iseTi gamosavlis povnas, rac avsebs an ewinaaR-
mdegeba werilobiT SeTanxmebuls, radgan es wesi exeba mxolod garegnul elementebs,
romlebic debulebis mniSvnelobas cxadyofs da ar ewinaaRmdegeba mas.
mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvis dadgenisas mosamarTlem gansakuTrebuli yuradRe-
ba unda miaqcios garemoebebs, romlebic principebis 5:102 muxlSia CamoTvlili.25 am
garemoebebis nusxa ar aris amomwuravi.26 Sesabamisad, is ar aris savaldebulo da ar
krZalavs sxva garemoebebis mxedvelobaSi miRebasac.27 5:102 muxli xelSekrulebis gan-
martebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone mxolod yvelaze farTod gavrcelebul da rele-
vantur SemTxvevebs exeba.
1.1.2. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba erT-erTi mxaris gansakuTrebuli

interesis sasargeblod
principebis 5:101 (2) muxli iTvaliswinebs xelSekrulebis ganmartebas erT-erTi

mxaris ganzraxvis Sesabamisad, Tu damtkicda, rom igi miznad isaxavda xelSekrule-
22
von Bar C., Zimmermann R., Grundregeln des Europäischen Vertragsrechts, Teile I und II (Studienaufgabe),
München, 2002, 342.
23
Sead. PECL, Art. 2:105: Merger Clause.
24
25
26
27
Antoniolli L., Veneziano A., Principles of European Contract Law and Italian Law, A Commentary, Kluwer
Law International, Hague, 2005, 257.
9
bisaTvis specifikuri mniSvnelobis miniWebas da xelSekrulebis dadebis dros meore

mxares ar SeeZlo, rom ar scodnoda pirveli mxaris ganzraxvis Sesaxeb.
aRniSnuli regulireba ar xelyofs xelSekrulebis meore mxaris uflebas, endos
kontrahentis mier gamovlenil nebas da mianiWos mas is mniSvneloba, rac sazogadod
gaaCnia. saubaria iseT garemoebaze, roca meore mxarisaTvis pirveli mxaris nebis ga-
regnul gamoxatvasa da mis Sinagan ganzraxvas Soris konfliqti aSkarad Secnobadia.
miCneulia, rom aRniSnul wess gamoyenebis mxolod viwro speqtri SeiZleba hqondes,
vinaidan mxarisTvis advili ar iqneba daamtkicos misi sityvebis araCveulebrivi, spe-
cifikuri mniSvnelobis Secnobadoba meore mxaris mier.28
calkeuli komentatori muxlis gamoyenebas SesaZleblad miiCnevs ara marto im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac meore mxares ar SeeZlo ar scodnoda pirveli mxaris specifiku-
ri ganzraxvis Sesaxeb, aramed maSinac, rodesac man es icoda.29 mis mier aRniSnulis uyu-
radRebod datovebis SemTxvevaSi, igi pirveli mxaris specifikuri ganzraxviT iqneba
SeboWili.
erT-erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad,30 aRniSnuli wesis mixedviT, mxaris specifikurma
ganzraxvam SeiZleba iseve Caanacvlos xelSekrulebis zusti mniSvneloba, rogorc es
5:101 (1) muxlSia.
1.2. „obieqturi“ Teoria
principebis 5:101 (3) muxlis mixedviT, Tu SeuZlebelia mxareTa ganzraxvis dad-

gena, xelSekruleba unda ganimartos im mniSvnelobis Sesabamisad, romelsac mxareebis
Tanabari donis gonieri pirovneba miscemda mas, imave garemoebebSi rom aRmoCeniliyo.
ganzraxvis deklarireba, rogorc individis avtonomiis emanacia, socialur vakuum-
Si ar arsebobs. igi ganapirobebs sxvaTa mxridan gonivrul molodins, rac ar SeiZleba
uyuradRebod iqnes datovebuli.31
amgvari interpretaciis mTavari problema xelSekrulebis gonivruli da samar-
Tliani arsis gamovlenaa.32 Tu principebis 5:101 (2) muxli upiratesobas xelSekrule-
bis im mxares aniWebs, romelmac specifikuri mniSvneloba misca mis mier gamovlenil
nebas, 5:101 (3) muxli mxedvelobaSi iRebs nebis gamomvleni mxaris arasaTanadod gamo-
xatul ganzraxvas, ris gamoc meore mxares pirveli mxaris mier gamovlenili nebis mxo-
lod gonivruli Sefaseba moeTxoveba da am gagebiT xelSekrulebis obieqturi krite-
riumebiT ganmarteba upiratesad meore mxaris interesebs Seesabameba. obieqturi kri-
teriumis mixedviT, ganmartebam ar unda Seiwiros mxareTa is interesi, ris gamoc isini
Sevidnen am saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi. sasamarTlom ganmartebis sababiT ar unda
28
29
30
iqve, 289.
31
Zimmermann R., The Law of Obligations, Roman Foundations of the Civilian Traditon, Juta & Co, Ltd., Cape
Town, Wetton, Johannesburg, 1992, 636.
32
Canaris C-W., Grigoleit H.C., Interpretation of contracts, Towards a European Civil Code, 3rd edition, 2004,
449.
10
gadaasxvaferos xelSekruleba da ar unda wavides mxareTa aSkara ganzraxvis winaaR-

mdeg.33 aRniSnulis Tavidan asacileblad principebi iTvaliswinebs ara konteqstidan
amovardnil obieqtur ganmartebas, aramed ganmartebas, romelsac gamoiyenebdnen ima-
ve gamocdilebisa da imave klass mikuTvnebuli gonieri pirovnebebi, rogoric xelSek-
rulebis mxareebi arian.34 aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT erTsa da imave nebis gamovlenas
xelSekrulebaSi sxvadasxva piris monawileobis SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebuli samarTleb-
rivi mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes.35
2. xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas gasaTvaliswinebeli garemoebebi
principebis 5:102 muxli CamoTvlis xelSekrulebis ganmartebisaTvis mniSvnelo-

bis mqone garemoebebs. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, es garemoebebi ar aris amomwuravi da
nebismieri sxva SeiZleba gaxdes gadamwyveti ganmartebis dros. am CamonaTvalis mTava-
ri maxasiaTebelia maTi TandaTanobiTi gradacia im faqtorebidan, romlebic specifi-
kurad maxasiaTebelia xelSekrulebis mxareTaTvis (maTi molaparakebebi, maTi qceva,
msgavs debulebaTa maT Soris ukve miRebuli ganmarteba, valdebulebis Sesrulebisas
maT Soris Camoyalibebuli praqtika), im faqtorebisaken, romlebic gare damkvirveb-
lis TvaliT SeiZleba iyos mniSvnelovani (sayovelTaod miRebuli mniSvneloba, Cveu-
lebani, keTilsindisierebis principi).36 amis miuxedavad, TiToeuli es garemoeba Ta-
nabrad mniSvnelovani SeiZleba iyos rogorc mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvis dadgenis, ise
gonivruli ganmartebis dros.37
2.1. winasaxelSekrulebo molaparakebebi
principebis 5:102 (a) muxlis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebis dros mxed-

velobaSi miiReba garemoebebi, romlis pirobebSic daido es xelSekruleba, maT Soris,
winasaxelSekrulebo molaparakebebic.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTma mxarem meore mxarisaTvis miweril werilSi gansazRvru-
li mniSvneloba mianiWa debulebas da meore mxarem sadavod ar gaxada is, roca amis Se-
saZlebloba mieca,38 xelSekrulebis ganmarteba moxdeba werilSi dafiqsirebuli defi-
niciis gaTvaliswinebiT, miuxedavad imisa, aisaxa Tu ara is mxareTa Soris gaformebul
xelSekrulebaSi.
winasaxelSekrulebo molaparakebebis mixedviT xelSekrulebis ganmartebis
dros gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes principebis 2:105 muxlis daTqma werilobiT SeTan-
33
34
35
AltKomm-BGB/Hart, &&133/153 Rz 38. citirebulia: Pawlowski H-M., Allgemeiner Teil des BGB,
Grundlehren des buergerlichen Rechts, 7., neu bearbeitete Auflage, Heidelberg, 2003, 209.
36
37
38
iqve, 291.
11
xmebuli debulebebis yovlismomcvelobis Taobaze, romlis mixedviTac, nebismieri Se-

Tanxmeba an gancxadeba, romelic ar aris dafiqsirebuli werilobiT xelSekrulebaSi,
ar xdeba misi Semadgeneli nawili. amgvari SeTanxmeba sasargeblo SeiZleba iyos im Sem-
TxvevaSi, rodesac molaparakebebis procesSi mxareTa mier deklarirebuli gancxade-
bebi an dapirebebi efuZneboda varaudebs, romlebic mxareebma SemdgomSi uaryves.39
Tu amgvari SeTanxmeba xelSekrulebaSi dafiqsirebuli ar aris, principebis 2:105
(2) muxlis Sesabamisad, mxolod imis varaudi SeiZleba, rom mxareebis ganzraxva iyo,
maTi winaswari molaparakebebi an SeTanxmebebi ar gamxdariyo xelSekrulebis Semad-
geneli nawili. zogadad ki principebis 2:105 (3) muxli SesaZleblad miiCnevs mxareTa
winaswari molaparakebebis gamoyenebas xelSekrulebis ganmartebisaTvis da dauSveb-
lad miiCnevs am zogadi wesis gamoricxvas an SezRudvas, garda individualuri SeTan-
xmebisa. winasaxelSekrulebo molaparakebebis mixedviT, xelSekrulebis ganmarteba
SesaZlebelia gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo iyos im tipis xelSekrulebisaTvis, romlis
dasadebad xangrZlivi da garTulebuli molaparakebebia saWiro.40
2.2. mxareTa xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdgomi moqmedebebi
principebis 5:102 (b) muxlis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas mxedve-

lobaSi miiReba mxareTa qceva, romelic Tan sdevs xelSekrulebis dadebas. aRniSnulma
normam SeiZleba mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos grZelvadiani valdebulebiT samar-
Tlebrivi urTierTobebis SemTxvevaSi. is, rac mxareTa Soris urTierTobis gansazR-
vrul etapze miCneulia SeTanxmebulad, ar SeiZleba urTierTobis Semdgom etapze gan-
sxvavebuli interpretaciis sagani gaxdes, Tu Tavdapirvelad ar iqna gacxadebuli ase-
Ti interesis Taobaze.
aRniSnuli SemTxvevis sailustracio cnobili magaliTi, romelic germaneli sa-
ofise teqnikis damamzadeblisa da CrdiloeT safrangeTSi misi warmomadgenlis saxel-
Sekrulebo urTierTobas exeba,41 SesaZlebelia aseve ganxilul iqnes, rogorc konku-
rencia mxareTa xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdgomi moqmedebebis mixedviT ganmartebasa
da mxareTa Soris Camoyalibebuli praqtikis mixedviT ganmartebas Soris.
39
40
iqve, 292
41
am xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis Setyobinebis gareSe moSlis winapiro-
ba iyo movalis mier nakisri valdebulebis mniSvnelovani Seusrulebloba. erT-erTi
aseTi valdebuleba iyo CrdiloeT safrangeTSi arsebul 20 universitetSi yovelTvi-
uri viziti. mewarmis warmomadgeneli miiCnevda, rom yovelTviuri viziti gulisxmobs
vizits mxolod saswavlo procesis ganmavlobaSi da ara ardadegebis dros. aRniSnulis
gaTvaliswinebiT, igi weliwadSi 11-jer stumrobda universitetebs da aRniSnulis Tao-
baze axdenda mewarmis informirebas. mewarmem 4 wlis gasvlis Semdeg Sewyvita xelSek-
ruleba mniSvnelovani Seusruleblobis motiviT. vinaidan xelSekrulebis dadebidan 4
wlis ganmavlobaSi kreditoris mier ar yofila gamoxatuli araviTari winaaRmdegoba,
gonivrulad CaiTvala „yovelTviuri vizitis“ ganmarteba momxdariyo mxolod im Tvee-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT, rodesac universitetSi mimdinareobda saswavlo procesi. ix. Lan-
do O., Beale H.G., Principles of European Contract Law, Parts I and II, Kluwer Law International, London/
Boston, 2000, 292.
12
2.3. xelSekrulebis arsi da mizani
principebis 5:102 (g) muxlis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas mxedve-

lobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli xelSekrulebis arsi da mizani. xelSekrulebis rogorc
arsis, ise miznis dadgena SesaZlebelia xelSekrulebis, rogorc erTiani dokumentis,
sistemuri analiziT, rac aseve mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs xelSekrulebis mTliano-
bis principidan gamomdinare ganmartebis dros.42
2.4. mxareTa Soris Camoyalibebuli praqtika
principebis 5:102 (d) muxlis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas mxedvelo-

baSi unda iqnes miRebuli ganmartebebi, romlebic msgavsi debulebebis Sefasebisas ukve
gamoiyenes mxareebma, da praqtika, romelic maT Soris iqna Camoyalibebuli. rogorc ze-
moT aRiniSna, am kriteriumiT, ganmartebasa da xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdgomi moqme-
debebis mixedviT ganmartebas Soris zRvari pirobiTia. is, rac mxareTa Soris Camoyali-
bebul praqtikad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli, savsebiT gonivrulia ganisazRvros, rogorc
mxaris xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdgomi qcevidan gamomdinare ganmarteba.
2.5. sayovelTaod miRebuli mniSvneloba
principebis 5:102 (e) muxlis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas mxedvelo-

baSi unda iqnes miRebuli cnebebisa da gamoxatvebis konkretul sferoSi sayovelTaod
miRebuli mniSvneloba da is ganmartebebi, romlebic msgavs debulebebTan dakavSire-
biT ukve arsebobs. am kriteriumiT, ganmarteba SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos im debule-
bebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebsac specifikur seqtorSi teqnikuri mniSvneloba gaaCnia,
rac gansxvavdeba maTi Cveulebrivi mniSvnelobisagan.43 xolo msgavsi debulebebis ukve
arsebuli ganmarteba, pirvel rigSi, exeba xelSekrulebis standartul debulebebs.44
2.6. Cveulebani
principebis 5:102 (v) muxlis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas mxedvelo-

baSi unda iqnes miRebuli Cveulebebi. Cveuleba SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc saqmiani
urTierTobebis procesi an araerTjerad qcevaTa erToblioba, romlebic drois gan-
sazRvruli periodis ganmavlobaSi sazogadod miRebulia maT mier, vinc Cabmulia saqmi-
an urTierTobebSi.45 principebis es nawili unda ganimartos 1:105 muxlTan urTierTkav-
SirSi, romlis mixedviTac mxareebi SeboWili arian im CveulebebiT, romlebzec isini
42
Sead. PECL, Art: 5:105.
43
44
iqve.
45
13
SeTanxmdebian. es SeTanxmeba SeiZleba gamoixatos rogorc aSkarad, ise konkludenturi

moqmedebiT.46 principebis 1:105 (2) muxlis Sesabamisad, mxareebi iboWebian iseTi Cveule-
bebiT, romlebic sazogadod SesaZlebelia miCneul iqnes misaRebad msgavs garemoebebSi
myofi iseTive pirovnebebisaTvis, rogorebic mxareebi arian, garda im SemTxvevisa, ro-
desac aseTi Cveulebis gamoyeneba aragonivruli iqneboda. am SemTxvevaSi am Cveulebe-
biT boWva SesaZlebelia mxareTa SeTanxmebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic.47
Cveulebebis mixedviT, xelSekrulebis ganmartebis dros saqme Seexeba Cveule-
bebs, romlebic gabatonebulia xelSekrulebis dadebis adgilze, maSinac ki, rodesac
aseTi adgilis gansazRvra Znelia.48
2.7 keTilsindisierebis principi49
principebis 5:102 (z) muxlis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas mxedve-

lobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli keTilsindisierebis principi. es principi gamoiyeneba ara
mxolod xelSekrulebis ganmartebis, aramed valdebulebis Sesrulebis, xelSekrule-
bis dadebisa da misi namdvilobis Semowmebis mizniT.50
keTilsindisierebis principis inglisurenovani Sesatyvisi or nawilad aris ga-
yofili. pirveli nawili „good faith“ gagebulia rogorc am principis subieqturi kon-
cefcia (patiosneba da sisufTave gonebaSi), xolo meore nawili „fair dealing“ principis
eTikur kriteriumze akeTebs aqcents da miiCnevs, rom, saqmian urTierTobaSi CarTuli
damwyebi piris gamoucdelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, umjobesia, arCevani misTvis sasar-
geblo ganmartebaze gakeTdes.51
3. xelSekrulebis ganmartebis alternatiul versiebs Soris

arCevanis gakeTeba
principebis 5:103-5:107 muxlebi aregulirebs xelSekrulebis ganmartebis erTze

meti SesaZlo versiidan erT-erTis upiratesobis aRiarebis sakiTxebs. TiToeul Sem-
TxvevaSi principebi cdilobs upiratesoba mianiWos ganmartebis iseT alternativas,
romelic, gonivruli varaudis safuZvelze, yvelaze metad unda Seesabamebodes mxare-
Ta saerTo ganzraxvas an erT-erTi mxaris gansakuTrebul da pativsadeb interess.
46
47
iqve.
48
von Bar C., Zimmermann R., Grundregeln des Europischen Vertragsrechts, Teile I und II (Studienaufgabe),
München, 2002, 348.
49
Good Faith and Fair Dealing.
50
ioseliani a., keTilsindisierebis principi saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi (SedarebiT-
samarTlebrivi gamokvleva), qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva – specialuri gamocema,
2007, 16.
51
14
3.1. individualurad SeuTanxmebeli debulebis ganmarteba
principebis 5:103 muxlis Sesabamisad, rodesac individualurad SeuTanxmebeli

debulebis mniSvneloba bundovania, upiratesoba SeiZleba mieniWos ganmartebas im mxa-
ris interesebis sawinaaRmdegod, romelmac es debuleba CarTo xelSekrulebaSi.52
am debulebis Soreuli originali iZebneba romaul tradiciaSi, gansakuTrebiT
antikur principSi „ambigutas contra stipulatorem“.53 dResdReobiT is aRiarebulia rogorc
kanonmdeblobaSi, ise uamrav nacionalur da saerTaSoriso precedentul samarTalSi.54
am debulebis mTavari arsi gamoxatulia im mxaris poziciis dacvaSi, romelic
xelSekrulebis ufro „sust“ monawiled aRiqmeba. misi mizani ar aris mxareTa saerTo
ganzraxvis dadgena.55 is dafuZnebulia im ideaze, rom mxare, romelmac Seadgina sada-
vo debuleba an mTliani kontraqti, atarebs misi nebismieri naklovanebis risks.56 is
rekomendacias aZlevs im Tanamedrove mosamarTleebsa da mecnierebs, romlebic saso-
warkveTilni eZeben xelSekrulebis usamarTlo standartul debulebebTan brZolis
meqanizmebs.57 individualurad SeuTanxmebeli debulebis iniciatoris sawinaaRmde-
god ganmartebis mizania daicvas samarTlebrivi status-kvo, romelic iarsebebda, de-
bulebis bundovnebis sakiTxi rom ar damdgariyo dRis wesrigSi.58
principebis am muxlis regulirebis sagania nebismieri individualurad SeuTan-
xmebeli debuleba, gansakuTrebiT ki xelSekrulebis standartuli debuleba.59 samom-
xmareblo xelSekrulebis standartuli debulebis ganmartebis dros yuradReba max-
vildeba imaze, rom is ara mxolod xelSekrulebis erTi mxaris, aramed ganusazRvreli
wrisadmi mimarTuli SeTavazebaa. aqedan gamomdinare, standartuli debulebis Sem-
cveli xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas obieqturi ganmartebis principebiT unda vixel-
mZRvaneloT.60 igulisxmeba is mniSvneloba, romelic am debulebebs xelSekrulebis mo-
nawile socialuri jgufebisTvis aqvT.61
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom debulebis Semdgeni mxaris sawinaaRmdego ganmartebis
wesi sarekomendacio xasiaTisaa. igi gaidlainis funqcias asrulebs.62 aRniSnulis gaT-
52
e.w. Contra proferentem rule.
53
54
55
56
57
Zimmermann R., The Law of Obligations, Roman Foundations of the Civilian Traditon, Juta & Co, Ltd., Cape
Town, Wetton, Johannesburg, 1992, 641.
58
461.
59
60
Pawlowski H-M., Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, Grundlehren des buergerlichen Rechts, 7., neu bearbeitete Auf-
lage, Heidelberg, 2003, 223.
61
iqve.
62
Bush D., Hondius E.H., van Kooten H. J., Schelhaas H.N., Schrama W.M., The Principles of European Con-
15
valiswinebiT, mosamarTles SeuZlia, calkeul garemoebaTa mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, in-

dividualurad SeuTanxmebeli debuleba im mxaris sasargeblodac ganmartos, romel-
mac is xelSekrulebaSi Seitana.63
3.2. individualurad SeTanxmebuli debulebis upiratesobis aRiareba
principebis 5:104 muxlis Sesabamisad, individualurad SeTanxmebul debulebas

upiratesoba eniWeba individualurad SeuTanxmebel debulebasTan mimarTebaSi.
aRniSnuli muxli SesaZlebelia erTgvar saxelSekrulebo koliziis momwesrige-
bel wesad miviCnioT. aqedan gamomdinare, winapirobis saxiT aucilebelia arsebobdes
erTi xelSekruleba, romelSic erTsa da imave sakiTxze urTierTsawinaaRmdego regu-
lirebaa mocemuli da aqedan erTi individualurad iyo SeTanxmebuli, meore ki – ara.
am muxlis gamoyenebisaTvis ar aris aucilebeli, romelime maTgani iyos bundovani an
orazrovani. piriqiT, isini imdenad naTelia, rom calsaxad dgindeba erTmaneTTan maTi
Seusabamoba. individualurad SeTanxmebuli debulebis upiratesobis aRiareba goniv-
rulad aris miCneuli im garemoebaze dayrdnobiT, rom is gamoxatavs mxareTa saerTo
ganzraxvas da ara calmxrivad Sedgenili debuleba.64 am SemTxvevaSic principebi „subi-
eqturi“ Teoriis sasargeblod ixreba.
es wesi Seexeba ara mxolod Tavdapirvelad Sedgenil xelSekrulebaSi arsebul
Seusabamobebs, aramed nebismier modificirebas, romelic xelSekrulebis dadebis Sem-
dgom xdeba. amasTan, mniSvneloba ar aqvs Seusabamoba nabeWd da xeliT nawer xelSekru-
lebebs Soris aris, Tu zepirad iqna mxareTa Soris SeTanxmeba miRweuli.65 individua-
lurad SeTanxmebul debulebas upiratesoba unda mieniWos nebismier SemTxvevaSi.
3.3. xelSekrulebis mTlianobis principidan gamomdinare ganmarteba
principebis 5:105 muxlis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas debulebe-

bi xelSekrulebis mTlianobis principis gaTvaliswinebiT unda ganimartos. es muxli
upiratesobas sistemur ganmartebas aniWebs. nebismieri debuleba unda ganimartos
misi konteqstidan gamomdinare, radgan enobrivi normebis maTematikuri sizustidan
gadaxra damkvirvebels SesaZleblobas aZlevs cnebis mniSvneloba izolirebulad gai-
gos.66 aseve, mxareTa saerTo ganzraxva SesaZlebelia mxolod Tanmimdevruli da siste-
muri cnebebis arseboba iyos. erTi da igive debuleba ar SeiZleba gansxvavebuli mniS-
vnelobiT iqnes gagebuli erTi da imave xelSekrulebis sxvadasxva nawilSi.67
63
64
iqve, 295.
65
66
67
16
es muxli mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs e.w. CarCoxelSekrulebis da am xelSek-

rulebidan gamomdinare mravali xelSekrulebis ganmartebis SemTxvevaSi. „mTliani
xelSekrulebis“ cnebaSi unda moiazrebodes „xelSekrulebaTa mTeli jgufi“,68 ro-
melic am CarCoxelSekrulebidan gamomdinare ideba. Tu CarCoxelSekrulebidan ga-
momdinare specialuri xelSekruleba ufro konkretul regulirebas iTvaliswinebs,
mxareTa saerTo ganzraxva SesaZloa ufro metad am specialur xelSekrulebaSi iqnes
asaxuli. amitom am dros principebis 5:104 muxlis gaTvaliswineba ufro gonivruli Se-
iZleba aRmoCndes.
3.4. xelSekrulebisTvis mboWavi Zalis mimniWebeli ganmartebis

upiratesobis aRiareba
principebis 5:106 muxlis Sesabamisad, upiratesoba unda mieniWos imgvar ganmar-

tebas, romelic xelSekrulebis debulebisaTvis mboWavi Zalis miniWebas uzrunvel-
yofs, nacvlad im ganmartebisa, romelic mis anulirebas axdens. aRniSnuli wesi da-
fuZnebulia sazogadod aRiarebul varaudze, romlis mixedviTac mxareebs surT xel-
Sekrulebis miznebs miaRwion gonivruli da samarTliani saSualebebiT.69 gonivrulia,
rom amgvari miznis miRweva SesaZlebeli iqneba xelSekrulebis namdvilobis da ara misi
baTilobis SemTxvevaSi.
principebis am muxlis regulireba eyrdnoba mxareebis, rogorc gonieri pirov-
nebebis, aRiarebis prezumfcias, romlebic miznad isaxavdnen, rom maT Soris gaforme-
buli xelSekruleba sruli Zalis mqone yofiliyo.70 aqedan gamomdinare, Tu bundovani
debuleba SesaZlebelia, erTi mxriv, ganimartos ise, rom aman misi baTiloba gamoiwvi-
os, da meore mxriv – ise, rom aman misi namdviloba uzrunvelyos da sicxade Seitanos
bundovanebaSi, swored am ukanasknels unda mieniWos upiratesoba.71
es regulaciac gaidlainis xasiaTisaa.72 Sesabamisad, mas arasavaldebulo, sare-
komendacio mniSvneloba aqvs.
3.5. Targmanisa da originalis Seusabamobis sakiTxis gadawyveta
principebis 5:107 muxlis Sesabamisad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xelSekruleba Sedgeni-

lia or an met enaze, ise rom arc erT maTgans ar eniWeba upiratesoba, versiebs Soris
Seusabamobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, upiratesoba eniWeba ganmartebas im versiiT, ro-
melic Tavdapirvelad iqna Sedgenili.
es Seexeba ara bundovan, aramed metismetad cxad da gasageb debulebas, romelic
68
69
Cf. e.g. Ghestin et al. No. 33, citirebulia: Canaris C-W., Grigoleit H.C., Interpretation of contracts,
Towards a European Civil Code, 3rd edition, 2004, 462.
70
71
72
iqve, 255.
17
sxvadasxva enaze Sedgenil xelSekrulebaSi urTierTsawinaaRmdego SinaarsiiT aris

gadmocemuli. Tavdapirvelad Sedgenili versiisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba aixsneba
im garemoebiT, rom vinaidan pirvelad am enaze daiwera xelSekruleba, is saukeTesod
gamoxatavs mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvas.73 zog SemTxvevaSi es mosazreba Sefasebulia,
rogorc spekulaciuri, gansakuTrebiT im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mxareebi,
rogorc wesi, xelSekrulebas sxvadasxva enaze adgenen im mizniT, raTa TiToeulma maT-
ganma ukeT gaigos misi Sinaarsi.74
calkeuli avtori75 aRniSnul muxlze msjelobisas yuradRebas amaxvilebs mis er-
Tgvar winaaRmdegobaze principebis 5:103 muxliT dadgenil contra proferentem rule-Tan mi-
marTebaSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu xelSekrulebis originalic da individualurad
SeuTanxmebeli debulebebic erTi da imave mxaris mier aris Sedgenili. aRsaniSnavia,
rom amgvari konkurencia iSviaT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba warmoiSvas, vinaidan contra profe-
rentem rule bundovani debulebis SemTavazebeli mxaris sawinaaRmdegod ganmartebis wess
adgens, romelic ufro specialuri SemTxvevaa, vidre enobriv versiebs Soris arsebu-
li Seusabamoba.
III. xelSekrulebis ganmartebis mowesrigeba ssk-is mixedviT
ssk xelSekrulebis ganmartebisaTvis mniSvnelovan debulebebs zogad nawilsa da

valdebulebiTi samarTlis zogad nawilSi awesrigebs. ssk-is zogadi nawili exeba nebis
gamovlenis ganmartebas, xolo valdebulebiTi samarTlis zogad nawilSi sxvadasxva
kriteriumis mixedviT xelSekrulebis ganmartebazea saubari.
1. gonivruli gansja
ssk-is 52-e muxlis Sesabamisad, nebis gamovlenis ganmartebisas neba unda dadgin-
des gonivruli gansjis Sedegad, da ara martooden gamoTqmis sityvasityviTi mniSvne-
lobidan. aRniSnuli formulireba arsebiTad gsk-is76 formulirebas eyrdnoba.77 nor-
mis sityvasityviTi analizis Sedegad mniSvnelovania nebis gamomvlenis neba dadgindes
da am nebis dadgenisas gonivruli kriteriumebiT iqnes msjeloba warmarTuli. aqedan
gamomdinare, igi morgebulia aramiRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlenas, romelSic ar
dgas adresatis ndobis sakiTxi.78 amis yvelaze saukeTeso magaliTia anderZi, romelic
73
74
463.
75
76
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch nebst Einführungsgesetz vom 18. 08. 1896, RGBl. № 21, 195; &133 - Bei der Aus-
legung einer Willenserklärung ist der wirkliche Wille zu erforschen und nicht an dem buchstäblichen Sinne
des Ausdrucks zu haften.
77
kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 252.
78
iqve.
18
mamkvidreblis namdvili nebis Sesabamisad ganimarteba.79 nebis dadgena misi gamomvle-

nis interesebis dacvas emsaxureba, Tumca ganmartebis mizani SeiZleba ara mxolod ne-
bis gamomvlenis, aramed nebis mimRebis interesebis dacvac iyos, iseve rogorc nebis
gamovlenis obieqturi arsis dadgena.80 ssk-is 52-e muxli ver Seasrulebs miRebasaval-
debulo nebis gamovlenis ganmartebis dros mniSvnelovan rols. am TvalsazrisiT igi
dasakonkretebelia.81
zogi avtori82 am muxlis komentirebisas yuradRebas amaxvilebs xelSekrulebis
calkeuli gamonaTqvamebis ise gagebaze, rogorc es saerTod miRebulia da ara ise, ro-
gorc es mxareebs, calkeul pirebs esmiT. es mosazreba aqcents ganmartebis obieqtur
kriteriumze akeTebs, ramac mniSvnelovani roli SeiZleba ssk-is imperatiuli norme-
bis ganmartebis SemTxvevaSi Seasrulos. xolo rodesac saqme dispoziciuri normis Se-
sabamisad SeTanxmebul pirobebs exeba, aq swored mxaris mier sadavo debulebisaTvis
miniWebuli mniSvneloba unda iyos prioritetuli, rac nebis gonivrul gansjasac mo-
emsaxureba.
miRebasavaldebulo nebis ganmartebisa da ormxrivad mavaldebulebeli xel-
Sekrulebis ganmartebis mowesrigebis mizniT, mniSvnelovania ssk-ma gaiTvaliswinos
principebis 5:101 muxlis Sinaarsi da aqcenti gaakeTos mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvis mi-
xedviT xelSekrulebis ganmartebaze an erT-erTi mxaris gansakuTrebuli interesis
gaTvaliswinebiT ganmartebaze, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes kerZo avtonomiisa da xel-
Sekrulebis Tavisuflebis principebis utilitaristuli miznebiT konkretizacia.
2. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba mxareTa sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT
ssk-is 337-e muxlis Sesabamisad, Tu xelSekrulebis calkeuli gamonaTqvamebi Se-

iZleba gagebul iqnes sxvadasxvanairad, maSin upiratesoba unda mieniWos imas, rome-
lic, Cveulebriv, miRebulia xelSekrulebis damdebi mxareebis sacxovrebel adgilze.
Tuki mxareebs sxvadasxva sacxovrebeli adgili aqvT, gadamwyvetia aqceptantis sacx-
ovrebeli adgili.
muxlis gamoyenebis aucilebeli winapirobaa xelSekrulebis calkeuli gamonaT-
qvamis araerTgvarovani ganmartebis SesaZlebloba. is SeiZleba ar iyos bundovani,
Tumca iZleodes orazrovani gagebis SesaZleblobas. ssk am xarvezis aRmofxvris sa-
ukeTeso saSualebad miiCnevs ganmartebas xelSekrulebis damdebi mxareebis sacxov-
rebeli adgilis mixedviT. Tu mxareebi sxvadasxva adgilas cxovroben, mxolod am Sem-
TxvevaSi mieniWeba upiratesoba aqceptantis sacxovrebel adgils.
mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvis mixedviT xelSekrulebis ganmartebis maregulirebe-
li wesis ssk-Si asaxvis SemTxvevaSi, mizanSewonilia am normam subsidiuri, daqvemdeba-
79
BGHZ 80, 249; 86, 45 citirebulia: Pruetting H., Wegen G., Weinreich G., BGB Kommentar, Luchter-
hand, 2006, 136.
80
ganmartebis miznebTan dakavSirebiT ix. Koehler H., BGB, Allgemeiner Teil, 31. Auflage, München,
2007, 115 da Semdgomni.
81
Kereselidze D., AT des ZGB, 2005, 185 citirebulia: kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzoga-
82
zoiZe b., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni I, Tb., 2002, 174.
19
rebuli mniSvneloba SeiZinos. Tu debulebis bundovanebis sakiTxi dadga, misi ganmar-

teba sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT SeiZleba ar daemTxves mxareTa saerTo ganzrax-
vas. es wesi SesaZlebelia geografiuli kriteriumis mixedviT obieqturi ganmartebis
erT-erT gamovlinebad CaiTvalos, romelmac unda aRiaros subieqturi ganmartebis
kriteriumis upiratesoba.
2.1. mxareTa erTobliv sacxovrebel adgilze

miRebuli ganmarteba
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mxareTa erTobliv sacxovrebel adgilze miRebulma

ganmartebam ar SeiZleba yovelTvis uzrunvelyos mxareTa saerTo ganzxraxvis Sesaba-
misi Sedegis dadgoma. Tumca am regulirebis umTavresi mizani imis gonivruli varaudi
SeiZleba yofiliyo, rom mxareebi sadavo debulebas xelSekrulebis dadebis dros im
mniSvnelobiT aRiqvamdnen, rac maT sacxovrebel adgilze aris miRebuli. msgavsi de-
bulebebi asaxulia safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1159-e da italiis samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 1369-e muxlebSi.83 aRniSnuli regulirebis ZiriTadi kritika eyrdnoba im ar-
guments, rom saxelSekrulebo molaparakebebi SeiZleba mimdinareobdes sxva adgilze
da xelSekruleba sxvagan daidos, da rom saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebis
adgili ufro mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli xelSekrulebis SinaarsTan.84
2.2. aqceptantis sacxovrebel adgilze

miRebuli ganmarteba
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac xelSekrulebis mxareebs sxvadasxva sacxovrebeli adgi-

li aqvT, upiratesoba mieniWeba aqceptantis sacxovrebel adgilze miRebul ganmarte-
bas. aRniSnuli regulireba relevanturia miRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlenis Sem-
TxvevaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, aqceptantis sacxovrebeli adgili unda ganimartos, ro-
gorc nebis adresatis adgilsamyofeli.85
3. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba xelSekrulebis SinaarsTan

Sesatyvisobis gaTvaliswinebiT
ssk-is 338-e muxlis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebaSi urTierTgamomricxveli an mra-

valmniSvnelovani gamonaTqvamebis dros upiratesoba unda mieniWos im gamonaTqvams,
romelic yvelaze metad Seesatyviseba xelSekrulebis Sinaarss. es muxli xazs usvams
calkeuli debulebis sistemuri, xelSekrulebis sxva debulebebis urTierTkavSirSi
ganmartebis aucileblobas,86 vinaidan konteqstma SesaZlebelia mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrulos mxareTa savaraudo ganzraxvis dadgenis SemTxvevaSi, vidre sadavo debule-
83
84
85
86
iqve, 258.
20
bis izolirebulad ganxilvam.87 analogiuri debuleba gaTvaliswinebulia principebis

5:105 muxlSi.
4. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba savaWro Cveulebebisa da

tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiT
ssk-is 339-e muxlis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis mxareTa uflebebisa da movale-

obebis gansazRvrisas SeiZleba mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli savaWro Cveulebebi da
tradiciebi.
imisaTvis, rom esa Tu is wesi savaWro Cveulebad da tradiciad CaiTvalos, auci-
lebelia, rom igi gamoiyenebodes drois gansazRvrul periodSi, aRiarebuli iyos yve-
la monawilis mier da faqtobrivad xorcieldebodes kidec88. savaWro Cveulebebsa da
tradiciebSi moiazreba mxareTa Soris Camoyalibebuli „savaWro Cveulebebi da tra-
diciebi“ da ara Cveulebebi, romlebsac mxareebi icaven, rogorc moqmed samarTals.89
normis analizidan gamomdinare, igi gamosayeneblad savaldebulo ar aris. is
„SeiZleba mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli“. igi ver Secvlis imperatiul normebs, dispo-
ziciuri normebis SemTxvevaSi ki _ savaWro Cveulebebsa da tradiciebs upiratesoba
eniWebaT.90 amasTan, ar aris aucilebeli, rom nebis gamomvlenis an nebis mimRebisaTvis
savaWro Cveulebis an tradiciis arsebobis Sesaxeb cnobili iyos.91
5. xelSekrulebis standartuli debulebis ganmarteba
ssk-is 345-e muxlis Sesabamisad, Tu xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis teq-

sti bundovania, maSin igi ganimarteba meore mxaris sasargeblod.
aRniSnuli normis miznad miCneulia standartuli pirobebis SemTavazebelis
iZuleba, rom man naTeli da araorazrovani debulebebi Seitanos standartul piro-
bebSi, anu iseTi pirobebi, romlebic gasagebi iqneba saSualo donis momxmareblisaT-
vis.92 vinaidan xelSekrulebis standartuli debulebebi mravaljeradi gamoyenebis-
Tvisaa gamiznuli, aseve mimarTulia pirTa ganusazRvreli wris mimarT, amgvari nebis
gamovlenis dros gadamwyvetia am urTierTobis saSualo monawilis Semecnebis (aRqmis)
SesaZleblobani an, Tu nebis gamovlena specialistTa gansazRvruli wrisadmi aris mi-
marTuli, aseve maTi saSualo SesaZleblobebi.93
principebis 5:103 muxli Seicavs analogiur mowesrigebas, Tumca im gansxvave-
biT, rom is Seexeba ara mxolod xelSekrulebis standartul debulebebs, aramed yve-
87
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis ix. Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari,
wigni III, Tb., 2001, 163 da Semdgomni.
88
Soergel/Wolf, &157, Rn. 63 citirebulia: Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
komentari, wigni III, Tb., 2001, 166.
89
90
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 325.
91
BGH LM Nr 1 zu &157 (B); Frankf NJW-RR 86, 912; citirebulia: Pruetting H., Wegen G., Weinreich
G., BGB Kommentar, Luchterhand, 2006, 194.
92
Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, Tb., 2001, 192.
93
Larenz/Wolf, Allgemeiner Teil, &28 C II Rn. 81 ff.; citirebulia: Wanturia l., samoqalaqo sa-
marTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 327.
21
la individualurad SeuTanxmebel debulebas. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia principebis

am muxlis sarekomendacio xasiaTi, maSin rodesac ssk-is 345-e muxli calsaxad adgens
xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis ganmartebas SemTavazeblis sazianod.
mizanSewonilia, principebis msgavsad, ssk-is Sesabamisi regulireba gafarTov-
des da SemTavazeblis sawinaaRmdego ganmartebis principi Seexos xelSekrulebis ne-
bismier individualurad SeuTanxmebel debulebas. aRniSnuli gamarTlebuli iqneba
keTilsindisierebis principis funqciidan gamomdinare, romelic contra proferentem rule-s
udevs safuZvlad da im mxaris interesebis dacvas emsaxureba, romelsac gonivruli da
keTilsindisieri ndoba hqonda SemTavazeblis da mis mier gamovlenili nebis mimarT.
IV. daskvna
principebisa da ssk-is Sesabamisi muxlebis analizidan mizanSewonilia ramdenime

mniSvnelovani rekomendacia iqnes SemuSavebuli, romlis gaTvaliswinebis SemTxvevaSi
ssk kidev ufro srulyofili gaxdeba xelSekrulebis ganmartebis sakiTxis mowesrige-
bis TvalsazrisiT da metad dauaxlovdeba evropuli unifikaciis process, rac, Tavis
mxriv, mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis saerTo-evropul
samarTlebriv sivrceSi integraciisaTvis:
1. xelSekrulebis ganmartebis amosaval kriteriumad unda ganisazRvros mxare-
Ta saerTo ganzraxvis mixedviT ganmarteba, rac uzrunvelyofs kerZo avtonomiisa da
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principebis yvelaze optimalur realizacias. obieqtu-
ri kriteriumis mixedviT, ganmarteba unda moxdes ukidures SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mxa-
reTa saerTo ganzraxvis an erT-erTi mxaris gansakuTrebuli interesis dadgenis yve-
la SesaZlo mcdeloba warumateblad dasruldeba.
2. xelSekrulebis sadavo debulebis mxareTa sacxovrebel adgilze miRebuli
mniSvnelobis mixedviT ganmarteba unda gamoiyenebodes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, ro-
desac mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvis dadgena SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, ssk-is 337-e mux-
liT gansazRvruli wesis gamoyenebis winapiroba unda iyos ara mxolod xelSekrulebis
calkeuli gamonaTqvamebis sxvadasxvagvari gagebis SesaZlebloba, aseve viTareba, ro-
desac mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvis dadgena SeuZlebelia.
3. mizanSewonilia, principebis msgavsad, ssk-ma gaafarToos contra proferentem rule-s
regulirebis sfero da SemTavazebeli mxaris sawinaaRmdegod xelSekrulebis ganmar-
tebis principi gavrceldes ara mxolod xelSekrulebis standatul debulebaze, ara-
med nebismier individualurad SeuTanxmebel debulebaze.
4. xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principis universaluri xasiaTidan gamomdina-
re, gonivrulia ssk-Si aisaxos principebis 5:106 muxlis Sesabamisi wesi, romelic daad-
gens sadavo debulebisaTvis mboWavi Zalis mimniWebeli ganmartebis upiratesobas im
ganmartebasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic mis baTilobas iwvevs.
22
mixeil biWia*
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba saadvokato

saidumloebis xelyofisTvis
1. Sesavali
saadvokato saidumloeba, erTi SexedviT, sainteresoa mxolod procesualuri

TvalsazrisiT, magram siRrmiseuli kvleva cxadyofs, rom mas SeiZleba didi materi-
alursamarTlebrivi datvirTvac hqondes. amasTan, saadvokato saidumloebis samoqa-
laqosamarTlebrivi dacva ar yofila qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi specialuri
kvlevis sagani. amdenad, am naSromis farglebSi swored samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi na-
wilia xazgasasmeli, risTvisac, cxadia, saadvokato saidumloebis saproceso aspeqte-
bis Seswavlac, garkveulwilad, mniSvnelovania. Sesabamisad, saadvokato saidumloebis
dacvis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi safuZvlebis gamosakveTad, upirveles yovlisa, ga-
sarkvevia, Tu romel sferoebs moicavs TviT saadvokato saidumloeba. aseve saadvoka-
to saidumloebis cnebis moculobis gansazRvra mniSvnelovania imis dasadgenad, Tu
rogor SeiZleba is kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi gamovlindes. es kidev ufro aq-
tualuria imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom terminiT `saadvokato saidumloeba~ operirebs
saproceso samarTlis mecniereba da yuradRebis miRma rCeba misi materialursamar-
Tlebrivi, kerZod samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi aspeqtebi. amasTan, aRniSnul konfiden-
cialur informacias ZiriTadad icavs saqarTvelos konstitucia, sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsi, samoqalaqo kodeqsi, kanoni àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ da advokatTa profesiuli
eTikis kodeqsi. Tumca saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar icnobs termins `saadvokato sa-
idumloeba~. aseve adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia icavs aRniSnul saidumlo-
ebas. Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilia evrosasamarTlos poziciis gamokveTa saadvokato
saidumloebasTan dakavSirebiT.
kvlevis mizania, dadgindes saadvokato saidumloebis cnebis moculoba da vin
SeiZleba am urTierTobis subieqtebi iyvnen, raTa gamoikveTos adresatebi, visac mie-
marTeba uSualod saadvokato saidumloebis dacva. garda amisa, gansakuTrebiT aqtu-
aluria saadvokato saidumloebis safuZvelze warmoSobili urTierTobis Sinaarsis
(ufleba-movaleobebi) Seswavla. aRniSnulis mizania, ganisazRvros, Tu ramdenadaa gan-
sxvavebuli es urTierToba sxva samarTlebrivi urTierTobisgan da romeli Tavisebu-
rebebiT xasiaTdeba is. amasTan, advokatsa da klients Soris warmoSobili urTierTo-
bis arsis garkveva sabolood saadvokato saidumloebis xelyofisTvis pasuxismgeblo-
bis safuZvlebis (subieqtebi, ziani, marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba, mizezobrivi kavSiri
da brali) mokle ganxilvasac gulisxmobs. es sakiTxi ukavSirdeba samarTlebrivi moTx-
ovnis dayenebis problemas da SeiZleba warmoSvas moTxovnaTa konkurencia.
* samarTlis doqtori, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis mowveuli leqtori.
23
amdenad, zemoaRniSnul aspeqtebs rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli mniSvnelo-

ba aqvs. isini ganxilulia SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi, normatiul-dogmaturi, analizi-
sa da sinTezis, sociologiuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT, raTa problema srulad iyos
Seswavlili. amdenad, winamdebare naSromi aris mcdeloba, ganisazRvros saadvokato
saidumloebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi dacvis safuZvlebi, rom praqtikasa Tu Teo-
riaSi arsebuli xarvezebis aRmoifxvras.
2. saadvokato saidumloebis cnebis moculoba
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar iyenebs termins `saadvokato saidumloeba~, mag-

ram Seicavs mis damcav normebs. kanoni àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~, sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-
si, samoqalaqo kodeqsi icnobs profesiul saidumloebas an kidev konfidencialur in-
formacias, romelSic erT-erT sferod moiazreba saadvokato saidumloeba.
aq mizanSewonilia dazustdes, Tu ra moiazreba saadvokato saqmianobaSi, raTa ga-
irkves, Tu romel sferoebs unda exebodes saadvokato saidumloeba. is xSirad gamoi-
yeneba profesiul saidumloebasTan mWidro kavSirSi. arada saadvokato saidumloeba
rodi SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc mxolod klientis monopoliuri sfero; saqme
isaa, rom is yvelafers exeba, rac advokatma sakuTari profesiuli saqmianobisas miiRo.
am urTierTobis winapirobaa saidumlos mflobelis mier advokatisTvis mandatis mi-
niWeba.1 Tumca saqme isaa, rom saadvokato da profesiuli saidumloeba ori sxvadasxva
saidumlo sferoa. profesiuli saidumloeba vrceldeba ara mxolod advokatebze, ara-
med sxvebzec.2 Sesabamisad, profesiuli saidumloeba gacilebiT farToa, vidre saad-
vokato saidumloeba; saadvokato saidumloeba erT-erTi profesiuli saidumloebaa.
àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, saadvokato saq-
mianobaSi igulisxmeba advokatis mier iuridiuli rCevis micema pirisTvis, romelmac
mas daxmarebisTvis mimarTa; klientis warmomadgenloba sakonstitucio davis, sis-
xlis, samoqalaqo an administraciuli samarTlis saqmeze sasamarTloSi, arbitraJSi,
dakavebis, mokvlevisa da gamoZiebis organoebSi, mesame piris mimarT samarTlebrivi
dokumentebis momzadeba da klientis saxeliT nebismieri dokumentaciis wardgena;
iseTi iuridiuli daxmarebis gaweva, romelic mesame piris winaSe warmomadgenlobas ar
ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad, saadvokato saidumloebac am sferoebs exeba.
saadvokato saidumloebis dacva SeiZleba Seexos komunikaciis saSualebebsac
(elfosta), vinaidan swored maTi daxmarebiT SeiZleba gaigzavnos garkveuli konfi-
dencialuri informacia da xelyofis safrTxe Seqmnas.3 amasTan, aRniSnulma SesaZloa
dRis wesrigSi daayenos kerZo sferos dacvis aucilebloba.4 amitomac saadvokato sa-
1
Aufsichtsbehörde über die Rechtsanwälte 2001.06.12. (AR 01 3) Entscheidung.
2
Niggli M. A., Unterstehen dem Berufsgeheimnis nach Art. 321 StGB auch Unternehmensjuristen? (Eine Ver-
teidigung des materiellen Strafrechts gegen die Freunde des Verfassungs rechts, zugleich eine Antwort auf
Pfeifer), Ànwalts Revue Del’Avocat”, 8/2006, 279.
3
Hilgard M. C., Kein Anwaltsgeheimnis für den Schriftverkehr zwischen Unternehmen und Unternehmen-
sjuristen, in: “CH-D Wirschaft”, 4/2008, 15-16.
4
Rioult J.-L., Vock M. B., Schumacher Gr. K., Jokl J., Sichere E-Mail Kommunikation bei Rioult & Partner
Rechtsanwälte/ Anleitung zur Benutzung des Secure Messaging von PrivaSphere, 1-3, <http://www.anwalt-
zh.ch/pdf/Securemail– infobrief.pdf>, [05.02.2013].
24
mixeil biWia, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba saadvokato
idumloeba ganixileba, rogorc kerZo cxovrebis dacvis uflebis garkveuli aspeqti.5

es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, ukavSirdeba uflebas TviTgamorkvevaze, vinaidan saadvo-
kato saidumloeba SeiZleba moiazrebdes pirovnuli cnobebis gauvrceleblobis uf-
lebas. amitomac aRniSnuli movlena saidumloebis dacvaze garkveuli gamoxatulebaa,
refleqsuri reaqciaa.6 aq problema or sferoze vrceldeba: a) korespondenciebis moZ-
raobasa da b) advokatTan urTierTobisas monacemTa (zogadad saidumloebis) dacvaze.7
Sesabamisad, SeiZleba warmoiSvas intersTa konfliqtic. Tumca araa gamoricxuli, sa-
advokato saidumloeba Zalze mgrZnobiare sferoebsac Seexos. amasTan, saadvokato sa-
idumloeba gacilebiT maRla mdgomia, vidre monacemTa dacva.8 saqme isaa, rom advokati
ver ganixilavs saadvokato saidumloebas, rogorc mxolod monacemTa dacvis ùZli-
eres~ uflebas. advokati unda eridos, rom monacemTa dacvis uflebis farTo inter-
pretaciiT Seqmnas konfliqturi situaciebi, romlebSic advokatma unda gadawyvitos,
Seesabameba Tu ara klientis monacemTa dacvis uflebiT uzrunvelyofil interesebs
monacemebi, romlebic mesame pirebs (da ara klients) Seexeba. Tumca is monacemebi, rom-
lebic saadvokato saidumloebis sagani araa (magaliTad, TanamSromlisa da mimwodeb-
lis monacemebi), ukavSirdeba monacemTa dacvis zogad uflebas. es ki ar qmnis monacemTa
dacvis uflebamosilebis dadgenis aucileblobas.9
Sesabamisad, am profesiul saidumloebaSi igulisxmeba yvelaferi (faqtebi, do-
kumentebi), rac advokats gaandes klientTan misi saqmianobis safuZvelze. amitomac da-
culia klienturis mier advokatisTvis mandatis farglebSi mindobili saidumloeba.10
Tumca advokatis mier axsna-ganmartebaSi klientis mimarT Camoyalibebuli Sefasebe-
bic, rac profesiuli saqmianobisas miRebul informacias efuZneba, konfidencialobis
xelyofaa, vinaidan am saxis Sefasebebma SeiZleba klientis saidumlo sfero Selaxos.11
aseve sagulisxmoa, rom saidumlos dacvis movaleoba farToa da klientTa gar-
dacvalebis Semdegac grZeldeba.12 saadvokato saidumloeba gansakuTrebul rols as-
rulebs memkvidreebisTvis cnobebis wardgenis movaleobasTan dakavSirebiT. roca an-
derZis aRmasruleblisTvis misi mimdinare saqmianobis gamo mamkvidreblis advokatTan
urTierTobisas cnobilia garkveuli faqtebi, maSin is valdebulia, rom ar gaaxmauros
isini, vinaidan mamkvidrebels unda SeeZlos konfidencialobas daeyrdnos. Tumca aqe-
5
Spielmann D., Das anwaltliche Berufsgeheimnis in der Rechtsprechung des EGMR, sterreichisches Anwalts-
blatt 2010/07-08, 346-355.
6
Härtig N., Anwaltsgeheimnis: Schutz vor dem Datenschutz, Der Beschluss des Kammersgerichs vom
20.8.2010, in: AnwBl 1/2011, 50-51.
7
Hoffet F., Der Schutz des Anwaltsgeheimnisses im Verfahrensrecht des Bundes, Thema/Question Du Jour,
Anwalts Revue Del’Avocat, 5/2012, 226.
8
KG: Anwaltsgeheimnis stärker als Datenschutz, in: “Anwaltsblatt”, Herausgeber Busse F., Jahrgang 60,
11/2010, 802-803.
9
BRAO-Novellierung, Vorschläge des DAV zur Änderung der Bundesrechtsanwaltsordnung (Stand: 30.
August 2006), Entwurf einer Änderung der Bundesrechtsanwaltsordnung Textvorschlag, in: AnwBl 11/2006,
740.
10
Beschluss der Aufsichtskommission über die Rechtsanwälte vom 2. September 2004, 4.
11
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT ix. ssip `saqarTvelos advokatTa asociaciis~ eTikis komisi-
is 2011 wlis 9 ivlisis gadawyvetileba (№029/11).
12
Dorjee-Good A., Das Anwaltsgeheimnis ist auch gegenueber den Erben des Klienten zu wahren (BGE 135 III
597), Successio Heft Nr. 4/2010, 301.
25
dan prioritetuli interesia mamkvidreblis mkvlelobis deliqtis gaxsna an memkvid-

reobis samarTlianad ganawileba (gansakuTrebiT savaldebulo wili).13
amasTan, advokatebi zrunaven profesiuli saidumloebis dacvaze damxmare pire-
bis meSveobiTac.14 Sesabamisad, saadvokato saidumloebaSi unda moiazrebodes is cno-
bebic, romlebic saadvokato saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas am pirebma miiRes.
amdenad, iuridiuli daxmarebis zemoT aRniSnuli saxeebi moicavs (garda warmo-
madgenlobisa) sxva saxis iuridiul daxmarebasac. amitomac logikuria, rom saadvo-
kato saidumloebaSi gaerTiandes cnobebi, romlebic advokatma mimndobisgan miiRo
(garda warmomadgenlobisa). saadvokato saidumloeba aris sxvadasxva saxis cnobebi,
romelTa codnac aucilebelia advokatis mier iuridiuli daxmarebis aRmosaCenad.
amitomac saadvokato saidumloebis dasacavad mizanSewonilia, rom saadvokato sai-
dumloeba farTod iyos interpretirebuli, raTa man moicvas klientisgan advokatis-
Tvis micemuli cnobebi, romelTa gavrceleba klientisTvis arasasurvelia.15
saqme isaa, rom am tipis cnobebi SeiZleba nebismieri profesiis warmomadgenleb-
Tan dakavSirebiT arsebobdes da maTze ver gavrceldeba àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ kanoni,
vinaidan is mxolod advokatebs exeba. amasTan, maTgan gansxvavebulia zogadad warmo-
madgenlis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobac. amitom mizanSewonilia, vixelmZRvaneloT
terminiT `saadvokato saidumloeba~, romelic unda daicvas saqarTvelos advokatTa
asociaciaSi daregistrirebulma advokatma.
3. saadvokato saidumloeba, rogorc samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi

urTierTobis obieqti
advokatis sapasuxismgeblo pozicia samarTlebrivadaa gamyarebuli saadvoka-

to saidumloebaSi. advokatma unda daicvas saadvokato saidumloeba nebismier pirTan
dakavSirebiT,16 rac absoluturi uflebis specifikas asaxavs, vinaidan absoluturia
uflebebi, `romlebic SeiZleba Seilaxos nebismieri piris mier da amitom daculia ne-
bismieri pirisgan~.17 es uflebebi warmoiSoba maT mesakuTre subieqtTan erTad samar-
Tlebrivi urTierTobis gareT.18 aqedan gamomdinareobs saadvokato saidumloebis
dacvis movaleoba, romelic ganixileba advokatis saqmianobis zneobriv sawyisad.19
13
Künzle H. R., Interessenkollision im Erbrecht: Willensvollstrecker, Notar, Anwalt, SJZ 108/2012, 7-8.
14
Anwalts Revue Del’Avocat, 5/2012, 224; saadvokato da sabanko saidumloebebis erTmaneTisgan
gamijvnis Sesaxeb ix. Müller T., Das Geheimnis um das Bankkundengeheimnis, in: Jusletter 3 Mai, 2010, 8.
15
Красавчикова Л., Личная жизнь граждан под охраной закона, «Юрид. Лит-ра», М., 1983, 153-154.
16
Rioult J.-L., Vock M. B., Schumacher Gr. K., Jokl J., Sichere E-Mail Kommunikation bei Rioult & Partner
Rechtsanwälte/ Anleitung zur Benutzung des Secure Messaging von PrivaSphere, 1-3, <http://www.anwalt-
zh.ch/pdf/Securemail– infobrief.pdf>, [05.02.2013].
17
Братусь С., Иоффе О., Гражданское право, «Знание», М., 1967, 41; kobaxiZe a., samoqalaqo samar-
Tali, zogadi nawili, w. I, Tb., 2001, 100.
18
Prediger E. J., Die Grundlagen des Eigentumsrechts, <http://doctorate.ulbsibiu.ro/obj/documents/REZ-
GERM-PREDIGER.pdf>, [07.05.10]
19
Красавчикова Л., Личная жизнь граждан под охраной закона, «Юрид. Лит-ра», М., 1983, 152. saadvo-
kato eTikaze, ar gaavrcelos mimndobis saidumloeba, romelic advokats gaandes ndo-
26
amasTan, piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis obieqtebia aramaterialuri sikeTeebi,

Tu sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs maTi arsidan. ivaraudeba, rom es absoluturi uflebebi
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis gareT arsebobs da is maT ki ar aregulirebs, aramed ma-
Ti darRvevisas uzrunvelyofs maT dacviT.20 amdenad, iuridiuli faqtis ZaliT samar-
Tlebrivi urTierTobis miRma arsebuli absoluturi ufleba samarTlebriv `samoss~
SeiZens da gaxdeba samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqti. Sesabamisad, aramaterialuri
sikeTeebi, romlebic gadaucemadi da brunvauunaroa, samoqalaqosamarTlebriv urTi-
erTobaSi Cveulebrivi obieqtebia.
rac Seexeba SefardebiT uflebas, mas upirispirdeba konkretuli piris movaleo-
ba, araTu Tavi Seikavos moqmedebis ganxorcielebisgan, aramed ganaxorcielos garkve-
uli pozitiuri moqmedeba uflebamosili piris sasargeblod.21 Sesabamisad, aq perso-
nificirebuli arian subieqtebi22 da relatiuri uflebebi warmoiSoba samarTlebri-
vi urTierTobis gziT.23 amdenad, SefardebiTi ufleba valdebulebiTi urTierTobis
farglebSi moiazreba da misi obieqtic iqneba TviT am samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi.
amitom daculia is saidumloeba, romelic mimndobma advokats gaando mandatis
urTierTobis farglebSi.24 Sesabamisad, Tu xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principis25
safuZvelze obieqtad arCeulia saadvokato saidumloeba, mxareebi imoqmedeben val-
debulebiTi urTierTobis farglebSi. Tumca aseTi xelSekrulebis obieqtTan dakav-
SirebiT iZulebiTi dacvis aparatis CasarTvelad aucilebelia saadvokato saidumlo-
eba daukavSirdes im saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis obieqts, romelic kanonSesabamisi,
moraluri da brunvaunariania.26 magaliTad, saandobis dacva, angariSis Cabareba. wina-
aRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi unda iyos miRebuli mxolod absoluturi urTier-
Tobis specifikuri niSnebi.
4. saadvokato saidumloebidan warmoSobili ufleba-movaleobebi
rogorc cnobilia, samoqalaqo uflebaSi moiazreba samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT

samoqalaqo urTierTobis subieqtisTvis miniWebuli samarTlebrivi Zalaufleba, da-
icvas sakuTari interesebi, maT Soris sasamarTlos gziT. TviT samoqalaqo uflebebi,
bis safuZvelze, ix. Бойков А., Этические нормы деятельности советского адвоката, «Советская
юстиция», №10, 1966, 16.
20
Лапач В., Система объектов гражданских прав: теория и судебная практика, «Юридический центр
Пресс», Санкт- Петербург, 2002, 115, 106.
21
Иоффе О., Советское гражданское право, общая часть. право собственности. общее учение об обяза-
тельствах, Изд. Ленинградского Ун-та, Л., 1958, 75.
22
Малеин Н., Гражданский закон и права личности в СССР, «Юрид. лит-ра», М., 1981, 105.
23
Prediger E. J., Die Grundlagen des Eigentumsrechts, <http://doctorate.ulbsibiu.ro/obj/documents/REZ-
GERM-PREDIGER.pdf>, [07.05.10].
24
Beschluss der Aufsichtskommission über die Rechtsanwälte vom 2. September 2004, 4.
25
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principis Sesaxeb ix. Chanturia L., Das neue Privatrecht, In: Geor-
gien – Postsowjetische Umbrüche und Hoffnungen auf Europa. Arbeits- und Diskussionspapier (Alexander
von Humboldt Stiftung), 6/2006, 28.
26
niSnebis Sesaxeb, romlebic urTierTobis obieqts unda hqondes, ix. Осакве К., Сравнитель-
ное правоведение, схематический комментарий, «Юристь», М., 2008, 93, 543-544, 82.
27
garda samoqalaqo kodeqsisa, mocemulia sxva kanonebSic.27 swored am gagebiT saadvoka-

to saidumloebis dacvis ufleba, rogorc absoluturi ufleba, daculia samoqalaqo
kodeqsSi. Tumca uSualod saadvokato saidumloebis niSnebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovania
àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ kanonic.
aRniSnuli kanonis me-19 muxlis 1-li nawilis mixedviT, advokati Tavis saqmiano-
bas axorcielebs xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, romelSic yvela arsebiTi pirobaa gaT-
valiswinebuli. Tumca mxedvelobaSia misaRebi aseve is, rom advokats garkveul Sem-
TxvevebSi unda hqondes saTanado wesiT gaformebuli mindobiloba an orderi (àdvo-
katTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-19 muxlis me-2 nawili).
amasTan, advokatebi arian uflebamosili pirebi, romlebic unda iyvnen TavianT
uflebamosilebis mimcem pirebTan urTierTobisas erTguli (sando). amitom advoka-
tis uflebamosilebaSi ZiriTadia uflebamosilebis mimcemi piris interesTa dacva
(ssk-is 709-e muxli).28 aRniSnuli urTierTobidan warmoiSoba specifikuri movaleoba
advokatis movaleobis saxiT, daicvas klientis saidumlo (profesiuli saidumloeba).
es movaleoba unda ganixilebodes sakuTari klientebisadmi erTgulebis movaleobis
gansakuTrebul gamovlinebad.29 aRniSnuli ukavSirdeba rwmunebulis movaleobas, mi-
awodos marwmunebels aucilebeli informacia, xolo moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi – miawo-
dos davalebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb cnobebi da Sesrulebis Semdeg – Caabaros angariSi
(ssk-is 713-e muxlis 1-li nawili).
amasTan, mimowerisas arsebobs saadvokato saidumloebis xelyofis safrTxe. es Se-
iZleba Seexos mgrZnobiare, delikatur Temebs.30 amitom advokatma maqsimalurad unda
daicvas konfidencialoba, romelic ssk-is 714-e muxlis 1-li nawiliTaa gamyarebuli.
swored saidumlos Senaxvis mizniT unda zrunavdes advokati mimndobis imunite-
tis uzrunvelyofasa da dacvaze. saqme exeba kvalificiuri iuridiuli konsultaciis-
Tvis mimarTvisas mimndobis interesTa da uflebaTa xelSeuxeblobis gansakuTrebul
samarTlebriv mdgomareobas. amasTan, saadvokato imuniteti gulisxmobs advokatis,
saadvokato dokumentaciis da profesiuli saqmianobisTvis aucilebeli Senobis, kli-
entTan advokatis komunikaciis, aseve klientis, rogorc advokatTan komunikaciis
Sesaxeb informaciis potenciuri wyaros, xelSeuxeblobas. Sesabamisad, saadvokato
SezRudvebi informaciis gamoyenebisas vrceldeba ara mxolod klientis nebasa da in-
teresebze, aramed mis imunitetze, romelic saadvokato saidumloebiTaa uzrunvelyo-
fili. amdenad, ucxo pirTa xelyofisagan saadvokato saidumloebis dacvis problema
or ZiriTad aspeqts exeba: a) saadvokato imunitetsa da b) mesame pirTaTvis saadvokato
saidumloebis xelmisawvdomobas samarTlebrivad dasaSvebi safuZvlebiT.31 amasTan,
saadvokato biuroebSi SeiZleba martivad Seqmnilma kedlebma da xmagaumtarma karma
gayos saadvokato biuro misaRebisgan an mosacdeli oTaxisgan. Sesabamisad, iuridiu-
27
Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, `samarTali~, Tb., 2011,
98.
28
Bundesgericht, II. zivilrechtliche Abteilung, Urteil vom 15. September 2009 (4A– 15/2009) (privatrecht), Das
Anwaltgeheimnis nach dem Tode des Klienten, mit Bemerkungen von Prof. Fargnoli I., 3.
29
Aufsichtsbehörde über die Rechtsanwälte 2001.06.12. (AR 01 3) Entscheidung.
30
Hilgard M. C., Kein Anwaltsgeheimnis für den Schriftverkehr zwischen Unternehmen und Unternehmen-
sjuristen, in: “CH-D Wirschaft”, 4/2008, 15-16.
31
Пилипенко Ю., Основные направления исследования адвокатской тайни, Часопис Академії адвокатури
України, №2, 2009, 22-24, <http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/e-journals/Chaau/2009-1/09pysiat.pdf>, [06.02.10 ].
28
li konsultaciis dros sxva klientebi rom ar gadaiqcnen procesis Tanamonawileebad,

advokatma garkveuli pirobebi unda Seqmnas. amitom unda iyos uzrunvelyofili, erTi
mxriv, sacxovrisSi sakmarisi xmagaumtaroba da, meore mxriv, is, rom klientebi mosac-
del oTaxSi ar Sexvdnen erTurTs da saadvokato biuroSi stumrobisas sxva klienteb-
Tan dakavSirebuli saqmeebi ar iyos garSemo mimofantuli.32 amasTan, `mowinaaRmdege
mxareTa advokatebs ar unda miuwvdebodeT erTmaneTis informaciaze xeli; is, rom isi-
ni muSaoben erT SenobaSi, ar ganixileba konfidencialobis darRvevad~. am principis
xelyofis dasamtkiceblad aucilebelia, mxarem minimum mainc daadasturos am saxis in-
formaciis gadacema an gandoba misi advokatisTvis. aq mniSvnelovania, rom advokate-
bi muSaobdnen sxvadasxva oTaxSi, romelTac aqvT damoukidebeli Sesasvlelebi. isini
ki aucileblad unda iketebodes da advokatTa samuSao dokumentacia erTmaneTisagan
gancalkevebiT unda inaxebodes.33 es pirobebic, saboloo jamSi, ssk-is 714-e muxliT
ganmtkicebuli saidumlos Senaxvis movaleobis uzrunvelyofas emsaxureba, rac ker-
Zo cxovrebis dacvis winapirobacaa.
aq praqtikulad saqme SeiZleba interesTa konfliqtsac Seexos, ris Taobazec ad-
vokatma unda Seatyobinos klients. interesTa konfliqti warmoiSoba, Tu advokatis
mier ganxorcielebul warmomadgenlobaze arsebiT da uaryofiT gavlenas axdens ad-
vokatis piradi interesi an klientis, yofili klientis an mesame piris interesi. amas-
Tan, advokatma ar unda daamyaros iseTi urTierToba, romelic klientis interesTa
dacvas safrTxes Seuqmnis. Tumca Tu aseTi urTierToba ukve arsebobs, advokatma Tavi
unda aaridos interesTa konfliqtis SemTxvevebs.34 advokatma yofili klientisgan mi-
Rebuli konfidencialuri informacia SemdegSi mis winaaRmdeg ar unda gamoiyenos da
aicilos konfidencialuri informaciis gamJRavnebis safrTxis Seqmna. esaa safrTxe,
romelic SeiZleba uaryofiTad aisaxos yofili klientis an arsebuli klientis inte-
resebze. saadvokato saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas advokatma Tanabari xarisxiT unda
daicvas konfidencialoba (ssk-is 714-e muxlis 1-li nawili) da klientis interesebis
prioritetuloba.35
amdenad, advokatsa da klients Soris ndobaze agebuli urTierTobisa Tu saadvo-
kato saidumloebis uzrunvelyofis winapirobaa saadvokato saqmianobis jerovani Ses-
ruleba da marTlwesrigis dacva. amasTan, vinaidan xSirad klients ar SeuZlia bolomde
Seafasos, romeli informaciaa misi interesebis dasacavad relevanturi, mniSvnelova-
nia, klientma advokats sruli informacia miawodos. swored esaa imis winapiroba, rom
klients SeeZlos miendos saadvokato saidumloebas, romelic SeuzRudavi xasiaTisaa.36
32
Meiss R. Von, Die persönliche Geheimsphäre und deren Schutz im prozessuallen Verfahren, Diesenhofen,
Rüegger Verlag, 1975, 110-111.
33
ssip `saqarTvelos advokatTa asociaciis~ eTikis komisiis 2010 wlis 15 dekembris ga-
dawyvetileba (№086/10).
34
ssip `saqarTvelos advokatTa asociaciis~ eTikis komisiis 2011 wlis 3 ivnisis gadawyve-
tileba (№022/11); saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom am sakiTxis samarTlebrivad swo-
rad gadawyvetis gamo ZalaSi datova disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobis formad gafrTxi-
lebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb eTikis komisiis gadawyvetileba. ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi
sasamarTlos sadisciplino palatis 2011 wlis 22 ivlisis gadawyvetileba (№ds-S/7-11).
35
ssip `saqarTvelos advokatTa asociaciis~ eTikis komisiis 2011 wlis 14 ivnisis gadaw-
yvetileba (№092/10).
36
29
rac Seexeba saadvokato saidumloebis dacvis xangrZlivobas, ssk-is 714-e muxlis

me-2 nawiliT ganmtkicebulia, rom faqtebis gauxmaureblobis movaleoba grZeldeba
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis damTavrebis Semdegac. is advokatma unda daicvas ga-
suli drois miuxedavad (àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis 1-li na-
wilis à~ da `b~ punqtebi).37
5. saadvokato saidumloebis dacvidan warmoSobili

samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtebi
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis ZiriTadi monawile adamiania, magram

aseve SeiZleba gaerTianebebi an zogadad iuridiuli pirebic, maT Soris saxelmwifo
iyos. amdenad, ssk-is me-11 muxlis mixedviT, am momentidan mas aqvs unari, iyos samoqa-
laqo uflebebisa da movaleobebis matarebeli anu uflebaunariani. uflebaunariano-
ba aris abstraqtuli, ufleba – konkretuli.38 uflebaunarianobis gamovlenis formad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos pirovnuli uflebebis qonis unari.39 Sesabamisad, piradi uflebe-
bis warmoSobis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos dabadeba, Tumca garkveul SemTxvevaSi gari-
geba, magaliTad, saadvokato saidumloebis dros. amasTan, kanonma SeiZleba aRWurvos
piri araqonebrivi uflebebiT. magaliTad, komerciuli iuridiuli piris ufleba sa-
firmo saxelwodebis dacvaze.40
saadvokato saidumloebasTan dakavSirebiT warmoSobili kerZosamarTlebrivi
urTierTobis erT-erTi subieqti SeiZleba iyos advokati anu Tavisufali profesiis
piri, romelic emorCileba kanonsa da profesiuli eTikis normebs da gawevrianebulia
saqarTvelos advokatTa asociaciaSi (àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 1-li mux. me-2 naw.).
klienti aris piri, romlis interesebsac icavs advokati. àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ saqar-
Tvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis `z~ punqtiT saadvokato saqmianobis erT-erT uZiriTades
principad aRiarebulia advokatis mier profesiuli saidumloebis dacva. amitom ka-
nonmdebelma mizanSewonilad CaTvala amave kanonis me-5 muxlis à~, `b~ da `g~ punqteb-
Si calke gamoeyo advokatis movaleobebad profesiuli funqciebis keTilsindisierad
Sesruleba, aseve sasamarTlos da procesis sxva monawileTa uflebebis Seulaxavad
profesiuli saidumloebis dacva.41 amasTan, disciplinuri samarTliT uzrunvelyo-
fili es sikeTe kanonmdebelma kerZosamarTlebrivad ganamtkica ssk-is 713-e muxlSi
saidumloebis Senaxvis valdebulebis saxiT. am valdebulebis Sesruleba ki daefuZna
keTilsindisierebis princips (ssk-is me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili). Sesabamisad, zemoT moy-
37
ix.: <http://gba.ge/pdf/2010/kanoni– advokatta– shesaxeb.pdf>, [27.05.10]; advokatisTvis gandobi-
li informaciis dacvis movaleobis Sesaxeb ix. Münch H., Der Schutz des Einzelnen vor Pres-
severöffentlichungen durch den Deutschen Presserat und die britische Press Complaints Commision, Eine
Untersuchung zur Spruchpraxis unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des zivilrechtlichen Rechtsschutzes der
Privatsphäre (Dissertation), Konstanz, 2001, 51, <www.buskeismus.de/literatur/privatsphaere-muebcg.pdf>,
[10.07.09]; ix. Boner W., Aktuelle Entwicklungen im Anwaltsrecht, Weiterbildungsveranstaltung des Aer-
gauschen Anwaltsverbandes AAV vom 24, September 2009, 6.
38
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 165-166, 246-251, 175-176.
39
40
CikvaSvili S., pasuxismgebloba moraluri zianisTvis, Tb., 2003, 8-9.
41
saqarTvelos kanoni àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ ix.: <http://gba.ge/pdf/2010/kanoni–advokatta–shesaxeb.
pdf>, [27.05.10].
30
vanili pirebi Tanasworobisa da kerZo avtonomiis principebze agebuli urTierTobis

Cveulebrivi subieqtebi arian (ssk-is 1-li muxli da me-10 muxlis me-2 nawili), romelTa
Tavisufleba izRudeba xelSekrulebisa da kanonismieri akrZalvebiT.42
amdenad, advokatebi eqvemdebarebian profesiul saidumloebas yvelaferis Se-
saxeb, rac mas klienturasTan saqmianobis safuZvelze gaandes. aseve advokatebi saad-
vokato saidumloebis dacvaze zrunaven damxmare pirebis meSveobiT.43 aq SeiZleba saq-
me Seexos advokatis TanaSemwes. Sesabamisad, masac evaleba profesiuli saidumloebis
dacva gasuli drois miuxedavad. TanaSemwem klientis Tanxmobis gareSe ar unda gaav-
rcelos saadvokato saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas misgan miRebuli informacia (àdvo-
katTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-17 muxlis me-2 da me-3 nawilebi, me-7 muxlis 1-li nawilis à~ da
`b~ punqtebi). imave konteqstSi ganixileba advokatis staJiori, romelic advokatis da-
valebiT mis uflebamosilebebs asrulebs. advokatis staJiori ar SeiZleba daikiTxos
mowmed im sakiTxze, romelic misTvis profesiuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas gaxda
cnobili. masze vrceldeba am kanonis me-7 muxlis valdebulebebi, maT Soris profesiu-
li saidumloeba (àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-16 muxlis 1-li, me-3 da me-4 nawilebi).44
garda aRniSnulisa, saadvokato saidumloebis gavrcelebis safrTxe arsebobs
aseve im pirTa mxridan, romlebic advokats exmarebian saadvokato saqmianobis gan-
xorcielebisas araiuridiul sakiTxebSi, magaliTad, mdivani. is cnobebs advokatis
klienturis Sesaxeb iRebs telefonTan muSaobisas, advokatis karnaxiT werilebisa da
gancxadebebis dafiqsireba-Caweris dros. mdivnis mier saqmeebis gacnoba advokatis
mudmivi sifrTxilis SemTxvevaSi im faqtebiT amoiwureba, rasac advokati klientebs
an mesame pirebs atyobinebs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas damlagebelzec.45 amdenad, konfi-
dencialobis dacvis movaleoba unda gavrceldes saadvokato biurosa da iuridiuli
konsultaciis gamwev nebismier TanamSromelze (buRalteri, mdivani da sxva).46 Sesaba-
misad, saadvokato saidumloebis dacva am formiT iluzoruli iqneboda, Tu, magali-
Tad, aucilebeli weriTi samuSaos Semsrulebeli mdivani ar iqneboda valdebuli See-
naxa saidumlo.47
aseve mizanSewonilia, gaimijnos warmomadgeneli da advokati, raTa, saboloo jam-
Si, maT mimarT moqmedi normebi dalagdes maTi moqmedebis sferos mixedviT. saqme isaa,
rom samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi aris principi, romlis mixedviT, mxareebs
SeuZliaT sasamarTloSi saqme awarmoon piradad an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT (ssk-is
93-e muxli).48 amasTan, àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-40 muxlis me-4 nawilis mixedviT,
42
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, `samarTali~, Tb., 2011, 85-89.
43
Anwalts Revue Del’Avocat, 5/2012, 224.
44
<http://gba.ge/pdf/2010/kanoni– advokatta– shesaxeb.pdf>, [27.05.10].
45
46
Дробышевская Т., Личные неимущественные права граждан и их гражданско-правовая защита,
Краснояр. гос. ун-т., Красноярск, 2001, 78.
47
Rüegger Verlag, 1975, 177-178; Hlellwig H.-J., Non-legal Outsourcing und Anwaltsgeheimnis (Die Er-
mächtigung in der BRAO nutzen: Satzungsversammlung kann es regeln), in: AnwBl, 7/2012, 591-592.
48
liluaSvili T., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis komentari, Tb., 2004, 176-
177.
31
pirebs, romelTac advokatTa testireba ar gauvliaT da arc testirebis gavlis dama-

dasturebeli mowmoba aqvT, SeuZliaT monawileoba miiRon mxolod pirveli instanciis
sasamarTloebSi (da ara saapelacio da sakasacio instanciebis sasamarTloebSi). Tumca
aqedan gamonaklisia amave normiT gaTvaliswinebuli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis, adgi-
lobrivi mmarTvelobis organosa da organizaciebis TanamSromlebis monawileoba am
organoTa da organizaciaTa saqmeebze. amitom mizanSewonilia, maTze gavrceldes kon-
fidencialuri informaciis dacva, vinaidan aqac warmoiSoba klientsa da warmomadge-
nels Soris fiduciuri urTierToba, xolo mocemul SemTxvevaSi disciplinuri pasu-
xismgeblobisTvis àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis gamoyeneba dauSvebelia. maT, Cveuleb-
riv, unda daicvan samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dadgeba ssk-is
709-723-e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegebi.
sagulisxmoa, rom advokatebma da organoTa iuristebma (iuriskonsulti) unda
gaakeTon yvelaferi, rac maT ZaluZT, raTa dacvis Zlieri meqanizmi Seuqmnan saadvo-
kato saidumloebas da gaafarToon is. amitom iuridiul literaturaSi aRiniSna, rom
aucilebelia sawarmos iuristebisTvis (iuriskonsultisTvis) sakanonmdeblo gziT
maTi profesiuli saidumloeba iyos mowesrigebuli.49 saqme isaa, rom profesiuli sa-
idumloeba vrceldeba ara mxolod advokatebze, aramed sxva iuristebzec, romelTa
samarTlebrivi mdgomareobac gansxvavebulia advokatebTan SedarebiT. Sesabamisad,
profesiul saidumloebas eqvemdebarebian aseve sawarmoTa iuristebi.50 amdenad, àd-
vokatTa Sesaxeb~ kanons miRma arsebul iurists unda daevalos konfidencialobis
dacva maTi profesiuli eTikis kodeqsiT. amasTan, maTze vrceldeba, Cveulebriv, ssk-
is 709-723-e muxlebis wesebi.
rac Seexeba imas, Tu rodis wydeba advokatis movaleoba, imoqmedos sakuTari
klientis interesidan gamomdinare, ZiriTadad is klientis gardacvalebiT mTavrde-
ba. Tumca gardacvalebamde warmoSobili garkveuli ufleba-movaleobebi ki ar qreba,
aramed gardacvlilis memkvidreebze gadadis.51 aq logikuria, daisvas SekiTxvebi: ra
formiT sruldeba klientis gardacvalebiT saidumloebis dacvis uflebamosileba?
valdebulia advokati ar gaaxmauros saidumloeba memkvidreebTan urTierTobisas,
iseve rogorc mesame pirebTan urTierTobisas? arian Tu ara memkvidreebi zogadad uf-
lebamonacvleebi saidumloebis dacvis uflebamosilebasTan dakavSirebiT?52
49
Pfeifer M., Art. 321 StGB als Grundlage eines uneingeschränkten Anwaltsgeheimnisses – mit Ausführungen
zu einem Berufgeheimnis von Unternehmensjuristen, eine Replik auf Niggli, “Anwalts Revue Del’Avocat”,
9/2006, 331-337; aseve ix. Pfeifer M., Gilt das Berufsgeheinis nach Art. 321 StGB auch für Unternehmens-
juristen, “Anwalts Revue Del’Avocat”, 4/2006, 166-169.
50
Niggli M. A., Unterstehen dem Berufsgeheimnis nach Art. 321 StGB auch Unternehmensjuristen? (Eine Ver-
teidigung des materiellen Strafrechts gegen die Freunde des Verfassungsrechts, zugleich eine Antwort auf
Pfeifer), “Anwalts Revue Del’Avocat”, 8/2006, 279-280.
51
Anwaltgeheimnis nach dem Tode des Klienten, mit Bemerkungen von Prof. Dr. iur. Fargnoli I., 3.
52
597), Successio Heft Nr. 4/2010, 303, sadavoa, aqvT Tu ara klientTa memkvidreebs uflebamo-
sileba, warmoadginon saadvokato profesiuli saidumloeba. aseve sagulisxmoa banki-
ris movaleoba, daicvas da ar gaaxmauros uaRresad piradi informacia. ix. Bundesgericht,
II. zivilrechtliche Abteilung, Urteil vom 15. September 2009 (4A– 15/2009) (privatrecht), Das Anwaltgeheim-
nis nach dem Tode des Klienten, mit Bemerkungen von Prof. Fargnoli I., 2.
32
ssk-is 721-e muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, xelSekruleba wydeba marwmuneblis

gardacvalebiT, Tu sxva ram araa SeTanxmebuli. Sesabamisad, sxva SeTanxmebisas SeiZle-
ba davalebis xelSekruleba ar moiSalos da amitom arc mindobiloba uqmdeba. am Sem-
TxvevaSi gardacvlili davalebis mimcems enacvleba misi memkvidre, romelsac SeuZlia
xelSekrulebis moSla, rac unda acnobos rwmunebuls. xelSekruleba rwmunebulis-
Tvis gagrZelebulad CaiTvleba, vidre rwmunebuls ar ecnobeba xelSekrulebis Sewy-
vetis safuZvlebi (ssk-is 721-e muxlis me-3 nawili). 721-e muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT,
Tu davalebis xelSekruleba wydeba marwmuneblis gardacvalebis gamo, xelSekruleba
gagrZelebulad CaiTvleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xelSekrulebis aRsrulebis da-
yovneba memkvidres zianis miyenebis safrTxes uqmnis, memkvidre ki ar iRebs aucilebel
zomebs.53
sagulisxmoa, rom saidumlos mflobelis memkvidre aris ara mesame piri, aramed
mamkvidreblis uflebamonacvle, romelic saidumlos mflobelis adgils ikavebs.54
aseve problemaa, Tu ramdenad SeuZliaT memkvidreebs uflebamosileba warmoadginon,
vinaidan isini ar arian saidumlos mflobelebi da uaRresad personaluri uflebebi ar
SeiZleba memkvidreobiT gadavides.55 Tumca saidumlos dacvis movaleoba farToa da
klientTa gardacvalebis Semdegac grZeldeba.56 aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT unda iT-
qvas, rom saadvokato saidumloeba aseve klientis memkvidreebTan dakavSirebiT moq-
medebs da advokats SeuZlia (da advokati movalea) maTTan urTierTobaSi saidumlos
dacvis movaleoba daimowmos. amasTan, saadvokato saidumloeba mesame pirebTan dakav-
SirebiT SeuzRudavadaa dasacavi, Sesabamisad, memkvidreebTan urTierTobis drosac.57
Tumca samarTlianad aRiniSna, rom angariSis Cabarebis Sesaxeb saxelSekrulebo uf-
leba ZiriTadad saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis Semdegac ganagrZobs arsebobas da ga-
dadis srulad memkvidreebze. Sesabamisad, TiToeuli uflebamosili piri (damcveli)
iqneboda davalebis mimcemis mimarT angariSvaldebuli; amasTan, damcveli movalea,
daicvas mandati mesame pirebisgan, Tu misTvis mindobili informaciis gansajaroeba
uaryofiT zegavlenas moaxdenda SemkveTze. davalebis xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili
es orive valdebuleba vrceldeba aseve memkvidreebze, ris gamoc uflebamosil pirebs
ar SeuZliaT, informacia ar miawodon am ukanasknelT saxelSekrulebo akrZalvebze
dayrdnobiT.58
saqme isaa, rom Rirsebis dacvis gziT SesaZlebelia gardacvlilis saadvokato sa-
idumloebis dacva. amasTan, Rirsebis dacva konstituciur rangSi ayvanili principia,
romelsac ar SeiZleba romelime qvemdgomi kanoniT (`sityvisa da gamoxatvis Sesaxeb~
kanoni) gansazRvruli debuleba ewinaaRmdegebodes. aseve mniSvnelovania gardacvli-
53
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa
palatis 2006 wlis 8 seqtembris ganCineba (№as-39-486-06).
54
55
Künzle H. R., Interessenkollision im Erbrecht: Willensvollstrecker, Notar, Anwalt, SJZ 108/2012, 7-8.
56
Dorjee-Good A., Das Anwaltsgeheimnis ist auch gegenüber den Erben des Klienten zu wahren (BGE 135 III
57
Anwaltgeheimnis nach dem Tode des Klienten, mit Bemerkungen von Prof. Dr. iur. Fargnoli I., 6.
58
Dorjee-Good A., Das Anwaltsgeheimnis ist auch gegenüber den Erben des Klienten zu wahren (BGE 135 III
33
lis xsovnis dacvac, romelic esoden organuli da imanenturia Cveni realobisTvis.59

Sesabamisad, zemoT warmodgenili aspeqtebi iZleva gardacvlilis saadvokato saidum-
loebis efeqturi dacvis meqanizmis Camoyalibebis saSualebas.
6. advokatsa da klients Soris arsebuli urTierTobis Taviseburebebi
advokatTa profesiuli eTikis kodeqsi (1-li muxli) gansakuTrebul yuradRe-

bas fiduciuri urTierTobis specifikas uTmobs da CamoTvlis profesiuli saqmiano-
bis principebs, romelTa Sorisac dasaxelebulia konfidencialoba, ndoba, klientis
interesebis prioritetuloba. konfidencialobis valdebuleba ar aris SezRuduli
droSi.60 eTikis kodeqsis me-3 muxlSi aRiarebulia ndobis principi, romlis Tanaxmad,
advokatisadmi klientis ndoba efuZneba advokatis pirad Rirsebas, patiosnebas, Seu-
valobas, kompetenturobas da miukerZoeblobas. advokatma ar unda imoqmedos ise, rom
eWvqveS daayenos misdami klientis ndoba. aRniSnuli Tvisebebi advokatis profesiuli
valdebulebaa. amasTan, arsebobs konfidencialobis principi, romliTac informacia,
romelic advokatisTvis cnobili gaxda misi profesiuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebi-
sas, konfidencialuria.
amasTan, `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-7 muxlis 1-li punqtiTa da `sa-
qarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-6 muxlis 1-li pun-
qtiT, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba aRiarebulia saqarTvelos kanon-
mdeblobis ganuyofeli nawilad. amitom kanonmdeblobis daxvewisa da uflebis efeq-
turi dacvis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis ganxilvac.
aseve sainteresoa evropuli samarTlis midgomac. germanul samarTalSi ganasxvaveben
advokatis eTikur movaleobas, Seinaxos saidumloeba, kerZo saidumloebis sisxlissa-
marTlebriv deliqtsa da advokatis saproceso uflebas, daicvas saidumloeba. maTi
saerTo niSania, uzrunvelyos mimndobis mier gandobili informaciis (saidumloebis)
dacvis WrilSi konfidencialoba.61
inglisSi gamoyofen saadvokato saidumloebas saidumlos dacvis movaleobisa
(Lewyers Confidence) da saidumloebis dacvis uflebis gziT (Legal Professional Privilege). aq sa-
advokato saidumloebis daculi sikeTea advokatTan klientis komunikaciisas mimndo-
bis moTxovna konfidencialobaze. amitom uflebamosili piria ara advokati, aramed
mimndobi. amasTan, germanuli samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, inglisuri saidumloebis
dacvis ufleba moicavs ara marto komunikacias advokatTan, aramed advokatis mier
samarTlebrivi konsultaciis gawevasac, romelic SeiZleba rogorc organoTa iuris-
tebze, aseve sazRvargareTis da, miT umetes, inglisSi momuSave advokatebze gavrcel-
des. konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT, saadvokato saidumloeba iyofa or nawilad: kon-
sultaciis dros miRebuli informaciis gauxmaureblobis uflebad da mxareTa sapro-
ceso uflebad (magaliTad, Cvenebis micemaze uaris Tqmis ufleba). Tumca safrangeTSi
59
dawvr. ix. biWia m., piradi cxovrebis dacva saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis mixed-
viT, Tb., 2012, 247-259.
60
advokatTa profesiuli eTikis kodeqsi ix.: <https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://gba.ge/
pdf/2010/eTikis– kodexi.pdf>, [28.06.10].
61
Wolf Chr., Hasenstab S., Die grenzübrschreitenden Schutz des Anwaltsgeheimnisses in Europa, Kollisions-
rechtliche Űberlegungen anlässlich der EuGH-Rechtssache Akzo Akcros, in: Brak-Mitt. 4/2010, 151.
34
saadvokato saidumloeba asocirdeba advokatis saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas saja-

ro interesis dacvasTan. amasTan, am uflebis dacvas exeba adamianis uflebaTa evropu-
li konvenciis me-6 muxlis 1-li abzacis 1-li winadadeba da samoqalaqo da politikuri
uflebebis Sesaxeb me-14 muxlis 1-li abzacis 1-li winadadeba. advokatis ufleba sa-
advokato saidumloebaze, moemsaxuros uflebis dacvis mTxovnel moqalaqes, moicavs
aseve advokatsa da mimndobs Soris werilobiT da zepir Setyobinebebs. aqve sagulis-
xmoa advokatis ufleba, uari Tqvas saidumloebis gacemaze,62 rac saproceso samar-
TliTacaa aRiarebuli.
aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikis
mixedviT, saadvokato saidumloebasa da kerZo cxovrebas Soris SeiZleba mWidro kavSi-
ri arsebobdes. mocemul SemTxvevaSi saqme SeiZleba Seexos sacxovreblis, koresponden-
ciebis dacvas, advokatis Sexvedras klientTan winaaRmdegobebis gareSe. amdenad, araa
gamoricxuli, swored kerZo sferos interpretaciis (evrokonvenciis me-8 muxli) sa-
fuZvelze saadvokato saidumloebis Selaxvam gamoiwvios kerZo cxovrebis xelyofa.63
Sesabamisad, zemoT ganxiluli momentebi SeiZleba gaerTiandes saerTo niSne-
bis mixedviT da gamoikveTos, rom advokatsa da klients Soris myardeba specifikuri
urTierToba, vinaidan is ndobas efuZneba. amasTan, imisaTvis, rom advokatma sarCeli
dasabuTebulad warmoadginos, mniSvnelovania saqmis Sesaxeb sruli suraTis Seqmna.
swored am TvalsazrisiT saqmis warmatebiT gamosakvlevad advokati klientTan urTi-
erTobisas meti ndobis mosapoveblad aRniSnavs, rom klientis informacia saadvoka-
to saidumloebiTaa daculi. zogjer SeiZleba advokatisTvis, gansakuTrebiT sisxlis
samarTlis procesSi, Zalian rTuli iyos klientis ndobis mopoveba; braldebulma Se-
iZleba daificos, rom acnobierebs Tavisi davalebis Semsruleblis (mandataris) Sec-
domaSi Seyvanis Sedegebs. msgavs SemTxvevebSi mas mudam SeuZlia mandatze uari Tqvas.
samoqalaqo procesSi ZiriTadad mimndobis ndobis miReba da klientis SesaZlo arasak-
marisi dainteresebuloba zogjer iwvevs advokatTan konfliqts. aq mimndobis gul-
wrfeloba da komunikabeluroba zrdis advokatis racionaluri saqmianobis SesaZleb-
lobas, vinaidan masze bevrs amyarebs gamocdili advokati.64 amdenad, iuridiul lite-
raturaSi samarTlianad aRiniSna, rom saadvokato saidumloebis dacvis winapirobaa
advokatis mier sakuTari saqmis seriozulad, wesebis zusti, ganuxreli da mkacri dac-
va, aseve damoukideblobis safuZvelze ganxorcieleba.65
amdenad, es urTierToba unda efuZnebodes ndobas; ese igi, ndobis gareSe warmo-
Sobili urTierToba advokatsa (saidumlos damcveli) da klients (saidumlos mflo-
beli) Soris araa namdvili samarTlebrivi konsultacia da arc uflebis ganxorciele-
62
Wolf Chr., Hasenstab S., Die grenzübrschreitenden Schutz des Anwaltsgeheimnisses in Europa, Kollisions-
rechtliche Űberlegungen anlässlich der EuGH-Rechtssache Akzo Akcros, in: Brak-Mitt. 4/2010,151-157.
63
Spielmann D., Das anwaltliche Berufsgeheimnis in der Rechstprechung des EGMR, in: AnwaltsBlatt, Jahr-
gang 60, 6/2010, 373-380, am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ix. Niemietz v. Germany, 16/12/1992, Wieser
Bicos Beteiligungen GmbH v. Austria, 16/10/2007, Tamosius v. UK, 19/09/2002.
64
Rügger Verlag, 1975, 106-107.
65
Boner W., Aktuelle Entwicklungen im Anwaltsrecht, Weiterbildungsveranstaltung des Aergauschen Anwalts-
verbandes AAV vom 24, September 2009, 16.
35
ba. Sesabamisad, saadvokato saidumloeba ukavSirdeba pirdapir garantias, ara mxolod

gqondes ufleba, aramed miiRo ufleba.66
aseve klienti ZiriTadad acnobierebs aucileblobas, advokats miandos yvela Se-
saZlo relevanturi detali rogorc sakuTari, ise saqmis interesidan gamomdinare. es
warmoSobs advokatsa da klients Soris ndobaze damyarebul urTierTobas, romelic
sazriani TanamSromlobis saSualebas iZleva. am formiT xSirad saqme Seexeba sfero-
ebs, romlebic TviT klientebis an mesame pirebis saidumlo sferoebia. klienti ki sai-
dumlos matarebelia. rac metad ukavSirdeba saqmis garemoebebs saidumlos Semcveli
informacia, romelic advokatsa da klients Soris unda iqnes gacvlili, miT metad Se-
icavs informacia sajarod gaxmaurebis safrTxes. amdenad, saidumlo sferos dasaca-
vad advokati unda gamovides iqidan, rom klientis TiToeuli informacia saidumlo
sferoa da is xdeba am informaciis saidumloebis matarebeli. aqedan gamonaklisia sa-
jarod cnobili faqtebi. amasTan, klientebis saidumlo sferos ganekuTvneba advoka-
tisgan konsultaciis miReba.67
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia isic, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi specifikuria advokatis
saqmianobac. saqme isaa, rom advokati, erTi mxriv, mosarCeles unda exmarebodes, me-
ore mxriv, zogadad sasamarTlo praqtikisa da WeSmaritebis dadgenis samsaxurSi un-
da iyos. cxadia, advokati araa valdebuli, Seatyobinos sasamarTlos Tavisi klientis
mdgomareobis damamZimebeli garemoebebi. advokatma unda moaxsenos sasamarTlos mxo-
lod is, rac Tavisi klientis sasargeblod metyvelebs. pirvel rigSi, advokati icavs
klientis interesebs, rac elementaruli profesiuli movaleobaa.68
amdenad, saadvokato saidumloebidan warmoSobili urTierTobisTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli niSnebia: subieqtTa gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba; subieqtTa
Soris ndobaze agebuli urTierToba; eTikuri normebis sistema, romelTa Sinaarsi gan-
pirobebulia ama Tu im profesiuli saqmianobis specifikiT; rTuli obieqti anu kerZo
da sajaro interesTa an sikeTeTa erToblioba, romelTac saidumloebis xelyofis Sem-
TxvevaSi SeiZleba ziani miadges. amasTan, am urTierTobis obieqtis ganxilvisas mxedve-
lobaSi miiReba uSualod saadvokato saidumloebis samarTlebrivi reJimic, rogorc
samarTlebrivi regulirebis gansakuTrebuli wesrigi. es ukanaskneli ki mimarTulia
mimndobis imunitetis uzrunvelyofisken im gziT, rom akrZalos kvalificiuri iuri-
diuli konsultaciis dros advokatTan arsebuli nebismieri informaciis unebarTvo
miReba, gavrceleba, gamoyeneba.69
7. pasuxismgebloba saadvokato saidumloebis xelyofisTvis
Tu advokati ar icavs saadvokato saidumloebas da profesiuli eTikis kodeqss,

maSin SeiZleba mis mimarT dadges disciplinuri pasuxismgebloba (àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~
66
Hoffet F., Seckler D., Vom Anwaltsgeheimnis zum “Legal Privilege”, in: SJZ, 101 (2005), Nr. 14, 334.
67
68
iqve, 176-177, 211-212.
69
Пилипенко Ю., Основные направления исследования адвокатской тайни, Часопис Академії адвока-
тури України, №2, 2009, 1, 4, 10, 34, <http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/e-journals/Chaau/2009-1/09pysiat.pdf>,
[06.02.10].
36
kanonis 32-e muxli 1-li nawilis à~ da `b~ punqtebi). advokatis mimarT gamosayenebe-
li disciplinuri saxdelis saxeebia: gafrTxileba, saadvokato saqmianobis uflebis
CamorTmeva 6 Tvidan 3 wlamde; saqarTvelos advokatTa asociaciis wevrobis Sewyveta
(àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 34-e muxli 1-li da me-2 nawilebi). amasTan, advokatTa aso-
ciaciis wevrobis Sewyvetis erT-erTi safuZvelia advokatis mimarT kanonier ZalaSi
Sesuli sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni ganzraxi danaSaulis CadenisTvis (àd-
vokatTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 213-e muxlis 1-li nawilis `d~ punqti). advokats samarTal-
darRvevis CadenisTvis ekisreba pasuxismgebloba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dad-
genili saerTo wesiT (àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 36-e muxli), Tu Cadenili qmedeba
danaSaulis niSnebs Seicavs. amasTan, wesebis darRvevis gamo sisxlissamarTlebrivi da
disciplinaruli sanqciebi SeiZleba kumulatiurad iyos gamoyenebuli.70 Sesabamisad,
advokatis mier profesiuli saidumloebis darRveva iwvevs am kanoniT da advokatTa
profesiuli eTikis kodeqsiT dadgenil pasuxismgeblobas (àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ saqar-
Tvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis me-2 nawili). Tumca aRniSnuli ar gamoricxavs piris sa-
moqalaqo pasuxismgeblobas. aseve Tu saadvokato saidumloebis xelyofa ar Seicavs
danaSaulis niSnebs, SeiZleba iyos deliqti.
kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saadvokato sai-
dumloebis xelyofisTvis advokatis mimarT samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba,
rac disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobisgan gansxvavdeba. saqme isaa, rom saadvokato sai-
dumloebis dacvis uflebis, rogorc absoluturi uflebis, xelyofiT axali samarTleb-
rivi (deliqturi) urTierToba warmoiSoba (ssk-is 317-e muxlis 1-li nawili da 992-1008-e
muxlebi). Sesabamisad, am urTierTobis subieqtebad gvevlineba dazaralebuli – kredi-
tori (rogorc fizikuri, ise iuridiuli piri) da zianis mimyenebeli – movale, romelic
SeiZleba iyos mxolod deliqtunariani piri. Tumca ssk-is 992-e muxliT zianis anazRau-
rebis moTxovna gulisxmobs garkveul garemoebaTa struqturas, saxeldobr, unda arse-
bobdes pasuxismgeblobis ramdenime winapiroba. maT ganekuTvneba qmedebis Semadgenloba,
marTlwinaaRmdegoba, samarTaldarRvevisTvis pasuxisgebis movaleoba/braleuloba, zi-
ani, pasuxismgeblobis gamomwvevi mizezobrioba, samarTlebrivi Sedegebi: zianis anazRau-
reba, pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxva da Semcireba.71
7.1. saadvokato saidumloebis xelyofa
ssk-is 992-e muxliT dadgenili valdebulebis warmosaSobad, upirveles yovlisa,

unda arsebobdes qmedebis Semadgenloba, romelic sam komponents moicavs: samarTleb-
rivi sikeTis xelyofas, adamianis moqmedebiT qmedebis Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebasa
da mizezobriobas, romelic valdebulebis safuZvelia. aq saqme SeiZleba Seexos ssk-is
me-18 da 992-e muxlebiT daculi samarTlebrivi sikeTis an uflebis xelyofas, Tu pirov-
70
Rüegger Verlag, 1975, 176-188. sisxlis saproceso samarTalSi saadvokato saidumloebis
samarTlebriv aspeqtebze ix. mefariSvili g., cxovreba da kanoni, me-2 Sevsebuli gamo-
cema, Tb., 2008, 206-219.
71
Schmidt R., Schuldrecht Besonderer Teil II – Gesetzliche Schuldverhältnisse, 1. Aufl., Grasberg bei Bremen,
Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2003, 190-192; ix. Schmidt R., Schuldrecht Besonderer Teil II – Gesetzliche Schuld-
verhältnisse, 4. Aufl., Grasberg bei Bremen, Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2006, 203-205.
37
nuli uflebebi Seilaxa. sagulisxmoa, rom kanoniT amomwuravadaa warmodgenili samar-

Tlebrivi sikeTeebi (sicocxle, sxeuli, janmrTeloba da Tavisufleba). Sesabamisad, ar
SeiZleba maTi analogiiT gafarToeba. Tumca uflebebi aRniSnul normaSi moqniladaa mo-
cemuli da araa amomwuravi, kerZod, kanoniT dasaxelebulia sakuTreba da `danarCeni uf-
lebebi~, romlebic, msgavsad sakuTrebisa, absoluturi xasiaTisaa. `danarCen uflebad~
moixsenieben zogad pirovnul uflebas.72 is pirovnul uflebebs ukavSirdeba da zogadad
saadvokato saidumloebis gamovlenis formebsac SeiZleba Seexos. amasTan, qonebrivi zi-
ani anazRaurdeba mxolod im pirovnuli sikeTeebis Selaxvisas, romlebic ssk-is me-18
muxlSia CamoTvlili.73 aseve mniSvnelovania, gafarTovdes saqarTvelos konstituci-
iT gaTvaliswinebuli sakuTari pirovnebis ganviTarebis Tavisufleba (me-16 muxli),
romelSic erT-erT uflebad moizreba zogadi pirovnuli ufleba. mas ukavSirdeba
kerZo cxovrebis dacvis uflebac, romlis xelyofac SeiZleba gamoiwvios saadvokato
saidumloebis Selaxvam. Sesabamisad, aq SemTxvevebis mixedviT SesaZlebelia ssk-is me-
18 muxliT dadgenili moTxovnebis dayeneba. Tumca aseve mniSvnelovania ssk-is 992-e
muxli, romelic ssk-is me-18 muxliT pirdapir gauTvaliswinebel sikeTeTa dacvis sa-
Sualebas iZleva. zianis miyenebisTvis samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba dgeba, Tu kumula-
tiurad arsebobs ziani, qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba, am qmedebasa da zians Soris mi-
zezobrivi kavSiri da brali (`generaluri deliqti~).74
saadvokato saidumloebis Selaxva warmoSobs zians anu fizikuri Tu iuridiuli pi-
ris uflebis an keTildReobis Semcirebas, ganadgurebas. samarTaldarRvevis materialu-
ri Sedegi, Tu mas aqvs RirebulebiTi forma, civilistikaSi qonebrivi ziania,75 winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia ziani iyos araqonebrivi xasiaTis.76 amasTan, pirovnebisTvis zi-
anis miyenebasac SeiZleba hqondes qonebrivi xasiaTi,77 an drois gansazRvrul monak-
veTSi zians mxolod araqonebrivi xasiaTi hqondes da Semdeg SeiZinos man qonebrivi
saxe. amdenad, zianis buneba damokidebulia imaze, moepoveba Tu ara zianis Sedegs fu-
ladi ekvivalenti.78 Sesabamisad, aramaterialuri ziani wminda fizikuri an fsiqikuri
tanjvaa, Tumca SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod araqonebrivi, aramed qonebrivi sikeTis xel-
72
Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2003, 190, 193; ix. Schmidt R., Schuldrecht Besonderer Teil II – Gesetzliche Schuld-
verhältnisse, 4. Aufl., Grasberg bei Bremen, Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2006, 203.
73
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari (red. Wanturia l.), w. I, Tb., 2002, 70-71.
74
Sengelia r., deliqturi valdebulebebi samoqalaqo samarTalSi, Tsu-is iuridiuli
fakultetis 80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil saiubileo krebulSi: `saxelmwifosa da samar-
Tlis aqtualuri problemebi~ (red. Sengelia r.), Tb., 2003, 184.
75
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari (red. Wanturia l.), w. IV, t. II, Tb., 2001, 378-
381.
76
Schmidt R., Schuldrecht Besonderer Teil II – Gesetzliche Schuldverhältnisse, 1. Auflage, Grasberg bei Bre-
men, Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2003, 192; ix. Schmidt R., Schuldrecht Besonderer Teil II – Gesetzliche Schuld-
verhältnisse, 4. Auflage, Grasberg bei Bremen, Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2006, 205.
77
Sengelia r., qonebrivi ziani da misi anazRaurebis valdebuleba, Tb., 1991, 3; samoqala-
qosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis niSnebze ix. zoiZe b., samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis cnebisTvis, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis `macne~, ekono-
mikisa da samarTlis seria, №3, 1985, 85-95.
78
niniZe T., moraluri ziani samoqalaqo samarTalSi, `sabWoTa samarTali~, №2, Tb., 1978,
45, 54-55.
38
yofis Sedegic.79 amdenad, komercializaciis pirobebSi, pirovnul uflebasTan dakav-

SirebiT, mudam mtkiced fiqsirdeba tendencia, rom am uflebis xelyofa SeiZleba aseve
qonebrivi zianidan gamomdinareobdes.80
7. 2. marTlwinaaRmdegoba
ssk-is 992-e muxliT saadvokato saidumloebis xelyofis gamo zianis anazRaurebis

valdebulebis warmosaSobad unda arsebobdes qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba.81 saadvo-
kato saidumloeba SeiZleba Seilaxos gansazRvruli qmedebiT, romelic warmoSobs val-
debulebas. qmedebaSi, iuridiuli gagebiT, SeiZleba moiazrebodes rogorc pozitiuri
qmedeba (=moqmedeba), ise umoqmedoba. Tumca valdebulebis warmosaSobad SeiZleba mniS-
vneloba ar hqondes, qmedebis Semadgenloba umoqmedobiT ganxorcielda Tu moqmedebiT.82
amasTan, qmedeba aucileblad unda atarebdes marTlsawinaaRmdego xasiaTs, rasac qmnis
kanonisa Tu xelSekrulebis wesebis Seusabamoba.
aramarTlzomierma moqmedebam SeiZleba xelyos sxvadasxva normiT daculi pi-
ris konkretuli ufleba,83 kerZod saadvokato saidumloebis dacvis ufleba. qmedebis
marTlsawinaaRmdego xasiaTi SeiZleba gamoixatos piradi sferodan monacemebisa da
pirovnuli uflebebis Sesaxeb faqtobrivi garemoebebis unebarTvod (arakanonieri
gziT) miRebasa da am informaciis gavrcelebaSi. Tumca aqve unda gairkves, aris Tu ara
garemoebebi (Tanxmoba, sajaro interesi, sazogadoebrivi daintereseba), romlebic sa-
moqalaqosamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas gamoricxavs.84 amasTan, piradi xasiaTis cno-
bebi SeiZleba saadvokato saidumloebis farglebSi ganixilebodes. Sesabamisad, araa
gamoricxuli, rom am cnobaTa ukanono gavrcelebas mohyves saadvokato saidumloebis
xelyofa.
amave dros, sagulisxmoa, rom advokats (warmomadgenels) SeiZleba samoqalaqo
pasuxismgebloba daekisros arasaTanado praqtikis warmoebisTvis zianis miyenebis
SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, advokati daaxloebiT aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi eweoda saadvo-
kato saqmianobas da saguldagulod icavda klientis informacias. Tumca erTxel, ad-
79
Беляцкинь С., Возмещение морального (неимушественного) вреда, в Еженедельном юридическом га-
зете «Право», воскресенье, 24 июля, 1911, №29, 1614-1615; ix. Зейц А., Возмещение морального вреда
по советскому праву, в журнале «Еженедельник советской юстиции», 1927, №47, 1465; aseve ix. Hütte
F., Helborn M., Schuldrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Bremsen, Verlag Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2005, 342.
80
Joussen J., Schuldrecht I, Allgemeiner Teil, Stuttgart, W. Kohlhammer GmbH Stuttgart, 2008, 377.
81
men, Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2003, 191; ix. Schmidt R., Schuldrecht Besonderer Teil II – Gesetzliche Schuld-
verhältnisse, 4. Aufl., Grasberg bei Bremen, Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2006, 204; aseve ix. Perger T., Ehrenshutz
von Soldaten in Deutschland und anderen Staaten, Köln, (TUP-Productions) (Dissertation), 2003, 84, <http://
ub.unibw-muenchen.de/dissertationen/ediss/perger-tilmann/inhalt.pdf>, [10.09.10].
82
men, Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2003, 190-191.
83
Sengelia r., qonebrivi ziani da misi anazRaurebis valdebuleba, Tb.,1991, 4.
84
aRniSnulis Sesaxeb ix. Münch H., Der Schutz des Einzelnen vor Presseveröffentlichungen durch den
Deutschen Presserat und die britische Press Complaints Commision, Eine Untersuchung zur Spruchpraxis
unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des zivilrechtlichen Rechtsschutzes der Privatsphäre (Dissertation), Kon-
stanz, 2001, 124-126.
39
vokatis oTaxis keTilmouwyoblobis gamo, advokatma klientis Sesaxeb monacemebi (maT

Soris intimuri informaciis Semcveli mtkicebulebebi) droebiT Seitana sxva advoka-
tis oTaxSi, romelSic sxva klientebic Sediodnen. advokatis samuSao oTaxSi ramdeni-
mejer marto darCenili klientebi gaecnen saidumlo informacias. es informacia ga-
moiyenes TviT saidumlos mflobelis winaaRmdeg, ris gamoc damcvelma es saqme waago.
aRniSnulma TavisTavad gamoiwvia ziani, romelic SeiZleba qonebrivi an/da araqoneb-
rivi xasiaTis iyos. amdenad, advokatma ver uzrunvelyo klientis konfidencialuri
informaciis dacva da am informaciis dacvis movaleobis Sesaxeb wesebi daarRvia. aR-
niSnulma marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebam gamoiwvia ziani.
aseve klientis saidumlo sfero Seilaxeba, Tu fiduciuri urTierTobis safuZ-
velze klientis saidumloebis Sesaxeb gagebul cnobebs advokati mesame pirebs gadas-
cems an maTTvis xelmisawvdoms gaxdis. amiT advokati arRvevs aseve davalebis xelSek-
rulebaSi gansazRvrul sandoobis movaleobas (ssk-is 709-723-e muxlebi). amitom dava-
lebis xelSekrulebis Seusruleblobisas klients SeuZlia valdebulebiTi samarTlis
normebiT xelmZRvaneloba.85 Tumca aq, albaT, ufro qonebrivi interesis dakmayofile-
ba unda moiazrebodes.
rogorc iTqva, saadvokato biuroebSi unda iyos saTanado pirobebi uzrunvel-
yofili, raTa mesame pirebs ar hqondeT klientis saidumlo cnobebis gacnobis saSu-
aleba.86 aRniSnuls SeiZleba konfidencialobis darRveva mohyves.87 aseve àdvokatTa
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-8 muxlis 1-li nawilis mixedviT, advokatma ar unda
ganaxorcielos iseTi qmedeba, romelic safrTxes uqmnis klientis interesebs, saidum-
loebis dacvas. amasTan, advokati unda zrunavdes mimndobis imunitetis uzrunvelyo-
fasa da dacvaze.88 aRniSnuli wesebis darRveva miuTiTebs advokatis marTlsawinaaR-
mdego qmedebaze, romelmac SeiZleba braleulad gamoiwvios ziani (ssk-is 992-e muxli).
7.3. saadvokato saidumloebis xelyofasa da marTlsawinaaRmdego

qmedebas Soris mizezobrivi kavSiri
saadvokato saidumlobis SelaxvisTvis, aseve ssk-is 992-e muxliT dadgenili pasu-

xismgeblobis dasakisreblad aucilebelia mizezobriobis Seswavla, ese igi, swored mar-
TlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis ganxorcielebis adekvaturi Sedegi unda iyos mocemuli ziani.
amdenad, pasuxismgeblobis warmosaSobad saadvokato saidumloebis xelyofasa da zians
Soris adekvaturi mizezobrivi kavSiri unda arsebobdes.89
85
86
iqve, 110-111.
87
ssip `saqarTvelos advokatTa asociaciis~ eTikis komisiis 2010 wlis 15 dekembris ga-
dawyvetileba (№086/10).
88
aRniSnulis Sesaxeb ix. Пилипенко Ю., Основные направления исследования адвокатской тайни,
Часопис Академії адвокатури України, №2, 2009, 22-24, <http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/e-journals/Chaau/2009-
1/09pysiat.pdf>, [06.02.10].
89
Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2003, 192.
40
praqtikasTan yvelaze axlos mdgomi pirdapiri da arapirdapiri mizezobrivi kav-

Siris Teoriis mixedviT, mizezobriv kavSiri movlenaTa Soris obieqturi kavSiria,90
romelic adamianis cnobierebisa da nebisgan damoukideblad arsebobs. qmedebasa da Se-
degs Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris sakiTxi praqtikulad dgeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu samarTaldarRveva mTavrdeba marTlsawinaaRmdego SedegiT, an Tu amgvari Sedegis
dadgomis konkretuli safrTxe Seiqmna.91 amasTan, Tu moqmedebasa da saadvokato sai-
dumloebis xelyofas Soris kavSiri mxolod araarsebiTia da ziani gamowveulia sxva
mizezebiT, maSin mocemul SemTxvevaSi qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba ar dadgeba.92
Tumca saadvokato saidumloebis xelyofis gamo SeiZleba warmoiSvas araqoneb-
rivi ziani, romelTan dakavSirebiTac gamoiyeneba aramaterialuri zianis arsebobis
prezumfciac. ese igi, marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis CadeniT ivaraudeba, rom mas ara-
qonebrivi ziani miadga (vidre amis sawinaaRmdego damtkicdeba). aqedan gamonaklisi Se-
iZleba Seexos fsiqikurad daavadebul pirs, vinaidan mas ar ZaluZs sakuTari uflebe-
bis Selaxvisa da fizikuri Tu sulieri tanjvis ararsebobis gacnobiereba.93
amdenad, Tu advokatma klientis konfidencialobis dacvis movaleobis Sesaxeb
wesebi daarRvia, xelyofam SeiZleba warmoSvas zianis anazRaurebis movaleoba.
7. 4. brali
saadvokato saidumloebis SelaxvisTvis pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad aseve un-

da ganisazRvros braleulobis safuZvelze pasuxismgeblobis aRebis movaleoba. saq-
me isaa, rom saadvokato saidumloebis dacvis uflebis subieqtebma, romlebic braleu-
lad zians ayeneben mimndob pirs, dazaralebuls unda aunazRauron es ziani. aRniSnuli
efuZneba deliqtunarianobisa da braleulobis garkvevas. aq unda dadgindes, Seswevs Tu
ara pirs unari, agos pasuxi sakuTari qonebiT. ese igi, unda ganisazRvros, sakmarisia Tu
ara piris qoneba zianis asanazRaureblad, rac mis qonebriv mdgomareobas exeba. es, Tavis
mxriv, ukavSirdeba piris braleulobas, anu imas, piri ganzrax moqmedebda Tu gaufrTxi-
leblobiT.94
amdenad, zogadi wesis mixedviT, civilistikaSi gamoiyeneba zianis mimyeneblis
braleulobis prezumfciis principi. am principis Tanaxmad, zianis mimyenebeli miiCne-
va braleulad, Tu is bralis ararsebobis moments ar daamtkicebs. amitomaa, rom mtki-
cebis tvirTi mxareebs Soris unda gadanawildes.95
90
z. axvlediani, valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 1999, 68-69.
91
naWyebia g., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 264-265.
92
Sengelia r., qonebrivi ziani da misi anazRaurebis valdebuleba, Tb., 1991, 5.
93
barabaZe n., moraluri zianis anazRaurebis uflebis warmoSobis safuZvlebi, àdamiani
da konstitucia~, №3, 2005, 69-71.
94
Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2003, 192; bralis formebis (ganzraxva da gaufrTxilebloba) Sesaxeb
ix. Schlechtriem P., Schuldrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 5., neubearbeitete Aufl., Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 2003,
169-173. gaufrTxileblobasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Hütte F., Helborn M., Schuldrecht Allgemeiner
Teil, 3. Aufl., Bremsen, Verlag Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2005, 204, 206-207.
95
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari (red. Wanturia l.), w. IV, t. II, Tb., 2001, 378-
387.
41
amasTan, civilistikaSi icnoben gamonaklis wessac, rodesac aramaterialuri

zianisTvis SeiZleba pasuxismgebloba dadges bralis gareSec. advokatis mimarT ara-
qonebrivi zianisTvis bralis gareSe samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba dad-
geba, Tu ziani miadga mimndobis sicocxles an janmrTelobas mometebuli safrTxis
wyaroTi; aseve sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi ukanono micemis, dakavebis an mis
mimarT administraciuli saxdelis ukanono Sefardebis dros; pativis, Rirsebis Tu sa-
xelis xelmyofi cnobebis gavrcelebis da sxva SemTxvevebSi.96 aq aramaterialuri zi-
anisTvis pasuxismgebloba ekisreba ara TviT zianis mimyenebels, aramed subieqtebs,
romlebic, kanonis ZaliT, iReben sakuTar Tavze materialur pasuxismgeblobas zianis
mimyeneblis mier gamowveuli zaralisTvis. magaliTad, Tu saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris
ukanono qmedebas mohyva araqonebrivi ziani, zianisTvis pasuxs agebs saxelmwifo; Tu
sinamdvilesTan Seusabamo informacia gavrcelda, ramac gamoiwvia piradi cxovrebis
xelyofa, aramaterialuri zianisTvis pasuxismgebelia masobrivi informaciis saSua-
lebebi.97 Tumca piradi cxovrebis braleuli Selaxvis SemTxvevaSi sajaro mosamsaxu-
reebi saxelmwifosTan erTad solidarulad ageben pasuxs. amasTan, saxelmwifo orga-
nos (Tanamdebobis piris) braleulobis prezumfcia yovelTvis arsebobs da saxelmwi-
fo xelisuflebis organo pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisufldeba, Tu bralis ararse-
bobas daamtkicebs. aRniSnuli, Tavis mxriv, ukavSirdeba ssk-is 413-e muxls, romelic
ssk-is 1005-e muxlTan erTad unda ganixilebodes. am normaTa analizi cxadyofs, rom
saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi deliqturi valdebulebebis safuZvelze unda
gadawydes. Tu aseTi materialuri Sedegi ar dadga da SemTxveva ssk-is 992-e muxliT
gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblobis winapirobebs akmayofilebs, dazaralebuli mo-
iTxovs qonebrivi zianis anazRaurebas. Tumca vinaidan araqonebrivi zianis anazRaure-
bas ara aqvs samarTlebrivi safuZveli, mizanSewonilia ssk-is 1005-e muxlSi mieTiTos
am saxis zianis anazRaurebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb.98 ese igi, aramaterialuri ziani
anazRaurdeba sxeulis dazianebis an janmrTelobisTvis vnebis miyenebis dros.99 amde-
nad, aramaterialuri zianis konstituciuri gageba unda aisaxos ssk-is me-18 muxlSic,
raTa araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebis principma azri ar dakargos.100
Tumca bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis SemTxvevaSi negatiuri pasuxismgeblo-
ba misi pozitiuri aspeqtisgan mowyvetilia da igi sxva ramea, vidre pasuxismgeblo-
ba. saerTod, zianis miyenebidan warmoSobil samoqalaqosamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi
upasuxismgeblobis cneba gamodgeba absoluturi uflebis mimarT, romlis darRvevac
warmoSobs deliqtur valdebulebas. Sesabamisad, deliqtur valdebulebas win us-
wrebs absoluturi samarTlebrivi urTierToba da aq dgeba ziani. mocemul SemTxve-
96
barabaZe n., moraluri zianis anazRaurebis uflebis warmoSobis safuZvlebi, àdamiani
da konstitucia~, №3, 2005, 72-73.
97
axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 1999, 73-74.
98
barabaZe n., moraluri ziani da misi anazRaurebis problema, Tb., 2012, 196, 210.
99
men, Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2003, 167; ix. aseve Medicus D., Schuldrecht I, Allgemeiner Teil, Ein Studien-
buch, 13., neubearbeitete Aufl., München, Verlag C. H. Beck, 2002, 271; ix. Hütte F., Helborn M., Schuldre-
cht Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Bremsen, Verlag Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2005, 371.
100
CikvaSvili S., pasuxismgebloba moraluri zianisTvis, Tb., 2003, 190.
42
vaSi warmoiSoba axali valdebuleba. Tumca, arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebisagan

gansxvavebiT, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi arsebobs pasuxismgeblobis pozitiuri
aspeqti, vinaidan saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevisas axali saxelSekrulebo
valdebuleba ar warmoiSoba da mxare unda moekidos am valdebulebis Sesrulebas pa-
suxismgeblobiT.101
8. saadvokato saidumloebis xelyofis legitimacia
kvlevidan Cans, rom aucilebelia garkveuli wesebis dacva, raTa ar Seilaxos sa-
advokato saidumloeba. Tumca am zogadi wesidan kanonmdeblobiT daSvebulia gamo-
naklisic, kerZod, saidumlos mflobelis (klientis) an saadvokato saqmianobaze sa-
meTvalyureo organos werilobiTi Tanxmobis arsebobisas saidumloebis gamJRavneba
araa dasjadi.102 amasTan, Tu advokatTa profesiuli eTikis kodeqsiT advokatis mier
informaciis gamJRavneba aucilebelia mis mimarT wayenebuli braldebisagan Tavis da-
sacavad103 an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi. Tumca klientis interesebis pri-
oritetulobis principis mixedviT, advokatma yovelTvis unda imoqmedos klientis
interesebidan gamomdinare da daayenos isini pirad da sxva pirebis interesebze maRla
(advokatTa profesiuli eTikis kodeqsis me-3, me-4 da me-5 muxlebi).104 advokatTa pro-
fesiuli eTikis kodeqsSi gaziarebulia swored saqarTvelos konstituciiT dadgeni-
li wesi, rom pirs SeuZlia uari Tqvas Cvenebis micemaze sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg.
9. saadvokato saidumloebis xelyofidan warmoSobil moTxovnis

safuZvelTa konkurencia
advokats, rogorc samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis erT-erT monawiles,

SeuZlia ganaxorcielos kanoniT aukrZalavi, maT Soris kanoniT pirdapir gauTvalis-
winebeli nebismieri moqmedeba (ssk-is me-10 muxlis me-2 nawili). Tumca esec garkveul
farglebSia moqceuli. Tu zemoT dasaxelebuli normebis Selaxvam gamoiwvia klientis
saidumloebis xelyofa braleulad, advokati pasuxs agebs samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi
wesiT. es exeba advokatis kerZo avtonomias, romelic SezRudulia kanoniTa da xelSek-
rulebiT.
rogorc Cans, saadvokato saidumloebis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos garigeba. Se-
sabamisad, valdebulebiTi urTierTobis farglebSi miyenebuli ziani unda ganixile-
101
naWyebia g., brali, rogorc socialuri filosofiis kategoria, Tb., 2001, 272-273, 173.
102
Rüegger Verlag, 1975, 179, aseve ix. Beschluss der Aufsichtskommission über die Rechtsanwälte vom 2,
September 2004, 4-5.
103
Tu mimndobis (an mesame pirebis) piradi (intimuri) cxovrebis Sesaxeb cnobebi advokat-
ma Seityo kanonieri gziT ara TviT klientisagan (an TviT klientisgan), maSin advokats
SeuZlia am cnobebis gamoyeneba misi dacvis qveS myofi piris pasuxismgeblobis Semsubu-
qebis mizniT. ix. Красавчикова Л., Личная жизнь граждан под охраной закона, «Юрид. Лит-ра», М.,
1983, 155.
104
advokatTa profesiuli eTikis kodeqsi ix. <https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://gba.ge/
pdf/2010/eTikis– kodexi.pdf>, [28.06.10 18:40].
43
bodes saxelSekrulebo moTxovnis winapirobad. Tumca sakiTxi unda dadges TviT Se-
fardebiTi urTierTobis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT da xelSekrulebis pirobebis
mixedviT. amasTan, saxelSekrulebo moTxovna unda ukavSirdebodes ara absoluturi
uflebis, aramed SefardebiTi uflebis Selaxvas. Tumca vinaidan TviTon saadvokato
saidumloebis dacvis ufleba absoluturi uflebaa, misi xelyofiT warmoiSoba de-
liqturi valdebuleba. Sesabamisad, dgeba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli samarTleb-
rivi moTxovnis safuZvlis dayenebiT daicvas pirma sakuTari ufleba.
samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis dros gasaTvaliswinebelia mtkicebis tvirTis sa-
kiTxi. saqme isaa, rom saxelSekrulebo moTxovnis dros movalem unda amtkicos, rom
valdebulebis Seusrulebloba gare faqtorebiTaa gamowveuli da brali mas am zianis
dadgomaSi ar miuZRvis. rac Seexeba arasaxelSekrulebo moTxovnas, aq dazaralebuls
ekisreba mopasuxis braleulobis mtkicebis tvirTi.105
amasTan, aq gasarkvevia moTxovnaTa xandazmulobis sakiTxic. saxelSekrulebo
moTxovna SeiZleba xandazmuli iyos, vinaidan ssk-is 130-e muxlis Tanaxmad, saxelSek-
rulebo xandazmulobis vadis aTvla iwyeba im droidan, roca pirma Seityo an unda Se-
etyo uflebis xelyofis Sesaxeb. mocemul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba deliqturi moTxovna
iyos namdvili, radgan zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis samwliani vada aiTvle-
ba im momentidan, roca dazaralebulma Seityo zianis an zianis anazRaurebaze valde-
buli piris Sesaxeb (ssk-is 1008-e muxli). Tumca mxedvelobaSia misaRebi aseve zogadi
da specialuri normis miznebi. amasTan, erTi mxare ar unda aRmoCndes gacilebiT cud
mdgomareobaSi, vidre meore mxare. aseve mxedvelobaSi unda iyos miRebuli samarTal-
Sefardebis gamartivebis sakiTxi.106 aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom samarTalSefardebis
dros mosamarTle rodia SeboWili sarCelSi warmodgenili samarTlebrivi safuZvliT;
aq, cxadia, amosavali unda iyos moTxovnis is safuZveli, romlis winapirobebis garkve-
vac yvelaze swrafad da iolad SeiZleba. amave dros, unda dadgindes, romeli moTxov-
nis safuZvlis gamoyeneba ukavSirdeba yvelaze mcire saproceso xarjebs.107 amdenad, am
kriteriumebis mixedviT unda Semowmdes moTxovnis is samarTlebrivi safuZveli, rom-
lis Sedegic ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT yvelaze ufro Seesabameba
moTxovnis mizans.108
105
dundua m., deliqturi pasuxismgeblobisa da saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis
Tanafardoba, `samarTlis Jurnali~, №1, 2009, 56.
106
CaCava s., moTxovnebisa da moTxovnis safuZvlebis konkurencia, Tb., 2011, 187; ix. Thost P.,
Die Anwendungs des § 477 BGB auf Mangelfogeschäden (Dissertation), Hamburg, 2000, 131-133.
107
boelingi h., Wanturia l., samoqalaqo saqmeebze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis
meTodika, Tb., 2004, 44.
108
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa
palatis 2005 wlis 4 martis ganCineba (№as-973-1208-04).
44
10. daskvna
rogorc gamoikveTa, saadvokato saidumloeba farTo cnebaa, magram Tavisi Sina-

arsiT Sedis profesiul saidumloebaSi; es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, vrceldeba, garda
advokatebisa, sxva pirebzec. rac Seexeba saadvokato saidumloebas, masSi moiazreba
iuridiuli konsultaciis micemisas mandatis farglebSi advokatisTvis gandobili
cnobebi, romelTa codnac aucilebelia advokatis mier iuridiuli daxmarebis aRmo-
saCenad. amitomac saadvokato saidumloebis dasacavad mizanSewonilia, saadvokato
saidumloeba farTod iyos interpretirebuli, raTa man moicvas mimndobisgan advoka-
tisTvis micemuli cnobebi, romelTa gavrceleba klientisTvis arasasurvelia.
amasTan, Tu xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principis safuZvelze mxareebma urTi-
erTobis obieqtad gansazRvres saadvokato saidumloeba, isini imoqmedeben valdebu-
lebiTi urTierTobis farglebSi. Tumca aseTi xelSekrulebis obieqtTan dakavSirebiT
iZulebiTi dacvis aparatis CasarTvelad saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis obieqti unda
akmayofilebdes kanonSesabamisobis, moralurobisa da brunvaunarianobis moTxovnebs.
sxva SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia mxolod absoluturi urTierTobis niSnebi. amas-
Tan, am informaciaSi SeiZleba gamovlindes kerZo sfero, rac kargadaa adamianis ufle-
baTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikaSi warmodgenili. aq xazgasmaa imaze, rom saadvo-
kato saidumloebis xelyofiT SeiZleba kerZo cxovreba Seilaxos. amdenad, profesiu-
li saidumloebis dacva piradi cxovrebis dacvis winapirobacaa. aRniSnuli mniSvnelo-
vania saqarTveloSi uflebis dacvis efeqturi meqanizmebis Camosayalibeblad.
rac Seexeba saadvokato saidumloebis subieqtebs, maT wreSi, upirveles yovlisa,
Sedian advokatebi. Tumca isini profesiuli saidumloebis dacvaze zrunaven sxva pire-
bis meSveobiTac. am pirebs ganekuTvnebian advokatis TanaSemwe da staJiori, romelTac
kanoniT aseve evalebaT profesiuli saidumloebis dacva. rac Seexeba sxva damxmare pi-
rebs, maT mimarT, saadvokato saidumloebis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, mizanSewo-
nilia gamoviyenoT termini `konfidencialobis dacvis movaleoba~. msgavs konteqstSi
unda ganixilebodes damlagebelic, buRalteri, mdivani da sxva. aseve àdvokatTa Se-
saxeb~ kanoni ar vrceldeba pirebze, romlebic ar arian advokatTa asociaciaSi regis-
trirebuli advokatebi, magram arian iuristebi. maTTvis mizanSewonilia, maTi profe-
siuli eTikis kodeqsi Seiqmnas. Tumca, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi gagebiT, aRniSnul
pirebze vrceldeba ssk-is 714-e muxlSi ganmtkicebuli saidumloebis dacvis movale-
oba, romelsac davalebis xelSekruleba warmoSobs. amitom davalebis xelSekrulebis
Seusruleblobisas klients SeuZlia valdebulebiTi samarTlis normebiT xelmZRva-
neloba. amasTan, marTalia, personaluri uflebebi ar gadadis memkvidreobiT, magram
aq memkvidreebs unda SeeZloT, daicvan mamkvidreblis uflebebi, miuxedavad valdebu-
lebis Sewyvetisa, vinaidan saadvokato saidumloebis dacva droSi SeuzRudavia.
advokats (warmomadgenels) samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba daekisros
arasaTanado praqtikis warmoebisTvis zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi. ssk-is 992-e mux-
liT, zianisTvis dadgeba pasuxismgebloba, Tu arsebobs ziani, marTlwinaaRmdegoba, mi-
zezobrivi kavSiri da brali kumulatiuri wesiT. amasTan, xelyofas legitimacias sZens
saidumlos mflobelis (klientis) an saadvokato saqmianobaze sameTvalyureo orga-
45
nos werilobiTi Tanxmoba, sajaro interesis arseboba, sakuTari TavisTvis braldebis

acilebis momenti. Sesabamisad, mocemuli garemoebebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiricxeba samo-
qalaqo pasuxismgebloba.
amdenad, kvleviT gamoikveTa am urTierTobis ZiriTadi niSnebi: saadvokato sai-
dumloebis dacvis uflebis subieqtTa gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba,
urTierTobis fiduciuri xasiaTi; eTikuri normebis specifikuroba; saadvokato sai-
dumloebasTan dakavSirebiT warmoSobili urTierTobis rTuli obieqti.
rogorc Cans, saadvokato saidumloebis xelyofam SeiZleba warmoSvas moTxovna-
Ta konkurenciis sakiTxi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia SefardebiTi da
absoluturi urTierTobis Taviseburebebi, zianis xasiaTi, mtkicebis tvirTi, xandaz-
mulobis sakiTxi, mxareTa Tanasworoba da samarTlianoba, samarTalSefardebis gamar-
tiveba, saproceso xarjebi. swored am kriteriumebis mixedviT unda airCes SemTxvevis
Sesatyvisi konkretuli samarTlebrivi moTxovnis safuZveli.
46
ilona gagua*
samarTlis roli da funqcia mxareTa Soris mtkicebis

tvirTis ganawilebisas
(SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi daxasiaTeba)
1. Sesavali
saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo reformis Sedegad, romelic mimdinareobs evropis

sabWos ministrTa komitetis rekomendaciis Sesabamisad, marTlmsajuleba samoqalaqo
saqmeebze xorcieldeba SejibrebiTobisa da dispoziciurobis principebis safuZvel-
ze, romelic, inkviziciurobisagan1 gansxvavebiT, ar moiTxovs sasamarTlos mier saqme-
ze obieqturi WeSmaritebis dadgenas: aramed davebis ganxilvisas sasamarTlo eyrdno-
ba mxareTa aqtiurobasa da TviTiniciativas da mxolod mxareebis mier warmodgenili
mtkicebulebebis farglebSi ixilavs yovel konkretul samoqalaqo saqmes da gamoaqvs
ara arsebiTad swori gadawyvetileba, rogorc es damaxasiaTebeli iyo reformamde
arsebuli sasamarTloebisaTvis, aramed gamoaqvs dasabuTebuli gadawyvetileba, ro-
melic emsaxureba procesis samarTlian dasrulebas. Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove samo-
qalaqo saproceso samarTalSi dispoziciurobisa da SejibrebiTobis principis moq-
medebis pirobebSi swored mtkicebis tvirTis realizebazea damokidebuli mxareTa
Soris warmoSobili davis (konfliqtis) ganxilvis saproceso Sedegi, misi materialur
-samarTlebrivi rezultati. aseve, mniSvnelovania mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis
swori gadanawileba, rogorc procesis samarTliani dasrulebis winapiroba.
2. mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis Tavisebureba
2. 1. mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis mniSvneloba
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi2 ar arsebobs mtkicebis sakanon-

mdeblo ganmarteba. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSi mtkicebis tvirTis arsis ga-
geba SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove samarTalwarmoebaSi misi praqtikuli gamoyenebis ga-
azrebis gareSe. mtkicebis tvirTi unda ganimartos imis mixedviT, Tu ra mimarTebaSia
igi saproceso samarTalurTierTobis saboloo SedegTan, saqmis ganxilvis saproceso
*
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti.
1
laT. inquisitio – gamoZieba, dakiTxva. oficialobis an inkviziciis principi aris proce-
sualuri principi, romlis mixedviTac, sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoikvlios faqtebi
sakuTari uflebamosilebis safuZvelze. ix. cipeliusi r., iuridiuli meTodebis moZ-
Rvreba, me-10 gadamuSavebuli gamocema, miunxeni, 2006 (Targmani qarTul enaze – ToT-
laZe l., samecniero redaqtori turava m., 2009, 119).
2
miRebis TariRi: 14.11.1997, gamoqveynebis wyaro, TariRi: parlamentis uwyebani №47-48,
31.12.1997.
47
rezultatTan. warmodgenil kvlevaSi mtkicebis tvirTi gaazrebul iqna Semdegi kuTx-

iT: mtkicebis tvirTi es aris davis monawile mxaris iuridiuli movaleoba – Seasru-
los garkveuli procesualuri moqmedeba; sanqcia am movaleobis SeusruleblobisaT-
vis mdgomareobs swored imaSi, rom araxelsayreli materialursamarTlebrivi Sedege-
bi gardauvlad dadgeba im mxaris mimarT, romelmac ver uzrunvelyo am procesualuri
valdebulebis jerovani Sesruleba.
mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis wesi Seexeba mxolod sadavo iuri-
diuli mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis dadgenas. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben im iuri-
diuli mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebs, romlebic mtkicebas ar saWiroeben da im faqtebs,
romelTa dasadastureblad savaldebuloa mtkicebulebaTa wardgena.3
amasTan, mtkicebis tvirTi vrceldeba materialur faqtebze.
yvela samoqalaqo davis ganxilvisas ar warmoebs mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvir-
Tis ganawileba. mtkicebis procesis inicireba xdeba im mopasuxis mier, romelic ar
cnobs sasarCelo moTxovnas. Tu mopasuxe cnobs sarCels, maSin mosarCele gaTavisuf-
lebulia sasarCelo faqtebis damtkicebisagan. aseT SemTxvevaSi mosarCele ar aris
valdebuli waradginos da gamoaqveynos mis xelT arsebuli mtkicebulebebi.
saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtobrivi garemoebebis dadgena ukavSirdeba
saqmeSi monawile mxareebisa da sasamarTlos saproceso moqmedebebis Sesrulebas, ker-
Zod, mtkicebulebaTa wardgenas, mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebas, mtkicebulebaTa gamok-
vlevasa da Semdgom maT Sefasebas. mxareebsa da sasamarTlos Soris funqciebis danawi-
lebis mizans warmoadgens saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone sadavo faqtobrivi garemoe-
bebis dadgena. mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis ZaliT, erTi mxare, romelmac garkveuli
saxis faqtebi unda daamtkicos, Tavisufldeba im faqtebis damtkicebisagan, romelic
mopasuxe mxarem unda daamtkicos da piriqiT, mopasuxe Tavisufldeba im faqtebis dam-
tkicebisagan, romelic mosarCelem unda daamtkicos. Sesabamisad, mxareTa Soris mtki-
cebis tvirTis ganawilebis wesi miuTiTebs or ZiriTad faqtorze, kerZod, procesis
monawile romelma mxarem ra faqtebi unda daamtkicos da romeli faqtebis dadgenis
movaleobisagan Tavisufldeba procesis monawile esa Tu is mxare.
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebas
aqvs ara marto saprocesosamarTlebrivi, aramed mas materialursamarTlebrivi mniS-
vnelobac. aRniSnuli mdgomareobs swored imaSi, rom mtkicebis saproceso valdebu-
lebis SeusruleblobiT damdgari arasasurveli materialursamarTlebrivi Sedegi
dadgeba im mxaris mimarT, romelic jerovnad ar Seasrulebs misTvis dakisrebul iu-
ridiul movaleobas.
amdenad, unda davaskvnaT, rom mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawileba sa-
moqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi mxareTa TviTiniciativisa da aqtiurobis gamovlenis
winapirobaa.
amasTan, mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis mniSvneloba didia im TvalsazrisiTac,
rom igi stimuls aZlevs mxareTa aqtiurobas – moiZion da warudginon sasamarTlos
3
Gottwald P., Beweislast und Beweisführung im Wettbewerbsprozeß, Rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung zum
deutschen, amerikanischen und schwedischen Recht, GRUR Int 1982, 695, <http://beck-online.beck.de/?vpat
h=bibdata%5Czeits%5Cgrurint%5C1982%5Ccont%5Cgrurint.1982.695.1.htm&pos=19&hlwords=beweisla
stumkehr#xhlhit> [17.10.2010].
48
ilona gagua, samarTlis roli da funqcia mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebisas
mtkicebulebebi im sadavo faqtobrivi garemoebebis dasadgenad, romelTa damtkice-

bis movaleoba maT ekisrebaT, rac, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens saqmeze dasabuTebuli ga-
dawyvetilebis miRebis aucilebel winapirobas.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gakeTdes meore daskvna, romlis Tanax-
mad, swored dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebaa mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis
ganawilebis mizani.
2.2. SejibrebiTobisa da dispoziciurobis principebi rogorc

mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis safuZvlebi
iuridiul literaturaSi marTebulad aRiniSneba, rom mtkicebis tvirTis re-

alizebis da misi ganawilebis wesis samarTlebrivi bunebis zusti axsna SeuZlebelia
modave mxareTa Tanasworuflebianobisa da SejibrebiTobis principebis gaTvaliswi-
nebis gareSe.4 samarTalwarmoebaSi modave mxareebs Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawi-
leba warmoadgens mxareTa Tanasworuflebianobis principis konkretul gamovlenas.
àdamianTa (pirTa) kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis aRiarebas safuZveli Cauyara bunebiT-
ma samarTalma.5 bunebiTi movaleobebi, iseve rogorc bunebiTi uflebebi yvela adamia-
nisaTvis yovelTvis Tanaswori unda iyos. es Tanasworoba sazogadoebrivi urTierTo-
bebis nebismier sferoSi unda aisaxos da gavrceldes~.6 maT Soris, saproceso samar-
Tlebriv urTierTobebSic. uflebaTa Tanasworobas umniSvnelovanesi roli akisria
samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalurTierTobis ganviTarebaSi.
samarTalwarmoeba samoqalaqo saqmeebze xorcieldeba mxareTa SejibrebiTobis
safuZvelze, rac gulisxmobs, rom saqmeSi monawile mxareebi sargebloben Tanabari
uflebebiTa da SesaZleblobebiT, daasabuTon TavianTi moTxovnebi, uaryon an gaaqar-
wylon meore mxaris moTxovnebi, mosazrebebi an/da mtkicebulebebi. SejibrebiTobis
principi mxareTa saqmianobas mxolod saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis dadgenis sfe-
roSi moicavs. SejibrebiTobis principis konkretuli gamovlenaa saqarTvelos ssk-is
102-e muxlSi ganmtkicebuli debuleba imis Taobaze, rom TiToeulma mxarem unda da-
amtkicos garemoebani, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels.
SejibrebiTobis principis konkretuli gamovlenaa saqarTvelos ssk-is 2321 muxli,
romlis Sesabamisad, mopasuxis mier 201-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT dadgenil vadaSi pasuxis
(Sesagebelis) warmoudgenlobisas, Tu es gamowvelia arasapatio mizeziT, mosamarTles
zepiri mosmenis gareSe gamoaqvs dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba.
dispoziciurobis principis moqmedebis farglebSi sasamarTlo SezRudulia,
mxareebi Tavad gansazRvraven, aRZran Tu ara sarCeli sasamarTloSi, rogor warmar-
4
Todria T., faqtobrivi garemoebebis mniSvneloba sakasacio sasamarTloSi, Tb., 2011,
273.
5
Gschnitzer F., Allgemeiner Teil des bürgerlichen Rechts, 2. neubearbeitete Auf. Springer-Verlag. Wien/New-
York 1992, 11, 12, miTiTebulia: burduli i., samewarmeo (savaWro) samarTlis ganviTareba
saqarTveloSi da germaniaSi (SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi kvleva), Tb., 2007, 21, mixedviT.
6
Seelmann K., Rechtsphilosophie, 2 Auf., München 2001, 65. miTiTebulia: burduli i., samewarmeo
(savaWro) samarTlis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi da germaniaSi (SedarebiTsamarTlebri-
vi kvleva), Tb., 2007, 21 mixedviT.
49
Ton an rogor daasrulon igi. mxareebi TviTon wyveten sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu saqmis
romeli faqtobrivi garemoebebi moaxsenon da romeli mtkicebulebebi warudginon sa-
samarTlos. mxareTa mier miTiTebuli faqtebi Seadgenen sasamarTlos silogizms.7 ese-
ni konkretuli, drosa da sivrceSi gansazRvruli movlenebia, romlebic samarTlebri-
vi qmedebis safuZvlad qmnian obieqtur samarTls.8
amdenad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom swored SejibrebiTobisa da dispoziciuro-
bis principebia mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis saprocesosamarTleb-
rivi safuZvlebi.
eWvgareSea, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali ganicdis konti-
nenturi evropis qveynebis samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis gavlenas. amitom, sain-
teresoa kontinenturi evropis qveynebis samarTlis ojaxebis (germania, safrangeTi)
saproceso samarTlis calkeuli sakiTxebis ganxilva sakvlev sakiTxTan mimarTebiT.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saprocesi samarTali yvelaze axlos dgas germanul
samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalTan. orive samarTals axasiaTebs dispoziciuro-
bis principidan daSvebuli gamonaklisebi, saubaria sasamarTlos Carevaze kerZosa-
marTlebriv urTierTobebSi. germaniis samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSi mtkicebis
procesi Sedgeba ori stadiisagan: 1. mtkicebulebebis warmodgena mtkicebis kanoniT
gansazRvruli saSualebebiT; 2. mtkicebulebebis Segroveba, gamokvleva da Sefase-
ba. mtkicebis procesSi germaneli mosamarTle uflebamosilia Tavisi iniciativiT
dakiTxos mxareebi, daniSnos eqspertiza, daavalos mxareebs warmoadginon maT xelT
arsebuli dokumentebi. sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs mxareTa Suamdgomlobis gareSe da
mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis gareSe konkretuli faqtis irgvliv da-
kiTxos procesis monawile erT-erTi an orive mxare.9 aRniSnuli uflebamosilebiT sa-
samarTlo sargeblobs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mtkicebulebis Segroveba, gamokvleva da Se-
faseba (Tuki aseT saproceso moqmedebas hqonda adgili) ar qmnis sakmaris safuZvels,
rom samarTlis Semfardebeli organo darwmundes dasadgeni faqtobrivi garemoebis
namdvilobaSi.10
qarTuli saproceso samarTlis msgavsad, dispoziciurobidan daSvebul garkve-
ul gamonaklisebs vxvdebiT frangul saproceso samarTalSic. mxareTa Soris mtki-
cebis tvirTis gadanawilebis wesi ganmtkicebulia safrangeTis ssk-is me-9 muxlSi,
romlis danawesiT, yoveli mxare valdebulia kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT daam-
tkicos faqtebi misi moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad.11 marTalia frangul saproceso
samarTalSi procesualuri iniciativa miniWebuli aqvT mxareebs, Tumca, safrangeTSi
moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT mosamarTle uflebamosilia mxareTa mier miTiTebuli ga-
7
silogizmi (berZ. syllogismos) – deduqciuri daskvna, romelSic ori mocemuli msjelobi-
dan (wanamZRvridan) gamodis mesame (daskvna). ix. ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni, Semdgeneli
WabaSvili m., Tb., 1964, 350.
8
Rosenbeg L., Schwab K., Gottwald P., Zivilprozessrecht, München, 2009, 638.
9
Michalski L., Bayreuth, “Beweisvereitelung” durch beweisbelastete Partei und Nachholbarkeit in der Beru-
fungsinstanz, NJW 1991, 2069, <http://beckonline.beck.de/?vpath=bibdata%5Czeits%5Cnjw%5C1991%5C
cont%5Cnjw.1991.2069.1.htm&pos=5&hlwords=beweislastumkehr#xhlhit> [17.10.2010].
10
Гражданское процессуальное уложение Германии, первод с немецкого, M., 2006, 94.
11
Vincent J., Gulnchard S., Proceеdure Civile, 27е ed, Paris, Dalloz, 2003, 57.
50
remoebebis dasadgenad Seagrovos mtkicebulebebi Tavisi iniciativiTac. saxeldobr,

mosamarTle uflebamosilia: 1. daniSnos eqspertiza;12 2. gamoiZaxos mxareebi axsna-gan-
martebis misacemad;13 3. faqtebis aRqmis mizniT monawileoba miiRos daTvalierebaSi;14
4. gamoiTxovos erT-erT mxaresTan an mesame pirTan arsebuli dokumentebi;15 yuradsa-
Rebia safrangeTis ssk-is me-11 muxli, romlis danawesiT, sasamarTlo da procesSi mo-
nawile mxareebi urTierTTanamSromloben mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebisa da mtkicebis
procesSi. sasamarTlo uflebamosilia mxaris Sumdgomlobis safuZvelze mxarisagan
an mesame pirisagan moiTxovos mtkicebulebebis warmodgena. aRniSnuli miTiTebis Se-
usruleblobisaTvis sasamarTlo uflebamosilia gamoiyenos yoveldRiurad mzardi
jarima.16 safrangeTis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, yo-
veli mxare valdebulia meore mxares warudginos gasacnobad mtkicebulebebi. am val-
debulebis Seusrulebloba iTvaliswinebs jarimas.17
germanuli da franguli saproceso samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli garkveuli
Taviseburebebis Seswavlis Sedegad SegviZlia CamovayaliboT erTgvari xedva mtkice-
bis procesSi mosamarTlis aqtiurobis farglebis gafarToebis kuTxiT: qarTul sa-
moqalaqo saproceso samarTalSi dispoziciurobis principis zedmetad xistma dacvam
rom ar gamoiwvios, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, usamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis mi-
Reba da ar SeizRudos zogadad samarTlis Semdgomi ganviTareba, sasamarTlo ar unda
iyos mxolod mxareTa procesualuri Sejibris pasiuri zedamxedveli da monawileobis
gareSe ar unda elodos maTi Sejibris saprocesosamarTlebriv Sedegs. obieqturobis
SenarCunebiT sasamarTlom aqtiurad unda uxelmZRvanelos process. mxareTa Sejib-
rebiTobis xelmZRvanelobis procesSi sasamarTlom ara marto unda ganumartos saq-
meSi monawile pirebs maTi uflebebi da movaleobebi da gaafrTxilos isini saproceso
moqmedebebis Sesrulebisa da Seusruleblobis SesaZlo Sedegebis Sesaxeb, aramed Ta-
namSromloba unda gauwios maT uflebebis realizaciaSi, Seqmnas saqmis garemoebebis
dasadgenad mtkicebulebaTa yovelmxrivi da sruli gamokvlevisa da materialuri ka-
nonmdeblobis swori gamoyenebis winapirobebi. miT ufro, sarCelSi miTiTebuli faq-
tobrivi garemoebebis konkretul materialursamarTlebriv normasTan Sesabamisobis
dadgena sasamarTlos uflebacaa da valdebulebac. davis samarTlebrivi Sefasebisas
mosamarTle sruliad damoukidebelia, gansxvavebiT procesis faqtobriv safuZvleb-
ze muSaobisagan da ar aris SeboWili dispoziciurobis an SejibrebiTobis principe-
biT. mxareTa mier wardgenili moTxovnebisa da moxsenebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebis
samarTlebrivi Sefaseba ki mxolod mosamarTlis prerogativaa. mosamarTlis aqtiu-
robis farglebis gafarToebas sakmaod didi mniSvneloba eniWeba procesis samarTli-
ani dasrulebisaTvis. Tumca ar unda dagvaviwydes isic, rom, am Tu im samoqalaqo davis
specifikidan gamomdinare, mosamarTlis aqtiurobis farglebis gansazRvra SeuZlebe-
lia saqmeze mniSvnelovani faqtobrivi situaciis analizis gareSe.
12
Code de Procédure Civile. 100e ed., Dalloz, 2009, Art. 322.
13
iqve, Art. 84-198.
14
iqve, Art. 295.
15
iqve, Art. 138-142.
16
iqve, Art. 11.
17
iqve, 132-137.
51
zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebis gamyarebis mizniT, movixmob evropis sabWos minis-

trTa komitetis 1994 wlis 13 oqtombris rekomendacias mosamarTleTa efeqtianobisa
da rolis gazrdis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmad, `mosamarTlem, marTlmsajulebis intere-
sebis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda misces mxareebs miukerZoebeli axsna-ganmarteba sapro-
ceso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb~.18 miT ufro, qonebriv-samarTlebriv davebSi mxareebs, rom-
lebic warmodgenili ar arian advokatebiT, xSirad esaWiroebaT mtkicebis tvirTis
realizebis xelSewyobis kuTxiT calkeuli sakiTxebis ganmarteba.19 aRniSnuli ufle-
bamosilebis realizeba SesaZlebelia ZiriTadad pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebis
mier, im TvalsazrisiT, rom saqmis momzadebis etapze sasamarTlo procedurulad ar
aris SezRuduli, mouwodos mxares, saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone romel faqtobriv
garemoebaze gaamaxvilos yuradReba da warmoadginos saTanado mtkicebulebebi mis
dasadastureblad.
2. 3. sasamarTlos roli mxareTa Soris mtkicebis

tvirTis ganawilebaSi
mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebaSi sasamarTlos umniSvnelovanesi roli ekisreba,

rac ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom materialuri samarTali detalu-
rad ar awesrigebs mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis wesebs. am pirobebSi
ki, sasamarTlo xelmZRvanelobs saqarTvelos ssk-is 102-e muxliT dadgenili mtkice-
bis tvirTis ganawilebis zogadi regulaciiT, romlis Tanaxmad, TiToeulma mxarem un-
da daamtkicos is garemoebebi, romlebzedac amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels.
mtkicebis procesSi, sasamarTlos moqmedebis farglebis gafarToebis kuTxiT,
sainteresoa saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi arsebul gamocdileba. marTalia am qveynebSi
arsebobs sruliad gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi sistema, Tumca dResdReobiT konti-
nentur-evropul samarTalSi SeiniSneba saerTo samarTlis qveynebis kanonmdeblobis
recefcia. miuxedavad saproceso kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli da daculi mxa-
reTa SejibrebiTobis principebisa, safrangeTis,20 germaniis, saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-
loba Seicavs aseve normebs, romlebic xazs usvams e.w. inkviziciuri samarTalwarmoe-
bis niSnebis arsebobasac. es gasakviri ar aris, radgan aSkarad saxezea SejibrebiTobisa
da inkviziciuri procesebis daaxloebis gzebi. sakvlev sakiTxTan mimarTebiT ganxi-
lulia inglissa da aSS-Si moqmedi samarTlebrivi aqtebi, rac sainteresoa im kuTxiT,
rom maTSi asaxulia mtkicebis procesSi sasamarTloTa aqtiurobis gansazRvruli Ta-
viseburebebi, rac xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTliT gaT-
valiswinebuli mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis axlebur gaazrebas.
sainteresoa aSS-is modeli, sadac kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu romelma mxarem unda
daamtkicos esa Tu is garemoeba, wydeba sasamarTlos mier.21 darwmunebis tvirTi, ro-
18
evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis 1994 wlis 13 oqtombris rekomendacia №R (94) 12,
mosamarTle da marTlmsajuleba, saqarTvelos uzanaesi sasamarTlo, adamianis ufle-
baTa centri, Tb, 2001, 28.
19
Gardley J., Foundation of Private Law, Property, Tort., Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford, 2006, 116.
20
Vincent J., Gunichard S., Procédure Civile, 27e ed., Paris, Dalloz, 2003, 231-232.
21
Baicker-Mckee S., Janssen W. M., Corr J. B., A Student’s Guide to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedura, St.
Paul, Minn, 1997, 148.
52
melsac xSirad eZaxian daurwmuneblobis risks, gansxvavebul Sedegebs iwvevs.22 mxare,

romelsac ekisreba darwmunebis tvirTi, waagebs process, Tuki ver SeZlebs mosamar-
Tlisa da msajulebis darwmunebas faqtobriv garemoebebSi saTanado mtkicebulebe-
bis wardgeniT.23 mtkicebulebaTa Sesaxeb federalur wesebSi ver SevxvdebiT mtkicebis
tvirTis ganawilebis maregulirebel samarTlebriv normebs.24 dasaxelebuli normebi
formulirdeba Statebis procesualur kanonmdeblobasa da doqtrinaSi. samoqalaqo
procesis federaluri wesebis Tanaxmad, mxarem sarCelis wardgenisas unda miuTiTos
moTxovnis safuZvlebze, anu faqtebze, romelTa safuZvelzec warmoiSva sadavo samar-
TalurTierToba. mosarCelis mier miTiTebuli faqtebiTa da mopasuxis SepasuxebiT ki,
sasamarTlo sabolood gansazRvravs, Tu romel mxares ekisreba darwmunebis tvirTi.25
saqarTveloSi SejibrebiTobis principis moqmedebis farglebSi sasamarTlos
roli mtkicebulebaTa SegrovebaSi sakmaod SezRudulia, gansxvavebiT saerTo samar-
Tlis qveynebis gamocdilebisagan. aRniSnuli imaze miuTiTebs, rom mxolod mxareebi
(mosarCele, mopasuxe, mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT da mesame
pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe) arian valdebuli, waradginon sa-
samarTloSi mtkicebulebebi. sasamarTlos mxolod kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxveveb-
Si SeuZlia gamoiTxovos mtkicebuleba iseTi mxarisagan, romelic araa valdebuli es
faqti daamtkicos.
2.4. mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis wesi
samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi arsebobs mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis speci-

aluri da zogadi wesebi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis wesebi
Camoyalibebulia materialursamarTlebriv normebSi da gamoxatulia imperatiuli
formiT. es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac zogierTi norma, materialursamarTlebrivi qcevis
wesebTan erTad, Seicavs aseve procesualursamarTlebriv komponentebsac. aseT nor-
mebs warmoadgenen iseTi samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi normebi, romlebic Sinaarsobri-
vad mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebaze miuTiTeben.
mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis ZiriTadi wesi erTgvarovania sa-
qarTvelosa da germaniis samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSi. orive qveynis samarTal-
warmoebaSi adgili aqvs dispoziciurobis principidan gadaxvevis kanoniT dadgenil
gamonaklisebs. saubaria sasamarTlos Carevaze kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi.
magaliTad, sasamarTlos SeuZlia Tavisi iniciativiT dakiTxos mxareebi, daniSnos eq-
spertiza, daavalos mxareebs waradginon maT xelT arsebuli dokumentebi. Tumca un-
22
Levin L., Shuchman A., Yablon P., Charles M., Cases and Materials in Civil Procedure, Westburg, New York,
1997, 83.
23
Federal Rules of Civil Procedurea, 1997-98, Educational Edition, St. Paul, Minn, 1997, 07. mtkicebule-
bebis Sesaxeb federaluri wesebi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc mtkicebulebiTi
samarTlis standarti rogorc federaciaSi, ise StatebSi. federaluri wesebis miRe-
bamde mxolod oTx StatSi moqmedebda mtkicebulebaTa kodeqsi – kaliforniaSi, niu
jersSi, kanzasSi, iutaSi. ix. Muller C., Kirkpatrick L. C., Evidence, Boston, New York, Toronto, Lon-
don, 1995, 4, 5.
24
Joseph W., Glannon A., Student’s Guide to Understanding Civil Procedure, Boston, Toronto, 1987, 199-205.
25
Kane M. K., Civil Procedure in a Nutshell, 3rd ed., St. Paul, Minn, 1991, 159-160.
53
da iTqvas, rom sasamarTlos am uflebamosilebas gaaCnia saproceso kanonmdeblobiT

mkacrad reglamentirebuli xasiaTi. uflebamosilebis reglamentacia gamoixateba
imaSi, rom sasamarTlos am iniciativas esaWiroeba saproceso kodeqsiT mkacrad dad-
genili winapirobebis dacva. kerZod, aRniSnuli uflebamosilebiT sasamarTlo sar-
geblobs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu: a) mtkicebulebis Segroveba, gamokvleva da Sefaseba ar
aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom samarTlis Semfardebeli organo darwmundes dasadgeni
faqtobrivi garemoebis arsebobaSi; b) mosamarTle uflebamosilia SekiTxvebi dausvas
mxareebs saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis gamosarkvevad; g)
saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebul mniSvnelovan sakiTxze sasamarTlos SeuZlia Tavisi
iniciativiT daniSnos eqspertiza saqmis ganxilvis nebismier stadiaze.
qarTuli da germanuli saproceso samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, mtkicebis pro-
ceduraze detaluri miTiTebebiT gamoirCeva saerTo samarTlis sistemis qveynebSi
moqmedi mtkicebiTi samarTali, rac gasakviri ar unda iyos, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im
garemoebas, rom saerTo samarTlis sistemis qveynebSi (inglisi, aSS) mtkicebis proce-
duras da zogadad mtkicebulebebs, kontinenturi evropis sistemis qveynebisagan (sa-
qarTvelo, germania, safrangeTi) gansxvavebiT, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba. aR-
niSnuli sakiTxebi calke samarTlis dargiT – `mtkicebiTi samarTliT~26 regulirdeba.
inglisis mtkicebiT samarTalSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben mtkicebis tvirTs
da mtkicebulebaTa warmodgenis tvirTs. pirveli dakavSirebulia materialuri sa-
marTlis normebTan, xolo meore – ZiriTadad am saproceso valdebulebis mqone subi-
eqtebTan. mtkicebulebaTa warmodgenis tvirTi unda Sesruldes samarTalwarmoebis
sawyis etapze da miznad isaxavs procesis dasawyebad sakmarisi mtkicebulebis wardge-
nas. mosarCele am etapze awydeba ori saxis bariers. dasawyisSi man unda waradginos sak-
marisi mtkicebulebebi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTle Sewyvets saqmeze samar-
Talwarmoebas. Tuki mosarCele gadalaxavs am bariers, mas elodeba Semdgomi barieri
– damtkicebis tvirTis realizeba. esaa sarCelSi miTiTebul faqtobriv garemoebebSi
sasamarTlos darwmunebaSi.27
amdenad, mtkicebulebaTa warmodgenis tvirTis amocana davis arsis dadgenaa,
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, davis Semadgeneli ZiriTadi sakiTxebis gamovlena. mosam-
zadebel stadiaze xdeba davis sagnis dadgena da SejibrebiTi qaRaldebis gacvla, rac
xels uwyobs mxareTa informirebulobas da sasamarTlo sxdomaze moulodnelobis
efeqtis Tavidan acilebas. rogorc vxedavT, inglisur samarTalwarmoebaSi mtkicebis
tvirTs emijneba mtkicebulebebis warmodgenis valdebuleba. ramdenadac misi Sesru-
leba ar gulisxmobs raime faqtis damtkicebas, aucilebelia mxolod mtkicebuleba-
Ta `moxmoba~. 1995 wlis samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb wesebiT, sasamarTlo
xelmZRvaneloba dayofilia or jgufad. pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba sasamarTlos val-
debuleba, mouwodos mxareebs erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobisaken. meore jgufs mie-
kuTvneba inglisis sasamarTloebis valdebuleba procesis xelmZRvanelobis Sesaxeb.
am mizniT, sasamarTlom sarCelis wardgenidan maqsimalurad swrafad unda moaxdinos
sadavo aspeqtebis identificireba; monawileoba miiRos mtkicebulebaTa SevsebaSi,
kerZod, Caataros mosmena da Seagrovos mtkicebulebebi satelefono Tu sxva komu-
26
,,Evidence Law“.
27
Cross R., Wilkins N., Outline of the Law of Evidence, London, 1987, 27-28.
54
nikaciis saSualebiT; gaagrZelos an Seamoklos saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis va-

da; SeaCeros saqmis ganxilva ama Tu im movlenamde an vadamde; mouwodos mxares an mis
warmomadgenels, gamocxaddes sasamarTloSi da a.S. ufro metic, britaneTis samoqa-
laqo sasamarTlo uflebamosilia gaakontrolos mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebis proce-
si, amasTan miuTiTos sadavo sakiTxebze da maTi sasamarTloSi wardgenis xerxebze. am
kuTxiT inglisSi Seicvala dominirebuli dispoziciurobis principis Sinaarsi da saq-
mis ganxilva ukve ar aris damokidebuli mxolod daintersebul pirTa nebis gamovlena-
ze da mxareTa dapirispirebisas, sadac mosamarTle mxolod arbitris rols asrulebs,
dgindeba ara obieqturi simarTle, aramed simarTle, romelic procesis samarTlian
dasrulebas emsaxureba.28
2.5. prezumfciebi rogorc mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis safuZveli
mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis safuZvlebs warmoadgens agreTve samoqalaqo sa-

marTalSi gaTvaliswinebuli varaudebi (e.w. prezumfciebi). `prezumfciebis arseboba
saWiroa imisaTvis, rom urTierTobis monawileebi gaurkvevel, bundovan mdgomareo-
baSi ar aRmoCndnen da maTi samarTlebrivi statusi haerSi ar iyos gamokidebuli~.29 sa-
moqalaqo samarTalSi ar aris prezumfciebis anu mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ga-
nawilebis dasrulebuli sistema. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, kanoni ar Seicavs pirdapir mi-
TiTebas imaze, Tu romelma mxarem konkretulad ra faqti unda daamtkicos, an konkre-
tulad romeli faqtebis damtkicebis safuZvelze warmoiSoba varaudi sxva faqtebis
arseboba-ararsebobis Sesaxeb. es bunebrivicaa, radgan `samarTals ar SeuZlia da arc
unda daafiqsiros uflebebisa da movaleobebis Tanafardobis yvela SesaZlo varian-
ti. samarTlis normas SeuZlia ganasaxieros mxolod ZiriTadi niSnebi. amitom aris,
rom samarTlis norma urTierTobis monawileebis moqmedebebis Sedegebs gansazRvravs
mxolod abstraqtuli formiT. garda amisa, samarTali Tavisi ganviTarebis procesSi
CamorCeba sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis ganviTarebas. samarTlis es konservatizmi
obieqturad saWiroebs kompensacias sazogadoebriv urTierTobebTan misi kontaqtis
procesSi. aseT kompensaciur funqcias asrulebs sasamarTlo samarTlis Sefardebis
procesSi~.30 im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac materialuri samarTli ar adgens faqtis pre-
zumfcias, am sakiTxs awesrigebs sasamarTlo. am SemTxvevaSi, samarTlis Semfardebeli
xelmZRvanelobs mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis zogadi regulaciiT
(saqarTvelos ssk-is 102-e muxli). garda amisa, mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis gana-
wilebis zogierTi wesi dgindeba sasamarTlo praqtikiT, rac, Tavis mxriv, avsebs kanon-
mdeblobaSi arsebul xarvezebs. am TvalsazrisiT, swored sasamarTloa is uflebamo-
sili organo, romelsac SeuZlia materialuri kanoni Semdgom Seavsos da ganaviTaros.
varaudebi (e.w. prezumfciebi) gamomdinareobs materialuri samarTlis normebi-
dan, amasTan, mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis safuZvlebia. samarTalwarmoebaSi pre-
zumfciebis moqmedebis gziT xdeba mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawileba. kano-
28
Baicker-Mckee S., Janssen W. M., Corr J. B., A Student’s Guide to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedura, St.
Paul, Minn, 1997, 149-151.
29
Wanturia l., Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, Tb., 1997, 160.
30
xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tb., 2004, 132.
55
nebi xSir SemTxvevaSi Seicavs varaudebs (e.w. prezumfciebs) faqtebis arsebobis Taoba-
ze. Tu arsebobs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli saqmis garemoebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebi faqtis prezumfciisaTvis, maSin navaraudevi faqti mtkicebas ar saWiroebs.
magaliTad, procentebis gadaxdis valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas iseTi safuZvle-
bidan, romlebic saerTod ar warmoSobs zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebas. germaniis
samoqalaqo sjuldebis §288-es Tanaxmad, movalis mier fuladi valdebulebis Sesru-
lebis vadis gadacilebis SemTxvevaSi kreditors yovelgvari damatebiTi mtkicebule-
bebis warmodgenis gareSe SeuZlia moiTxovos procentebis gadaxda.31 mtkicebas saWi-
roebs is faqti, romelic varauds asabuTebs da aseve normis Semadgenloba, romelic
prezumfcias Seicavs. amis sapirispirod, mowinaaRmdege mxarem kanonmdeblobiT daSve-
bul farglebSi unda amtkicos sawinaaRmdego, kerZod, man unda amtkicos, rom ar arse-
bobs navaraudevi faqti. normas, romelic prezumfcias Seicavs, xSirad materialuri
samarTali iTvaliswinebs da Sesabamisi procesisaTvisaa gankuTvnili. prezumfciebis
materialursamarTlebrivi Tviseba gulisxmobs garkveuli materialursamarTlebri-
vi Sedegis dadgomas materialur samarTalurTierTobis subieqtebisaTvis.
amdenad, davis SemTxvevaSi, moqmedebs materialursamarTlebrivi prezumfcie-
bis procesualursamarTlebrivi funqciebi. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi mowmdeba
samoqalaqosamarTlebriv normaSi arsebuli prezumfcia ganekuTvneba Tu ara inte-
resis sferos da aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli misi gamoyenebiT mxareTa Soris mtkicebis
tvirTis gadanawileba.
3. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli

mtkicebis tvirTis inovaciuri ganawilebis Taviseburebani
3.1. mtkicebis tvirTis inovaciuri ganawilebis Tavisebureba

saojaxo saqmeTa ganxilvisas
kanonmdeblobaSi inovaciaTa danergva mis srulyofas ukavSirdeba. saqarTve-

los samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi Setanili uaxlesi cvlilebebi moicavs samoqala-
qo saproceso samarTlisaTvis adre ucnob instituts. masSi moiazreba axali cnebebi,
ideebi, kategoriebi. siaxleebi xels uwyobs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos farglebSi, rac aucilebelia qveynisaTvis.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali aregulirebs gansxvavebuli uf-
lebebisa da interesebis sasamarTlo dacvis wess. am saqmeebis materialursamarTleb-
rivi buneba bevr SemTxvevaSi gavlenas axdens maTi ganxilvis procedurasa da formaze.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis meSvide karSi vxvdebiT samoqalaqo sa-
marTalwarmoebis imgvar institutebs, romlebic gansxvavdeba samoqalaqo saproceso
samarTliT regulirebuli uflebebis dacvis danarCeni sasarCelo formisagan. saqar-
Tvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis meSvide karSi moqceuli kategoriis saqmeebi
Seexeba saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobil davebsac, romlisaTvisac
31
ZlieriSvili z., fuladi valdebulebis Sesrulebis Taviseburebani, Tb., 2005, 45-46.
56
damaxasiaTebeli TaviseburebebiT daintereseba gamowveulia am kategoriis saqmeebze

mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis aratradiciuli saxiT, romelic warmodgenilia Sere-
uli formiT, rac sakvanZo adgils ikavebs warmoebul kvlevaSi.
saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobili davebis ganxilvis Tavise-
bureba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom saojaxo urTierTobebi piraduli da grZelvadiani
xasiaTisaa da, imavdroulad, moicavs arasrulwovnebis interesebis dacvasac.
èrT-erT fundamentur Taviseburebas, sxva kategoriis saqmeTa ganxilvisagan
gansxvavebiT, warmoadgens samZebro principis ufro farTod gamoyeneba. sasamarTlos,
romelic ixilavs konkretul saojaxosamarTlebriv davas, miniWebuli aqvs ufleba, ar
dasjerdes mxolod mxareTa mier warmodgenil mtkicebulebebs da Tavisi iniciativiT
gansazRvros im garemoebaTa wre, romelTa dadgenis gareSe SeiZlebelia saqmis sworad
gadawyveta (mtkicebis sagani), aseve mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis mosmenis Semdeg TviTon
gamoiTxovos mtkicebulebebi, romelzedac mxareebs ar miuTiTebiaT, magram am mtki-
cebulebebs mniSvneloba aqvs mtkicebis saganSi Semaval dasadgen garemoebaTa dasa-
dastureblad. maSasadame, saqarTelos ssk-is 354-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvalis-
winebuli debuleba aris specialuri norma da mas upiratesoba eniWeba 103-e muxliT
gaTvaliswinebul zogad normasTan SedarebiT~.32
saojaxo saqmeTa ganxilvis kuTxiT germanul samarTalwarmoebasac axasiaTebs
garkveuli Taviseburebebi. saqorwino-saojaxo samarTalurTierTobidan gamomdinare
saqmeSi monawileobs prokurori rogorc saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli (germaniis sa-
moqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis §632, §636, §637). magaliTad, qorwinebis baTilad cnobis
Taobaze sarCeli sasamarTlos waredgineba prokuroris mier orive meuRlis winaaR-
mdeg; Tuki erT-erTi maTgani gadacvlilia, maSin cocxlad darCenili meore meuRlis
winaaRmdeg.
germanul saproceso samarTals sxva Taviseburebebic axasiaTebs saojaxo saq-
meTa ganxilvis kuTxiT, kerZod, germaneli mosamarTle saojaxo saqmeTa ganxilvisas,
procesis gaWianurebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, aRWurvilia uflebamosilebiT, mar-
Tos samarTalwarmoebis procesi da arsebiTi gavlena moaxdinos saqmis ganxilvis daC-
qrebaze da procesis samarTliani dasrulebis Sedegze. sasamarTlo saqmis warmoebis
nebismier etapze uzrunvelyofs, rom mxareebma moaxsenon axsna-ganmartebebi da daa-
yenon Suamdgomlobebi.33 sasamarTlo ganumartavs mxareebs, dispoziciurobisa da Se-
jibrebiTobis principebidan gamomdinare, siZneleebis gadalaxvis aucileblobasac.34
amdenad, saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobil davebSi sasamar-
Tlos, SejibrebiTobis principis paralelurad, gadacemuli aqvs procesis materia-
luri xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosilebac. Tumca aq dgeba am ori principis, mxareTa Se-
jibrebiTobisa da sasamarTlos aqtiurobis principebis, proporciis sakiTxi. sainte-
resoa, ra doziT unda moxdes am ori principis Serwyma da gamoyeneba saqmis ganxilvisas.
am sakiTxis gadasaWrelad procesi unda aigos SejibrebiTobis principis safuZ-
velze. Tumca, sasamarTlos Careva dasaSvebi unda iyos im doziT, rac ar daarRvevs
32
ZlieriSvili z., samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis calkeuli sakiTxebi, Tb., 2007, 97.
33
Grunsky W., Zivilprozessrecht, 11 Aufl., München, 2003, 36.
34
Luke W., Zivilprozessrecht, , 8 Aufl., München, 2003, 5.
57
dispoziciurobis princips, anu ar unda SeizRudos mxareebi, uflebebis aucilebeli

realizaciis mxriv, ar unda vaiZuloT mxareebi gamoiyenon es Tu is saproceso ufle-
ba da arc maTgan damoukideblad, TviTneburad, mxareTa nebis winaaRmdeg ar unda iq-
nes gamoyenebuli es Tu is saproceso ufleba. Sesabamisad, saojaxo saqmeTa ganxilvis
dros mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis sakiTxi unda gadawydes SejibrebiTobisa da in-
kviziciurobis principebs Soris zomieri balansis sasargeblod. Sesabamisad, mxareebi
arc SezRuduli iqnebian sasamarTlos aqtiurobiT da arc daiCagrebian sasamarTlos
pasiurobis Sedegad.
3.2. mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis Tavisebureba reketuli qonebis,

Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT
movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis
`g” qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis CamorTmevasa da
saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemasTan dakavSirebuli
saqmeebis ganxilvis dros
XXI saukunis dasawyisSic ki saqarTveloSi korufciam moicva iseTi sferoebi,

rogoricaa ganaTleba, ekonomika, xelovneba da sxva, ramac moaxdina sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis ama Tu im wamyvani sferos araTu ganviTareba, aramed ukan svla – regresi.
zemoaRniSnuli saqmianobisaTvis pasuxs aravin agebda, rac gamowveuli iyo saTanado
normatiuli aqtebis ararsebobiT. saxelmwifoSi ukanono Semosavlebis zrdam ganapi-
roba mis winaaRmdeg brZolis normatiuli aqtis miReba. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis
ganviTarebuli qveynebis kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis Seuqcevadma procesma
dRis wesrigSi daayena demokratiuli xelisuflebis mier antikorufciuli da anti-
reketuli sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna. 2004 wlis 24 ivniss saqarTvelos parlamentma
miiRo òrganizebuli danaSaulisa da reketis Sesaxeb~ kanoni.35
zemoaRniSnuli kanonis miRebiT cvlilebebi da damatebebi Sevida saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi 2005
wlis 20 dekembers ZalaSi Sevida XLIV1 Tavi, romliTac mowesrigda reketuli qonebis,
Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSu-
alebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e
muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis CamorTmevasa da sa-
xelmwifosaTvis gadacemasTan dakavSirebuli warmoeba.
am kategoriis saqmeebze, samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis wesiT, sarCels aRZravs
prokurori, rac dRes moqmedi qarTuli kanonmdeblobisaTvis inovaciaa. amasTan, am
kategoriis saqmeTa ganxilvisas prezumfciebi ar moqmedeben, radgan prezumfciis
mTavari daniSnuleba – daudasturebeli faqtebis mowinaaRmdege mxaris sasargeblod
gadawyveta – aRniSnul warmoebaSi gamoxatulebas ver poulobs. mtkicebis tvirTi ga-
35
òrganizebuli danaSaulisa da reketis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni (parlamentis
uwyebani, №2354-rs, 2004).
58
danawilebulia mosarCelis sasargeblod, kerZod, prezumirdeba, rom mopasuxis qone-

ba aris dausabuTebeli, ukanono da mopasuxes ekisreba mtkicebis tvirTi sadavo qone-
bis marTlzomieri saSualebebiT SeZenis faqtis dasadastureblad.
mosarCelis mtkicebis tvirTi Semoifargleba mxolod safuZvliani eWvis dadas-
turebiT, xolo sapirispiros mtkicebis tvirTi sadavo qonebis dasabuTebulobasTan
dakavSirebiT ekisreba mopasuxe mxares. yovelive es ganpirobebulia mxareTa Soris
mtkicebis tvirTis araTanabarzomieri gadanawilebiT. magaliTad, erT-erT samoqa-
laqo saqmeze sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom mosarCeles ekisreboda mxolod safuZvli-
ani eWvis arsebobis dadasturebis tvirTi, xolo sapirispiro mtkicebis tvirTi sada-
vo qonebis dasabuTebulobasTan dakavSirebiT ekisreboda mopasuxe mxares, romelmac
1800000 aSS-is dolarad Sefasebuli qonebis marTlzomieri saSualebiT SeZenis dama-
dasturebeli dokumenti ver waradgina.36
saqarTvelos jerjerobiT ar gaaCnia sasamarTlo praqtika qonebis CamorTmevis
imgvari samarTalurTierTobis mosawesrigeblad, rodesac saxezea SemZenis keTilsin-
disierebis Sesaxeb zogadi daTqma. kerZo avtonomiis farglebSi dadebuli garigebe-
bis arsebobis pirobebSi, pirispir dganan sajaro wesrigi da keTilsindisieri SemZeni.37
nivTis SemZenis bed-iRbali mTlianadaa damokidebuli gamsxviseblis samarTlebriv
mdgomareobaze da sakuTar windaxedulobaze. saqarTveloSi arsebul Teoriul-praq-
tikuli sakiTxebis inovaciuri, Tundac droebiTi xasiaTis gaurkvevloba saintere-
soa evropeli kanonmdeblis kuTxiTac da, ra Tqma unda, sainteresoa postsabWouri da
postkomunisturi blokis qveynebisaTvis. amosavali aq keTilsindisieri SemZenisa da
sajaro wesrigis interesTa samarTliani balansirebaa da ufro meti zianis momtani
faqtoris gaTvaliswineba da amiT xelmZRvaneloba, rac yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi
sasamarTlos Sefasebis sagani unda iyos. imavdroulad, `daculi unda iqnes xelSek-
rulebis monawile susti mxaris interesi Tavad garigebis mimarT da keTilsindisieri
SemZenis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, socialuri Tanasworobis aRdgenisaken swrafvisas ar
unda dagvaviwydes susti mxaris interesebis dacva~.38
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom saqme gvaqvs saqarTve-
los samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobisaTvis ucxo samarTlebriv institutTan,
romlis Taviseburebac mtkicebis tvirTis araTanabarzomieri ganawilebaa. mtkicebis
tvirTis amgvari ganawileba ki emsaxureba im sajaro wesrigis aRdgenas, romelic dair-
Rva arasamarTlebrivi gziT materialuri dovlaTis dagrovebiTa da maTze sakuTre-
bis SeZeniT.
36
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 25 ivnisis gadawyvetileba, samoqalaqo sa-
qme №2b/932-09. xelmisawvdomia sasamarTlos arqivSi.
37
Palandt O., Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Verlag C.H.Beck, München, 2002, 61-62.
38
Cherednychenko O., Fundamental Rights, Contract Law and the Protection of the Weaker Party, A Compara-
tive Analysis of the Constutionalisation of the Contract Law, with Emphasis on Risky Financial Transactions,
Vol. 5, European Law Publishers, München, 2007, 4-5.
59
4. daskvna
kvlevis Sedegad gamoirkva, rom mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebas axasiaTebs Se-

reuli buneba. mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis mniSvnelobis dadgenis
mizniT, gaanalizebul iqna sasarCelo da arasasarCelo warmoebis saxeebi. gamokvleul
iqna mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi,
ris safuZvelzec gamoikveTa zogadad mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis
araerTgavrovani wesi:
a) mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis maregulirebel specialur we-
sebs zogierT SemTxvevaSi Seicavs materialursamarTlebrivi norma;
b) sxva SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo xelmZRvanelobs mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT dadgenili zogadi regulaciiT; am mxriv, mtkicebis
tvirTis modave mxareebs Soris gadanawileba warmogvidgeba, rogorc sasamarTlos pa-
siuri rolis gafarToebis winapiroba, romlis drosac samoqalaqo saqmeze dgeba ara
obieqturi simarTle, aramed Sedegi, romelic emsaxureba samarTalwarmoebis proce-
sis samarTlian dasrulebas.
g) mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis kuTxiT samoqalaqo saproceso
samarTalSi gaTvaliswinebulia gamonaklisebi, rac ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia davis
materialuri SinaarsiT da gansaxilveli urTierTobebis TaviseburebiT.
60
ekaterine lafaCi*
uZrav nivTebze qonebrivi uflebebis registraciis principebi

qarTuli da germanuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT
1. Sesavali
damoukidebeli cxovrebis erT-erTi aucilebeli elementia sakuTreba – nivTis

mesakuTres ufleba aqvs daicvas Tavisi sakuTreba da gamoricxos nebismieri piris
mxridan yovelgvari zemoqmedeba.1 ganviTarebis donis miuxedavad, nebismier qveyana-
Si aqtualuria sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis sakiTxi, Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSic.
sakuTreba moicavs qonebas. qoneba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis (Semdgom –
ssk) mixedviT aris yvela nivTi da aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTe.2 nivTi ki SeiZleba
iyos uZravi da moZravi. uZrav nivTebs ki, upirveles yovlisa, ganekuTvneba miwis nakve-
Ti, rac warmoadgens nebismieri ekonomikuri sistemis safuZvels.3
uZrav nivTebze sakuTreba adamianis konstituciiT aRiarebul uflebaTagan
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi uflebaa. amiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom uZrav nivTebze sa-
kuTrebis uflebis mosapoveblad gansakuTrebuli reJimia dadgenili.
Tanamedrove qarTuli kanonmdebloba uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis warmo-
Sobas sajaro reestrSi registracias ukavSirebs da mas konstituciur mniSvnelobas
aniWebs. Sesabamisad, aqtualuria uZrav nivTebze uflebaTa registracia, rasTanac
mWirod aris dakavSirebuli uflebaTa registraciis principebis sakiTxi. principebia
is ZiriTadi wanamZRvrebi, rasac efuZneba uZrav nivTebze qonebrivi uflebebis regis-
tracia.
saadgilmamulo wignisa da uZrav nivTebze uflebaTa registraciis principebi
iyofa materialur da formaluri saxis principebad.4 Sesabamisad, TiToeul princips
aqvs rogorc materialuri, ise formaluri gageba. aRniSnuli gansakuTrebiT mkveT-
rad warmoCindeba germanul samarTalSi.
2. sajaro reestrSi (saadgilmamulo wignSi) Setanis principi
pirvel rigSi, unda gamoikveTos saadgilmamulo wignSi Setanis principi. es prin-

cipi aRiarebuli da damkvidrebulia germanul samarTalSi. igive wesi moqmedebs sa-
qarTveloSic sajaro reestrTan mimarTebiT. am principis mixedviT: miwis nakveTze sa-
kuTrebisa da sxva uflebebis warmoSoba, Secvla da Sewyveta damokidebulia SeTanxme-
*
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, asistent-profesori.
1
Schmidt R., Sachenrecht II, Recht der unbeweglichen Sachen, Br., 1. Aufl., 2004, 26.
2
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, parlamentis uwyebani, №31, 1997 wlis 24 ivlisi, 147-e
muxli.
3
Алексеев В., Недвижимое имущество: государственная регистрация и проблемы правового регулиро-
вания, М., 2007, 4.
4
Winkler K., Das Grundbuch; DStR 1991, 284, <http://beck-online.beck.de/>.
61
bisa da registraciis materialur principze. xelSekrulebis dadebisas mxareebs mier

xdeba nebis gamovlena da, Sesabamisad, registracia. Tumca aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom
iZulebiTi aRsrulebis dros iuridiuli SeZenac aseve moiTxovs registracias.5 uZrav
nivTze sargeblobisa da SezRudvebis sanivTo uflebebic aseve eqvemdebareba saval-
debulo registracias.6 amas iTvaliswinebs germanuli kanonmdebloba. rac Seexeba qar-
Tul kanonmdeblobas, uZrav nivTebze sanivTo uflebebis warmoSobisaTvis, maT Soris
sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobisaTvis savaldebuloa sajaro reestrSi registracia,7
rac gaxlavs am principis materialuri gageba.
germanuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT saadgilmamulo wignSi regulirdeba forma-
luri winapirobebi, romelTa arsebobac aris saadgilmamulo wignSi registraciis sa-
fuZveli. qarTuli kanonmdeblobiTac analogiuri wesi moqmedebs. `sajaro reestris
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-8 muxli iTvaliswinebs im formalur winapirobebs, ro-
melTa arsebobis drosac saregistracio organo axorcielebs uflebis registracias.
3. gancxadebis principi
saadgilmamulo wignis warmoebis procesi emyareba am princips. saqarTvelos ka-

nonmdeblobiT sajaro reestrSi registracia xdeba, upirveles yovlisa, gancxadebis
safuZvelze.8 Sesabamisad, saregistracio warmoebis dawyebis safuZvelia gancxade-
ba an uflebamosili qorganos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba. rac Seexeba formalur
princips, rogorc sakuTrebis an sxva uflebis warmoSobis, aseve mitovebis dros xdeba
gancxadebis Setana sajaro reestrSi amis Taobaze.9 germaniaSi moqmedi kanonmdeblo-
bis mixedviT, mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes aseTi gancxa-
debis gareSe registracia,10 `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ kanoni aseT gamonakliss ar iT-
valiswinebs.11
4. sajaroobis anu saqveynoobis principi
sajaroobis principi icavs samarTlebrivi brunvis monawileebs. ganamtkicebs

ndobas reestris Canawerisadmi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sajaro Canawerisadmi sandoobis
principi nebismieri saregistracio sistemisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. rogorc sa-
aqto wigni, romelic Seicavs monacemebs dadebuli garigebebis Sesaxeb, ise saadgilma-
mulo wigni, romelSic asaxulia uZrav nivTebze sanivTo uflebebis gadasvlis Sesaxeb
monacemebi, SeiZleba iyos mesame pirebisaTvis saimedo sainformacio wyaro. gansxva-
veba aris mxolod is, Tu ra daskvnebis gamotana SeuZliaT mesame pirebs mocemul Sem-
5
Schöner H., Stübe K., Grundbuchrecht, B.4, Handbuch der Rechtspraxis Verlag- C-H, Beck-Mün., 15. Aufl.,
2012, 14.
6
ssk-is 289-e, 247-e, 243-e, 237-e muxlebi.
7
ssk-is 255-e, 257-e, 258-e I muxlebi.
8
`sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-8 I da me-9 II muxlebi.
9
ssk-is 184-e muxli.
10
Grundbuchordnung[1], In der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 26., Mai 1994[2], §204. <http://beck-on-
line.beck.de/>.
11
`sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-8 muxli.
62
ekaterine lafaCi, uZrav nivTebze qonebrivi uflebebis registraciis princi pebi qarTuli
da germanuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT
TxvevebSi. saaqto Canaweris SemTxvevaSi dainteresebuli piri darwmunebuli SeiZleba

iyos mxolod im informaciaSi, Tu ra saxis garigeba daido, da rodis iyo am garigebis
Sesaxeb informacia Setanili reestrSi. xolo rac Seexeba saadgilmamulo wignis Cana-
wers, dainteresebuli piri SeiZleba iyos darwmunebuli, rom saadgilmamulo wignSi
(sajaro reestrSi) sanivTo uflebebis Sesaxeb Canaweri aris namdvili da sanivTo uf-
lebebi ekuTvnis CanawerSi miTiTebul pirs.12
saadgilmamulo wigni, xolo saqarTveloSi sajaro reestris Canawerebi asrule-
ben uflebebis arsebobis mtkicebulebis rols.13
materialuri gagebiT, sajaroobis principi wignis Sinaarsis sisworisa da sizus-
tis ndobas umyarebs samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileebs. saadgilmamulo wig-
nis, sajaro reestris sajarooba icavs keTilsindisier SemZens. qarTuli kanonmdeb-
loba, evropuli kanonmdeblobis msgavsad, awesrigebs uZravi nivTis keTilsindisieri
SemZenis sakiTxs. ìm piris sasargeblod, romelic garigebis safuZvelze sxva pirisa-
gan iZens romelime uflebas da es ufleba gamsxviseblis saxelze iyo reestrSi regis-
trirebuli, reestris Canaweri iTvleba sworad, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca am Canawe-
ris sawinaaRmdegod Setanilia saCivari, an SemZenma icoda, rom Canaweri uzustoa~.14
keTilsindisieri SemZenis aseTi uflebrivi mdgomareoba gamowveulia sajaro rees-
tris specifikuri daniSnulebiT samoqalaqo brunvis meqanizmSi. ssk-is 312-e muxliT
gaTvaliswinebuli reestris monacemTa utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfcia Tavisi
bunebiT warmoadgens iuridiul fiqcias, romlis Tanaxmad ivaraudeba, rom reestrSi
uflebis registraciis faqti srulad da sworad aris ganxorcielebuli. aRniSnuli
fiqcia niSnavs imas, rom obieqturad arsebuli nebismieri faqti, romelic miuTiTebs
registraciis xarvezze, ver gamoricxavs gansaxilveli normiT dacul varauds rees-
trSi registrirebuli uflebis marTebulobasTan dakavSirebiT.15 keTilsindisiere-
ba niSnavs, rom mflobeli darwmunebulia sakuTari mflobelobis marTlzomierebaSi,
e. i. miaCnia, rom mis mier qonebis mopovebis safuZveli sakmarisia, rom gaaCndes sakuT-
rebis ufleba.16 uZravi qonebis SeZenis dros uZravi nivTebis sandoobis prezumfcia
gvaqvs saxeze da moqmedebs SesaZeni uflebis namdvilobis varaudi. samoqalaqo brun-
vis amosavalia keTilsindisiereba, rac gamomdinareobs samoqalaqo brunvis monawi-
leTa ineteresebidan. reestris Canawerebis mimarT moqmedebs utyuarobisa da sisru-
lis prezumfcia, e. i. reestris Canawerebi iTvleba sworad, vidre ar damtkicdeba maTi
uzustoba.17 es normebi qmnis kanonismier prezumfcias, rom sajaro reestrSi regis-
trirebuli ufleba namdvilad arsebobs, an arsebobs im mdgomareobaSi, rogorSic igi
aris registrirebuli da sajaro reestrSi uflebamosil pirad registrirebuli piri
12
Алексеев В., Недвижемое имущество: государственная регистрация и проблемы правового регулирова-
ния, М., 2007, 19-20.
13
Schöner H., Stüber K., Grundbuchrecht, Band 4, Handbuch der Rechtspraxis, Verlag-C-H, Beck, München,
2012, 4.
14
ssk-is 312-e II muxli.
15
uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2011 wlis 31 ianvris gadawyvetile-
ba №as-465-435-2010.
16
Хвостов В. М., Система римского права, М., 1996, 253, miTiTebulia: qoCaSvili q., mflobelobisa
da sakuTrebis urTierTdamokidebuleba, `samarTlis Jurnali~, №1, 2011, 124.
17
ssk-is 312-e I muxli.
63
sinamdvileSic aris uflebamosili. msgavsad amisa, Tu sajaro reestrSi registrire-

buli ufleba amoSlili iqneba, ivaraudeba, rom igi gauqmda.18
sajaro reestris utyuarobis prezumfcia samarTlebrivad marto sajaro rees-
trSi uflebamosil pirad registrirebuli piris interesebs rodi icavs. mas meti mniS-
vneloba eniWeba imiT, rom igi icavs aseve samoqalaqo brunvis im monawiles, romelic
keTilsindisierad endoba sajaro reestris Canawerebis utyuarobas. samarTlebrivi
dacva ki gamoixateba imaSi, rom uZrav qonebasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebis keTilsin-
disieri SemZeni pirebi iZenen sajaro reestrSi registrirebul iseT uflebebs, rom-
lebic sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs da, Sesabamisad, Canaweri usworoa. amasTan, sajaro re-
estrSi registrirebuli, magram sinamdvileSi ararsebuli uflebis SeZena dasaSvebia
mxolod gansazRvruli, kanoniT dadgenili winapirobebis arsebobisas.19 keTilsindi-
sierebis principi individis moqmedebas samarTlianobis kriteriumTan urTierTkav-
SirSi ganixilavs.20 swored keTilsindisierebis princips daqvemdebarebuli moqmede-
bis Tavisuflebidan gamomdinareobs subieqtis mier sxva piris interesebis gaTvalis-
winebis valdebuleba im moculobiT, romelic ar iwvevs Tavad misi interesebis araTa-
nazomier SezRudvas.21
saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi ganmarta, rom sa-
jaro reestris daniSnulebaa samoqalaqo brunvis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa. is
warmoadgens keTilsindisieri partnioris uflebis dacvis garants. zustad am prin-
cipidan gamomdinare, rodesac reestris monacemTa utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezum-
fcias vixilavT keTilsindisieri SemZenis institutis farglebSi, ssk-is 312-e muxlis
me-2 nawiliT da 185-e muxliT naxseneb termin `gamsxvisebelSi~ yovelTvis igulisxme-
ba piri, romelic ar aris uflebamosili, gaasxvisos sajaro reestrSi mis saxelze re-
gistrirebuli ufleba da amdenad, is ar aris uflebamosili, dados es garigeba. zus-
tad im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac uZrav nivTs asxvisebs saamisod arauflebamosili piri,
magram registrirebulia sajaro reestrSi, rogorc am uflebis mesakuTre, sakmaod
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba ssk-is 185-e muxliT dacul SemZenis uflebas, kerZod, gan-
saxilveli normis Tanaxmad, SemZenis interesebdan gamomdinare, gamsxvisebeli iTvle-
ba mesakuTred, Tu igi aseTad aris registrirebuli sajaro reestrSi, garda im Sem-
Txvevebisa, roca SemZenma icoda, rom gamsxvisebeli ar iyo mesakuTre. gansaxilveli
normis mizania samoqalaqo brunvis dacva da, Sesabamisad, sajaro reestrSi uflebis
registraciis faqtisadmi maRali ndobis uzrunvelyofa. ar SeiZleba SemZens moeTxo-
vos imaze meti codna, rac kanoniT aris dadgenili. upirveles yovlisa, mniSvnelovania
is, rom sajaro reestrSi registrirebuli faqtisadmi ndoba gulisxmobs, rom ufleba,
romelic registrirebulia sajaro reestrSi, namdvilad ekuTvnis gamsxvisebels, anu
im pirs, romelic gamoxatavs nebas, gaasxvisos mis saxelze registrirebuli ufleba.
amdenad, samoqalaqo brunvis stabiluroba niSnavs samoqalaqo urTierTobebis mona-
wileTa mimarT ndobasa da keTilsindisierebas, rac uzrunvelyofilia sajaro rees-
tris Canawerebis sisworisa da sisrulis prezumfciiT. amdenad, gansaxilveli normis
Tanaxmad, keTilsindisieri SemZenis ufleba sakuTrebaze warmoiSoba ara imitom, rom
18
WeWelaSvili z., sanivTo samarTali, Tb., 2009, 189.
19
iqve,190.
20
21
iqve.
64
arauflebamosili gamsxvisebeli registraciis faqtiT gaxda sajaro reestrSi regis-

trirebuli uZravi qonebis mesakuTre, aramed imitom, rom samoqalaqo brunvis inte-
resebis dacvis mizniT, kanoni gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs garegnulad aR-
Tqmad faqtebs, romlis mimarT arsebobs dasabuTebuli ndoba. konkretul SemTxvevaSi
am faqtebs ganekuTvneba sajaro reestrSi uflebis registracia.22 sajaro reestris
monacemTa utyuarobisa da sizustis prezumfcia mniSvnelovani garantiaa samoqalaqo
brunvaSi damkvidrebuli ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principis dacvisaTvis. igi
xels uwyobs samoqalaqo brunvis stabilurobas.23
sajaroobis formaluri principi gulisxmobs saadgilmamulo wignis Riaobas ga-
sacnobad samarTlebrivi brunvis monawileebisaTvis.24 saadgilmamulo wignis warmo-
ebaSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi principi sajaroobis principia, romlis arsia is, rom miwis
nakveTze sakuTreba, aseve uZrav nivTebze sakuTreba maSin aris aRiarebuli, Tuki igi
konkretuli piris saxelze registrirebulia reestrSi, amasTan, registracia emsaxu-
reba marTlwesrigis uzrunvelyofasac.25
formaluri principia is, rom saadgilmamulo wignis, sajaro reestris Canawe-
rebi Riaa nebismieri dainteresebuli pirisaTvis.26 ssk-Si miTiTebulia, rom sajaro
reestris warmoebisa da xelmisawvdomobis wesebi da pirobebi ganisazRvreba kanoniT.
Sesabamisad, `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ kanonis mixedviT, sajaro reestrSi registri-
rebuli monacemebi da maregistrirebel organoSi daculi dokumentacia aris sajaro
da xelmisawvdomia gasacnobad nebismieri pirisaTvis. Tumca arsebobs am wesidan gamo-
naklisi, vinaidan `zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi~ aseve iTvaliswinebs informaci-
ebis dacvis saidumloebis sakiTxebs da swored aseT gamonaklisebze miuTiTebs zemoT
aRniSnuli kanoni.27
sajarooba warmoiSva ara Teoriuli aucileblobiT, aramed realobiT, arsebuli
praqtikis Sedegad, kerZod, im SemTxvevebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, rodesac erTi da
imave uZravi nivTis gayidva xdeboda ramdenjerme erTdroulad sxvadasxva pirze.28 sa-
jaro xelmisawvdomoba gvevlineba erT-erT aucilebel pirobad, romelic uzrunvel-
yofs rogorc registraciis sandoobas, aseve sazogadoebis kontrols daregistrire-
buli monacemebis namdvilobasTan dakavSirebiT.29 sajaroobis proncipi aris is ZiriTa-
di principi, romlis safuZvelzec samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi brunvis monawiles unar-
22
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo palatis 2011 wlis 31 ianvris gadawyve-
tileba №as-465-435-2010.
23
ganCineba №3k-932-02, 9 dekemberi, 2002 ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos didi pa-
latis gadawyvetilebebSi gamoyenebul normaTa ganmartebani, Tb., 2009. ganmartebis sa-
gani reestris monacemTa utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfcia.
24
Schöner H., Stüber K., Grundbuchrecht, Band 4, Handbuch der Rechtspraxis, Verlag-C-H Beck, Mün., 15.
Aufl., 22.
25
Das Grundbuch, DStR 1991, 284, <http://beck-online.beck.de/>.
26
Grundbuchordnung[1], In der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 26., Mai 1994[2], §17, <http://beck-online.
beck.de/>.
27
`sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-5 I muxli.
28
Емильянова Е., Правовые проблемы государственной регистрации прав на недвижимое имущество и
сделок сним, С., 2003, 14.
29
Лазаревский А. (ред.), Системы регистрации прав на недвижимое имущество. Опыт зарубежных стран,
М., 2000, 12.
65
Cundeba simSvide, vinaidan `reestris sajarooba brunvis monawiles uadvilebs, sruli

informacia miiRos Tavisi partnioris uflebaTa namdvili mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.~30
saadgilmamulo wignis gacnoba SeuZlia nebismier dainteresebul pirs.31 interesi
unda iyos gonivruli da gamarTlebuli. cnobismoyvareoba, arakompetenturi an arake-
Tilsindisieri miznebi unda gamoiricxos.32 germanul samarTalSi `sajaroobis~ prin-
cipi da `saimedoobis~ principi gaerTianda da Sedegad Camoyalibda saadgilmamulo
wignis sajaroobis ndobis principi, rac niSnavs, rom saadgilmamulo wignis Sinaarsi
kanonierad aris aRiarebuli yvelasaTvis, vinc moipova miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba.33 sa-
adgilmamulo wignis Sesavals `kanonierebis dasawyissac~ uwodeben.34 sajaroobis prin-
cipi gulisxmobs, rom nebismieri aqti, romelsac aqvs sanivTosamarTlebrivi xasiaTi
(sakuTrebis uflebis gadacema, servitutis dadgena, ipoTeka da a. S.), unda iyos saad-
gilmamulo wignSi Cawerili da am momentidan iZens iuridiul Zalas mesame pirebisaTvis.
rogorc aRiniSna, es principi gamoixateba saadgilmamulo wignisadmi sajaro ndo-
baSi, misi sisworis prezumfciaSi. amis Tanaxmad, miwis yoveli garigeba Seitaneba saad-
gilmamulo wignSi da amiT cnobili xdeba sazogadoebisaTvis TiToeuli miwis nakveTis
bedi (§§891, 892, 893, 894); uZrav nivTebze sanivTo uflebebi namdvilad SesamCnevia yo-
veli dainteresebuli pirisaTvis da Tu vinmes ainteresebs Seamowmos vinmes sakuTreba
uZrav nivTze, SeuZlia Caixedos sajaro reestris monacemebSi da iqidan miiRos misTvis
saintereso informacia.35
5. uflebaTa amomwuravi CamonaTvalis principi
uflebaTa amomwuravi CamonaTvalis principi gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs imdeni

sanivTo ufleba, ramdenic gawerilia kanonSi36 (numerus clausus), anu sanivTo uflebaTa
wre kanoniT amomwuravadaa CamoTvlili. arsebobs imdeni sanivTo ufleba, ramdenic ka-
noniTaa aRiarebuli. esenia: sakuTreba, aRnagoba, servituti, uzufruqti, giravnoba,
ipoTeka.37 es principi uZravi nivTebis principebs ganekuTvneba, Tumca amave dros sa-
jaro reestrSio registraciis principad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
30
zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, Tb., 2003, 365.
31
Böhringer Rpfleger 1987, 181; Böhringer Rpfleger 1989, 309; Franz NJW 1999, 406; Melchers Rpfleger
1993, 309; Schmidt-Räntsch VIZ 1993, 432, 433; Schreiner Rpfleger 1980, 51. Vgl. RdNr. 14, 22, gamoyene-
bulia naSromSi: Säcker F., J., Rixecker R., Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gezetzbuch, 2009,
5. Aufl., Rdnr. 21-23, <http://beck-online.beck.de/>.
32
KGJ 20 A 173, 175; Meikel/Böttcher § 12 GBO RdNr. 4 ff, gamoyenebulia naSromSi: Säcker F., J.,
Rixecker R., Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gezetzbuch, 2009, 5. Aufl., Rdnr. 21-23,<http://beck-
online.beck.de/>.
33
Емильянова Е., Правовые проблемы государственной регистрации прав на недвижимое имущество и
сделок сним, С., 2003, 12-13.
34
Шершеневич Г., Учебник русского гражданского права (по изд., 1907), М., 1995, 149; miTiTebulia
naSromSi: Емильянова Е., Правовые проблемы государственной регистрации прав на недвижимое
имущество и сделок сним, С., 2003, 12-13.
35
36
Wilhelm J., Sachenrecht, 2. Aufl., 2002, Rdnr. 10; Wolf M., Sachenrecht, 2. Aufl., 2005, Rdnr. 22f.; Vieweg K.,
Werner A., Sachenrecht, 2. Aufl., Köln-Berlin-Bonn-Mün., 2005, 4.
37
66
ùrTierTobis monawileebs SeuZliaT nivTze batonobis mxolod is formebi (uf-

lebebi) gamoiyenon, romlebic dadgenilia kanoniT~.38 arsebobs, erTi mxriv, sanivTo
uflebebis kanoniT gansazRvruli tipebis amomwuravi CamonaTvali (tipis iZuleba da
tipis SezRudva)39 da, meore mxriv, am uflebebis Sinaarsis kanoniT gansazRvruloba.40
modificirebuli uflebebis Sinaarsobrivi gaformeba dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebul farglebSi (tipis fiqsacia).41
saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ kanoni iTvaliswinebs regis-
traciis savaldebulobis am wesidan gamonakliss. kerZod, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu garigebis
monawile erTi mxare kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piria da garigeba dadebulia erT
welze meti vadiT, maSin ijaris, qveijaris, qiravnobis, qveqiravnobis, Txovebis, lizin-
gis da uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli valdebulebebi eqvemdeba-
reba savaldebulo registracias.42
TiToeuli sanivTo uflebis saxe zustad ganisazRvreba kanoniT da mxolod kano-
niT gaTvaliswinebul farglebSi eqvemdebareba individis nebis safuZvelze gansazR-
vras. Sesabamisad, urTierTobis mxareebi ver daadgenen kanonisagan gansxvavebul sa-
nivTo uflebebs.43
sasamarTloebis mxridan iyo mcdeloba am amomwurav sanivTo uflebebSi koreq-
tirebis Setanisa, kerZod kidev ori sanivTo iuridiuli uflebis damateba. esenia: fi-
duciuri sakuTrebis uflebis gadacema da samomavlo uflebis miRebis moTxovnis uf-
leba. vinaidan es iniciativa sasamarTloebidan momdinareobda da ara xelSekrulebis
gaformebis Tavisuflebidan, Sesabamisad Numerus clauses principi ar iqna Secvlili.44
6. gansazRvrulobis (specialurobis principi)
gansazRvrulobis principis Tanaxmad, miwis nakveTi, romelzec dgindeba samar-

Tlebrivi ufleba, aseve im piris vinaoba, romlis uflebac registrirdeba, da dasare-
gistrirebeli uflebis Sinaarsi unda iyos gansazRvruli utyuarad da srulad (utyu-
aroba da sisrule).45
am principis Tanaxmad, sanivTo uflebebi mxolod calkeul nivTebze arsebobs. es
niSnavs, rom garigebebi SeiZleba mxolod individualurad gansazRvrul nivTebs Se-
38
Wanturia l., uZravi nivTebis sakuTreba, Tb., 2001, 167.
39
Staudiger A.,Seiler Ch., Einladung zum Sachenrecht, Rdnr.38; Schwab K.H., Prütting H., Sachenrecht, 32.
Aufl., 2005. Rdnr. 17, miTiTebulia naSromSi: Vieweg K., Werner A., Sachenrecht, 2. Aufl., Köln-Berlin-
Bonn-Mün., 2005, 4.
40
Bauer J.F., Stürner R., Sachenrecht, 17. aufl., 1999, §1, Rdnr.7, miTiTebulia naSromSi: Vieweg K., Wer-
ner A., Sachenrecht, 2. Aufl., Köln-Berlin-Bonn-Mün., 2005, 4.
41
Schöner H., Stüber K., Grundbuchrecht, B. 4, Handbuch der Rechtspraxis, Verlag-C-H, Beck, Mün., 15. Aufl.,
2012, 19.
42
`sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniis me-11 muxli.
43
Erp S.V., Comparative Property Law, in: Reimann M., Zimmermann R., (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Com-
parative Law, 2006, 1053, miTiTebulia naSromSi: kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzoga-
44
Vieweg K.,Werner A., Sachenrecht, 2. Aufl., Köln-Berlin-Bonn-Mün., 2005, 4.
45
Schöner H., Stüber K., Grundbuchrecht, Band 4, Handbuch der Rechtspraxis, Verlag-C-H, Beck, Mün., 15.
Aufl., 2012, 18.
67
exebods, rac gvareobiT gansazRvrul nivTebze sanivTo garigebebis arsebobas gamo-

ricxavs~.46
germaniis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, saadgilmamulo wigni dawyobilia garkveu-
li miwis nakveTebis mixedviT. TiToeulisaTvis saadgilmamulo wignSi gamoyofilia
calkeuli `furceli~, romelic Sedgeba ramdenime gverdisagan da dayofilia xuT na-
wilad: satitulo furceli; sainventaro Canaweri da sami ganyofileba: ganyofileba I;
ganyofileba II; ganyofileba III.
satitulo furceli emsaxureba miwis nakveTis samarTlebriv identifikacias.47
`sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, uZrav nivTebze uflebaTa
reestrSi registrirebuli uflebis monacemebis garda aseve Seitaneba uflebis subi-
eqtisa da obieqtis saidentifikacio monacemebi, maT Soris, uZravi nivTis sakadastro
monacemebi (me-11 II muxli).
dReisaTvis kontinenturi evropis bevr qveyanas aqvs rogorc Tanamedrove srul-
yofili umaRlesi xarisxis kadastri, aseve imave miwis nakveTebis safuZvelze titule-
bis registracia – magaliTad, germanias, avstriasa da Sveicarias, im dros, rodesac
evropuli xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebs da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebs safuZvlad aqvT
kadastri, romlebic ar aris sruli an ganaxlebuli, da, principSi, aqvT ufro dabali
iuridiuli Zalis garigebebis registraciis sistemebi.48
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi arsebobs uZravi nivTebis obieqtebze Canawerebis gansxavebu-
li sistema, magram umravlesoba ar aris srulyofili. zogierTi qveynis sistema mxolod
nawils moicavs, zogierTi cudad iwarmoeba, zogierTi dabali xarisxisaa, zogierTs ar
aqvs sakmarisi iuridiuli Zala. amitom bevr qveyanaSi, maT Soris aRmosavleT evropaSi
da zogierT ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, ganixileba am sistemebis gaumjobesebis variantebi.
TumcaRa amisaTvis saWiroa mniSvnelovani fondebi da resursebi. vidre maTi reformi-
reba daiwyeba, manamde kargad unda iqnes Seswavlili da SemuSavebuli meTodebi.49
saregistracio sistemis gaumjobesebisaTvis aucilebelia rac SeiZleba marti-
vi meTodebis SemuSaveba. Tuki arsebobs gansazRvruli sizustis mqone Canawerebi da
rukebi, yvelaze kargi gamosavalia maTi Tanmimdevruli gaumjobeseba, magaliTad, ro-
gorc es ganxorcielda SvedeTSi. Tuki saWiroa zogadad gadaxedva, an Zveli monace-
mebi ar arseboben, maSin umjobesia sistematizebulad ganxorcieldes gaumjobeseba,
umjobesia, Tuki erTmaneTis miyolebiT Tanmimdevrulad ganxorcieldeba TiToeuli
raioni.50
garda zemoaRniSnulisa, saqarTvelos kanoni `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ iTva-
liswinebs registraciis zogad principebs, romelSic moiazreba, Tu rogor warmoebs
registracia, kerZod, rogorc uSualod saregistracio Tu sxva dokumentebis, agreT-
ve am dokumentaciis saTanado wesiT Seqmnili eleqtronuli aslebis safuZvelze, aseve
46
Schwab H. K., Sachenreht, Aufl. 22, 6, miTiTebulia naSromSi: Wanturia l., uZravi nivTebis
sakuTreba, Tb., 2001, 167-168.
47
М., 2000, 19.
48
Ларсон Г., Системы информации о земле и недвижимом имуществе, Королевский Технический Инсти-
тут, Стокгольм, 2003, <http://www.geo-garant.ru/cgi-bin/content.pl?p=50&nid=17>.
49
iqve.
50
iqve.
68
registraciaSi gatarebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis wardgenis wessa da amonaweris da saka-

dastro gegmis gacemis aucileblobas.51 es naklebad SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT uSualod
registraciis zogad principebs. aRniSnuli registraciis ganxorcielebis procedu-
ris principad ufro SeiZleba CaiTvalis. es norma uSualod dasaregistirirebeli ma-
salis wardgenis wessa da registraciis ganxorcielebis Semdeg dokumentebis gacemis
wess moiazrebs.
uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobisaTvis ssk gansazRvrul winapiro-
bebs awesebs. amisaTvis savaldebuloa garigebis dadeba werilobiTi formiT da SemZen-
ze am garigebiT gansazRvruli sakuTrebis uflebis registracia sajaro reestrSi.52 am
principis Sesabamisad, sanivTo uflebaTa mflobeli, am uflebaTa sagani da Sinaarsi,
aseve, erT obieqtze ramdenime uflebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, am uflebaTa rangi zus-
tad unda iyos gansazRvruli da mesame pirTaTvis naTlad gasagebi.53
7. abstraqciis principi
abstraqciis principi germanul samarTalSi moqmedebs. am principis safuZvelze

sanivTosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi damoukidebelia sanivTosamarTlebrivi samiwo
garigebebis miznebisa da mdgomareobisagan;54 germaniis samarTlis mixedviT, mavalde-
buli da `gankargvis~55 garigebebi erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad, àbstraqtulad~
ganixileba. `gamijvnis principi aRiarebulia germaniis samarTalSic, Tumca uari iT-
qva `kauzas~56 aucileblobaze da Camoyalibda abstraqciis principi. mavaldebulebeli
garigebis baTiloba gavlenas ar axdens gankargvis garigebis namdvilobaze.57 amasTan,
am ukanasknelSi moiazreba sanivTo uflebis nebismieri saxecvlileba, anu: warmoSoba,
Secvla, Sewyveta.58 `moZrav nivTebze sakuTreba gadadis SemZenze sanivTo xelSekrule-
bis (Tanxmobis) da nivTis gadacemis meSveobiT. miwis nakveTze sakuTreba ki – sanivTo
xelSekrulebis (daTmobis) safuZvelze da saadgilmamulo wignSi SemZenis registra-
ciiT~.59 `saqarTveloSi, kontinenturi evropis araerTi sxva samarTlebrivi wesrigis
51
52
ssk-is 183-e muxli.
53
54
iqve, 168.
55
`Verfügung~ miTiTebulia naSromSi: kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemu-
ri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 218.
56
`causa~, miTiTebulia naSromSi: kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri
cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 218.
57
am zogadi wesidan (sanivTo uflebis warmoSobis valdebulebiT uflebaze damokide-
bulobis Ses.) germanul samarTalSi gamonaklisebic arsebobs (giravnoba, ipoTeka, wi-
naswari Canaweri), ix. Wolf M., Beständigkeit und Wandell im Sachenrecht, NJW, 1987, 2647, 2651,
miTiTebulia naSromSi: kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi,
Tb., 2009, 218.
58
Palandt/Heinrichs/Ellenberger, BGB, 2008, Überblick vor §104, RdNr. 19 ff., Palandt/Bassenge, BGB, 2008,
Einleitung vor § 854, RsNr. 10, 13; Larenz/Wolf, AT des Bürgerlichen Rechts, 2004, § 23, RdNr. 63 ff., 78 ff.,
miTiTebulia naSromSi: kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi,
Tb., 2009, 219.
59
Wanturia l., uZravi nivTebis sakuTreba, Tb., 2001, 164-165.
69
(magaliTad, niderlandebisa60 da avstriis61) msgavsad, moqmedebs kauzaluri sistema.

Sesabamisad, imijneba uflebis gadacemis safuZveli (`kauza~) da nivTis gadacema Tu sa-
nivTo garigeba.62 kauzaluri sistemas pirobebSi sanivTo garigebis namdviloba uSua-
lod aris damokidebuli misi safuZvlis namdvilobaze.63
abstraqciis principi aRiarebulia rogorc mecnierebaSi, aseve sasamarTlo
praqtikaSi. Tanamedrove germanuli samarTlis mixedviT, sakuTrebis SesaZenad ar kma-
ra mxolod valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi xelSekrulebis dadeba, aramed aucilebelia
sanivTo xelSekrulebac, rac gulisxmobs mxareTa SeTanxmebas, gadascen nivTi. ZiriTa-
di xelSekrulebis baTilad aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi sanivTo xelSekrulebis ZaliT mesa-
kuTred rCeba nivTis SemZeni. yofili mesakuTre moiTxovs nivTis ukan dabrunebas ara
vindikaciis sanivTo uflebis safuZvelze, aramed usafuZvlo gamdidrebiT miRebuli
qonebis vindikaciis valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi moTxovnis safuZvelze.64
8. sagnobrivi Semowmebis principi (legalitetis principi)
sanivTo uflebis Sesaxeb samarTlebrivi garigebis Sinaarsi unda iyos naTlad

da konkretulad gansazRvruli, ise rom mesame pirs, yovelgvari sxva wyaros gareSe,
SeeZlos garkveva, Tu ra sanivTo uflebis matarebelia konkretuli nivTi da masTan
dakavSirebuli ra saxis samarTlebrivi cvlileba xorcieldeba.65 es am principis mate-
rialuri gagebaa.
formaluri gagebiT, es principi moqmedebs mxolod saadgilmamulo samarTlis
(uflebebis registraciis) SemTxvevaSi da niSnavs am procesis mwarmoebeli moxelis
mier Canaweris gakeTebis procesSi formaluri kanonierebis Semowmebas.66 es principi
vrceldeba saqarTvelos saregistracio sistemazec.
60
niderlandebis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 3:84-e I muxli: `Voor overdracht van een goed wordt vereist
een levering krachtens geldige titel, verricht door hem die bevoegd is over het goed te beschikken.~ miTiTe-
bulia naSromSi: kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009,
217.
61
avstriis zogadi samoqalaqo kodeqsis 380-e paragrafi (Òhne Titel und ohne rechtliche Erwer-
bungsakt kann kein Eigentum erlangt werden~), aseve: Eccher in: Koziol/Bydlinski/Bollenberger, ABGB-Kom-
mentar, 2007, § 380, RdNr. 1 ff; Koziol/Welser/Kletečka, Bürgerliches Recht I, 2006, 310f. miTiTebulia
naSromSi: kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 217.
62
Drobnig, Transfer of Property, wignSi: Hartkamp A.S., Hesselink M., Hondius E.H., du Perron E., Joustra
C., Veldman M.(eds.), Towards a European Civil Code, 2004, 734 et seq., miTiTebulia naSromSi: kere-
seliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 218.
63
qarTuli samarTlis arCevanTan dakavSirebiT ix. danelia e., gamijvnis principi Cuqe-
bis xelSekrulebis magaliTze, `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~ (specialuri gamocema),
2008, 42 da Semdgomni, miTiTebulia naSromSi: kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogade-
si sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 218.
64
65
BGHZ 21, 52 (56)=NJW 1956,1356; Wolf M., Sachenrecht, 21. Aufl. 2005, Rdnr. 26ff, miTiTebulia naS-
romSi: Vieweg/Werner, Sachenrecht, 2. Aufl., Köln-Berlin-Bonn-Mün., 2005, 4.
66
Schöner H., Stüber K., Grundbuchrecht, Band 4, Handbuch der Rechtspraxis, Verlag-C-H, Beck, Mün., 15
Aufl., 2012, Rdnr. 20.
70
9. upiratesobis (prioritetulobis) principi
prioritetulobis materialuri principis Tanaxmad, uZrav nivTebze uflebaTa

rigiToba ganisazRvreba saadgilmamulo wignSi registraciis Tanmimdevrobis mixed-
viT (gsk §879).67
formaluri principis Tanaxmad, vinc ufro adre waradgina ufleba dasaregis-
trireblad, mas garantiebis ufro maRali xarisxi aqvs.68
qarTuli kanonmdeblobiT, Tuki saregistracio obieqtze moTxovnilia ramde-
nime erTi da imave Sinaarsis uflebis registracia, romlebic ar gamoricxaven erTma-
neTs, maSin am uflebaTa registraciis rigiToba ganisazRvreba maTi saregistraciod
wardgenis drois Sesabamisad.69 am sakiTxs samarTlebrivi konfliqtis warmoSobis Sem-
TxvevaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba.
materialuri upiratesobis principis Tanaxmad, ramdenime uflebis arsebobisas,
romliTac datvirTulia miwis nakveTi, rigiToba ganisazRvreba registraciis mimdev-
robis mixedviT, Tu uflebebi registrirebulia saadgilmamulo reestris erTsa da
imave ganyofilebaSi. Tu uflebebi registrirebulia sxvadaxva ganyofilebaSi, maSin
upiratesoba eniWeba im uflebas, romelic registrirebulia ufro adrindeli Tari-
RiT; erTsa da imave dRes registrirebul uflebebs aqvs Tanabari rigi. gsk iTvalis-
winebs aseve mxareebis SeTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi rigiTobis sxvadasxva wesis dadgenas,
magram imisaTvis, rom am wess iuridiuli Zala hqondes, saWiroa am gansxvavebuli wesis
saadgilmamulo reestrSi registracia.70 aRsaniSnavia, rom upiratesoba eniWeba adre
daregistrirebul uflebas.
formaluri principis Tanaxmad, saregistracio organoSi upiratesoba im pirs
eniWeba, romelic ufro adre Seitans gancxadebas registraciis moTxovnis Taobaze.71
espaneTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT, uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis ufleba eni-
Weba im myidvels, romelmac pirvelma daaregistrira Tavisi ufleba sajaro reestrSi.72
erT uZrav obieqtTan dakavSirebiT or sanivTo uflebas Soris pretenziisas upirate-
soba eniWeba imas, romelic ufro adre iyo daregistrirebuli saadgilmamulo wignSi.
10. registraciis principi
registraciis materialuri principis mixedviT, uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebisa da

sxva sanivTo uflebebis warmoSoba, Secvla, Sewyveta eqvemdebareba sajaro reestrSi
registracias da amis Semdeg warmoiSoba es uflebebi. sajaro reestrSi registraci-
67
Schöner H., Stüber K., Grundbuchrecht, Band 4, Handbuch der Rechtspraxis, Verlag-C-H, Beck, Mün., 15
Aufl., 2012, Rdnr. 21.
68
iqve.
69
`sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-13 II muxli.
70
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Verkündungsstand: 23.01.2013, § 879, <http://beck-online.beck.de/>.
71
Schöner H., Stüber K., Grundbuchrecht, Band 4, Handbuch der Rechtspraxis, Verlag-C-H, Beck, Mün., 15.
Aufl., 2012, Rdnr. 21, <http://beck-online.beck.de/>.
72
М., 2000, 18.
71
iT wamoiSoba aseve SezRuduli sanivTo uflebebi – aRnagoba, uzufruqti, servituti,

aseve moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis saSualeba – ipoTeka da registrirebuli giravnoba.73
saadgilmamulo wignebSi aRiricxeba informacia uZravi nivTebis obieqtebis sa-
marTlebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. am miznis misaRwevad dadgenili wesis mixedviT,
uZrav nivTTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri aqti, romelsac Sedegad mohyveba uZrav niv-
Tebze uflebebis gadacema (sakuTrebis uflebis gadacema, ipoTekis an servitutis
dadgena da a. S.), unda iyos Setanili saadgilmamulo wignSi, mxolod amis Semdeg iZenen
iuridiul Zalas mesame pirebisaTvis.74
amasTan, registraciis dros unda iyos daculi is formaluri winapirobebi, rac
aucilebelia uZravi nivTis sajaro reestrSi dasaregistrireblad.75 kanoni avalde-
bulebs urTierTobis monawileebs, rom miwis nakveTTan dakavSirebuli yvela saniv-
To ufleba Seitanon saadgilmamulo wignSi;76 reestris monacemebis mimarT moqmedebs
utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfcia, reestris monacemebi iTvleba sworad, vidre ar
damtkicdeba maTi uzustoba.77
11. SeTanxmebis (konsensusis) principi
sanivTo uflebis gadacema materialuri konsensusis principis Tanaxmad xdeba.

uflebis gadacemisaTvis, registraciis garda, aucilebelia SeTanxmeba. gsk-is §873
iTvaliswinebs, rom miwis nakveTze sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemisaTvis, misi uflebiT
datvirTvisaTvis, aseve aseTi uflebis gadacemisa Tu uflebrivi datvirTvisaTvis sa-
Wiroa uflebamosili pirisa da meore mxaris SeTanxmeba uflebrivi cvlilebis Sesaxeb
da misi registracia saadgilmamulo reestrSi.78 es principi, upirveles yovlisa, gana-
saxierebs mxareTa kerZo avtonomiurobas.79
formaluri SeTanxmebis principis (Tanxmobis safuZveli) Tanaxmad, saadgilma-
mulo wignSi registraciisaTvis sakmarisia erTi mxaris Tanxmoba. materialursamar-
Tlebrivi nebis gamovlena da SeTanxmeba saWiroa iuridiuli uflebis SecvlisaTvis,
xolo Semdeg es SeTanxmeba erT-erTi mxaris mier waredgineba saadgilmamulo samsa-
xurs, sajaro reestrs.80 saqarTveloSi, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki notariusis meSveobiT da-
73
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, ise-
Ti uflebebi, rogorebicaa uZravi nivTebis qiravnoba, qveqiravnoba, ijara, qveijara,
Txoveba, lizingi, sajaro samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli sargeblobasa da mflo-
belobasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi, uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebasTan da-
kavSirebuli valdebulebebi, Tuki am garigebebSi monawileobs kerZo samarTlis iu-
ridiuli piri da garigebebi erT welze meti vadiT aris dadebuli, savaldebuloa am
uflebebis sajaro reestrSi registracia.
74
М., 2000, 16.
75
76
77
ssk-is 312-e I muxli; ix. zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, Tb., 2003, 7.
78
WeWelaSvili z. (mTarg.da red.), germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (2010 wlis 1 martis mdgo-
mareobiT), §873-1, Tb., 2010, 183.
79
80
Schöner H., Stüber K., Grundbuchrecht, Band 4, Handbuch der Rechtspraxis, Verlag-C-H, Beck, München, 15
Aufl., 2012, Rdnr. 15.
72
ido garigeba, registraciisaTvis sakmarisia erTi mxaris mier wardgenili gancxadeba,

magram Tuki sajaro reestris meSveobiT ideba garigeba, rasac iTvaliswinebs ssk, maSin
aucilebelia, gancxadeba garigebis monawile mxareebis mier iqnes wardgenili.
dasasrul, unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebisa da
sxva sanivTo uflebebis warmoSobisaTvis savaldebuloa am uflebebis sajaro rees-
trSi registracia da, Sesabamisad, moqmedebs registraciis principi.
12. saadgilmamulo wignis Canawerisadmi sandoobis principi
sajaro reestris sandoobis principi yvela saregistracio sistemisaTvis da-

maxasiaTebeli umTavresi principia, vinaidan keTilsindisieri SemZenisaTvis yvela
regstrirebuli monacemi iTvleba sworad, vidre ar damtkicdeba maTi uzustoba. es
niSnavs im pirTa upiratesobas, romelTa uflebebic Setanilia sajaro reestrSi. aRi-
arebuli principebis mimarT ndoba niSnavs, rom sajaro reestris warmoebisas saxel-
mwifos Tavis xelSi aqvs aRebuli Canawerebis Setanis warmoeba da uzrunvelyofs maT
saimedoobas.81 sajaro reestris sandoobis varaudi gulisxmobs rogorc mis SemZenze
uflebis registraciis siswores, ise am uflebis adrindel mflobelze registraciis
siswores.82
zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, saregistracio Canawerebi iTvleba sworad. ssk-s 312-e
muxlis I punqtis mixedviT, `reestris Canawerebi iTvleba sworad, vidre ar damtkic-
deba maTi uzustoba~, rasac, qarTuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, reestris monacemTa
utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfcia ewodeba. amave muxlis meore punqtis Tanaxmad,
ìm piris sasargeblod, romelic garigebis safuZvelze sxva pirisagan iZens romelime
uflebas da es ufleba gamsxviseblis saxelze iyo reestrSi registrirebuli, reestris
Canaweri iTvleba sworad, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca am Canaweris sawinaaRmdegod
Setanilia saCivari, an SemZenma icoda, rom Canaweri uzustoa~.83 igive wesi moqmedebs
saadgilmamulo wignebis mimarT, magram, saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebiT, am princips
sandoobis principi ewodeba, Tumca SinaarsiT igivea, rac qarTuli kanonmdeblobis mi-
xedviT reestris monacemTa utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfcia. `germaniis samoqa-
laqo debulebebis mixedviTac, Tuki saadgilmamulo wignSi Setanilia vinmes ufleba,
iTvleba, rom es ufleba arsebobs~.84
sajaro reestris monacemTa utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfcia samoqalaqo
brunvaSi damkvidrebuli ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principis kidev erTi mniSvne-
lovani gamovlinebaa. es samarTlebrivi fiqcia seriozuli garantiaa keTilsindisieri
partnioris uflebis dacvisaTvis.85 es aris saxelmwifos seriozuli pasuxismgebloba
81
М., 2000, 12.
82
83
84
М., 2000, 16.
85
axvlediani z., zoiZe b., xecuriani j., Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
komentari, II, Tb., 1999, 325.
73
brunvis monawileTa mimarT. Tumca, es principi ar aris saswaulmoqmedi da SesaZlebe-

lia, rom sruliad ver uzrunvelyofdes mesakuTreTa interesebis dacvas.86
SvedeTSi reestris monacemTa utyuaroba garantirebulia saxelmwifos mier,
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom arazusti Canaweris Sedegad pirisaTvis zianis miyenebis
SemTxvevaSi garantirebulia kompensacia.87 is, vinc reestrSi aregistrirebs Tavis uf-
lebas, aRar aris valdebuli daamtkicos, rom Canaweri sworia. mtkicebis mTeli simZime
awveba im pirs, vinc cdilobs daregistrirebuli uflebis uaryofas.88
keTilsindisieri SemZenis interesebidan gamomdinare, yvela Canaweri iTvleba
sworad. saimedoobis principi niSnavs im pirebis upiratesobas, visi uflebebic Seta-
nilia sajaro reestrSi – saadgilmamulo wignSi, im pirebisadmi, visi uflebac (Tundac
ufro adre SeZenli) ar aris daregistrirebuli reestrSi. reestrSi Setanili ufleba
ar saWiroebs mtkicebulebebs.89
13. ZiriTadi wignisa da miwis kadastris kavSiris principi
esaa miwis Sesaxeb Canawerebis erToblioba, romelic Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: ru-
kebisa da gegmebisagan, romlebic aCvenebs zomebs, da miwis nakveTebis adgilmdebareo-
bisagan, Tavisi teqsturi CanawerebiT, romlebic aRweren miwis nakveTebis Tvisebebs.90
arsebobs sakmaod farTod gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, rom obieq-
tis formireba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli masze arsebul oficialurad aRiarebul
uflebebze, da manamde, sanam vinme ar ganacxadebs Tavisi uflebebis Sesaxeb am obieq-
tebze, aravis aqvs ufleba es sazRvrebi daadginos. magram es Sexeduleba arasworia.
nebismieri uZravi obieqti warmoadgens ganuyofel molekulas, romelic qalaqis mmar-
Tvelobis doneze danaxul unda iqnes calke nivTad, miuxedavad masTan dakavSirebuli
samarTlebrivi koliziisa. SesaZlebelia obieqtze uflebebi saerTod ar iyos, mag., ad-
rindeli mesakuTre gardaicvala da memkvidreebs jer kidev ar gauformebiaT, magram
uZravi nivTis arsebobis uaryofa araswori iqneba. sxva sityvebiT, obieqtis mdgomare-
oba ar aris damokidebuli uflebebis xasiaTze, raime samarTlebriv pretenziebze an
sxva subieqtur valdebulebebze.91
miwis marTvis kargi sistema garantias iZleva kerZo sakuTrebis dacvisaTvis, ase-
ve xels uwyobs miwis dabegvris gamarTuli sistemis arsebobas da a. S.
86
zoiZe b., kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005, 261.
87
lazaraSvili l., uZravi nivTebis registraciis Sveduri sistema, Jurn. àdamiani da kon-
stitucia~, №2, 2001, 44.
88
М., 2000, 16.
89
iqve, 9.
90
Управление земельными ресурсами в Европе, Организация Объеденных Нации, Нью-Йорк-Женева,
2005, 30.
91
Никонов П., Журавский Н., Недвижимость, кадастр и мировые системы регистрации прав на недвижи-
мое имущество, Аналитический обзор, Санкт- Петербург, 2006,3.
74
14. uflebaTa rigiTobis principi
am principis Tanaxmad, saadgilmamulo wignSi registrirebul miwis nakveTze ar-

sebuli uflebebi, maTi samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis Sesabamisad, gansazRvruli rigiT
aris ganlagebuli. uflebaTa am sistemaSi pirvel adgilze dgas sakuTrebis ufleba.92
15. absoluturobis principi
saqarTveloSi sajaro reestrSi ZiriTadad sanivTo uflebebi registrirdeba,

amdenad, mizanSewonilia aseve sanivTo uflebis absoluturobisa da numerous klausus
principebis ganxilvac.93
àbsoluturi urTierToba myardeba samarTlis normatiuli nebis safuZvelze~.94
`yvela sanivTo ufleba absoluturia da yvela maTgani qonebaze individis Zalaufle-
bis, batonobis formis gamomxatvelia~.95 yoveli sanivTo ufleba ganixileba, rogorc
nivTze (miwis nakveTze) piris batonobis ufleba, romelic aRiarebulia da daculia
yvelas mier;96 unda gamoikveTos sakuTreba, romelic qonebaze `sruli batonobis~ ga-
momxatveli absoluturi uflebaa.97 àbsolturi uflebis matareblis winaSea yvela
piri, rogorc valdebuli piri~.98 absoluturi ufleba anu `sanivTo ufleba~ mimarTu-
lia da, misgan gamomdinare, `sanivTo moTxovna~ ganxorcielebadia nebismieri piris mi-
marT.99
16. numerus klausus-s principi
urTierTobis monawileebs SeuZliaT nivTze batonobis mxolod is formebi gamo-

iyenon, romlebic dadgenilia kanoniT;100 àrsebobs imdeni sanivTo ufleba, ramdenic
kanoniTaa aRiarebuli. esenia: sakuTreba, aRnagoba, servituti, uzufruqti, giravno-
ba, ipoTeka.101 TiTeuli sanivTo uflebis saxe zustad ganisazRvreba kanoniT,102 da mxo-
92
93
am wesidan gamonaklisis Sesaxeb ixileT qonebrivi uflebebis nawilSi.
94
95
Gierke O.F., Deutsches Pruvatrecht, Band II, 1905, 1, miTiTebulia naSromSi: kereseliZe d., kerZo
samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 217.
96
97
Puchta G.F., Pandekten, 1877, §141, 210 f., §144, 216f., miTiTebulia naSromSi: kereseliZe d.,
kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 220.
98
99
Coing H., Europäisches Privatrecht II, 19. Jahrhundert, 1985, § 64 II, 368, miTiTebulia naSromSi: ke-
reseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 217.
100
101
102
`numerus clausus~-is principi. Sead. am principis mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT: Merrill T.
W., Smith H.E., Optimal Standardization in the Law of Property: The Numerus Clausus Principle, Yale Law
Journal, 2000-2001 (110), 1, 6 et seq.; aseve am statiaze gamoxmaureba: Hansmann H., Kraakman R.,
Property, Contract, and Verification: The Numerus Clausus Problem and the Divisibility of Rights, Journal of
75
lod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul farglebSi eqvemdebareba individis nebis gamovlenis

safuZvelze gansazRvras. Sesabamisad, urTierTobis mxareebi ver daadgenen kanonisa-
gan gansxvavebul sanivTo uflebebs.103
17. daskvna
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia Camoyalibdes uZrav nivTebze qo-

nebrivi uflebebis registraciis principebi, esenia: sajaro reestrSi (saadgilmamu-
lo wignSi) Setanis, gancxadebis, sajaroobis (saqveynoobis), uflebaTa amomwuravi Ca-
monaTvalis, gansazRvrulobis (specialurobis), abstraqciis, sagnobrivi Semowmebis
principi (legalitetis), upiratesobis (prioritetulobis), registraciis, saadgil-
mamulo wignis Canawerisadmi sandoobis, ZiriTadi wignisa da miwis kadastris kavSi-
ris, uflebaTa rigiTobis, absoluturobis, numerus klausus-s principebi. am principebis
ganxilvasa da Seswavlas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli
TvalsazrisiT.
Legal Studies, 2002 (31), 373, 374 et seq., miTiTebulia naSromSi: kereseliZe d., kerZo samarT-
lis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 219.
103
Sead., SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi mimoxilvisTvis, mag. Erp S.V.,, Comparative Property Law, in:
Reimann M., Zimmerman R., (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law, 2006, 1053, miTiTebu-
lia naSromSi: kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009,
219.
76
TamTa mamaiaSvili*
morigeba rogorc samoqalaqo saqmiswarmoebis

damTavrebis safuZveli
1. Sesavali
samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi samoqalaqo

saqmiswarmoebis morigebiT damTavrebaa. morigeba sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis
sirTuleebis daZlevisa da mxareTa Soris arsebuli konfliqtebis mogvarebis efeq-
tur saSualebas warmoadgens.
samarTlebrivi urTierToba mravalmxrivi da mravalferovania. mxareTa neba
mudmivad axali, maTTvis sasurveli Sedegis momtani urTierTobis Camoyalibebis Zie-
baSia. isini awarmoeben molaparakebebs, deben garigebebs, awyoben saqmian Sexvedrebs,
ra drosac arsebobs ara „wminda“ samarTlebrivi urTierToba, aramed sazogadoebri-
vi urTierTobis mxolod samarTlebrivi regulireba.1 am procesSi mxareTa neba cva-
lebadia. maT xSirad uWirT winaswar gansazRvron urTierTobis da qcevis masStabebi,
rac arasasurvel SedegebTan aris dakavSirebuli. cvlilebebs zog SemTxvevaSi subi-
eqturi, xolo zog SemTxvevaSi obieqturi faqtorebi ganapirobebs. Tavis mxriv, obieq-
turi faqtori, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, aiZulebs mxares Secvalos sakuTari pozicia.
aRniSnuls orive mxarisaTvis sasargeblo, Tavdapirveli da mizanmimarTuli Sedegi
ar moaqvs da arsebul urTierTobebSi konfliqtis niSnebi iCens Tavs. am movlenaTa er-
Toblioba mxareTa Soris arsebul davad yalibdeba. Tu mxareebi ver pouloben gamosa-
vals, rogorc wesi, dava sasamarTlo wesiT ganxilvis sagani xdeba da saqmiswarmoebad
yalibdeba. urTierTobebis aseTi saxiT ganviTareba dRis wesrigSi morigebis sakiTxs
ayenebs.
adamiani, Tavisi bunebiT, nawilobriv momrigebelia da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoe-
bis wevrebi, SesaZloa gaucnobiereblad, magram gamudmebiT morigebis procesSi arian.
zogjer es procesi gaazrebuli da mizanmimarTulia, radgan am dros gacnobierebulia,
rom molaparakeba sakuTari survilebis ganxorcielebis da sasurveli SedegiT miznis
miRwevis erTaderTi marTebuli saSualebaa. morigebis motivacia, es aris adamianebis
survili, icxovron sakuTari gadawyvetilebebiT da miaRwion sasurvel miznebs. sur-
vilis mTavari winaaRmdegoba movlenebisadmi adamianTa damokidebulebis radikaluri
gansxvavebebia, molaparakeba ki am gansxvavebis daZlevis saSualeba.
samarTlebrivi dava, rogorc wesi, xangrZliv da samarTlebrivad rTul process
ukavSirdeba, morigeba ki iseTi samarTlebrivi movlenaa, romelic martivad da mxare-
Ta nebis maqsimaluri gaTvaliswinebiT, kanonieri gziT wyvets arsebul uTanxmoebas.
sasamarTloSi davis ganxilvac procesia, romelsac konkretul samarTlebriv movle-

1
biWia m., samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi, `samar-
Tlis Jurnali~, Tb., №1-2, 2010, 84.
77
nebze dafuZnebuli dasawyisi da dasasruli aqvs. kerZod, aseTi procesis dasawyisi

sasarCelo gancxadebaa, xolo dasrulebis erT-erTi saSualeba – morigeba.
mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs, rom samomrigeblo saqmis garCeva saxelmwifo mar-
Tlmsajulebaze adre warmoiSva. davis mogvarebis alternatiuli sistemebi saqar-
TveloSi Zveli droidan iyo ganviTarebuli da morigebac davis gadawyvetis erT-erT
alternatiul saSualebad miiCneoda. sasamarTlo sistemis gverdiT mniSvnelovani ad-
gili eWira bWe-mediatorTa (SuakacTa) sasamarTlos da igi iyo qmediTi organo, rome-
lic zogjer iseT davebs wyvetda, romelsac saxelmwifo ver agvarebda.2 problemur
sakiTxTa mosagvareblad iwvevdnen gareSe pirs, romelic `gamriged~, `Suakacad~, `nem-
sgamezalad~ (svaneTSi) iwodeboda.3
modaveni dausrulebel SurisZiebas amjobinebdnen saqmis mSvidobian mogvare-
bas. mediatorTa mTavar mizans swored mxareTa morigeba warmoadgenda. amitom isini
cdiloben orive mxarisaTvis misaRebi gadawyvetilebis miRebas. qarTulma samarTleb-
rivma azrovnebam SurisZiebas, sisxlis aRebis adaTs, daupirispira mxareTa morigebis,
urTierTmtrobis Sewyvetis metad qmediTi saSualeba samediatoro sasamarTlos sa-
xiT.4 „samediatoro sasamarTlos mTavari funqcia mxareTa Serigebaa“.5 istoria adas-
turebs, rom qarTuli samarTali uZvelesi droidan icnobda da mxars uWerda davis ga-
dawyvetis am gzas.
ilia WavWavaZe, momrigebel mosamarTled muSaobisas (1864w.), aRniSnavda: `saWi-
roa, rom adgilobrivi mcxovrebni endobodnen momrigebel mosamarTles. am ndobis mo-
sapoveblad ise kanonebis codnac ar aris saWiro, rogorc codna xalxis azrovnebisa,
xalxis znisa, Cveulebisa, erTi sityviT yovelive imisa, riTac garemorCeulia adgi-
lobrivi cxovreba sazogadod da amasTan saWiroa kacsa hqondes gamWriaxi goneba, pa-
tiosani xasiaTi da uCirqo yofacxovreba~.6
„sazogadoebis stabilurobis garantia am sazogadoebis wevrebis uflebebis gan-
xorcielebaSi mdgomareobs. imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebis TiToeulma wevrma misTvis
kanoniT miniWebuli uflebebi ganaxorcielos misTvis sasurveli SedegiT, aucilebe-
lia xelsayreli garemo-pirobebis Seqmna, rogorc sazogadoebriv, ise sakanonmdeblo
doneze. am mizans emsaxureba samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, roca saqmis ganxilvis da
davis mogvarebis saSualebad iTvaliswinebs morigebas“.7
naSromis mizans warmoadgens morigebis, rogorc saqmiswarmoebis Sewyvetis sa-
fuZvlis, samarTlebrivi bunebis gansazRvra.
2
daviTaSvili g., sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi,
Tb., 2004, 36.
3
xoferia m., mediatoris roli ojaxis gayraSi qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTlis mixedviT,
`samarTlis Jurnali~, №1, Tb., 2011, 46.
4
daviTaSvili g., samediatoro sasamarTlo svaneTSi, Tb., 2002, 3.
5
daviTaSvili g., samediatoro sasamarTlo anu `rjuli~ xevsureTSi, Tb., 2000, 5.
6
grigalaSvili n., Tanamdevi suli, gazeTi `24 saaTi~, 2010, <http://24saati.ge/index.php/catego-
ry/culture/2010-03-01/4013.html>, [05.02.2012]
7
gogiSvili m., sulxaniSvili m., mesxiSvili q., jinoria x., gelaSvili r., urTierTobebi
sasamarTlo sxdomis darbazSi, sxdomis marTvis, mxareTa morigebis komunikaciuri da
samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo, Tb., 2010, 63.
78
TamTa mamaiaSvili, morigeba rogorc samoqalaqo saqmiswarmoebis damTavrebis safuZveli
2. morigebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi
2.1. morigebis adgili da funqcia
materialur da saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi morigebasTan dakavSirebuli nor-

mebi mxolod ganzogadebuladaa warmodgenili da araa sistemurad gansazRvruli.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi (SemdgomSi – ssk) saubaria Secdomaze morigebis
safuZvlebSi. aq ganisazRvreba morigebis, urTierTdaTmobis cneba. kerZod, „baTi-
lia xelSekruleba, romliTac mxareTa Soris dava an daurwmunebloba aRmoifxvreba
urTierTdaTmobis (morigebis) gziT, Tu, xelSekrulebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, es
morigeba emyareba sinamdvilis Seusabamo garemoebebs da dava an daurwmunebloba ar
warmoiSoboda, mxareebs rom saqmis namdvili mdgomareoba scodnodaT“.8 mocemul Sem-
TxvevaSi, adgili aqvs morigebis cnebis arapirdapir ganmartebas, xolo saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT (SemdgomSi sssk) morigeba saerTod ar aris ganmarte-
buli.
morigebis procesTan dakavSirebuli normebi sssk-is sxvadasxva TavSia gaSlili.9
aseTi saxiT SeuZlebelia morigebis, rogorc damoukidebeli procesis, sistemur er-
Tianobaze msjeloba. aRniSnuli sferos regulaciis mizniT, mizanSewonilia sssk-Si
calke Tavi daeTmos morigebis process, moxdes arsebuli normebis sistemurad gaer-
Tianeba da srulyofa morigebis zogadi da specialuri normebis saxiT, vinaidan „mxo-
lod stabiluri kanonmdeblobis dros SeuZlia moqalaqes imoqmedos kanonis moTxov-
naTa dacviT“.10
morigeba kompleqsuri xasiaTis funqciebis erTobliobaa da moicavs: socialu-
ri marTvis, kontrolis, samarTlebrivi wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis, samarTlebrivi
dacvisa da mSvidobis, agreTve, Tavisuflebisa da ekonomiurobis funqcias. morigebis
yvela sxva funqcia saerTo mizans emsaxureba – „samarTali xels uwyobs gansxvavebuli
interesebis Serigebas da asrulebs konfliqtis mowesrigebis funqcias“.11
„konfliqti“ or an met pirovnebas Soris warmoSobili uaryofiTi emociebiT
datvirTuli urTierTobaa. samarTlis leqsikoni termins konfliqti (Dispute) ganmar-
tavs, rogorc ganxeTqilebas an uTanxmobas, rac konkretuli saqmiswarmoebis dawyebis
safuZvelia.12 „gansakuTrebiT xSiria konfliqtebi rTuli struqturis mqone sazo-
gadoebriv urTierTobebSi, roca dava exeba orze met subieqtTa Soris urTierTobas,
sadavo sakiTxTa erTdoul simravles, davis sagnis Rirebulebis gansakuTrebiT did
odenobas da rodesac mxareTa Soris arsebuli dava ukve xangrZlivi drois ganmavlo-
baSi mimdinareobs. pirs, romelsac konfliqtisadmi emociurad neitraluri damoki-
debuleba aqvs, dainteresebulia misi mogvarebiT“.13 Tumca, aRniSnuli ver iqneba kon-
8
ssk-is 360-e muxli.
9
sssk-Si morigebasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs aregulirebs Semdegi muxlebi: me-3,
49-e, 54-e, 83-e, 91-e, 98-e, 186-e, 187-e, 199-e, 205-e, 208-e, 217-e, 218-e, 272-e.
10
11
iqve, 47.
12
Garner B. A., Black’s Law Dictionary, USA, 2004, 505.
13
cercvaZe g., mediacia, davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma, Tb., 2010, 32.
79
fliqtis mogvarebis garanti, aseT SemTxvevaSi swored morigebam unda ikisros misi
umTavresi – davis mogvarebis funqcia. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli uzrunvelyofs samar-
Tlebriv urTierTobaTa stabilur da Tanmimdevrul ganviTarebas, romelic logikur
dasasrulamde ufro martivad midis morigebis saSualebiT.
morigebis socialuri da samarTlebrivi dacvis funqcia swori samarTlebrivi
mimarTulebiT warmarTavs urTierTobaSi monawile subieqtebis qcevas da amiT axor-
cielebs samarTlebriv da socialur kontrols. morigebis kontrolis funqcia saq-
miswarmoebis sistemis mowesrigebiT vlindeba. morigebis gziT, erTi mxriv, samar-
Tlebriv CarCoSi eqceva sasamarTlo sistemis funqcionireba, xolo meore mxriv – mar-
tivdeba samarTlebrivi garemos socialuri marTva. morigeba samarTlebrivi wesrigi-
sa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebaa, „ramdenadac sazogadoebis wevrebs
uyalibebs erTianobisa da socialuri solidarobis gancdas“.14 „wesrigi warmoadgens
wesebisa da kanonebis Sesabamisad struqturul mTels, romelic Sedgeba urTierTda-
mokidebuli elementebisagan“.15 „wesrigis ZiriTadi elementia adamiani. wesrigi aris
mxolod iq, sadac adamiani moqmedebs individualuri pasuxismgeblobiT. wesrigi unda
emsaxurebodes adamianisaTvis Rirsebuli yofis Camoyalibebas“.16
Tavisufleba morigebis umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa. absoluturi Tavisufle-
ba ar arsebobs, magram morigeba swored kanonis farglebSi miniWebuli Tavisuflebis
gamovlenis umniSvnelovanesi saSualebaa. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom kanonmdebeli
humanuri iyo maSin, roca morigebas samarTlis sistemaSi ganusazRvra adgili. amiT man
SesaZlebloba misca mxareebs, samarTlisa da sasamarTlo SeboWvis miuxedavad, gamo-
evlinaT Tavisufali neba, riTad daadastura, rom kanonic ki SesaZloa uZluri iyos
adamianTa nebis winaSe.
saqarTveloSi nebismieri fizikuri da iuridiuli pirisaTvis uflebebis reali-
zeba garantirebulia imiT, rom am uflebebis nebayoflobiTi ganxorcielebis SeuZ-
leblobis SemTxvevaSi, misi iZulebiTi formiT ganxorcieleba da dacva uzrunvelyo-
filia sasamarTlo xelisuflebis meSveobiT. piris uflebis realizebis garants sasa-
marTlo warmoadgens.17 Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi individebs ekrZalebaT samarTleb-
rivi davebis gadawyveta da dasruleba TviTneburad e.w. TviTgasamarTlebis gziT,
vinaidan marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis monopolia miniWebuli aqvs saxelmwifo
xelisuflebas,18 morigeba ki is samarTlebrivi movlenaa, romelic „TviTgasamarTle-
baSi“ avlens Tavis samarTlebriv srulyofilebas.
2.2. morigebis cneba
„samarTlis normis ganmarteba (interpretacia) gulisxmobs misi Sinaarsis gar-

kvevas, e.i. imis dadgenas, Tu ra azri Caaqsova masSi kanonmdebelma“.19 samarTlis gamoye-
neba gulisxmobs cxovrebiseuli urTierTobebis samarTlebriv Sefasebas. es ki miiRwe-
14
15
iqve, 47.
16
iqve.
17
iuridiul profesiaTa eTikis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2009, 90-91.
18
henSeli s., samoqalaqo kazusebis damuSavebis meTodika, Tb., 2009, 21.
19
inwkirveli g., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria, Tb., 1998, 171.
80
va samarTlis abstraqtul normasa da konkretul cxovrebiseul faqts Soris gasagebi

kavSiris damyarebiT.20
ssk-Si morigebis cnebas orjer, pirvelad „valis arsebobis aRiarebasTan~ da-
kavSirebiT vxvdebiT21, xolo meored – „Secdoma morigebis safuZvlebSi“.22 ssk, mori-
gebasTan erTad, imave samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis gamosaxatavad termins „urTier-
TdaTmoba“ iyenebs. kerZod, „baTilia xelSekruleba, romliTac mxareTa Soris dava
an daurwmunebloba aRmoifxvreba urTierTdaTmobis (morigebis) gziT“.23 norma „ur-
TierTdaTmobis“ cnebas sakanonmdebeli upiratesobas aniWebs da termins „morigeba“
frCxilebiT gamoyofs. samarTlebrivi arsi morigebisa da urTierTdaTmobis termi-
nebs Soris igiveobrivia. ufro metic, „urTierTdaTmoba“, sxva samarTlebriv kompo-
nentebTan erTad, morigebis miRwevis aucilebel da upirobo saSualebas warmoadgens,
Tumca, maT Soris zRvaris gavleba mainc SesaZlebelia. ssk-is mier aRiarebuli termini
„urTierTdaTmoba“ Tavad morigebis cnebis Semadgeneli nawilia. termini „morigeba“
universaluri cnebaa misi realuri Sinaarsobrivi mniSvnelobis gamosaxatavad da am-
denad, igi yovelTvis farTo gagebiT unda gamoviyenoT.
is faqti, rom ssk upiratesobas termin „urTierTdaTmobas“ aniWebs samoqalaqo
samarTlis materialuri xasiaTidan gamomdinareobs. ssk gansazRvravs sazogadoebri-
vi urTierTobis monawileTa qcevis wess im etapze, roca urTierToba jer kidev araa
davad qceuli. termini „urTierTdaTmoba“ morigebis samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis Se-
darebiT „msubuqi“ gamoxatulebaa. „urTierTdaTmobiT“ davis aRmofxvra SesaZlebe-
lia im SemTxvevaSi, roca dava sawyis etapzea da jer kidev SesaZlebelia igi sasamar-
Tlo ganxilvis gareSe aRmoifxvras. amdenad, „urTierTdaTmobas“ SesaZlebelia ad-
gili hqondes davis dasawyis etapze (amazeve miuTiTebs termini „aRmofxvra“24), xolo
„morigeba“, romelsac sssk mimarTavs, mxolod davis sasamarTlo wesiT gadawyvetisas
aris SesaZlebeli.
morigebis procesis Sinaarsobrivi mniSvnelobis gamomxatveli terminebia: gari-
geba, SeTanxmeba, Serigeba, sakiTxis gadaWra, mogvareba, dazaveba, Tanxmoba, kavSiri,
daTmoba. Tumca, termini „morigeba“ yvelaze metad gamoxatavs im process, romelic
erTobliobaSi am cnebebiT aRiniSneba. mas ZaluZs yvela zemoxsenebuli terminis Ta-
vis TavSi gaerTianeba, ise rom TiToeuls sakuTari Sinaarsobrivi da samarTlebrivi
datvirTva SeunarCunos. sssk morigebis procesis aRsaniSnavad mxolod erT termins –
„morigebas“ iyenebs. sssk-Si pirvelad, termini „morigeba“ dispoziciurobis princips
ukavSirdeba. kerZod, „mxareebs SeuZliaT saqmiswarmoeba morigebiT daamTavron“.25
saproceso kanonmdebloba morigebasTan Sinaarsobrivad dakavSirebul sxva termineb-
sac iTvaliswinebs, rogoricaa: morigebis damtkiceba, morigebis pirobebi, saqmis mo-
rigebiT damTavrebis SeTavazeba, morigebis aqti, morigebis mizani da a.S.26
20
henSeli s., samoqalaqo kazusebis damuSavebis meTodika, Tb., 2009, 39.
21
ssk-is 341-e muxli, me-2 nawili.
22
ssk-is 360-e muxli, 1-li nawili.
23
iqve, ssk ar ganmartavs termins „morigebis gza“.
24
termini „aRmofxvra“ davis SedarebiT msubuq, arasasamarTlo wesiT gadaWris meTodze
miuTiTebs.
25
sssk-is me-3 muxli, me-2 nawili.
26
sssk-is 186-e, 208-e 217-e, 218-e, 83-e muxlebi.
81
martivad, morigebis mizani davis mogvarebaa. dava SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc

specifikuri xasiaTis uTanxmoeba, romelic dakavSirebulia faqtebTan, kanonTan an
politikasTan, sadac erTi mxaris moTxovna an gancxadeba meore mxaris auRiareblobas,
kontrmoTxovnas an uaryofas exeba. individebs Soris uTanxmoeba gardauvali Sidasa-
xelmwifoebrivi uTanxmoebaa. uTanxmoebis arsebobis pirobebSi SesaZloa mxareebma
Secvalon Tavisi pozicia, gamonaxon Sesabamisi resursebi davis mogvarebis mizniT.
davebi saxelmwifoebs, mezoblebs, da-Zmas Soris unda miviRoT, rogorc adamianuri
urTierTobis nawili da problema. mTavari moTxovnaa, rom dava mxolod mSvidobianad
iyos ganxiluli da mogvarebuli (dispute will only be pursued by peasful means).27
àSS-Si davebis alternatiuli gadawyveta – ADR28 moicavs nebismier formas, sa-
samarTlos procesis garda“.29 „Alternative Dispute Resolution“ – davis gadawyveta saqmiswar-
moebis gareSe, arbitraJis an mediaciis saSualebiT.30 davis alternatiuli gadawyvetis
(ADR) procesSi profesionali mesame piris monawileoba warmoadgens konstituciur
niSans, rac ADR-s ganasxvavebs Cveulebrivi molaparakebebisgan.31 „zogierTi avtori
ADR ufro farTo Sinaarss aniWebs da miiCnevs, rom is moicavs molaparakebebis warmo-
ebas (Negotiate), mediacias (Mediation) da arbitraJs (Arbitration). aseve, xSirad saubroben
CamoTvlili formebis sinTezis safuZvelze Camoyalibebul meTodebsa da teqnologi-
ebze“.32 „Conciliation“ – mokamaTe mxareebis Tavmoyra maTi morigebis mizniT.33 „Mediation“ –
mediacia, Suamavloba.34 mediaciisgan gansxvavebiT, morigebaSi mesame piri ar arsebobs.35
„mediacia xSirad moiazreba, rogorc „mosamzadebeli“, sawyisi da sasinji stadia sasa-
marTlo an saarbitraJo procesis win“.36 mediacia da sasamarTlo morigeba erTmaneTis-
gan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom morigeba uSualod saqmiswarmoebis process ukavSirdeba da
igi sasamarTloSi xorcieldeba, mediacia ki damxmare mesame piris saSualebiT warmo-
ebuli molaparakebaa. saboloo jamSi, orive davis gadawyvetis alternatiul saSua-
lebad gvevlineba.37 „Arbitration~ – samediatoro sasamarTlo, arbitraJi davis gadaWra
gareSe piris an pirTa mier, romlebic arCeuli arian orive mxaris mier.38 „Negotiate~ –
27
Merrills J.G., International Dispute Settlement, New-York, 2005,1.
28
Alternative Dispute Resolution.
29
cercvaZe g., mediacia, davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma, Tb., 2010, 35. Semdgomi
miTiTebiT: Berger, K.P., Private Dispute Resolution in International Business, Negotiation, Mediation,
Arbitration, volume I, Case Study, Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn, 2006, 157.
30
Garner B.A.., Black’s Law Dictionary, USA, 2004, 86.
31
32
iqve, 35. Semdgomi miTiTebiT: Fabian F.M., Das UNCITRAL – Medollgezetz über die internationale
Gandelsschlichtund, Ein Kommentar, `Shaker~, Aachen, 2006, 8.
33
qolini p., inglisur-qarTuli iuridiuli ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 2004, 130.
34
iqve, 363.
35
Tu ar CavTvliT mosamarTles (mosamarTle), romelic `pasiuri mesame piris~ statusiT
`damxamre~ rols asrulebs morigebis sasamarTlo wesiT damtkicebisas.
36
cercvaZe g., mediacia, davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma, Tb., 2010, 34. Semdgomi
miTiTebiT: Guillemin J. F., Reasons for Choosing Alternative Dispute Resolution, in: Goldmith J.C., In-
gen-Housz A., Pointon G. H. (eds.) ADR in Business, Practice and Issues Across Countries and Cultures,
Kluwer Law International, New-York, 2006, 35.
37
arsebobs, aseve, sasamarTlosmieri mediaciis saxec e.w. court-annexed mediation, romelic
sssk-Si 2011 wlis 20 dekembridan Sevida damatebis saxiT.
38
82
molaparakebis warmoeba, pirobebis ganxilva, garCeva, morigeba, SeTanxmeba, garigeba,39

aseve, meore mxaresTan komunikacia SeTanxmebis miRwevis mizniT.40 „Settlement“ – sakiTxis
mowesrigeba, mogvareba, mowyoba41. am ukanasknels ramodenime mniSvneloba aqvs. yvelaze
gavrcelebuli versiiT es aris procesi, roca modave mxareebi (rogorc sasamarTlo we-
siT saqmis ganxilvisas, aseve mis gareSe) aRweven SeTanxmebas.42 meore mniSvnelobiT aR-
niSnuli termini gulisxmobs modave mxareebs Soris arsebul kontraqts morigebaze.43
germaneli mecnieri h. prutingi davis gadawyvetis saSualebebs oTx ZiriTad jgu-
fad yofs: molaparakeba – Das Verhandel (negotiation); mediacia – Das Vermitteln (mediation);
Suamavali – Das Schlichten (consiliation, settlement); kerZo da sajaro marTlmsajuleba – Das
Richten (arbitration, litigation)“.44 „mediaciis“ cneba germanulad „morigebas/SeTanxmebas“ gu-
lisxmobs (Der Vegriff der Mediation Vedeutet eigentlich nur „vermittlung“), magram mediaciis cneba
germaneli iuristebis metyvelebaSi damkvidrda da aRniSnavs zogadad arasasamarTlo
(alternatiuli) wesiT davebis gadawyvetis meqanizms“.45 ruseTis saproceso kanon-
mdebloba iTvaliswinebs sarCelis Secvlis, sarCelze uaris Tqmis, sarCelis cnobis
da morigebis pirobebs.46 rusul samarTalSi morigeba gamoixateba terminiT „мировое
соглашение“ da mas safuZvlad udevs termini „мировое“ anu `mSvidobiani“, rac morigebis
„mSvidobian xasiaTs“ usvams xazs.
kanonis norma gasagebad da zustad unda iyos Camoyalibebuli, xolo sakanon-
mdeblo mizani naTlad gamoxatuli. igi unda asaxavdes misi mowesrigebis sferos maqsi-
malur sinamdviles, qcevis wess ayalibebdes zustad, araorazrovnad da gasagebi eniT.
sabolood, morigeba SesaZlebelia ganimartos, rogorc sasamarTloSi arsebuli
davis dasrulebis mizniT mxareTa SeTanxmeba, romelic urTierTdaTmobis da garige-
bis safuZvelze davis gadawyvetis alternatiul saSualebas warmoadgens.
2.3. morigebis samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba
samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi gamoiyofa materialuri da iuridiuli Sinaarsi.

pirveli faqtobrivi urTierTobaa da warmodgenilia wminda faqtebis saxiT, meore
aris samarTlebrivi urTierTobis formaluri elementi, romlis saSualebiTac for-
maluri urTierToba samarTlebriv formas iZens.47 morigebis samarTlebrivi mniSvne-
39
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiate>, [05.02.2014]
40
Garner B. A.., Black’s Law Dictionary, USA, 2004, 1064.
41
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement(litigation)>, [05.02.2014]
42
iqve.
43
iqve.
44
cercvaZe g., mediacia, davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma, Tb., 2010, 125-126. Semd-
gomi miTiTebiT: Prütting H., Mediation im Arbeitsrecht, in: Fritjof H., von Schlieffen K.(Hrsg.), Handbu-
ch Mediation, 2. Auflage, `Beck”, München, 2009, 516-517.
45
cercvaZe g., mediacia, davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma, Tb., 2010. 41. Semdgomi
miTiTebiT: Martin A., Mediation in Family Disputs, Principles of Practice, 3rd Edition, “Ashgate”, Pad-
stow, 2008, 7.
46
rfssk-is 39-e muxlis 1-li nawili.
47
biWia m., samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi, `samar-
Tlis Jurnali~, №1-2, Tb., 2010, 92. Semdgomi miTiTebiT: v. Savigni F. C., System des heutigen
83
loba ori damoukidebeli niSniT ganisazRvreba. pirveli – materialuri anu Teoriu-

li da meore – procesualuri anu praqtikuli (iuridiuli) niSniT.48
iuridiul leqsikonSi arsebuli ganmartebiT, morigeba – es aris mxareTa ufle-
ba, morigebiT daamTavron saqme.49 magram, morigeba ufleba ar aris. realurad, ara
morigeba, aramed morigebiT samoqalaqo saqmiswarmoebis damTavreba warmoadgens mxa-
reTa uflebasa da dispoziciurobis principis gamovlenas. „dispoziciurobis princi-
pi samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi esaa samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT gaT-
valiswinebuli da garantirebuli mxareTa SesaZlebloba, Tavisuflad isargeblon an
gankargon TavianTi materialuri da saproceso uflebebi“.50 samoqalaqo uflebebis
gansxvavebuloba isaa, rom isini maTi mflobelebis gankargulebaSia. TiToeuli ufle-
bamosilia, ganaxorcielos an ar ganaxorcielos Tavisi ufleba, SeinarCunos an uari
Tqvas masze, moiTxovos misi aRiareba an Seeguos mis ganuxorcieleblobas, rac gamo-
ixateba aforizmiT: „aravin SeiZleba iyos iZulebuli waradginos sarCeli misi nebis
winaaRmdeg“ (nemo invitus agree cogitur) an `mosarCelis gareSe ar arsebobs saqmiswarmoeba“
(emo judex sine actore).51 dispoziciurobis principi miiCneva saqmiswarmoebis utyuar sawy-
isad ara imitom, rom mas ver daarRvevda kanoni, aramed imitom, rom misi uaryofa verc
erT SemTxvevaSi praqtikaSi ver povebs ganxorcielebas dainteresebul pirTa nebis ga-
reSe.52
materialuri niSniT morigeba garigebaa. „garigeba aris calmxrivi, ormxrivi da
mravalmxrivi nebis gamovlena, romelic mimarTulia samarTlebrivi urTierTobis
warmoSobis, Secvlis an Sewyvetisaken“.53 garigebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxe xelSek-
rulebaa, romelic or an met subieqts Soris samarTlebriv urTierTobas warmoSobs,
cvlis an wyvets.54
morigeba aris xelSekruleba, romliTac mxareTa Soris dava an daurwmunebloba
ormxrivi daTmobis gziT gvardeba. `morigebis aucilebloba warmoiSoba maSin, roca
mxareebs Soris arsebobs dava an bundovaneba (daurwmunebloba) uflebriv sakiTxebze.
morigeba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes nebismieri valdebulebiT samarTlebrivi urTi-
erTobis mimarT, Tuki am urTierTobidan dava an daurwmunebloba warmoiSoba“.55 mxa-
reebi valdebuli arian, yvelaferi iRonon valdebulebiTi urTierTobis keTilsin-
disierad mogvarebisaTvis (sk-is 361-e muxlis me-2 nawili). am movaleobebs SegviZlia
vuwodoT damcavi movaleobani.56
Römischen Rechts, I., 1840, 333, <http://ia301539.us.archive.org/2/items/systemdesheutige01saviuoft/sys-
temdesheutige01saviuoft.pdf.> [05.02.2014].
48
morigebis arsSi SesaZloa arsebobdes iseTi samarTlebrivi maxasiaTeblebic, romle-
bic Teoriul da praqtikul niSnebSi erTdroulad erTiandeba.
49
SuSanaSvili al., iuridiuli leqsikoni, 2000, 178.
50
sus, ganCineba samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeze: №as-531-764-08, 2008,
<http://prg.supremecourt.ge/DetailViewCivil.aspx>, [05.02.2014].
51
Хрестоматия по гражданскому процессу, M., 1996, 58.
52
iqve, 59.
53
ssk-is 50-e muxli.
54
ssk-is me-3 wigni, 1-li kari.
55
ssk-is komentari, me-3 wigni, Tb., 2001, 263-264.
56
biolingi h., lutringhausi p., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis calkeuli moTxovnis
84
morigebis xelSekrulebad miCnevas ori ZiriTadi da arsebiTad mniSvnelovani

faqtori ganapirobebs. morigeba ormxrivi an mravalmxrivi nebis gamovlenis faqtia.
„xelSekrulebis dasadebad ori (an meti) piris nebis SeTanxmebaa saWiro, magram xel-
Sekruleba gulisxmobs ori (an meti) piris ara yovelgvar SeTanxmebas, aramed iseTs,
romelic misi monawileebisaTvis iwvevs gansazRvruli uflebebisa da valdebulebe-
bis warmoSobas, Secvlas an Sewyvetas“.57 Tumca, morigeba, garkveulwilad, gansxvavdeba
ssk-is 50-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli garigebisagan. kerZod, garigebisagan gansxvave-
biT, morigeba ar SeiZleba iyos calmxrivi nebis gamovlenis Sedegi. morigebaSi cal-
mxrivi nebis gamovlena SeuZlebelia. calmxrivi neba samoqalaqo saproceso urTier-
TobebSi SesaZloa gamoixatos sarCelis cnobiT (aRiarebiT) an sarCelze uaris TqmiT,
rac morigebas ar warmoadgens, Tumca mainc iZleva Sedegs samoqalaqo saqmiswarmoebis
Sewyvetis saxiT. „mxareebs SeuZliaT saqmiswarmoeba morigebiT daamTavron. mosarCe-
les SeuZlia uari Tqvas sarCelze, xolo mopasuxes – cnos sarCeli“.58
morigebam ar unda warmoSvas samarTlebrivi urTierToba. igi, rogorc wesi, or-
mxrivi an mravalmxrivi nebis gamovlenis Sedegia, romelis mizania samarTlebrivi ur-
TierTobis Secvla an Sewyveta~.59 `vinaidan morigeba mxareebisaTvis axali valdebu-
lebebis warmoSobas iwvevs, igi axali sasarCelo moTxovnis warmoSobis safuZvelicaa.
amitom morigeba ar iwvevs arsebuli valdebulebiTi urTierTobis Sewyvetas an axliT
mis Secvlas, aramed axleburad awesrigebs mas. morigebis mizani ar aris novacia, ara-
med valdebulebiTi urTierTobis Secvla da axleburad gansazRvra, romelzec mxare-
ebs surT morigeba“.60 morigeba warmoadgens mxareebis mier axal garemoebebze SeTan-
xmebas. mxareTa morigebis SemTxvevaSi wydeba samarTalwarmoeba, uqmdeba saqmeze miRe-
buli yvela gadawyvetileba da mtkicdeba morigeba. aseTi morigeba ukve mxareTa Soris
gamoxatuli axali nebaa, rac axali garigebis dadebas gulisxmobs.
procesualuri anu praqtikuli niSniT, morigeba samarTlebrivi procesia da igi
or komponents moiazrebs: morigeba, rogorc damoukidebeli procesi da morigeba, ro-
gorc saqmiswarmoebis procesis Semadgeneli nawili anu procesis procesi.61 morigeba,
rogorc damoukidebeli procesi, damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi movlenaa dasawyi-
siT, samarTlebrivi etapebiT da dasasruliT. morigebis dawyebis safuZveli mxareTa
Soris arsebuli davaa. igi moicavs modave mxareebis samomrigeblo mcdelobebs, wina-
dadebebs, molaparakebebs, rac mimarTulia saqmiswarmoebis morigebiT dasruldebis-
ken.62 rac Seexeba morigebas, rogorc saqmiswarmoebis procesis Semadgenel nawils, aq
umniSvnelovanesia is, rom morigeba aqcesoruli xasiaTis samarTlebrivi movlenaa,
safuZvlebis sistemuri analizi, bremeni, Tb., 2004-2009, 32.

57
axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 1999, 10.
58
sssk-is me-3 muxli, 1-li nawili.
59
60
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, me-3 wigni, Tb., 2001, 264. Semdgomi miTiTe-
biT: Larenz K., Schuldrecht, AT, 14. Aufl. 94.
61
morigebis procesTan dakavSirebiT ix. statiis me-3 Tavi.
62
ix. statiis me-3 Tavi, 3.2. da 3.3. qveTavebi.
85
romelic saqmiswarmoebis gareSe ar arsebobs. „aqcesorulia ufleba, romelic isea da-

kavSirebuli sxva uflebasTan, rom mis gareSe ar SeiZleba arsebobdes“.63 aqcesorulia
iseTi ufleba, romelic mTavari uflebis mizans emsaxureba, kerZod, mis gafarToebas
an ganmtkicebas. aqcesoruli uflebis miznidan Cans, rom igi ar warmoiSoba mTavari
uflebis gareSe.64 morigebis arseboba da misi samarTlebrivi ganxorcieleba samoqala-
qo saqmiswarmoebis proceszea damokidebuli da mis gareSe ar arsebobs.65
morigeba ar warmoiSoba mTavari saproceso uflebis – saqmiswarmoebis gareSe.
Tu ar iqneba saqmiswarmoeba anu sasamarTlo wesiT gansaxilveli dava, morigebac ver
ganxorcieldeba, anu „Tu ar iqneba dava, mosarigebeli araferia“. morigeba saqmiswar-
moebis procesis Semadgeneli nawilia da vinaidan igi Tavadac process warmoadgens,
konkretuli samarTlebrivi terminiT `procesis procesiT“ unda iqnes moxseniebuli.
amdenad, materialuri niSniT morigeba aris „urTierTdaTmoba“ da „garigeba“, xolo
procesualuri TvalsazrisiT, „procesi“ da „procesis procesi“.
3. morigebis procesi
3.1. morigebis procesis principebi
morigeba gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri 2007 wlis Semdeg gaxda, mas Semdeg, rodesac
sssk-Si Sevida cvlilebebi aRniSnuli institutis praqtikaSi efeqturad gamoyenebis
mizniT. mxareebs SeuZliaT saqmiswarmoeba morigebiT daamTavron.66 yoveli sasamar-
Tlo sxdomisa da ganxilvis win sasamarTlo axsenebs mxareebs maT saproceso uflebas
saqmiswarmoebis morigebiT dasrulebis Taobaze da ekiTxeba, xom ar surT saqme mori-
gebiT dasruldes.67 morigebis iniciativiT mxareebi erTmaneTTan awarmoeben mola-
parakebebs da SeimuSaveben samomrigeblo winadadebebs. morigebis aqti dgeba mxareTa
raodenobisa da sasamarTlosTvis gankuTvnili damatebiTi egzamplaris odenobiT da
gadaecema sasamarTlos Semdgomi ganxilvisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, daerTvis saqmis ma-
salebs. aRniSnulis safuZvelze, sasamarTlo gadis saTaTbirod da gamoaqvs ganCineba
morigebis aqtis damtkicebis an misi uaryofis Sesaxeb. Tu sasamarTlo daadgens, rom
morigebis aqtis pirobebi ewinaaRmdegeba an arRvevs kanonmdeblobas an sxva pirTa uf-
lebebsa da interesebs, maSin is uars ambobs morigebis aqtis damtkicebaze, xolo Tu
sasamarTlo daadgens, rom morigebis pirobebi kanonieria da ar arRvevs sxva pirTa uf-
lebebs, maSin igi gamoitans ganCinebas, morigebis aqtis damtkicebisa da saqmiswarmo-
ebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli dadgenilebis erTi asli rCeba da daerTvis saqmis
masalebs, xolo ori gadaecema mxareebs. ganCineba, SesaZloa gasaCivrebul iqnes kerZo
saCivriT.68 Tu dadgenil vadaSi arcerTi mxare ar gaasaCivrebs ganCinebas, igi Sedis ka-
63
ssk-is 153-e muxli, 1-li nawili.
64
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, me-2 wigni, Tb., 1999, 34-35.
65
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos saproceso kanonmdebloba mxolod sasamarTlos mier
morigebas aRiarebs, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs morigebisa da saqmiswarmoebis urT-
ierTkavSiris ganuyoflobas.
66
sssk-is me-3 muxli.
67
sssk-is 217-e muxli, 1-li nawili; 218-e muxli, 1-li nawili; 373-e muxli, me-2 nawili.
68
sssk-is 274-e muxli.
86
nonier ZalaSi da iZens sasamarTlo dadgenilebis Zalas, rac mxareTaTvis Sesasruleb-

lad savaldebuloa. morigebiT Sewyvetili saqmiswarmoeba ar aZlevs arcerT mxares
uflebas xelmeored mimarTos sasamarTlos imave davis saganze imave mxareebs Soris.
is principebi, romelsac morigeba efuZneba, SesaZlebelia daiyos fuZemdeblur
da damxmare principebad. morigebis fuZemdebluri principebia: morigeba mxolod sa-
samarTlos pirobebSi xorcieldeba rogorc saqmis ganxilvis, ise aRsrulebis etapze;
morigebis kanonierebis uzrunvelyofa sasamarTlos valdebulebaa; morigebis aqti
mtkicdeba sasamarTlos ganCinebiT; Tavad morigebis aqti sasamarTlo ganCinebis teq-
stis Semadgeneli nawili an danarTi xdeba; morigebiT wydeba saqmiswarmoeba. morige-
bis damxmare principebia: morigeba es mxareTa saproceso moqmedebaa; morigebis aqti
iTvaliswinebs davis pirobebze morigebas; Tu morigebis aqti ar eqvemdebareba sasa-
marTlos mxridan damtkicebas, davis arsebiTi ganxilva grZeldeba; morigebiT dasru-
lebul saqmeze xelaxali ganxilvisaTvis sasamarTlosTvis mamarTva dauSvebelia; mo-
rigebis pirobebis Seusrulebloba eqvemdebareba iZulebiT aRsrulebas.
3.2. konfliqti da samomrigeblo mcdelobebi
yvela saxis sazogadoebriv, da maT Soris samarTlebriv, urTierTobas sistemu-

roba axasiaTebs. morigebis procesi sistemur erTianobas da samarTlebriv wesrigs
efuZneba. sistema garkveuli etapebis erTobliobas moicavs. etapebi samarTlebrivi
movlenis stuqturul erTianobas uzrunvelyofen. morigebis procesis sistemur wes-
rigs swored morigebis etapebi ganapirobeben.
morigebis procesis araformalur sawyis etapad mxareTa Soris arsebuli kon-
fliqtis arseboba miiCneva. konfliqts, rogorc movlenas, ramdenime faza aqvs. sawyis
stadiaze arsebobs mxolod ramdenime faqti, romelic mxareebs sxvadasxvagvarad es-
miT, an saerTod ar esmiT. meore stadia maSin iwyeba, rodesac mxareebi iReben qaosur
da emociur gadawyvetilebebs ise, rom maT TviTonac ar esmiT am gadawyvetilebis mi-
zani – mdgomareoba kidv ufro rTuldeba. mesame etapze xdeba „yvela damakavSirebeli
xidis dawva“. mxareebi wyveten komunikacias. viTardeba Ria konfliqturi mdgomareo-
ba. rogorc wesi, swored am etapze iwyeba im proceduris Zebna, romlis meSveobiTac
dava unda gadawydes. SesaZlo Sedegebia: damarcxeba, gamarjveba da kompromisi.69
rogorc wesi, konfliqti umetesad damrRvevis dadgena-garkveviT iwyeba da,
faqtobrivad, sxva stadiaze mxareebi veRar gadadian. konfliqtis arseboba arTu-
lebs mxareTa rogorc saqmian, aseve pirovnul urTierTdamokidebulebas, aRrmavebs
konfliqtis safuZvlebs da mxareebs sabolood ganawyobs negatiurad erTmaneTis mi-
marT. konfliqtis aRmofxvris Ziebis gza yovelTvis iuridiuli ar aris. ufro zustad
ki pirdapir iuridiuli safuZvlebiT ar iwyeba. xSirad molaparakebebis mcdeloba da
warmoeba jer kidev sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvamde mimdinareobs, Tumca am mcdelo-
69
cercvaZe g., mediacia, davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma, Tb., 2010, 271-272. Semd-
gomi miTiTebiT: Benno H., Die Auswahl des richtigen Verfahrens-ein Erfahrundsbericht, in: Fritjof H., /
von Schlieffe K., (Hrsg.) Handbuch Mediation, 2. Auflage, „Beck“, München, 2009, 221.
87
bis uSedegod warmarTvis Semdgom erT-erTi mxare iRebs gadawyvetilebas saxelmwifo

da sakanonmdeblo gziT ecados meore mxaris „morjulebas“. damrRvevis Ziebas mxaree-
bi sasurvel Sedegamde ver mihyavs.
morigebis procesi morigebis mosamzadebeli samuSaoebiT anu samomrigeblo
mcdelobebiT iwyeba. Tavis mxriv, samomrigeblo mcdelobebis aucilebeli winapiroba
kontaqtis arsebobaa. kontaqtis nairsaxeobaa mxareTa mudmivi komunikacia70, romelic
aucilebelia swori formiT warimarTos, raTa ar daikargos is mciredi Sansi, romel-
mac mxare morigebis gadawyvetilebamde unda miiyvanos.71 aucilebelia komunikacia maT
keTil nebas, pasuxismgeblobasa da davis sagnisadmi msgavs damokidebulebas efuZne-
bodes. azrTa gacvla-gamocvla saerTo sasargeblo miznisaken unda warimarTos. sxvag-
varad, mcdeloba realur molaparakebebad ver gadaiqceva. samomrigeblo mcdelobis
dros aucilebelia mxareebma erTgvari „oqros Sualedi moZebnon“ arsebul sadavo ur-
TierTobaSi.
mosamarTle samomrigeblo mcdelobis erT-erTi iniciatoria. „mediatorma un-
da daarwmunos mxareebi ara imaSi, rom is ara Tavisi moraluri principebis gamo rCe-
ba neitraluri, aramed imaSi, rom mas ubralod araferSi sWirdeba aseTi simpaTia an
antipaTia im martivi mizezis gamo, rom mis damoukideblobas romelime mxaris mimarT
ar SeuZlia mediaciis procesis am mxaris sasargeblod dasruleba“.72 es mosamarTlis
mxridan samomrigeblo mcdelobis erTgvari „mxardaWeraa“. xSirad samomrigeblo
mcdeloba mosamarTlis aranakleb Sromatevad muSaobas gulisxmobs, vidre saqmiswar-
moebaa. mosamarTlem morigebis gonivruli da efeqturi SeTavazeba unda wamoayenos,
rac davis gadawyvetas unda emsaxurebodes da aumjobesebdes mxareebs Soris mola-
parakebas. sasamarTlom „mxareebs morigebis sxvadasxva versia unda SesTavazos, daana-
xos maTi poziciis susti da Zlieri mxareebi, daarwmunos morigebiT saqmis dasrulebis
upiratesobaSi da, rac mTavaria, winaswar miuTiTos mxareebs davis gadawyvetis SesaZ-
lo Sedegebze, rac, garkveulwilad, novaciaa samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi da xels
uwyobs mosamarTlisa da mxareebis ufro uSualo urTierTobas da maT daaxloebas ka-
noniT gansazRvrul farglebSi“.73
3.3. komunikacia da kompromisis miRweva
mecniereba komunikacias xsnis, rogorc informaciebis, faqtebis, Semecnebebis,

azrebis, Sefasebebis, grZnobebis, SegrZnebebis, molodinisa da survilebis urTier-
Tgacvlas.74 komunikacia erTi mTliani procesia, romlis erTianobas garkveuli gare-
moebebis erToblioba qmnis, sadac moiazreba: analitikuri mosmena – sasamarTlo pro-
cesis erT-erTi ZiriTadi winapirobaa, rom procesis monawileebs esmiT, ras amboben
70
statis me-3 Tavi, 3.3. qveTavi.
71
molaparakebis warmoebis stadia calke ganixileba, Tumca, is SesaZloa samomrigeblo
mcdelobis erT-erT saxed da Semadgenel nawilad iqnes miCneuli.
72
73
74
iqve, 8.
88
da risi Tqma undaT mosarCeles, mopasuxes, advokatebs, mosamarTleebs; verbaluri

komunikacia – martivi/sada saubari, nacnobi sityvebi, mokle winadadebebi; gegma da
wesrigi/Tanmimdevruloba – saubris gasagebi struqtura da laitmotivi; mokle da
konkretuli saubari – koncentracia konkretul informaciaze da misi miwodeba adre-
satisaTvis; TvalsaCinooba da sakiTxTa saintereso warmodgena – am dros umniSvnelo-
vanesia, Tu ra safexurzea adresati Tavisi azrebiT, azri Camoayalibos SeZlebisdagva-
rad naTlad, Tavisi naTqvami gaamdridros magaliTebiT, suraTebiT, JestikulaciiT;75
araverbaluri komunikacia – sxeulis ena gulisxmobs komunikaciis im nawilsa da ele-
ments, romelic mocemulia warmoTqmuli sityvis miRma.araverbaluri komunikacia
gvexmareba Cveni saubris, partnioris gamonaTqvamebis ukeT SefasebaSi; socialuri aR-
qma – movlenaTa aRqma ar niSnavs garemos fotografiul asaxvas, aramed es procesi da-
mokidebulia calkeul adamianebze, mis pirovnebaze. aq, pirvel rigSi, saubaria imaze,
Tu rogor aRiqvams piri ama Tu im movlenas da rogor gadaamuSavebs mas. aRqmis xaris-
xi damokidebulia aRqmis SesaZleblobaze, aRqmis unarze, aRqmisaTvis mzadyofnaze.76
emociebis marTva – konfliqtebs warmoiSobs ara mxolod davis saganTan dakavSirebu-
li faqtebis gansxvaveba, aramed aseve monawileebis sxvadasxva mosazrebebi ganwyobisa
da grZnobebis safuZvelze.77
gansakuTrebulia mosamarTlis komuniakciis unaris Taviseburebebi morigebis
procesSi. mosamarTle aRWurvili unda iyos ara mxolod saproceso normebis codniT
da iuristis maRali kvalifikaciiT, aramed im unar-CvevebiT, romelic mas daexmareba
mTeli procesis sworad warmarTvaSi samarTliani gadawyvetilebis miRebamde, anu, mas
unda hqondes profesiuli kompetencia da morigebasTan dakavSirebuli molaparakebe-
bis warmarTvis unari, komunikaciis unari, personaluri kompetencia. saqmis ganxilvi-
sas aucilebelia mxareTa urTierTsawinaaRmdego interesebis garkveva da maTi daba-
lansebis gziT warmatebuli komunikaciis damyareba.78
kompromisis miRwevis aucilebeli winapirobaa mxareebs Soris erTgvari adamia-
nuri da samarTlebrivi balansis arseboba. aRniSnulma balansma saqmiswarmoebis gar-
kveul etapze interesTa Sejerebis winapiroba unda mogvces, rac gaxdeba erTgvari
safuZveli saqmiswarmoebis morigebiT dasrulebisaTvis. „cxadia, rom mxare, romel-
sac ufro Zlieri poziciebi aqvs da SeuZlia sasamarTlos an saarbitraJo ganxilvis
dros warmatebis imedi hqondes, naklebad mosalodnelia, molaparakebis magidas mi-
ujdeba“.79 kompromisis miRwevis Semadgeneli nawilia situaciis ganmuxtva, yuradRe-
bis gamaxvileba davis samomavlo mogvarebze, frTxilad saubari saerTo interesebze.
„molaparakebis dawyebisa da TiToeuli sakiTxis Sesabamisi SesaZlebloba-standartis
ganxilvis Semdeg, sasurvelia, konsensusis miRweva, romelic molaparakebisas gakeTe-
bul daskvnebs efuZneba da SeZlebisdagvarad, orive mxaris interesebs gamoxatavs“.80
75
76
iqve, 19.
77
iqve, 21-22.
78
iqve, 8.
79
80
iqve, 92.
89
3.4. samomrigeblo molaparakebebi da winadadebebi
molaparakebis mizani SeTanxmebis miRwevaa, Tumca samomrigeblo molaparake-

bebis warmoeba Cveulebrivi molaparakebebisgan gansxvavdeba. am dros aucilebelia
Tavidan iqnes acilebuli e.w. „molaparakeba molaparakebisaTvis~. konkretuli davis
Sewyvetisa da saerTo sasargeblo miznis misaRwevad gamarTuli samomrigeblo molapa-
rakebebi eyrdnoba iseT zogad princips, rogoricaa adamianuri ganwyoba modave mxare-
Ta Soris. molaparakebis warmarTvisaTvis swori gzis arCeva Zalian bevr mniSvnelovan
faqtorzea damokidebuli.
molaparakebebis warmoeba da saqmiswarmoeba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTis-
gan. molaparakebebis warmoeba es aris procesi, roca mxareebi maqsimalurad inarCu-
neben kontrols davaze, maSin roca saqmiswarmoeba Tavis gavlenis qveS aqcevs davas da
sabolood, davaze iRebs sasamarTlo gadawyvetielbas.81
samomrigeblo molaparakebebis procesSi ibadeba erTgvari „WeSmariteba“ davis
sagnis mimarT,82 ra drosac modave mxareebi cdiloben ukeT gaiazron sadavo sakiTxis
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi, sakuTari poziciis momgebiani Tu wamgebiani xasiaTi,
Seafason davis samomavlo ganviTarebis tendenciebi da azrTa urTierTgacvlis nia-
dagze Camoayalibon morigebis pirobebis savaraudo „proeqti“.
samomrigeblo molaparakebebis warmoeba SesaZloa saqmiswarmoebis nebismier
etapze ganxorcieldes. molaparakebebi saproceso davis farglebSi mimdinareobs da
ver gascdeba davis sagans. Tumca, zogjer, mxareebi cdiloben morigebis aqtSi gaiT-
valiswinon imaze meti, vidre es davis sagniTaa dadgenili, raTa Tavidan aicilon Sem-
dgomi garTulebebi83. SesaZloa moxdes piriqiT, samomrigeblo molaparakebebma ver ga-
iTvaliswinos davis sagani mTlianad. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom dava unda Sewyvitos im
farglebSi, romelic morigebis sagani gaxda, xolo razec morigeba ver Sedga, saerTo
wesiT unda iqnes ganxiluli.
samomrigeblo molaparakebebisaTvis ar arsebobs drois faqtori, mTavari Se-
degia. Tumca, molaparakebebis warmoebis dro davis sagnis arsze, modave mxareTa sim-
ravleze, sasamarTloSi manamde warmoebul procesze aris damokidebuli. „praqtika
adasturebs, rom mxareebi SeiZleba SeTanxmdnen ramdenime dReSi, maqsimum erT an or
kviraSi, magram SeTanxmeba TiTqmis arasdros xdeba, Tu procesi Tveebis ganmavlobaSi
gaiweleba“.84 drois efeqturad gamoyenebis mizniT, mxareebs SeuZliaT garkveuli va-
dis daTqmiT SeimuSaon sakuTari poziciebi da Semdgom sasamarTlos meSveobiT sworad
Seajeron da Camoayalibon isini morigebis aqtSi.85 drois am monakveTSi warmoebuli
81
82
igulisxmeba davis mimarT gaekveuli subieqturi da obieturi pozicis Camoyalibeba.
83
aseTi saxis sirTule ufro morigebis aRsrulebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
84
cercvaZe g., mediacia, davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma, Tb., 2010, 247. Semdgo-
mi miTiTebiT: Guillemin J. F., Reasons for Choosing Alternative Dispute Resolution, in: Goldmith J.C.,
Ingen-Housz A., Pointon G. H. (eds.) ADR in Business, Practice and Issues Across Countries and Cultures,
Kluwer Law International, New-York, 2006, 31.
85
erT-erT sasamarTlo procesze, romelsac uSualod veswrebodi, mosamarTlem „dava-
leba“ misca mxareebs, SeemuSavebinaT samomrigeblo winadadebebi da erTi kviris vadaSi
waredginaT isini sasamarTlosTvis Sejerebis mizniT.
90
molaparakebebisas aqcenti unda gakeTdes SesaZlo da ara gardauval Sedegebze. SesaZ-

lo Sedegi mxareebma ise ar unda miiRon, rom maT dava ukve gadawyvetilad CaTvalon.
mosamarTle uflebamosilia kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, rogorc „mesame pasiuri
mxare“, CaerTos morigebis procesSi „keTili nebis“ da masze kanoniT dakisrebuli val-
debulebis Sesasruleblad. saqmisadmi damokidebulebaze msjelobisas mniSvnelova-
nia sasamarTlos swori midgoma SesaZlo Sedegebisadmi, ra drosac sasamarTlom unda
miuTiTos kanonze, praqtikaze, iuristTa da sazogadoebis azrze, magram amasTan unda
aRniSnos rom yovelive es SeiZleba Seicvalos saqmisadmi mxareTa damokidebulebis
Sedegad.86 aseve, mniSvnelovania modave mxareTa mentalobaSi garkveva, romelTa Soris
sxvaobac swored gaurkvevlobisa da davis warmoSobis safuZvelia. morigebis xelov-
nebaa aseve mxareTa emociebis marTva, zogjer grZnobebs ufro didi datvirTva aqvs,
vidre saubars.87
molaparakebis gziT davis gadasawyvetad aucilebelia mxareebs sjerodeT, rom
SeTanxmebiT miRweuli sargebeli aRemateba danakargs (the benefits of an agreement aout weigh
the losses). Tu maTi interesebi radikalurad gansxavevulia, SeTanxmeba, romelic erTi
mxarisgan moiTxovs daTmos yvelaferi an poziciaTa umetesoba – miuRwevadia. Tu davis
ZiriTad sakiTxebze molaparakebebi Seferxdeba, maSin SesaZlebeli iqneba mxareebi Se-
Tanxmdnen davis saproceso wesiT gadawyvetaze, rac ar aris zemoxsenebuli principis
uaryofa.88 aseve, SesaZlebelia, rom ganxilvis procesSi arsebuli dava Sewydes iseTi
gziT, rom orive mxarem SeZlos sargeblis miReba. Tu Sewyveta SeuZlebelia, SesaZloa,
saproceso SeTanxmeba iyos gamoyenebuli, romliTac damTmobi mxare miiRebs kompensa-
cias materialur saqmeze.89
molaparakebebis oTxi saxe arsebobs: msubuqi – pirs surs pirovnuli konfliqte-
bis Tavidan acileba da xSirad daTmobebze midis mSvidobiani gziT sasurveli Sedegis
misaRwevad;90 mZime – morigebis procesSi pirs radikaluri pozicia ukavia, igi sakuTar
poziciebs ar Tmobs da cdilobs Tavisi mosazrebebis dasabuTebas;91 „Sualeduri mori-
geba“ – sakiTxi wydeba maRali standartebisa da principebis Sesabamisad, kanonisa da
moralis safuZvelze da ara imis mixedviT, Tu ra surT mxareebs;92 „principuli morige-
ba“ – miznad isaxavs mxareTaTvis Sedegebis miRwevas damsaxurebis Sesabamisad.93
SesaZloa, Tavidanve ar gamoikveTos erTmniSvnelovnad misaRebi poziciebi, Tumca
gamoikveTos davis gadawyvetis arsi da maTi daxvewa mxolod droisa da Semdgomi mola-
parakebebis Sedegi gaxdes. am dros mizanSewonilia CarCoxelSekrulebis winaswari mom-
zadeba. proeqtis SemuSaveba xels uwyobs msjelobis koncentrirebulad warmarTvas,
86
87
iqve, 58-59.
88
ix. Merrills J.G., International Dispute Settlement, New-York, 2005,12.
89
iqve., 13.
90
91
iqve.
92
iqve.
93
iqve.
91
agreTve im sakiTxebis gamovlenas, romlebic sxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda mxedvelobi-

dan gamogvrCenoda, amasTan xels uwyobs Semdgomi gaugebrobis Tavidan acilebas.94
samomrigeblo winadadebebis Camoyalibebisas aucilebelia TiToeulma mxarem
sworad da mkafiod gamoxatos sakuTari pozicia, gaaanalizos davis arsi, sasurveli Se-
degi, aseve is sikeTe, romlis daTmobac mas mouwevs.95 samomrigeblo winadadebebi upir-
velesad unda iyos samarTliani, ar ewinaaRmdegebodes kanons, aregulirebdes urTi-
erTobebs, iyos Sualeduri rgoli arsebuli saqmis garemoebebisTvis da, rac mTavaria,
emsaxurebodes orive mxarisaTvis davis sasargeblo formiT da SedegiT dasrulebas.
4. saqmiswarmoebis mxareebis da mosamarTlis roli

morigebis procesSi
4.1. saqmiswarmoebis mxareebis statusi da roli morigebisas
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi regulirebis pro-

cesSi misi monawileebis aRWurva gansazRvruli subieqturi uflebebiTa da movale-
obebiT ganapirobebs SemdgomSi maT qcevas arsebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis
farglebSi.96 saqmiswarmoeba da morigebiT saqmiswarmoebis dasruleba mxareTa ufle-
baa. saqmis SedegiT materialursamarTlebrivi daintereseba gulisxmobs, rom saqmis
gadawyvetis Sedegad erT-erTma mxarem SesaZloa SeiZinos raime materialuri sikeTe,
xolo meore mxare – am sikeTes kargavs. morigebisas mdgomareoba gansxvavebulia, aq
interesi da samarTlebrivi sikeTiT sargebloba erTdrouli da ormxrivia.
saqmiswarmoebis processa da morigebas ori mxare aqvs, TiToeul mxareze SesaZ-
lebelia adgili hqondes pirTa sxvadasxva raodenobas. magram, ama Tu im mxareze mona-
wileTa raodenobas araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs, mxare oria – mosarCele da mopa-
suxe.97
sasamarTloSi saqme aRiZvreba erT-erTi mxaris mier meore mxaris winaaRmdeg. Zve-
li romis samoqalaqo samarTlis mixedviT, samarTlis subieqti SeiZleboda yofiliyo
rogorc calke adamiani, moqalaqe, aseve korporacia.98 samoqalaqo procesSi proce-
sis monawileebad iTvlebian organoebi da Tanamdebobis pirebi, romlebic awarmoeben
saqmes, pirebi, romelTac aqvT piradi procesualuri interesi da pirebi, romlebsac
ara aqvT pirdapiri procesualuri interesi.99 cneba „procesisi monawile“ ufro far-
94
95
qonebriv (fulad) davebSi samomrigeblo winadadebebi SesaZloa iTvaliswinebdes yve-
laze moxerxebuli gadaxdis grafiks, rac, magaliTad, sakredito urTierTobebSi um-
Tavresia. am dros aucilebelia morigebis pirobebi saqmis arsTan axlos idges da saqmis
garemoebebidan gamomdinareobdes.
96
Todua m., vilemsi h, valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 2006, 7.
97
qurdaZe S., samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi, Tb., 2012,
118.
98
nadareiSvili g., romis samoqalaqo samarTali, Tb., 2001, 134-135.
99
SuSanaSvili al., iuridiuli leqsikoni, Tb., 2000, 219.
92
Toa da igi mxaresac gulisxmobs. saqmiswarmoebas hyavs mosarCele da mopasuxe mxare,

romlebic saqmiswarmoebis arsebiTad ganxilvisa da dasrulebisas icvlian statuss
da mogebul da wagebul mxared gvevlinebian. sxvagvari statusi eniWebaT mxareebs saq-
miswarmoebis morigebiT damTavrebis SemTxvevaSi. morigebaSi ar arsebobs wagebuli da
mogebuli mxare, mxareebs eniWebaT statusi, romelsac SesaZloa „mxareTa Sualeduri
statusi vuwodoT“, roca ormxrivi daTmoba maT Tanabar pirobebSi ayenebs.
davis dros mxareebi urTierTdapirispirebuli subieqtebi arian, Tumca, sargeb-
loben ra TanasworuflebianobiT, konfliqti ver iqneba Tavidan aridebuli mxolod
erTi mxaris dainteresebiTa da surviliT. mxolod erToblivi ZalisxmeviT aris Se-
saZlebeli morigebis miRweva. erTi piris mier sasamarTloSi saqmiswarmoeba SesaZloa
ukavSirdebodes udavo warmoebis faqts. Sesabamisad, erTi piri Tavis Tavs ver mourig-
deba. „samarTlebrivi urTierToba or an met subieqts Soris samarTlis normiT gan-
sazRvruli urTierTobaa. samarTlebrivi urTierToba aris samarTlis normiT mowes-
rigebuli urTierToba individebs Soris (mag. saojaxo samarTali) an individebsa da
sagnebs Soris (mag., saojaxo samarTali, nawilobriv memkvidreobis samarTali).100
procesis warmarTvis iniciatori, mamoZravebeli aris procesis monawile pirTa
da ara sasamarTlos iniciativa. TiToeuli mxaris ufleba da valdebuleba Seesabameba
sasamarTlos uflebasa da valdebulebas da mxolod aseTi TanxvedriT arian gansazR-
vrul urTierTobaSi da SesabamisobaSi.101 sasamarTlo ar axorcielebs samarTalwar-
moebas dainteresebuli pirebis iniciativis gareSe. sasamarTlo mxolod dainterese-
bul pirTa mimarTvis safuZvelze iwyebs saqmiswarmoebas da is ar unda gascdes mxareTa
moTxovnebs, ar unda eZios faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, rac mxareebs ar warudgeniaT
da ganucxadebiaT, is Tavad araa uflebamosili eZios da moipovos mtkicebulebebi. sa-
samarTlo gadawyvetilebas afuZnebs im mtkicebulebebze, romlebic mxareTa mier aris
wardgenili. sasamarTlos esa Tu is moqmedeba gamomdinareobs mxareTa moTxovnebi-
dan, iniciatividan da sadavo sakiTxebic ganixileba im faqtebiT, romelsac sasamar-
Tlos warudgebian.102 sasamarTlo, rogorc sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis mqone or-
gano, ar aris dainteresebuli romelime mxariT, igi dainteresebulia mxolod davis
sworad gadawyvetis im safuZvliT, rac mis xelTaa. sasamarTlosTvis orive mxare unda
iyos Tanabari.103
„saqmiswarmoebis monawile mxareTa samarTlebrivi interesebi urTierTsapiris-
piroa, maSin roca morigebis mxareebs orive maTganisaTvis ukve saerTo sasargeblo
miznisken mimarTli iuridiuli interesebi amoZravebT. yovelive eyrdnoba „...dispozi-
ciurobis princips – mxaris uflebas, Tavisi survilisamebr gankargos sakuTari mate-
rialur samarTlebrivi Tu saproceso samarTlebrivi uflebebi, anu imoqmedos Tavisi
kanonieri saproceso interesis Sesabamisad“.104 morigebaSi SesaZlebelia gamovyoT mo-
rigebis iniciatori mxare, romelmac gamoTqva survili da gamoxata iniciativa saqme
morigebiT dasrulebuliyo. saqmis SedegiT iuridiuli daintereseba gansxvavebulia
100
101
Чечина Н. А., Избранные труди по гражданскому процессу, С-П.,2004, 44.
102
Хрестоматия по гражданскому процессу, М.,1996, 63.
103
iqve, 64.
104
gabisonia i., nafic msajulTa, magistratTa da momrigebeli sasamrTloebi, Tb., 2008,
101.
93
morigebisa da saqmiswarmoebis procesSi. „saproceso dainteresebaSi igulisxmeba mxa-

ris SesaZlebloba, daicvas Tavisi uflebebi, aseve igi gulisxmobs mxaris swrafvas, mi-
iRos xelsayreli gadawyvetileba da aRasrulos igi“.105
4.2. mosamarTlis statusi da roli morigebisas
iuridiul enciklopediaSi mosamarTle ganimarteba rogorc piri, romelsac

konstituciuri wesiT gaaCnia uflebamosilebebi, aRasrulos marTlmsajuleba da as-
rulebs Tavis valdebulebebs profesionalur safuZvelze.106 „mosamarTleoba, pirvel
rigSi, uzarmazari pasuxismgeblobaa. mosamarTlis cnobierebaSi unda arsebobdes ori
ganmsazRvreli faqtori: misi Sinagani survili – iyos Rirseuli mosamarTle da hqon-
des pasuxismgeblobis maRali SegrZneba. mosamarTles unda hqondes samarTlianobis
gancda da, rac mTavaria, ar unda dauSvas upatiebeli Secdoma“.107 sasamarTlos da, Se-
sabamisad, mosamarTlis funqcia da daniSnulebaa, drosa da sivrceSi moqmedi kanonis
sworad gamoyenebiT aRasrulos marTlmsajuleba. am funqcias sasamarTlo axorcie-
lebs rogorc uflisagan moniWebul uflebas – `qmnas marTali samarTali~.108
termini „momrigebeli mosamarTle“ Tavisi SinaarsiT yvelaze ukeT miesadageba
mosamarTlis im statuss, romelic xels uwyobs mxareebs morigebiT saqmiswarmoebis
dasrulebaSi. Tumca, dRes gansxvavebuli viTarebaa am terminis Sinaarsobriv da sa-
marTlebriv mniSvnelobebs Soris. qarTuli samarTlebrivi sivrce ar icnobs momri-
gebeli mosamarTlis statuss, Tumca, momrigebeli mosamarTlis funqciebis ganma-
xorcielebeli mosamarTlis adekvatur termins „magistrati mosamarTle“ sul sxva
samarTlebriv sivceSi da sxva mniSvnelobiT iyenebs.109 magistratTa anu momrigebel
mosamarTleTa instituti inglisuri samarTlebrivi kulturis mniSvnlovani nawilia.
magistratTa (momrigebelTa) sasamarTlo warmoiSva me-14 saukunis inglisSi.110 „dRe-
vandeli viTarebiT „magistrati“ („magistrati mosamarTle“) da „momrigebeli (momri-
gebel mosamarTleTa) sasamarTlo“ metwilad, an sulac identuri, sinonimuri cnebe-
bia, an kidev, sxva SemTxvevebSi, „erTi medlis ori mxarea“.111 „Zneli ar aris SevniSnoT,
rom termini magistarti mosamarTle „momrigebeli“, uwinaresad, migvaniSnebs amgvari
sasamarTlos (mosamarTlis) saqmianobis im upirates mizansa da amocanebze, gnebavT,
meTodze, romelic mimarTulia mxareTa morigebisaken, rac, rogorc wesi, gulisxmobs
maT Serigebas da amiT konfliqtis Cacxroma-mowesrigebas“.112
105
qurdaZe S., samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi, Tb., 2005,
120.
106
TezeliSvili s, iuridiuli enciklopedia, Tb., 2008, 376.
107
SavliaSvili g., saqalaqo sasamarTlo moqalaqisaTvis xelmisawvdomi da efeqturi gax-
deba, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo, marTlmsajuleba, №1, Tb., 2006, 66.
108
lazaraSvili l., sazogadoebas unda swamdes, rom sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seasrulos Ta-
visi namdvili funqcia aRasrulos marTlmsajuleba~, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarT-
lo, marTlmsajuleba, №1, Tb., 2006, 58-59.
109
sssk-is me-13 muxli, me-2 nawili da me-14 muxli.
110
gabisonia i., nafic msajulTa, magistratTa da momrigebeli sasamarTloebi, Tb., 2008,
342.
111
iqve, 98.
112
iqve, 100.
94
momrigebel mosamarTleTa „upiratesi da umTavresi amocanaa mxareTa morigeba

da, Sesabamisad, konfliqtis maqsimalurad daCqarebulad, drois, energiisa da saxsre-
bis SeZlebisdagvarad umciresi danaxarjebiT „mSvidobianad“ gadawyveta, anu maqsima-
luri „saproceso ekonomiis“ (!) viTarebaSi maqsimaluri efeqtis (rezultatis) miRwe-
va – umTavresad, cxadia, raodenobrivi (!) TvalsazrisiT“.113 aqve aRsaniSnavia am ori
statusis SedarebiTi analizi, romelsac msjelobis Sedegad mivyavarT daskvnamde,
rom zogierT qveyanaSi arsebobs mxolod magistratTa instituti da Sesabamisi sasa-
marTloebi (zelandia, SvedeTi, indoeTi da a.S), qveyanaTa ufro met nawilSi mxolod
momrigebeli sasamarTloebia (mosamarTleebi) (ruseTi, italia, saberZneTi, belgia,
israeli, TurqeTi da a.S.), xolo zogierT qveyanaSi – orives „kombinaciis“ saxiT (mal-
ta, kanada, malaizia, inglisi).114
rodesc alternatiuli wesiT davis gadawyvetam mkveTrad moimata, iurispruden-
ciam daiwyo specifikuri wesebis miReba, romelic moicavs davis alternatiuli wesiT
ganmxilveli specialistebis, gansakuTrebiT mediatorebis, xelmZRvanelobas/mar-
Tvas. xSirad mosamarTleebi ixsnian mantias da mediatoris rols irgeben (Judges often
remove their robes and don the cap of mediator). sanam iurisprudencia iwyebs advokatebis sa-
mediacio procesebis uzrunvelyofas, regulaciebi iSviaTad uzrunvelyofen speci-
alur miTiTebas – mosamarTleebma imsaxuron rogorc mediatorebma. mosamarTleebi
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi aRiarebulebi arian iurisprudenciis mcodneebad da samar-
Tlis makontroleblebad. paradoqsia, magram mosamarTleebs, mediaciis procesSi, xSi-
rad aqvT sirTuleebi, uari Tqvan TavianT farTo Zalauflebaze, samarTlebriv qceva-
ze, diplomatiur CvevaTa erTobaze da darwmunebis unarze. msgavsi gavlenis qveS arian
mosamarTleebi, maSin roca msoflios mediatorTa bevri jgufi dakompleqtebulia ga-
damdgari mosamarTleebisgan, es aris problema, rac Rrmad aRwevs mediaciis ZiriTad
mimarTulebaSi.115 marTalia mxareebi uflebamosili arian uflebrivad gankargon da-
vis sagani da mimarTos brZolis meTodebs (dispoziciurobidan gamomdinare), magram,
miuxedavad amisa, gadamwyveti sityva procesze ekuTvnis sasamarTlos, radgan is sa-
xelmwifo xelisuflebis Stoa, romelsac mxareebi emorCilebian. mxareTa moqmedebebi
mimarTulia iqiT, rom sasamarTlos saqmianobas mieces sawyisi da safuZveli saTanado
gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad.116
sasamarTlos kanoni avaldebulebs SesTavazos da xeli Seuwyos mxareebs morige-
baSi. am dros minimaluri RonisZieba erTgvarad mxareebis konsultirebaa. konsulta-
cia gulisxmobs sasargeblo informaciis miwodebas yvelaze saWiro dros moqmedebis
Sesrulebamde. maSin roca imave moqmedebis mogvianebiT Sesruleba SeiZleba CaiTva-
los zewolad.117 imavdroulad, mosamarTle damoukidebeli unda iyos, zogadad, sazo-
gadoebisgan da gadasawyveti davis mxareebTan urTierTobisgan.118
113
109.
114
iqve, 102.
115
ix. Certilman S.A, Judges as Mediatiors: Retaining Neutrality and Avoiding the Trap of Social Engineering,
2007, 24.
116
Хрестоматия по гражданскому процессу, M., 1996, 62.
117
118
mosamarTleTa eTikis saerTaSoriso standartebi, samosamarTlo qcevis bangarolis
principebi, Tb., 2002, 6.
95
Tu mosamarTle CaerTveba molaparakebebis procesSi, rogorc wesi, is uZRveba

davis gadawyvetis konfidencialur process (confidential settlement conference), ra drosac
mxareebs moeTxovebaT iyvnen sruliad gulwrfelni (“the partie, their repretentatives and at-
torneys are required to be completely candid with the settlement conference judge”). molaparakebebis
saqmiswarmoeba ar iwereba da daxurulia. mosamarTles SeuZlia mosTxovos mxareebs,
daeswron mosamarTlis mier organizebul samomrigeblo process (attend a settlement con-
ference), romelic SeiZleba warimarTos advokatebis an mediatorebis saSualebiT. ad-
vokatebis umetesoba iziarebs im azrs, rom mosamarTlis CarTuloba molaparakebebis
procesSi adasturebs SeTanxmebis miRwevis perspeqtivas, maSinac ki, roca amaze Txov-
niT ar miumarTavT mxareebs.119
„morigebis SeTavazebis winapirobas warmoadgens saqmis sagnisa da faqtobrivi
garemoebebis safuZvliani analizi, rac ZiriTadad ar gansxvavdeba im procesisagan,
rac aucilebelia mosamarTlis mier saboloo gadawyvetilebis Camoyalibebisavis“.120
„sasamarTlom yovelnairad unda Seuwyos xeli da miiRos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
yvela zoma, raTa mxareebma saqme morigebiT daamTavron“.121 mosamarTlem yovel Ro-
nes unda mimarTos morigebisaTvis. „yoveli Ronis mimarTva“ gulisxmobs mosamarTlis
mcdelobas, daarwmunos mxareebi morigebiT saqmis damTavrebis upiratesobaSi. mori-
gebas kargi Suamavali sWirdeba, xolo mosamarTle amisaTvis saukeTeso piri da mrCe-
velia. „Zvel romSi mosamarTleebi ara marto samarTlis normebis Semfardeblebi, ara-
med samarTlis normebis axsna-ganmmarteblebi da samarTalSemoqmednic ki iyvnen gamo-
naklis SemTxvevebSi“.122
mosamarTlis mxridan zemoaRniSnuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebisas aucile-
belia erTmaneTisagan gaimijnos cnebebi „CarTva“ da „Careva“. morigebis procesSi Car-
Tva mxareTa nebayoflobiTobisa da kanonis nebadarTulobis safuZvelze xorciel-
deba. kerZod, sasamarTlo yovelmxriv unda ecados mxareTa morigebas.123 aseTi mcde-
lobis saxed unda miviCnioT mosamarTlis iniciativa, rom saqmiswarmoeba morigebiT
dasruldes. rac Seexeba „Carevas“, igi arauflebamosili piris mier arasaTanado for-
miT xorcieldeba da kanons ewinaaRmdegeba. dauSvebelia mosamarTlem samosamarTlo
movaleobis Sesrulebisas sityviT an qceviT warmoaCinos winaswar Seqmnili azri an mi-
kerZoeba romelime piris an pirTa jgufis mimarT ararelevanturi safuZvliT.124
davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli saSualebebis gamoyenebas mosamarTleTa nawi-
li skeptikurad uyurebs. isini miiCneven, rom sasamarTlo procesma ukve daamtkica Ta-
visi efeqturoba. amitom saWiro aRar aris am mimarTulebiT siaxleebis Zieba. miT ume-
tes, rom sasamarTlo arasodes ar aris morigebis winaaRmdegi da SeuZlia daamtkicos
119
Llevin A. L., Shuchman P., Yamnb C. M., Civil Procedure, Cases and Materials – successor edition New-York,
1992, 549.
120
Wanturia l., boelingi h., samoqalaqo saqmeze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis
121
ganCineba samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis saqmeze: №as-1269-1527-09, 2010, <http://prg.suprem-
ecourt.ge/DetailViewCivil.aspx>, [05.02.2014].
122
nadareiSvili g., romis samoqalaqo samarTali, Tb., 2001, 37.
123
124
mosamarTleTa eTikis saerTaSoriso standartebi, samosamarTlo qcevis bangarolis
principebi, Tb., 2002, 10.
96
mxareTa SeTanxmebiT miRweuli Sedegebi.125 qarTuli samarTlebrivi sistema ufro me-

tad akeTebs aqcents mxareTa morigebaze, raSic xelSemwyob garemoebad isic gvevline-
ba, rom qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi gansakuTrebulia dispoziciurobis principis
ganxorcielebis da mosamarTlis roli da mxareTa samarTlebrivi nebis regulirebis
moqnili meqanizmi.
5. sasamarTlosmieri morigeba da misi samarTlebrivi Sedegebi
5.1. saqmiswarmoebis dasruleba sasamarTlosmieri morigebiT
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT saqmiswarmoebis Sewyvetis erT-erTi safuZveli

morigebaa. morigeba, rogorc wesi, gulisxmobs mxareTa Serigebas da amiT konfliqtis
mowesrigebas. samoqalaqo saqmeebze es Cveulebrivi, miRebuli praqtikaa, davis sasur-
veli gadawyvetaa (Sedegia), xolo sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze – ufro sagamonakliso,
„mokrZalebuli“, gacilebiT iSviaTad gamoyenebadi meTodia, radgan morigeba, media-
cia Tu arbitrireba aq ufro iSviaTad miiRweva.126
germaniis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis Tanaxmad, romelic saproceso kanon-
Ta kanonad iTvleba (“mother of procedural laws”), samoqalaqo saqmiswarmoeba iyofa or
nawilad: samarTlebrivi gadawyvetilebebis miReba (Erkenntnisverfahren) da sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba (Vollstreckingsverfahren). germanuli saqmiswarmoeba araerT
princips moicavs, romelTa Sorisaa dispoziciurobis principi.127 kerZo samarTali
dafuZnebulia individis TviTgadawyvetis principze (self-determination), daareguliros
Tavisi samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi. sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis an armimarTvis uf-
leba am principis safuZvelia. sasamarTlo ver iqneba saqmiswarmoebis iniciatori, rac
vlindeba gamonaTqvamSi: `Tu ar aris mosarCele, araa saqmiswarmoeba~ (there is no plaintiff,
there is no judge).128
davis mogvarebis proceduris (dispute resolution procedure) gamoyenebisa da gavrce-
lebis bevri mizezi arsebobs. evropaSi adamianis uflebaTa ganviTarebam saTave daudo
araerTi kanonis miRebas, rasac mohyva sasamarTlo institutebis Seqmna adamianis uf-
lebaTa davebis gadawyvetis mizniT. aman xeli Seuwyo davis gadawyvetis meqanizmebis
zrdas ara mxolod adamianis uflebaTa dacvis, aramed samarTlis sxva sferoebSic.129
davis alternatiuli wesiT gadawyveta garkveuli meTodebiT ufro xSirad agvarebs sa-
marTlebriv problemas, vidre zogadad sasamarTlo procesi. es ki Sedegad uzrunvel-
yofs saqmiswarmoebis Tavidan aridebas. Tumca, davis alternatiuli gadawyvetisTvis
mimarTva yvela SemTxvevaSi araa mizanSewonili. zogierTi saxis davis da miznisTvis
sasamarTlo saqmiswarmoeba saukeTeso procesia, radgan zog situaciaSi mxolod sasa-
125
126
100-101.
127
Werner F.Ebke., Matthew W. Finkin. C.H. Beck Kluver., Introduction to German Law, The Hague-London-
Boston., 1996, 357.
128
iqve, 359.
129
Buergenthal T., The Proliferation of Disputes, Dispute Settlement Procedures and Respect for the Rule of
Law, UK, 2006, 495.
97
marTlos gadawyvetileba uzrunvelyofs swor samarTlebriv miTiTebas mxareTaTvis,

xolo iq, sadac davis alternatiuli gziT gadaWra yvelaze aprobirebuli meTodia, sa-
survelia, igi optimalurad iqnes gamoyenebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamoye-
nebis uaryofis gareSe.130
SesaZloa saqmis sasamarTlo wesiT ganxilva ar dasruldes gadawyvetilebis ga-
motaniT. gadawyvetilebis gamotanis gareSe saqmiswarmoebis damTavrebis erT-erTi
forma saqmiswarmoebis Sewyvetaa.131 mxareebs SeuZliaT miaRwion SeTanxmebas, morige-
bas (reach a settlement) sasamarTloSi da sasamarTlos mier misi damtkicebiT Sewyviton
saqmiswarmoeba. sasamarTlos mier damtkicebuli SeTanxmebis upiratesoba (fsiqolo-
giuri) isaa, rom arcerTi mxare araa mogebuli an wagebuli (no parties wins or loses gace).
amasTan, mxareebs SeuZliaT ukeT daareguliron maTi yvela samarTlebrivi urTier-
Toba, vidre es samarTalwarmoebiTaa SesaZlebeli.132
„saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad, mxareebi
aRWurvili arian Tavisi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis gankargvis sruli uflebamo-
silebiT. am uflebamosilebis realizebisaTvis mxareTa Tavisufal gankargulebaSia
yvela procesualuri saSualeba: mosarCelis nebazea damokidebuli, daiwyos saqme,
ar daiwyos an Sewyvitos nebismier momentSi, mopasuxis gadasawyvetia, cnos an ar cnos
sarCeli, mxareTa mier gonivruli kompromisis miRwevis unarzea damokidebuli saqmis
morigebiT damTavreba“.133 morigebiT saqmiswarmoebis damTavreba mxareTa nebayoflo-
biTi arCevania. kerZod, mxareebs SeuZliaT saqmiswarmoeba morigebiT daamTavron.134
sasamarTlo saqmiswarmoebas Sewyvets, Tu mxareebi morigdebian.135 amasTan, morigebis
aqtis pirobebi ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes kanons da sxva pirTa uflebebs.
saqmis morigebiT damTavrebis mizniT, mosamarTle uflebamosilia, Tavisi ini-
ciativiT an mxaris SuamdgomlobiT gamoacxados Sesveneba sasamarTlo sxdomis mim-
dinareobisas da sxva pirTa daswrebis gareSe mousminos mxolod mxareebs an mxolod
maT warmomadgenlebs. mosamarTles SeuZlia miuTiTos davis gadawyvetis SesaZlo Se-
degebze da mxareebs SesTavazos morigebis pirobebi.136 Tu warmodgenili werilobiTi
masalebi mosamarTles aZlevs varaudis safuZvels, rom SeiZleba mxareebma saqme mori-
gebiT daamTavron, agreTve Tu, mosamarTlis azriT, sasamarTlo ganxilvisTvis saqmis
saTanadod momzadebis interesebi amas moiTxovs, mosamarTle uflebamosilia mxare-
Ta werilobiTi masalebis miRebidan xuTi dRis ganmavlobaSi daniSnos mosamzadebeli
sxdoma.137 kerZod, auxsnas mxareebs morigebis wesi, pirobebi, romliTac SesaZlebelia
morigebis dadeba, daarwmunos mxare, wavides garkveul daTmobaze, auxsnas sasamarTlo
130
Llevin A. L., Shuchman P., Yamnbon C.M., Civil Procedure, Cases and Materials – Successor Edition, New-
York, 1992, 543.
131
sssk-is 272-e muxli .
132
Werner F.E., Finkin M.W., Kluver C.H.B., Introduction to German Law, The Hague-London-Boston., 1996,
369.
133
samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis ganCineba saqmeze: №as-1232-1491-09, 2010, <http://prg.suprem-
134
sssk-is me-3 muxli, me-2 nawili, 1-li winadadeba.
135
sssk-is 272-e muxli, `d~ qvepunqti.
136
137
98
procesis msvlelobis dros SesaZlo sirTuleebi, miuTiTos problemaTa wamoWris re-

alur albaTobaze, rac mTavaria, misces vada morigebisaTvis da a.S. aRniSnuli mcde-
lobebis miuxedavad, sasamarTlo ver aiZulebs mxareebs saqme morigebiT daamTavron.
Tu mxareebi ver SeTanxmdebian morigebis dadebaze, sasamarTlom procesis msvleloba
Cveuli wesiT unda gaagrZelos.
sssk-is mixedviT, morigeba sasamarTlos mier xorcieldeba. am procesis termi-
nologiur gamovlinebad „sasamarTlosmieri morigebis“ cneba unda miviCnioT. „sasa-
marTlosmieri morigeba“ gulisxmobs morigebas, romelic sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT
sruldeba.138 mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa paraleli „sasamarTlosmier morigebas“ da
„samomrigeblo sasamarTlos“ cnebebs Soris. „momrigebeli sasamarTlo“ (ing. world co-
urt. rus. Мировой суд) ganmartebulia, rogorc zog saxelmwifoSi arsebuli sasamarTlo
sistemis udablesi rgoli, romelic gamartivebuli proceduriT ganixilavs wvril-
man samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs“.139 „samomrigeblo sasamarTlo zog sa-
xelmwifoSi sasamarTlo sistemis qveda rgolia, romelic pirveli instanciiT ixilavs
mcire mniSvnelobis saqmeebs. samomrigeblo sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilva xdeba gamar-
tivebuli wesiT, momrigebeli mosamarTlis mier erTpirovnulad. saqarTveloSi amJa-
mad aseTi sasamarTlo ar arsebobs“.140
saqmiswarmoeba gulisxmobs sadavod qceuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis sasa-
marTloSi saproceso wesiT ganxilvas. Sesabamisad, saqmiswarmoeba SeiZleba mxolod
sasamarTlosmieri morigebiT dasruldes. morigebis Taobaze saqmiswarmoebisas miRe-
buli gadawyvetileba ar scdeba sasamarTlos farglebs da igi sasamarTlos meSveo-
biT xorcieldeba. am faqts is garemoebac amyarebs, rom sasamarTlosmieri morigebisas
erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli roli mosamarTles akisria. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqme sasa-
marTlos farglebs scildeba, igi saqmiswarmoebad ar gvevlineba. amdenad, saqmiswar-
moebis dasruleba mxolod sasamarTlosmieri morigebiT SeiZleba moxdes.
morigebiT saqmiswarmoebis damTavreba samarTalwarmoebis nebismier etapzea Se-
saZlebeli, maT Soris saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis dawyebamdec, rac uzrunvelyofs Ta-
vidan iyos acilebuli rTuli da xangrZlivi sasamarTlo procesebi. morigebis dam-
tkiceba SesaZlebelia dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze Setanili saCivris ganxilvis
etapze. am dros aucilebelia, sasamarTlo ar Semoifarglos konkretuli saproceso
moqmedebiT, rac gamoricxavs saqmis arsebiTad Seswavlas da SesaZlebeli xdeba uka-
nono morigebis damtkicebis albaToba, rac unda gaiTvaliswinos da Tavidan airidos
sasamarTlom.141 am mizniT sasamarTlo unda gascdes saCivrisa da kerZo saCivris moTx-
ovnis farglebs, unda Seiswavlos saqme da mxolod amis Semdeg daamtkicos morigeba.142
138
Marsh S. R., Current Issues in Court Annexed Mediation.<http://adrr.com/adr2/essayq.htm>, [05.02.2014].
139
100.
140
SuSanaSvili al., iuridiuli leqsikoni, Tb., 2000, 258-259.
141
142
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo, rekomendaciebi samoqalaqo samarTlis sasamarT-
lo praqtikis problemur sakiTxebze, XXX, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos erTgva-
rovani praqtika samoqalaqo saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT, Tb., 2007, 38-39.
99
morigebis dadeba SesaZlebelia aseve saqmiswarmoebis ganaxlebis etapze, axlad

aRmoCenil garemoebaTa gamo saqmiswarmoebisas, ra drosac Sewydeba axlad aRmoCenil
garemoebaTa gamo saqmiswarmoeba, gauqmdeba saqmeze miRebuli yvela sasamarTlo ga-
dawyvetileba da damtkicdeba morigeba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saaRsrulebo furceli ga-
mowerilia, morigebis damtkicebis gansxvavebuli proceduraa gaTvaliswinebuli „sa-
aRsrulebo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb“ kanoniT.143 kerZod, kreditori da movale aRsrulebis
procesSi morigebisas sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels gadascemen morigebis Sesaxeb weri-
lobiT SeTanxmebas, romelsac igi sami dRis vadaSi gadaugzavnis sasamarTlos mxareTa
morigebis damtkicebis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad.144
samarTalwarmoebis im etapze, roca xdeba uzrunvelyofis ganxilva da sarCeli
jer kidev ar aris aRZruli, morigebis damtkiceba dauSvebelia mxareebisa da davis
sagnis ararsebobis gamo.145 erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba morigebis damtkicebis Sede-
gi imis mixedviT, miqceulia Tu ara aRsasruleblad kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawy-
vetileba. Tu saqme aRsasruleblad aris miqceuli, maSin, aRmasruleblis Suamdgom-
lobis safuZvelze, sasamarTlo amtkicebs morigebas, magram kanonier ZalaSi Sesul
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas ar auqmebs. Tu saqme aRsasruleblad ar aris miqceuli,
anu saaRsrulebo furceli araa gamowerili, aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo uflebamo-
silia daamtkicos morigeba da gaauqmos saqmeze miRebuli yvela gadawyvetileba, raTa
aRsruldes mxolod erTi gadawyvetileba.146
amdenad, yoveli konkretuli saqme mosamarTlem yuradRebiT, auCqareblad, udi-
desi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT unda ganixilos da mxareebis mimarT momTmeni, dak-
virvebuli da damajerebeli unda iyos.147 „sasamarTlom yovelnairad unda Seuwyos
xeli da unda miiRos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela zoma, raTa mxareebma saqme mo-
rigebiT daamTavron“.148 mosamarTles aqvs SesaZlebloba saqme droebiT gadados da
mxareebs gonivruli vada misces saqmis morigebiT damTavrebisaTvis. aseve SesTavazos,
gaerkvnen da CauRrmavdnen TavianT poziciebs, saqmis Semdgomi ganviTarebis perspeq-
tivebs da savaraudo Sedegebs. SeTavazeba unda iyos gasagebi formiT miwodebuli, yo-
veli mxareTaTvis mimarTuli winadadeba unda gamoxatavdes morigebis mizans da mou-
rigeblobis SemTxvevaSi mosalodnel Sedegebs ganmartavdes.
5.2. morigebiT samoqalaqo saqmiswarmoebis damTavrebis

samarTlebrivi Sedegebi
morigebis „moqmedeba samarTalSi“ gamoixateba imiT, Tu ra samarTlebrivi Se-

degebi moaqvs saqmiswarmoebis morigebiT dasrulebas. morigeba iZleva konkretul
samarTlebriv Sedegs, rac, erTi mxriv, davis gadawyvetaSi, xolo meore mxriv, saqmis-
143
kanoni „saaRsrulebo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb“, 18-e muxli.
144
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo, rekomendaciebi samoqalaqo samarTlis sasamarT-
lo praqtikis problemur sakiTxebze, XXX, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos erTgva-
rovani praqtika samoqalaqo saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT, Tb., 2007, 39.
145
iqve, 41.
146
iqve, 40.
147
xurciZe n., maTiaSvili m., moliterno j., zambaxiZe T., ciskaZe m., joxaZe g., iuridiul
profesiaTa eTikis sakiTxebi, vaSingtoni, 2009, 94.
148
sssk-is 218-e muxlis 1-li nawili.
100
warmoebis damTavrebaSi gamoixateba. mas Semdeg, rac mxareebi waradgenen morigebis

aqts, isini mimarTaven sasamarTlos TxovniT, damtkicdes aRniSnuli morigebis aqti
da Sewydes saqmiswarmoeba.149 aseTi saxis Txovna kanoniT dadgenili wesiT ganxorcie-
lebuli Suamdgomlobaa,150 romelic SesaZloa daakmayofilos sasamarTlom, SesaZloa
– ara. Tumca, sasamarTlo saqmis masalebis Seswavlis, mxareTa mier wardgenili mori-
gebis aqtis Semowmebis Sedegad miiCnevs, rom morigebis aqti unda damtkicdes da moce-
mul saqmeze warmoeba Sewydes, rasac ganCinebaSi Camoyalibebuli garemoebebis safuZ-
velze adgens.151
morigebiT saqmiswarmoebis damTavreba davis gadawyvetis alternatiul saSua-
lebaa, rasac, saqmiswarmoebis procesisgan gansxvavebiT, araerTi upiratesoba gaaCnia:
gaWianurebuli da xangrZlivi sasamarTlo procedurebis Tavidan acileba; davis dro-
is im monakveTSi gadawyveta, rac Tavad mxareebs morigebis pirobebis SemuSavebisaT-
vis dasWirdebaT; modave mxareebisaTvis sasurveli SedegiT saqmiswarmoebis Sewyveta;
sasamarTlo sistemis gantvirTva saqmeTa gadatvirTuli grafikisagan; sasamarTloSi
arsebuli davis swrafad da sabolood mogvareba; martivi aRsruleba; mxareebis mier
pirobebis SemuSaveba, romlebic maTTvis misaRebia, amasTan, Sesasruleblad advilia;
xarjebis Semcireba, xolo aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis saerTod Tavidan
arideba.
morigebis upiratesoba davis gadawyvetis erTgvar ekonomiurobaSi vlindeba –
rogorc uSualod danakargebis (finansuri xarjis) SemcirebaSi, aseve, drois (gansakuT-
rebiT samewarmeo, saojaxo, SromiT urTierTobaSi), energiis dazogvaSi, aseve, samar-
Talwarmoebis swrafad dasrulebasa da xangrZlivi procesebisaTvis Tavis aridebSi,
romlebic mudmivad dakavSirebulia sasamarTlo xarjebTan.152 „dRevandeli marTlmsa-
julebis erT-erTi problemaa saqmeTa simravle da mosamarTlis umZimesi datvirTva,
rac, bunebrivia, marTlmsajulebis xarisxzec axdens gavlenas da imavdroulad iwvevs
sazogadoebis samarTlian ukmayofilebas saqmeTa ganxilvis gaxangrZlivebis gamo. es
yvela instanciis sasamarTlos problemaa, magram udavod gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sa-
mosamarTlo saqmianoba SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobaa. mas siCqare ar uyvars. mosamarTle
imaze ki ar unda fiqrobdes, rom `CaZiruli~ saqmeebis gamo vadebi daerRveva, risTvisac
mas pasuxs mosTxovs iusticiis sabWo, aramed mxolod imaze, rom sworad ganmartos ka-
noni da samarTlianad gadawyvitos ama Tu im konkretuli saqmis bedi“.153
morigebisas dava mSvidobiani da arakonfliqturi gzebiT wydeba. es xels uwyobs
mxareTa Soris axali urTierTobis damyarebas da mSvidobis aRdgenas. morigebiT Se-
149
150
151
samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis ganCineba saqmeze: №as-901-1187-09; 2010, <http://prg.suprem-
152
153
lazaraSvili l., sazogadoebas unda swamdes, rom sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seasrulos Ta-
visi namdvili funqcia – aRasrulos marTlmsajuleba, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarT-
lo, marTlmsajuleba, №1, Tb., 2006, 56.
101
saZlebelia partnior mxareTa samomavlo urTierTobebis SenarCunebaze fiqri,154

romlis drosac SesaZloa ufro metad daixvewos da daregulirdes maTi urTierTo-
ba. urTierTobebis aseTi regulirebis Sedegad aRar arsebobs wagebuli da mogebu-
li mxare. miRweuli morigeba maT Tanabar „Sualeduri statuss“ aniWebs. Sesabamisad,
mxareebi „darbazs aRar toveben rogorc mogebuli da „damarcxebuli mxarebi“.155 Se-
iZleba iTqvas, rom morigebisas orive mxare mogebulia, radgan arc erTi maTgani ar
midis „xelcarieli“ sxdomaTa darbazidan. „...morigebis Sedegad ufro mkveTrad aris
SesaZlebeli „samarTlianobis“ aRdgena, vidre sadavo gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas,
rodesac es ukanaskneli xSirad formalur kriteriumebzea orientirebuli. amdenad,
morigebiT SesaZlebelia im Sedegis miReba, romelsac gadawyvetilebis miRebiT ver mi-
viRebdiT...“.156
sasamarTlos winaSe mxareebi Tanasworuflebiani arian. mosarCelec da mopasu-
xec Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobs sasamarTlos winaSe. saqmiswarmoebisas mxareTa
interesebi gaTanabrebulia, maTi uflebebi da valdebulebebi saqmis arsidan, mxareTa
miznebidan da sasamarTlos valdebulebebidan gamomdinareobs.
morigeba aris procesi, romelic mxareTa mier miiReba da aRsruldeba nebayof-
lobiT. mxareTa survili saqmiswarmoebis morigebiT dasrulebaze, maTive nebis SeTan-
xmebis Sedegad miiRweva, rac uzrunvelyofs davis saboloo gadawyvetas. morigebiT
viRebT „Sesrulebad gadawyvetilebas“ da imavdroulad Tavidan vicilebT sasamar-
Tlos wesiT dadgenil kidev erT „gadauwyvetel gadawyvetilebas“.
„morigebis dros, rogorc wesi, ufro metad, vidre gadawyvetilebis gamotani-
sas, SesaZlebelia yuradReba gamaxvildes im SesaZleblobaze, romelic procesis far-
glebs scildeba“157 da amiT aRdges samarTlianoba. samarTlianobis aRdgena mxolod
kanoniT dadgenili wesiT miRebul gadawyvetilebasa da zogadad marTlmsajulebis
ganxorcielebaSi ar gamoixateba, aramed mxareTa nebis gamovlenaSic, romlis samar-
Tlianobas isic adasturebs, rom mxareTa neba SeTanxmebuli da misaRebia davis sru-
lad gadasawyvetad.
„saqmis damTavreba morigebiT samarTalwarmoebis dasrulebis aranakleb mniSvne-
lovani formaa, vidre saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamotana. zogjer ki morigeba ukeTesi
alternativaa, Tumca mxolod erTi pirobiT, Tu morigebis SeTavazeba miznad isaxavs
ara mxolod mosamarTlis gantvirTvas, misi samuSaos Semsubuqebas, aramed mxareTa So-
ris wamoWril davis saganze warmoSobili konfliqtis samarTlian mogvarebas~.158 mo-
rigebiT saqmiswarmoebis damTavrebis gavlena samoqalaqo saqmiswarmoebaze erTmniS-
vnelovnad dadebiTia ara mxolod modave mxareTaTvis, aramed mTlianad sasamarTlo
sistemisaTvis.
154
cercvaZe g., mediacia, davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma, Tb., 2010, 48, Semdgomi
miTiTebiT: Werner G., Mediation als auBergerichtliches Konfliktlösungsmodell, Am Beispiel der Tren-
nungs- und Scheidungsmediation in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ìbidem”, Stuttgart, 1999, 60-61.
155
156
iqve, 90.
157
iqve, 89.
158
iqve, 91.
102
6. morigebis aqti
morigebis aqti mxareebis samoqalaqo uflebebisa da valdebulebebis gankargvis

Sesaxeb werilobiTi dokumenti – konsesualuri xelSekrulebaa. saxelSekrulebo sa-
marTalSi dadgenili pirobaa, rom xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba, Tu mxareebi mis
yvela arsebiT pirobaze SeTanxmdebian. morigebis Taobaze mxareTa SeTanxmebis Semdeg
maTi uflebebi da movaleobebi swored am morigebaSi gansazRvruli pirobebis mixed-
viT ganisazRvreba da ara morigebamde arsebuli valdebulebis mixedviT.159
morigeba werilobiTi formiT unda Sedges. aseve SesaZlebelia sasamarTlom miu-
TiTos, rom „modave mxareebis mier Sedgenili morigebis aqti daerTo saqmes“.160
morigebis aqti anu xelSekruleba morigebis Sesaxeb sadavo sakiTxis gadaWris
yvela pirobas unda iTvaliswinebs. morigebis aqtis Sinaarsi, sadavo saqmis faqtobrivi
garemoebebidan unda gamomdinareobdes da mimarTuli unda iyos davis gadawyvetisa-
ken. amasTan, TiToeuli mxaris mier wamoyenebuli morigebis piroba meore mxaris inte-
ressa da moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes. igi Sedgeba SeTanxmebis pirobebis, gansa-
kuTrebuli pirobebis, procesis xarjebisa da daskvniTi debulebebisagan.161
morigebis aqti sasamarTlo xelisuflebis aqti araa, maSin roca sasamarTlo xe-
lisuflebis aqtis miReba, romliTac saqme arsebiTad wydeba, iTvleba marTlmsajule-
bis ganxorcielebad.162 „marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis cneba ar moicavs im sasamar-
Tlo aqtebs, romlebic Tumca miRebulia (an miiReba) samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi,
magram ar xdeba saqmeTa arsebiTad ganxilva da mxareTa materialur samarTlebrivi
mdgomareobis gansazRvra (dadgena)“.163 am logikiT, morigebiT saqmiswarmoebis dasru-
leba ar miekuTvneba marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebas da igi mxolod saqmiswarmoe-
bis dasrulebis proceduruli sakiTxia.
morigebis aqti ar warmoadgens iuridiuli Zalis mqone dokuments. morigebis
aqti formdeba morigebisTvis, morigeba ki xorcieldeba saqmiswarmoebis Sewyvetis –
dasrulebisTavis. Tavad morigebis aqtis calke gasaCivreba SeuZlebelia. uzenaesi sa-
samarTlos praqtikam dagvanaxa, rom Tuki mxare ar eTanxmeba morigebis aqtis pirobebs,
unda gasaCivrdes ara uSualod morigebis aqti, aramed ganCineba morigebis damtkice-
bis Taobaze. aRniSnuliT dasturdeba is garemoeba, rom swored ganCinebam mianiWa mo-
rigebis aqts iuridiuli Zala da mniSvneloba.164
159
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari. me-3 wigni. Tb., 2001, 264-265.
160
samoqalaqo palatis gadawyvetileba saqmeze: №as-1105-1369-09, 2010, <http://prg.supreme-
court.ge/CaseCivilResult.aspx>, [05.02.2014].
161
samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis gadawyvetileba saqmeze: №as-1269-1527-09, 2010, <http://prg.
supremecourt.ge/CaseCivilResult.aspx>, [05.02.2014].
162
qurdaZe S., samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi, Tb., 2005, 13.
163
iqve.
164
sus samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2008 wlis praqtikaSi
moipoveba ganCineba, romlis safuZvelia kasatori mxaris moTxovna axlad aRmoCenil
garemoebaTa gamo amave sasamarTlos 2004 wlis ganCinebis gauqmebis Taobaze. ganCinebis
teqstSi miTiTebulia: „gasaCivrebuli ganCinebiT damtkicda morigeba, erTis mxriv, ss
,,saqarTvelos safosto banks~, xolo, meore mxriv, ss ,,egrissa~ da Sps ,,axal qselebs~
Soris. ... ss `saqarTvelos safosto bankis~ mxridan morigebis aqts xeli moawera arau-
flebamosilma pirma“ da a.S.
103
aucilebelia morigeba kanonis farglebSi ganxorcieldes. morigebis aqtis Sina-

arsi kanonis moTxovnebs srulad unda akmayofilebdes. aseTi pirobis dakmayofilebis
moTxovna dRis wesrigSi dgeba iqidan gamomdinare, rom morigebis pirobebs mTlianad
mxareebi gansazRvraven, ra drosac SesaZloa mxareTa mier ar an ver iqnes gaTvalis-
winebuli kanonis moTxovnebi. morigebis pirobebi, Tavisi SinaarsiT, ar unda ewinaaR-
mdegebodes moralsa da sazogadoebriv wesrigs. sasamarTlos evaleba morigebis aqtis
kanonierebis kontroli da Tu is exeba saxelmwifos an im piris interesebs, romelic
procesSi ar monawileobs, zRudavs mxareTa uflebebs an kanonier interesebs, morige-
bis aqtis damtkiceba ar daiSveba.165
„sasamarTlom morigebis pirobebis samarTlianobisa da kanonierebis Sefasebisas
morigebis aqtis Semdegi materialur-samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi unda miiRos mxedvelo-
baSi: morigebis aqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebi aRsrulebadi unda iyos, rac
aucilebelia SemdgomSi saaRsruleblo furclis gacemisa da misi uproblemod reali-
zebisaTvis; valdebulebis moculoba, misi Sesrulebis vadebi da pirobebi detalurad
unda iyos aRniSnuli gaugebrobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT; morigebis pirobebi mesa-
me pirTa interesebs ar unda laxavdes; morigebis pirobebi ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes
kanonis imperatiul moTxovnebs;166 morigebis monawileTa subieqturi Semadgenloba
srulad unda iyos aRniSnuli, gansakuTrebiT saproceso Tanamonawileobis SemTxve-
vaSi.167 morigebis aqti SesaZloa iTvaliswinebdes sanqcias morigebis aqtis darRvevi-
saTvis.168 morigebis aqtis damtkicebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos ganCinebaSi zustad unda
aisaxos morigebiT SeTanxmebuli pirobebi, maT Soris Tanxis moculobisa da im vadebis
miTiTebiT, ra vadaSic unda Sesruldes nakisri valdebuleba. mxareTa mier gamovle-
nili nebis damtkiceba sasamarTlos prerogativaa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mosamarTle
morigebis aqtis damtkicebisas „saproceso notariusad“, xolo Tavad morigebis aqti
„saproceso garigebad“ gvevlineba.169
7. daskvna
sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi warmoSobili konfliqtis samarTlebrivi mowes-

rigeba xangrZliv da rTul procesTan aris dakavSirebuli. morigeba, mxareTa nebis
maqsimaluri gaTvaliswinebiT, martivad da samarTlebrivad wyvets arsebul uTanxmo-
ebas, agreTve sasamarTloSi saqmiswarmoebas.
materialur da saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi morigebasTan dakavSirebuli sa-
marTlebrivi normebi sistemurad ar aris dadgenili. materialur samarTalSi adgili
165
<http://divorces.ru/faq/osobennosti/mirovoe.htm>, [05.02.2014].
166
igulisxmeba ara mxolod konkretul saqmiswarmoebaSi oficialur mesame pirebad Cab-
muli pirebi.
167
168
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da sxva
kategoriis saqmeebze, samoqalaqo procesi, saqmiswarmoebis Sewyveta mxareTa morigebis
gamo, №1, 2010, 20.
169
termini `saproceso garigeba~ ar unda airios sisxlis samarTalSi arsebul saproceso
garigebasTan.
104
aqvs morigebis cnebis arapirdapir ganmartebas iq, sadac saubaria Secdomaze morige-
bis safuZvlebSi. ssk-Si gamoiyeneba morigebis igiveobrivi termini „urTierTdaTmo-
ba“. Tavad termini „morigeba“ universaluri cnebaa misi realuri Sinaarsobrivi mniS-
vnelobis gamosaxatavad. igi yovelTvis farTo gagebiT unda gamoviyenoT. faqtobri-
vad, „urTierTdaTmoba“, sxva samarTlebriv komponentebTan erTad, morigebis cnebis
Semadgeneli nawili da morigebis miRwevis aucilebeli saSualebaa. sayuradReboa is
faqti, rom ssk-Si gamoyenebuli termini „urTierTdaTmoba“ ukavSirdeba sazogadoeb-
rivi urTierTobis monawileTa qcevis mowesrigebis im etaps, roca urTierToba jer
kidev araa saqmiswarmoebad Camoyalibebuli, xolo termini „morigeba“, romelsac sssk
mimarTavs, mimarTulia uSualod sasamarTloSi saqmiswarmoebad qceuli davis gada-
sawyvetad.
saqmiswarmoebis morigebiT dasrulebis procesTan dakavSirebuli normebi sssk-
is sxvadasxva TavSia gaSlili, rac SeuZlebels xdis morigebis, rogorc damoukidebeli
procesis sistemur erTianobas. amasTan, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSi morigebis,
rogorc saqmiswarmoebis Semadgeneli nawilis, cneba ganmartebuli ar aris. mizanSe-
wonilia sssk-Si calke Tavi daeTmos „morigebis process“, moxdes arsebuli normebis
sistemuri gaerTianeba da srulyofa morigebis zogadi da specialuri normebis saxiT,
rac uzrunvelyofs sakanonmdeblo sistemurobas da normaTa praqtikul efeqturobas.
morigeba, rogorc damoukidebeli procesi, fuZemdeblur da damxmare princi-
pebs efuZneba. araformalur sawyisad mxareTa Soris arsebuli konfliqti gvevlineba,
roca aucilebelia samomrigeblo mcdelobebi, mxareTa Soris komunikacia, molapara-
kebebis procesis intensiuri warmoeba. umniSvnelovanesia, Tavidan iqnes acilebuli
e.w. „molaparakeba molaparakebisaTvis.“ mosamarTle uflebamosilia „mesame pasiuri
mxaris“ statusiT CaerTos samomrigeblo mcdelobebSi da masze kanoniT dakisrebuli
valdebulebis SesrulebiT xeli Seuwyos mxareTa morigebas. morigeba, rogorc damo-
ukidebeli procesi, saqmiswarmoebis procesis Semadgeneli nawilia. es morigebis aq-
cesorul xasiaTze miuTiTebs, saidanac Cans, rom morigeba ver asrulebs Tavis daniS-
nulebas samoqalaqo saqmiswarmoebis gareSe. amdenad, „Tu ar iqneba dava, mosarigebeli
araferia“.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa mxareTa da mosamarTlis statusi morigebis pro-
cesSi. saqmiswarmoebis dros mxareebi urTierTdapirispirebuli subieqtebi arian, xo-
lo morigebisas maT saerTo miznisken mimarTli iuridiuli interesebi amoZravebT.
morigebaSi SesaZlebelia gamovyoT morigebis iniciatori mxare, romelmac gamoTqva
survili saqme morigebiT dasrulebuliyo. saqmiswarmoebas hyavs ori mxare – mosar-
Cele da mopasuxe. isini saqmiswarmoebis arsebiTad ganxilvisa da dasrulebis Semdgom
icvlian statuss da mogebul da wagebul mxared gvevlinebian. morigebaSi ki mxareebs
eniWebaT statusi, romelsac SesaZloa „mxareTa Sualeduri statusi vuwodoT“.
mosamarTles gansakuTrebuli roli ekisreba morigebis procesSi. mosamar-
Tlem yovel Rones unda mimarTos mxareTa morigebisaTvis. „yoveli Ronis mimarTva“
gulisxmobs mosamarTlis mcdelobas, daarwmunos mxareebi morigebis upiratesobaSi
da imoqmedos kanoniT moniWebuli uflebamosilebis farglebSi, ra drosac aucile-
belia imTaviTve erTmaneTisagan gaimijnos mosamarTlis mxridan morigebis procesSi
„CarTva“ da „Careva“. CarTva mxareTa nebayoflobiTobisa da kanonis nebadarTulobis
105
safuZvelze xorcieldeba da ukavSirdeba im garemoebas, rom sasamarTlom yovelnai-

rad unda Seuwyos xeli da miiRos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela zoma, raTa mxareeb-
ma saqme morigebiT daamTavron. rac Seexeba „Carevas“, igi arauflebamosili piris mier
arasaTanado formiT xorcieldeba da kanons ewinaaRmdegeba, rac morigebisas mosa-
marTlis mimarT ver iqneba gamoyenebuli. morigebis Sinaarsi sasamarTlo ganCinebaSi
aisaxeba, rac morigebis aqtis damtkicebiT xorcieldeba. am SemTxvevaSi mosamarTle
mxareTa mier gamoxatul nebas amowmebs da mas iuridiul Zalas sZens. mosamarTle mo-
rigebis aqtis damtkicebas misi kanonierebis Semowmebis Semdgom axorcielebs.
morigebiT saqmiswarmoebis damTavreba mxareTa nebayoflobiTi arCevania da is
samarTalwarmoebis nebismier etapzea SesaZlebeli, maT Soris saqmis arsebiTi ganxil-
vis dawyebamdec, rac uzrunvelyofs Tavidan iqnes acilebuli rTuli da xangrZlivi
sasamarTlo procesi. gamonaklisi mainc arsebobs samarTalwarmoebis im etapze, roca
ganixileba sarCelis uzrunvelyofa da sarCeli jer kidev ar aris aRZruli. aseT dros
morigebis damtkiceba dauSvebelia davis ararsebobis gamo.
samoqalaqo saqmeebze ganxorcielebuli morigebis procesi da morigebiTi Se-
Tanxmeba, maTi dadebisa da Sesrulebis adgilis mixedviT iyofa sasamarTlosmieri da
arasasamarTlo saxis morigebad. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebulia
mxolod „sasamarTlosmieri morigeba“. „sasamarTlosmieri morigeba“ aris procesi,
roca morigeba sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT (ganCinebiT) sruldeba da xazs usvams im ga-
remoebas, rom morigeba sasamarTloSi mimdinare saqmiswarmoebis dasrulebis erT-er-
Ti safuZvelia.
umniSvnelovanesia morigebis aqti, rogorc samoqalaqo uflebebisa da valde-
bulebebis gankargvis Sesaxeb konsesualuri xelSekruleba, romelic mxareTa Soris
werilobiT formdeba imis mixedviT, Tu romel valdebulebasTan dakavSirebiT gamo-
iyeneba is. morigebis aqtis pirobebis mizania davis ormxrivi interesis SeTanxmeba da
sasamarTloSi saqmiswarmoebis dasruleba. aRniSnulis realurad da srulyofilad
ganxorcielebisTvis umniSvnelovanesia, rom morigebis aqti efuZnebodes mxareTa Ta-
visufal da gaazrebul nebas, kanonsa da morals. samive komponentis erTdrouli ar-
seboba morigebis aqtis damtkicebis aucielebeli pirobaa. mxareebi maTi nebis formi-
rebisas Tavisufali arian, xolo nebis kanonierebisa da moralurobis kontroli sasa-
marTlos meSveobiT xorcieldeba.
samoqalaqo saqmiswarmoebis morigebiT damTavreba procesis monawile mxare-
TaTvis kanoniT miniWebuli dispoziciuri uflebamosilebaa, romelic maTi nebis Ta-
visufali gamovlinebisa da SeTanxmebis safuZvelze garigebis saxiT miiReba da sasa-
marTlos mxridan kanonierebis kontrolis safuZvelze mtkicdeba. am samarTlebrivi
institutis saSualebiT saqmiswarmoeba wydeba da sruldeba. morigebis gavlena samo-
qalaqo saqmiswarmoebaze erTmniSvnelovnad dadebiTia rogorc modave mxareTaTvis,
ise sasamarTlosaTvisac, radgan sasamarTlosaTvis yvelaze ukeT aris cnobili saq-
miswarmoebis sirTuleebi, romlis winaSec dganan mxareebi davis sasamarTlo wesiT
gaxilvisas – ramdenad xangrZlivi gza unda ganvlos TiToeulma maTganma sasurveli
gamarjvebis misaRwevad.
106
sofio maWavariani*
pasuxismgebloba korporaciul jgufSi aSS-isa da germaniis

samarTlis mixedviT da misi principebis integraciis
perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi
1. Sesavali
saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTareba da saqarTvelos ekono-

mikis msoflio ekonomikasTan integraciis procesi qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi
Tanamedrove sakorporacio samarTlis miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebasa da danergvas gana-
pirobebs. sakorporacio sferos samarTlebrivi regulaciis ganviTarebaze msjelobi-
sas erT-erT mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas korporaciuli marTvisas pasuxismgeblobis
sakiTxebi warmoadgens.1
pasuxismgebloba miiCneva korporaciuli marTvis instrumentad, romelSic moi-
azreba rogorc xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sazogadoebis winaSe, ise korporaci-
is partniorTa/aqcionerTa urTierTpasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebic.
sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdeblobaTa korporaciuli jgufebis maregulirebeli
samarTali, miuxedavad TiToeuli saxelmwifos samarTlis kontinenturi Tu saerTo
samarTlis sistemebisadmi kuTvnilebisa, gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, magram gansa-
kuTrebiT gamoyofen germanul da amerikul sistemebs, swored am ori qveynis samar-
Tlis sawyisebi udevs safuZvlad TiTqmis yvela ganviTarebuli qveynis kanonmdeblo-
bas. Sesabamisad, pasuxismgeblobis Tematikac ganxilulia aSS-isa da germaniis kanon-
mdeblobiT aRiarebuli ZiriTadi principebis WrilSi aSS-is korporaciuli jgufisa
(aSS-Si mas holdingad moixsenieben) da germaniis koncernis (germaniaSi sawarmoTa ur-
TierTkavSirs koncerns uwodeben) niuansebis gaTvaliswinebiT.2
*
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti.
1
am Temaze vrclad ixileT: Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pa-
suxismgebloba sakorporacio samarTalSi, Tb., 2006; burduli i., saaqcio samarTlis
safuZvlebi, t. I, Tb., 2010; juReli g., kapitalis dacva saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, 2010;
Dine J., The Governance of Corporate Groups, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003; Soderquis L.
D., Smiddy L.O., Cunningham L. A., Corporations and other Business Organizations: Cases, Materials, Pro-
blems, 6th ed., LexisNexis, 2005; Hopt K.J., Wymeersch E., Comparative Corporate Governance, Walter de
Gruyter, 1997; Emanuel S., Emanuel L., Corporations, Aspen Publishers Online, New York, 2009; Schuk-A-
mend A., Liability of Holding Companies, A CMS Corporate Publication, 2004; Zumbansen P., Liability Wi-
thin Corporate Groups (Bremer Vulkan), Federal Court of Justice Attampts the Overhaul 3, German Law
Journal,2002; Andenas M., Wooldridge F., European Comparative Company Law, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 2009; Schmidt K.. Lutter M. (Hrsg.), Aktiengesetz Kommentar (AKtG), II. B., Verlag, Dr.
Schmidt O., Köln, 2008; Cahn A., Donald D.C., Comparative Company Law, Text and Cases on the Laws
Governing Corporations in Germany, the Uk and the USA, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010.
2
Andenas M., Wooldridge F., European Comparative Company Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
2009, 17.
107
saqarTvelos sakorporacio samarTalSi 2008 wels ganxorcielebulma sakanon-

mdeblo cvlilebebma daamkvidra e.w Sereuli modeli, romelic orive sistemis (aSS-
is da germaniis) specifikas iTvaliswinebs. SesaZlebelia am sferoSi aRiarebul iqnes
orive modelis SeerTebis Sedegad miRebuli sistema, romelic SesabamisobaSi iqneba
saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo sivrcesa da faqtobriv realobasTan. amdenad, saintere-
soa analizi msoflioSi ori yvelaze myari samarTlebrivi sistemis mqone qveynis, aSS-
isa da germaniis, samarTlebrivi normebisa da praqtikis, saqarTvelos Sesabamisi sa-
marTlebrivi sivrcisa da faqtobrivi realobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
gansxvavebuli TematikiT xasiaTdeba korporaciuli marTvis sistema korporaci-
ul jgufSi integrirebuli sawarmoebisaTvis. saqarTveloSi moqmedi korporaciebis
didi nawili3 korporaciul jgufebSia gaerTianebuli da erTi korporaciuli centris
mier imarTeba, Sesabamisad, saqarTvelosaTvis aRniSnuli gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria.
korporaciuli jgufis marTvaSi, calkeuli sawarmosagan gansxvavebiT, bevrad ufro
meti subieqti monawileobs da meti urTierToba iCens Tavs, romelTa Tanazomieri da
Tanmimdevruli regulacia unda moxdes. aRniSnuli Sinaarsobrivad cdeba praqtikaSi
damkvidrebuli korporaciuli marTvis cnebas, romelSic xSirad mxolod xelmZRva-
nelTa mier sazogadoebis srulyofilad gaZRolas moiazreben.
msoflios masStabiT korporaciuli marTvis sferoSi yvela didi reforma gan-
xorcielda konkretuli finansuri skandalebis Semdeg, rac calkeuli qveynebis
ekonomikaze uaryofiTad aisaxa.4 Sesabamisad, saqarTvelosaTvis upriani iqneba, yo-
velgvari Secdomebisa da problemebis gareSe moaxdinos am sferos daxvewa da msof-
lio praqtikasa da principebTan SeZlebisdagvarad daaxloeba, raTa am regulaciebis
srulyofa sxvaTa ukve daSvebuli Secdomebis gaazrebiT moxdes. es ki saSualebas mis-
cems saqarTveloSi arsebul mewarme subieqtebs, srulfasovani pretenzia ganacxadon
ucxoeli investorebis mozidvasa da msoflio ekonomikaSi CarTvazec.
2. Sidakorporaciuli pasuxismgebloba jgufis monawileebs Soris
2.1. xelmZRvanelTa fiduciuri valdebulebebi
sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelebi da sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebi valdebuli ari-

an, sazogadoebis saqmeebs gauZRvnen keTilsindisierad da im rwmeniT, rom maTi es qme-
deba yvelaze xelsayrelia sazogadoebis interesebisaTvis. aRniSnul valdebulebebs
aSS-is samarTalSi fiduciur movaleobebs5 uwodeben, Tumca dReisaTvis igi ukve sa-
marTlis mecnierebaSi damkvidrebul terminad iqca.6
3
mag., ss `saqarTvelos banki~, ss `liberTi banki~, ss `viTibi banki~, ss `Tibisi banki~, ss
`privat banki~, ss `banki republika~, Sps `jiemsi jgufi~ da a.S.
4
Rajak H., Corporate Groups and Cross-Border Bankruptcy, Texas International Law Journal [Vol.44:521],
5/01/2009, 541.
5
Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 199.
6
2009, 486-487.
108
sofio maWavariani, pasuxismgebloba korporaciul jgufSi aSS-isa da germaniis
samarTlis mixedviT da misi princi pebis integraciis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi
fiduciuri movaleobebis koncefcia aSS-is samarTalSi ganviTarebuli trastis

institutidan (Law of Trusts) momdinareobs. sakorporacio samarTlis kuTxiT misi mo-
dificireba ganxorcielda, Tumca trastis instituti mainc xsenebulis winamorbedad
miiCneva.7 aRiarebulia, rom korporaciis interesebs mmarTveli unda moepyras ise, ro-
gorc ndobiT aRWurvili piri (fiduciari).8 fiduciarad miiCneva pirovneba, romelsac
aRebuli aqvs valdebuleba, imoqmedos sxvis interesebSi iseTi garemoebebis dros, ro-
melic warmoSobs ndobaze damyarebul urTierTobebs.9
aSS-is samarTalSi korporaciuli marTvis dros warmoSobili pasuxismgeblo-
bis sakiTxebi, garda precendentuli samarTlisa, wesrigdeba The Sarbanes Oxley-s10 aq-
tiT, xolo misi axleburi regulacia mocemulia The Dodd-Frank Act11-Sic. germaniaSi ki
xsenebuli sakiTxebi ZiriTadad `saaqcio kanoniT~ ganisazRvreba.
korporaciebis xelmZRvanelobisa da kontrolis funqciebi gadanawilebulia
aqcionerTa saerTo krebas, direqtorTa sabWosa da menejerebs Soris. direqtorTa
sabWos, e.w. bords, SeTvisebuli aqvs sameTvalyureo sabWos funqciebic. germanul sis-
temaSi ki bords sameTvalyureo sabWos uwodeben. bordis pasuxisgeblobis ZiriTadi
momentebi, praqtikulad, identuria germaniisa da aSS-is sistemebSi.12
kompaniis xelmZRvanelTa mier fiduciuri valdebulebebis dacvas aqvs adgili,
rodesac saxezea maTi mxridan keTilsindisierad moqmedeba da Sesabamisi gadawyveti-
lebebis miReba, sazogadoebis miznebis sasargeblo da misaRebi qmedebebis ganxorcie-
leba, sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo miznebSi `Caurevloba~ (aRniSnulSi igulisxmeba
interesTa konfliqtisas sazogadoebis interesebis upiratesad miCnevis valdebule-
ba); kompaniis Tavisufali ganviTarebis SesaZleblobis uzrunvelyofa da aS.13
xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba dgeba ara maSin, rodesac man ver miaRwia warma-
tebas, aramed pasuxismgeblobas iwvevs xelmZRvanelis mxridan dakisrebuli valdebu-
lebebis darRvevis Sedegad sazogadoebisaTvis zianis miyeneba.14
germaniaSi kapitaluri sazogadoebebis xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba kanoniT
aris mowesrigebuli da igi araa damokidebuli sazogadoebasa da xelmZRvanels Soris
dadebuli xelSekrulebis pirobebze.15 Sesabamisad, am pasuxismgeblobas kanonismier pa-
suxismgeblobas uwodeben, aSS-Si ki, miuxedavad am sferos sakmaod srulyofilad regu-
laciisa, ZiriTadad mainc saxelSekrulebo (ZiriTadad, wesdebiT) pasuxismgeblobazea
saubari. magaliTad, aSS-is kanonmdeblobiT, direqtorebi pasuxs ageben sazogadoebis
winaSe, Tu gadaaWarbeben warmomadgenlobiT uflebamosilebas an kanonismier valde-
7
Baums Th., Scott K. E., Taking Shareholder Protection Seriously? Corporate Governance in the United States
ans Germany, European Corporate Governance Institute (ecgi), Law Working Paper #17/2003, 4.
8
juReli g., kapitalis dacva saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2010, 178.
9
Dine J., The Governance of Corporate Groups, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 190.
10
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), Congress of USA, 2002.
11
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act), Congress of USA, 5/01/2010.
12
Baums T., Scott K. E., Taking Shareholder Protection Seriously? Corporate Governance in the United States
13
Sheikh S., Rees W., Corporate Governance & Corporate Control, Routledge, 1995, 25.
14
15
iqve, 66.
109
bulebebs.16 Tumca germanuli sistemisagan gansxvavebiT, aSS-Si SesaZlebelia, rom wes-

debiT gamoiricxos direqtorTa pasuxismgebloba gulmodgine xelmZRvanelobis mo-
valeobis darRvevis gamo. analogiuri gamoricxulia erTgulebis movaleobis an sxva
kanonismieri valdebulebis darRvevis an/da ganzraxi braliT miyenebuli zianisaTvis.17
`Sarbanes-Oxley~ direqtorebis mier konkretuli debulebebis darRvevisaTvis so-
lidur jarimebs iTvaliswinebs, kerZod, sabuRaltro angariSgebis arasrulyofilad
da arazustad asaxvis SemTxvevaSi, direqtors ekisreba jarima 5 milioni aSS-is dola-
ris odenobiT an 20 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTa.18 amave aqtiT menejmentisa da bordis
wevrebis damoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad akrZalulia korporaciis mier maTTvis
kreditebis micema.19 interesTa konfliqtis Tavidan asacileblad aucileblad iqna
miCneuli bordis wevrebisa da auditis komitetebis mowveul direqtorTagan arCeva da
jgufis wevrebs Soris garigebaTa Cveulebriv komerciul fasad da ara xelmZRvanelTa
an/da dominanti aqcionerebis interesebis sasargeblod dadeba.20 aRniSnuli mowmobs
keTilsindisieri marTvis mimarT did saxelmwifoebriv interess, ris gamoc am sferoSi
saxelSekrulebo debulebebma imperatiul kanonismier regulaciebs dauTmo adgili.
aSS-is samarTalSi, rodesac saubaria korporaciis xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgeb-
lobaze, bordis wevrebTan erTad igulisxmeba menejerebis (aRmasrulebeli direq-
tori) pasuxismgeblobac.21 aSS-is sakorporacio praqtikaSi daxurul korporaciebSi,
sadac aqcionerTa raodenoba mcirea, sazogadoebas, praqtikulad, aqcionerebi marTa-
ven, isini arian bordis wevrebic da menejerebic, xolo Ria sazogadoebebSi, sadac bev-
ri aqcioneria, Zalaufleba realurad menejerebis xelSia.22 Sesabamisad, pasuxismgeb-
lobis subieqtebs isinic calsaxad warmoadgenen.
fiduciuri valdebulebis principi, germanuli sistemis mixedviT, vrceldeba
sameTvalyureo sabWozec. mas aqvs sazogadoebis saqmeebis gaZRolisas direqtorebis
keTilsindisierad gakontrolebis valdebuleba da, amasTan, davis arsebobisas mtki-
cebis tvirTic maszea.23
16
Cioffi J. W., Corporate Governance Reform, Regulatory Politics and the Foundations of Finance Capitalism in
the United States and Germany, German Law Journal [Vol.07 No.06], Volume 7(2006), 547-549; Wanturia
l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio samar-
TalSi, samarTali, Tb., 2006, 32-35.
17
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 66-67, 124-126.
18
Kost S., DBA Guide to Understanding Sarbanes-Oxley wignSi: Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva
da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 33.
19
Kenny P., Corporate Governance in the U.S: Post-Enron, German Law Journal [vol.04 No.01, 2003], 53-59, 56.
20
Baums T., Feddersen D., Corporate Governance Rules for Quoted German Companies – Code of Best Practice
for German Corporate Governance, German Panel on Corporate Governance, 2000, 7; Baums T., Scott K. E.,
Taking Shareholder Protection Seriously? Corporate Governance in the United States ans Germany, European
Corporate Governance Institute (ecgi), Law Working Paper #17/2003, 5.
21
Soderquist L. D., Smiddy L.O., Cunningham L.A., Corporations and other Business Organizations: Cases,
Materials, Problems, 6th, LexisNexis, 2005, 517.
22
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 32-33, 118-121.
23 Klaus H. J., Wymeersch E., Comparative Corporate Governance, Walter de Gruyter, 1997, 18.
110
germaniis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, fiduciuri valdebulebebi, garda xel-

mZRvanelebisa da sabWos wevrebisa, aseve vrceldeba nebismier msxvil Tu mcire aqcio-
nersa Tu partniorze.24 aSS-is samarTali ki rogorc sazogadoebis ise sxva partniorTa
mimarT fiduciur valdebulebebs mxolod dominant partniorze avrcelebs da amtki-
cebs, rom swored amiT gansxvavdeba dominanti sxva mcire partniorebisagan.25
aSS-Si bordis wevrTa zrunvisa da erTgulebis movaleobis fundamenturi prin-
cipebia: gonivruloba da keTilsindisiereba. zrunvis movaleobaSi moiazreba is, rom
man uflebamosileba unda gamoiyenos keTilsindisierad, sifrTxiliT da profesio-
naluri midgomiT, yvela gadawyvetileba miRebul unda iqnes srulad mopovebuli in-
formaciis safuZvelze. erTgulebis movaleobis dacva misi mxridan ki gamoixateba
dakavSirebul pirebTan dadebuli an dasadebi garigebebis monitoringSi.26 aSS-Si rad-
gan ar aris sameTvalyureo sabWo, ar aris mkveTrad gamijnuli kontrolisa da marTvis
funqciebi. aq bordis sistemaSi Sedian Sida menejerebi da e.w mowveuli direqtorebi.
zogadad menejerebi emsgavsebian germanuli sistemis direqtorebs, mowveulebi – sab-
Wos wevrebs. aSS-is modelisagan gansxvavebiT, germanuli modeli yuradRebas mcdari
gadawyvetilebis prevenciaze amaxvilebs.27
sabWos wevris mier erTgulebis movaleobis darRvevad miiCneva, Tu sabWos wev-
ri interesTa konfliqtis warmoSobisas ar acnobebs amis Sesaxeb saerTo krebas an sab-
Wos. aseve, sabWos wevrebi pasuxs ageben zianis gamo, miuxedavad imisa, igi warmoSobilia
konkretuli qmedebidan Tu umoqmedobidan an/da warmoadgens Secdomis Sedegs, Tumca
sabWos wevris pasuxismgebloba ar dadgeba, Tu man xma ar misca zianis mimyenebel moqme-
debas, an mis ganxilvas saerTod ar eswreboda.28
korporaciuli marTvisas bordis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs Seexeba OECD Princip-
les of Corporate Governance,29 romlis mixedviTac bordis wevrebi unda moqmedebdnen kom-
paniisa da partniorebis saukeTeso interesebSi. mmarTveli organos wevris keTilsin-
disiereba saeWvod iqceva, Tu mas hqonda an evaleboda, rom hqonoda iseTi informacia,
romelic gaumarTlebels gaxdida aRniSnul daskvnaze dayrdnobas.30 Tu bordis gadawy-
vetileba Seexeba partniorTa uflebebs, yvela partnioris mimarT samarTlian moqmede-
bas unda hqondes adgili. bordi maRaleTikuri normebiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes, rom-
lis drosac sazogadoebis steikholderebis (kompaniis TanamSromeli, momxmarebeli,
momwodebeli, kreditori da sazogadoeba) interesebic unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli.31
24
Stefan G., Florian M., European Corporate Law Study Group Germany, 2008, 36; O’Kelley R.T., Thompson
B., Corporations and other Business Associations/Cases and Materials, 3rd ed., Aspen Law&Business, New
York, 1999, 260.
25
Dine J., The Governance of Corporate Groups, Cambridge University Press, qalaqi, 2003, 60; l. Wantu-
riasgan gansxvavebul terminebs amkvidrebs g. juReli wignSi: kapitalis dacva saaqcio
sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2010, 246.
26
adamia n., sameTvalyureo sabWos struqtura: erT da ordoniani sameTvalyureo sabWo,
IFC, yovelkvartaluri biuleteni, Tb., 2010, 30-35.
27
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 143, 71-72.
28
janjalia b., korporaciuli marTvis kvleva kompaniebSi, IFC, Tbilisi 2008, 78.
29
igi vrceldeba rogorc germaniis, ise aSS-is korporaciul marTvazec.
30
jibuti m., yoranaSvili q., fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis ko-
mentari, saqarTvelos fasiani qaRaldebis industriis asociacia, Tb., 2004, 215.
31
OECD Principles of Corporate Governance, OECD, Paris, 2004, 24-25, 58-62.
111
korporaciuli marTvisas xelmZRvanelTa movaleoba or jgufad iyofa: gul-

modgine xelmZRvanelobis movaleoba32 (Duty of Care,33 Duty of Diligence, Sorgfaltspflicht) da er-
Tgulebis movaleoba (Duty of Loyalty, Treuepflicht).34
2.2. erTgulebis movaleoba
erTgulebis movaleoba (Duty of Loyalty, Treuepflicht) aSS-is samarTlidan momdinare-

obs.35 misi legalur definicias germanuli samarTali saerTod ar icnobs da mas germa-
nel mecnierTa nawili e.w dauwerel kompetenciaTa kategorias miawers, nawili calke
ganixilavs, sxvebi ki gulmodginebis an/da dumilis movaleobis nawilad aRiqvamen,Tum-
ca faqtia, rom igi samarTlebrivi principis doneze mainc moqmedebs da korporaciuli
marTvis sakiTxebze arsebiT gavlenas axdens.36
aSS-is samarTalSi erTgulebisa da gulmodgine xelmZRvanelobis movaleobebis
definiciis ZiriTadi debulebebi mocemulia `korporaciebis Sesaxeb modelur kanon-
Si~ (Model Business Corporation Act (M.B.C.A) 2002), romelic emyareba am sferoSi sasamarTlo
praqtikas37 da erTgulebis movaleobis Sefasebis masStabad miiCnevs keTilsindisiere-
basa da korporaciis saukeTeso interesebSi msaxurebas, romelic sazogadoebis inte-
resebis mimarT gansakuTrebul loialobas moiTxovs.38
erTgulebis movaleobis davas sawarmos saerTo miznisaken swrafva, xolo dar-
Rvevad saerTo miznisaken mimarTuli qmedebebis ugulebelyofa warmoadgens. sazoga-
doebis xelmZRvanelebis garda, erTgulebis movaleoba vrceldeba aqcioneris/par-
tnioris mimarTac. erTgulebis movaleobis sazomia is, Tu ra qmedebas axorcielebs
aqcioneri, igi mxolod sakuTar interesebs icavs da amiT zians ayenebs Tanapartnio-
rebs an sazogadoebas, Tu misTvis upiratesi sawarmos interesia.39
32
aRniSnulis aRmniSvnel alternatiul terminad gamoiyeneba gulisxmierebis valdebu-
leba wignSi: juReli g., kapitalis dacva saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2010.
33
Emanuel S., Lazar E., Corporations, Aspen Publishers Online, New York, 2009, 25-31.
34
juReli g., kapitalis dacva saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2010, 249; Carney W. J., Mergers and
Acquisitions/Cases and Materials, Foundation Press, New York, 2000, 66-229.
35
iqve, 304.
36
37
miRebulia aSS-is advokatTa asociaciis (ABA) mier da misi principebi gaiziara 24 Stat-
ma; Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorpora-
cio samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 302.
38
39
burduli i., saaqcio samarTlis safuZvlebi, t. I, Tb., 2010, 371 wignidan: Jannot D./Hagemann
M,. Hdb. Des Aktienrechts, 2009, 81; koncernis marTvisas erTgulebis valdebulebis dacvas
Seexeba Emmerich V.,/Habersack M.,, Konzernrecht, Verlag C.H. Beck, 2005, München, 98-99;Baums T.,
Scott K.E., Taking Shareholder Protection Seriously? Corporate Governance in the United States ans Ger-
many, European Corporate Governance Institute (ecgi), Law Working Paper #17/2003, 5; am sakiTxze ger-
maniis umaRlesi sasamarTlos mier miRebulia gadawyvetilebebi: BGHZ 103, 184 ff; BGHZ
14, 25 (38) wignidan: burduli i., saaqcio samarTlis safuZvlebi, t. I, Tb., 2010, 372; Baums
T., Scott K.E., Taking Shareholder Protection Seriously? Corporate Governance in the United States ans Ger-
many, European Corporate Governance Institute (ecgi), Law Working Paper #17/2003, 4.
112
erTgulebis movaleobis darRvevis saxed yvelaze xSirad asaxeleben sakuTar

TavTan garigebis (Self-Dealing) dadebas,40 informaciis gaxsnilobis Sesaxeb movaleobis
darRvevas, Tanamdebobis piradi gamorCenis mizniT gamoyenebas, e.w. insaideruli in-
formaciiT vaWrobas da a.S.41 sakuTar TavTan garigebis (Self-Dealing) dadebis sakiTxze
mniSvnelovan ganmartebas akeTebs delaveris sasamarTlo Sinclair Oil Corp. v. Levien (Supre-
me Court of Delaware, 280 A. a. 2d 717 (1971)) saqmeze da adgens, rom garigeba sakuTar TavTan
iTvleba dadebulad, Tu garigebis orive mxares dominantia misi Svilobilis monawile-
oba (saubaria, rom orive mxareze dominantis interesia), Tumca garigebaSvilobilze
gavlenis Sedegad daido.42
erTgulebis movaleobis darRvevis erT-erT saxed, rogorc aRvniSneT, miiCneva
Tanamdebobis gamoyeneba piradi gamorCenis mizniT, romlis magaliTicaa e.w. `pepsi-
kolas saqme~, romlis direqtormac pepsis recepti TviTon iyida da daafuZna axali
firma. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom dairRva erTgulebis movaleoba da mas daevala sa-
zogadoebisaTvis gadaeca axlad Seqmnili sawarmos aqciebi.43 aRniSnuli mowmobs, rom
aSS-Si imdenad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba erTgulebis movaleobis dacvas, rom sasamar-
Tlos mier mizanSewonilad iqna miCneuli piris sakuTrebis uflebis xelyofa – axali
firmis aqciebis (mopasuxe piris sakuTrebis obieqti) gadacemis davaldebuleba sakuT-
rebis uflebis CamorTmevas warmoadgens.
iuriduli literaturaSi calke gamoyofen àrapirdapir interesTa konfliq-
tsac~, romelsac maSin aqvs adgili Tu, magaliTad, garigeba dadebulia ara uSualod
dainteresebul mxareebs, aramed erTi SexedviT damoukidebel kompaniebs Soris, rom-
lebSic partniorebs warmoadgenen garigebis mxareTa direqtorebi an maTTan dakavSi-
40
ans Germany, European Corporate Governance Institute (ecgi), Law Working Paper #17/2003, 4-5; Gillooly
M., The Law Relating to Corporate Groups, Centre for Commercial and Resources Law, The Federation Press,
1993, 21-22; Emmerich V.,/Habersack M.,, Konzernrecht, Verlag C.H. Beck, 2005, München, 418-419; Mai-
sto G., International and EC Tax Aspects of Groups of Companies, IBFD, 2008, 7.
41
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 320-359; Balotti J., Finkelstein A., The Delaware Law of Corporations & Bu-
siness Organizations Statutory Deskbook 2011, Aspen Publishers, 2010, 8-3-98; Baums T., Scott K.E., Ta-
king Shareholder Protection Seriously? Corporate Governance in the United States ans Germany, European
Corporate Governance Institute (ecgi), Law Working Paper #17/2003, 5. Baums T., Scott K.E., Taking Sha-
reholder Protection Seriously? Corporate Governance in the United States ans Germany, European Corporate
Governance Institute (ecgi), Law Working Paper #17/2003, 4-5; Gillooly M., The Law Relating to Corporate
Groups, Centre for Commercial and Resources Law, The Federation Press, 1993, 21-22; Emmerich V., Haber-
sack M.,, Konzernrecht, Verlag C.H. Beck, 2005, München, 418-419; Maisto G., International and EC Tax
Aspects of Groups of Companies, IBFD, 2008, 7.
42
Soderquist L.D., Smiddy L.O., Cunningham L.A., Corporations and other Business Organizations: Cases, Ma-
terials, Problems, 6th ed., LexisNexis, 2005, 626, case: Sinclair Oil Corp. v. Levien (Supreme Court of Delawa-
re, 280 A. a. 2d 717 (1971); Cahn A., Donald D.C., Comparative Company Law, Text and Cases on the Laws
Governing Corporations in Germany, the Uk and the USA, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010,
360 – case: Robert F. Broz and RFB Cellular, Inc. v. Cellular Information Systems, Inc., Delaware Supreme
Court, 673 A 2d 148 (1996); O’Kelley R.T., Thompson B., Corporations and other Business Associations/Ca-
ses and Materials, 3rd ed., Aspen Law&Business, New York, 1999, 342-345.
43
Schuk-Amend A., Liability of Holding Companies, 2004, 35; Zumbansen P., Liability Within Corporate Groups
(Bremer Vulkan), Federal Court of Justice Attampts the Overhaul 3 German Law Journal, 2002, 42.
113
rebuli pirebi.44 Sesabamisad, praqtikaSi damkvidrebulia e.w `direqtoris sxvagvari

dainteresebis cnebac~.45
sawarmoTa urTierTkavSiris (korporaciuli jgufis) dros deda da Svilobil sa-
zogadoebebTan urTierTobaSi, rodesac direqtori sargeblobs mravaljeradi manda-
tiT (erTi da igive piri aris rogorc deda sazogadoebis, ise Svilobili sazogadoebis
bordis wevric), ufro xSirad warmoiSoba da ufro TvalsaCino xdeba erTgulebis mo-
valeobaTa konfliqtebi.
,,germaniis saaqcio kanonis~ 309-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Svilobili kompaniis direq-
torebic valdebuli arian, uari ganacxadon mSobeli kompaniis miTiTebebis ganxorci-
elebaze, Tu aRniSnulis Sesruleba gamoiwvevs Svilobili kompaniisTvis mudmivi zara-
lis miyenebas.46 amdenad, germanuli sistema korporaciul jgufSi warmoSobili inte-
resTa konfliqtisas TiToeuli subieqtis (Svilobilis) xelmZRvanels avaldebulebs
misi konkretuli kompaniis interesebs mianiWos upiratesoba.
aSS-is samosamarTleo samarTlis mixedviT, Tu deda-korporacia flobs Svilo-
bili korporaciis aqciaTa 100%-s, maSin Svilobili korporaciis direqtorebi kor-
poracias unda gauZRvnen deda-korporaciisa da misi aqcionerebis interesebidan ga-
momdinare.47 faqtia, rom amiT Tavad Svilobili kompaniis statusi maqsimalurad dak-
ninebulia. swored aRniSnulia imis gamovlineba, rom aSS-is sistemisaTvis upiratesia
aqcionerTa interesi, kompania ki SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxolod am interesis ganxorcie-
lebis saSualebad. aqve aRsaniSnavia aSS-is zemoqmulisagan gansxvavebuli sasamarTlo
praqtika, romliTac dadgenilia, rom direqtors eniWeba orive korporaciis mimarT
Tanabari erTgulebis movaleoba da erTi korporaciis mimarT movaleobis arseboba da
misi dacva ar SeiZleba gaxdes sxva korporaciis winaSe arsebuli valdebulebis uar-
yofis safuZveli. aseve, Tu interesTa konfliqti gardauvalia, sasamarTlos rCevaa,
direqtorma saerTod ar miiRos monawileoba am garigebaSi. amis aucilebloba ikveTeba
maSin, rodesac SeuZlebelia orive korporaciis saukeTeso interesebis dacva.48 amde-
nad, faqtia, rom aSS-is praqtikac gansxvavebul midgomas ayalibebs am sakiTxze.
aSS-is samarTalma, delaveris sasamarTlos erT-erTi gadawyvetilebis safuZ-
velze, daamkvidra principi, rom erTgulebis movaleoba ar Semoifargleba mxolod
finansuri interesebiT, aramed erTgulebis movaleoba vrceldeba direqtoris zo-
gad damokidebulebaze mTliani korporaciis mimarT, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra saxis in-
teresi amoZravebs direqtors. amasTan, erTgulebis movaleobis darRvevisas Sedegi,
damrRvevis mier miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebasTan erTad, aris im sargeblis ukan
dabrunebac, rac man miiRo sakuTar TavTan garigebis dadebiT an komerciuli Sansebis
44
Emanuel S., Emanuel L.,Corporations, Aspen Publishers Online,New York, 2009, 29.
45
46
Andenas M., Wooldridge F., European Comparative Company Law, Cambridge University Press, 2009, 455,
Schmidt K., Lutter M. (Hrsg.), Aktiengesetz Kommentar (AKtG), II. Band, Verlag, Dr. O. Schmidt, Köln,
2008, 2867-2877.
47
iqve, 333-334.
48
ans Germany, European Corporate Governance Institute (ecgi), Law Working Paper #17/2003, 56;
114
gamoyenebiT.49 garda zemoaRniSnulisa, erTgulebis movaleobis sakiTxze aSS-Si miRe-

bulia araerTi gadawyvetileba,50 romlebidanac gamomdinareobs daskvna imis Sesaxeb,
rom erTgulebis movaleobis darRvevis samtkiceblad unda gamoikveTos, xelmZRva-
nelis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebisas moxda Tu ara sakuTar interesebze upiratesad
korporaciis interesebis dacva, amasTan, marTvis principebis mixedviT aRiarebulia,
rom mtkicebis tvirTi xelmZRvanelebzea da swored maT unda amtkicon, rom maTi qme-
deba sazogadoebisaTvis xelsayreli iyo.51 Oberly v. Kirby, Delaware Supreme Court, 592 A.2d
445 (1991) saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT ki dadginda xelmZRvanelTa valdebule-
ba, gadawyvetilebebi miRebuliyo srulyofili informaciis damuSavebis safuZvelze.
sawarmos xelmZRvanelobisa da sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrTa pasuxismgeblobis sa-
kiTxis dadgenis mizniT, mxedvelobaSi miiReba is garemoebac, Sidakorporaciuli do-
kumentebiT (wesdebiT, SeTanxmebiT a.S) romelime wevrs personalurad hqonda Tu ara
davalebuli im valdebulebis Sesruleba. es wesi ar gamoiyeneba, Tu erTi movaleoba
solidarulad ramdenime xelmZRvanel pirs aqvs dakisrebuli.52
2.3. gulmodginebis movaleoba
korporaciuli marTvisas xelmZRvanelTa movaleobis damoukidebel saxes gul-

modginebis movaleoba (Duty of Care, Duty of Diligence, Sorgfaltspflicht) warmoadgens.53
gulmodginebis movaleobis mixedviT, direqtors an menejers korporaciis wi-
naSe akisria movaleoba, rom funqciebi ganaxorcielos keTilsindisierad, imgvarad,
rom mas gonivrulad swamdes, rom moqmedebs korporaciis saukeTeso interesebidan
gamomdinare da iseTi gulmodginebiT, rogorsac gonivrulad moelian analogiur Ta-
namdebobaze da analogiur pirobebSi myofi Cveulebrivi windaxeduli pirisagan. sa-
marTlis mecnierebaSi miiCneva, rom gulmodginebis movaleoba xelmZRvanelTa qcevis
standarts adgens, erTgulebis movaleoba ki mijnavs sazogadoebisa da misi organoe-
bis interesTa sferoebs.54
aSS-Si gulmodginebis movaleobis sakiTxebs vrclad Seexeba sarbans oqslis aqti
(The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), Congress of USA, 2002). xsenebuli kanoniT, radgan gaizarda di-
reqtorTa movaleobebi, Sesabamisad, maTi Seusruleblobac fasdeba rogorc gulmod-
49
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 353, case: Brophy v. Cities Co., 70 A2d 5 (Del. Ch. 1949).
50
Soderquist L.D., Smiddy L.O., Cunningham L.A., Corporations and other Business Organizations: Cases,
Materials, Problems, 6th ed., LexisNexis, 2005, 578, cases: Lewis v. S.L. & E., Inc.,United States Court of
Appeals, second Circuit 629 F. 2d 764 (1980); In re The Walt Disney Co., Delaware Court of Chancery, 825
A. 2d 275 (2003).
51
Principles of Corporate Governance, May 13, 1992, wignSi: Soderquist L. D., Smiddy L.O., Cunningham
L.A., Corporations and other Business Organizations: Cases, Materials, Problems, 6th ed., LexisNexis, 2005,
621.
52
O’Kelley R.T., Thompson B., Corporations and other Business Associations/Cases and Materials, 3rd edition –
Aspen Law&Business, New York, 1999, 360-373.
53
Emanuel S., Emanuel L., Corporations, Aspen Publishers Online, New York, 2009, 25-31.
54
115
gine xelmZRvanelobis movaleobis (Duty of Care) darRveva. xsenebuli termini sityva-

sityviT iTargmneba mzrunvelobis, sifrTxilis gamoCenis movaleobad.55 gulmodgi-
nebis movaleobis cneba asaxulia aSS-is sawarmoTa marTvis principebSic (Principles of
Corporate Governance May 13, 1992) da `korporaciebis Sesaxeb modelur kanonSic~ (Model
Business Corporation Act (M.B.C.A) 2002.56
gulmodgine xelmZRvanelobis movaleobaSi aerTianeben `biznesgulmodginebas~
(Business Due Diligence) da `samarTlebriv gulmodginebas~ (Legal Due Diligence).57 maTgan
pirvelSi moiazreba gulmodginebis formatis dacva ekonomikur-finansuri Sinaarsis
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas, xolo meore SemTxveva Seexeba gadawyvetilebaTa samar-
Tlebrivi regulaciis aucileblobas.
sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelebi valdebulni arian daicvan zemoxsenebuli movale-
obebi sazogadoebis da ara aqcionerTa interesebisaTvis, magram ise, rom gaiTvaliswi-
non aqcionerTa da sxva e.w steikholderebis interesebic.58 uunaroba da kvalifikaci-
is arqona ar aTavisuflebs xelmZRvanels pasuxismgeblobisagan.59
germaniaSi sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebze vrceldeba `Cveulebrivi meTvalyu-
ris~ gulmodgineba da pasuxismgebloba da ara sawarmos xelmZRvanelis gulmodgineba,
rogorc es gamgeobis wevris mimarT gamoiyeneba.60 amdenad, germaniaSi sameTvalyureo
wevrTan mimarTebaSi midgoma ufro lmobieria, direqtorebs ki gulmodginebis ufro
mkacri moTxovnebi aqvT dawesebuli.
aSS-is sakorporacio samarTalSi xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis Se-
saxeb erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia delaveris umaRlesi sasamarTlos gadawyveti-
leba Smith v. Van Gorkom, Delaware Supreme Court, 1985 488 A.2d 858 saqmeze,61 romelic Seexe-
boda sawarmoTa Serwymisas xelmZRvanelTa windaxedulobis gamoCenasa da gulmodgi-
nebis valdebulebis dacvas.62 aRniSnulma gadawyvetilebam daudo safuZveli imas, rom
55
56
Principles of Corporate Governance, May 13, 1992, wignSi: Soderquist L.D., Smiddy L.O., Cunningham
L.A., Corporations and other Business Organizations: Cases, Materials, Problems, 6th ed., LexisNexis, 2005,
620-621.
57
Kubota D., Due Diligence and Commercial Transaction - Advanced Corporate Business Transactions, Onta-
rio, 2009, 28.
58
Plessis J., Jacques H., Anil B.M., Principles of Contemporary Corporate Governance, 2nd ed., Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, Cambridge, 2011, 50; Baums T., Scott K.E., Taking Shareholder Protection Seriously? Corporate
Governance in the United States ans Germany, European Corporate Governance Institute (ecgi), Law Working
Paper #17/2003, 49-53.
59
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 205; Andenas M., Wooldridge F., European Comparative Company Law, Cam-
bridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009, 301.
60
iqve, 211.
61
Materials, Problems, 6th ed., LexisNexis, 2005, 536, case: Smith v. Van Gorkom, Supreme Court of DElaware
488 A. 2d 858 (1985); Holland, Delaware Director’s Fiduciary Duties: The Focus on Loyalty, 11 University of
Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law, 675, 691, 2009, wignSi: juReli g., kapitalis dacva saaqcio
sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2010, 189.
62
O’Kelley R.T., Thompson B., Corporations and other Business Associations/Cases and Materials, 3rd ed. –
Aspen Law&Business, New York, 1999, 287.
116
aSS-is korporaciebis marTvaSi gaizarda e.w mowveuli direqtorebis roli da isini

mxolod Sida menejerebis mier miwodebul informacias ar eyrdnobian.63
gulmodgine movaleobebad asaxeleben aqcionerisaTvis sawesdebo kapitalis
dabrunebis dauSveblobas; aqcionerisaTvis procentebisa da dividendebis Sepirebis
dauSveblobas; aqciebis gacemis dauSveblobas maTi Rirebulebis srul gadaxdamde, sa-
zogadoebis qonebis ganawilebis dauSveblobas; gadaxdebis dauSveblobas gadaxdisuu-
narobis dros; dausabuTebeli da gaumarTleblad maRali socialuri xarjebis gawevas
an Sewirulobebis gakeTebas; mesame piris mimarT sazogadoebis moTxovnis warudgen-
lobas da a.S.gulmodginebis movaleobis darRvevis Sedegs damrRvevis mier miyenebuli
zianis anazRaureba warmoadgens, gansxvavebiT erTgulebis movaleobebis darRvevis
Sedegisa, rodesac zianTan erTad damrRvevs ekisreba im sargeblis ukan dabrunebac,
rac man miiRo sakuTar TavTan garigebis dadebiT an komerciuli Sansebis gamoyenebiT.64
aSS-is samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia xelmZRvanelTa movaleobebis saxiT ki-
dev erTi jgufis – marTlzomieri moqmedebis movaleobis (Duty of Obedience) arseboba,
Tumca igi praqtikulad gulmodgine movaleobis arsSia moqceuli. germanul samar-
TalSic calke saxed aris gamoyofili dumilis movaleoba (Verschwiegenheitspflicht).65
germaniasa da aSS-Si arsebuli didZali sasamarTlo praqtikisa miuxedavad, gul-
modginebis movaleobis darRvevisas sazogadoebis winaSe xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgeb-
lobis Sesaxeb ar arsebobs erTiani precedentebi, ris gamoc am sakiTxze davis warmoeba
rTulia.66 amis ZiriTadi safuZvelia xelmZRvanelTa movaleobebis sakiTxze msoflio-
Si damkvidrebuli da xelmZRvanelTa uflebebis damcavi Business Judgement Rule-s prin-
cipi.67
2.4. Business Judgement Rule-is principi
fiduciuri valdebulebebis darRvevis gamo pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuf-

lebis safuZvelad wodebuli Business Judgement Rule-is principi aSS-is samarTalSi di-
reqtorTa fiduciuri pasuxismgeblobisagan dacvis saSualebad saxeldeba,68 Tumca
63
Cahn A., Donald D.C., Comparative Company Law, Text and Cases on the Laws Governing Corporations in
Germany, the Uk and the USA, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010, 360-410.
64
65
iqve.
66
Materials, Problems, 6th ed., LexisNexis, 2005, 508, cases: Francias v. United Jersey Bank, Supreme Court of
New Jersey, 432 A.2d 814 (1981); Joy v. North, United States Court of Appeals, second Circuit, 692 F.2d 880
(1982); Shlensky v. Wrigley, Appellate Court of Illinois, 237 N.E.2d 776 (1968); Dodge v. Ford Motor Co.,
170 N.W. 668 (Mich. 1919); Arnold v. Society for Savings Bancorp, Inc., Supreme Court of Delaware, 650
A.2d 1270 (1994); Malpiede v. Towson, Supreme Court of Delaware, 780 A.2d 1075 (2001); WlR Foods, Inc.
v. Tyson Foods, inc., United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit 65 F.3d 1172 (1995).
67
Emanuel S., Emanuel L., Corporations, Aspen Publishers Online, New York, 2009, 25-31.
68
Cahn A., Donald D. C., Comparative Company Law, Text and Cases on the Laws Governing Corporations in
Germany, the UK and the USA, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010, 369-415; Balotti R.F., Finkel-
stein J. A., The Delaware Law of Corporations & Business Organizations Statutory Deskbook 2011, Aspen
Publishers, 2010,135; O’Kelley R.T., Thompson B., Corporations and other Business Associations/Cases and
Materials, 3rd ed., Aspen Law&Business, New York, 1999, 261.
117
radgan Business judgement rule samosamarTleo samarTlis qmnilebaa, misi erTiani defini-
cia ar arsebobs.69
es instituti, romlis safuZvlad 1829 wels70 luizianas Statis umaRlesi sasa-
marTlos gadawyvetilebas miiCneven, XIX saukunis dasawyisidan warmoiSva. man dasabami
misca sakorporacio samarTalSi damkvidrebul princips imis Sesaxeb, rom direqtors
ar SeiZleba daekisros pasuxismgebloba im zianisaTvis, romelic iseTma Secdomam ga-
moiwvia, romelic nebismier gulmodgine direqtorsac SeiZleboda mosvloda. pasuxis-
mgebloba dgeba iseTi uxeSi SecdomisaTvis, romelic jansaRi gonebis mqone da Cveu-
lebriv gulmodgine adamians ar unda mosvloda. pasuxismgebloba dgeba mxolod bra-
leuli mcdari gadawyvetilebisaTvis.71
marTalia, sakanonmdeblo normebisa Tu mecnieruli daskvnebis safuZveli Tavis-
Tavad ukve arsebobda, Tumca mainc iTvleba, rom germaniaSi aSS-is e.w. Business Judgement
Rule72 SemoiRes 2005 wlis `sawarmos Seuvalobisa da gasaCivrebis uflebis modernize-
bis Taobaze kanoniT”.73
Business Judgemens Rule aisaxa saaqcio kanonis 93-e muxlSic,74 Tumca igi iTvleba aSS-
is sistemis garkveul modificirebul variantad. aSS-is principis germanulSi pirda-
pir gadmoReba SeuZlebelia, radgan germanuli sistemisaTvis ucxoa e.w sasamarTlo
kontrolisagan Tavisufali sivrce, romelsac aSS-Si ùsafrTxo navsadgurs~ uwode-
ben. amdenad, am or sistemas Soris mainc arsebobs garkveuli sxvaoba, rac gamoixateba
sasamarTlos mier biznesgadawyvetilebaTa Sinaarsis gadamowmebis farglebiT.
fiduciuri valdebulebebis darRvevis gamo inicirebul sarCelze sasamarTlos
mier mowmdeba samiZiriTadi elementi: direqtoris piradi dauinteresebloba/miuker-
Zoebloba, sakmarisi informaciis arseboba da keTilsindisieri qmedeba korporaciis
saukeTeso interesebisaTvis.75Tu e.w formaluri ganxilvis Sedegad damtkicda, rom
ikveTeba xsenebuli winapirobebis arseboba, sasamarTlos kontroli mkacrdeba da Se-
mowmeba Seexeba Sinaarssac, Sesabamisad, am momentidan mtkicebis tvirTi xelmZRvane-
lebze gadadis.76
69 Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio

samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 65, 216-218.
70 imave faqts 1827 wlis gadawyvetilebas ukavSirebs g. juReli, wignSi: kapitalis dacva
saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2010, 187.
71 Andenas M., Wooldridge F., European Comparative Company Law, Cambridge University PressCambridge
2009, 486- 487.
72 aRniSnuli princips germaniaSi `samewarmeo alRos~ cnebasac adareben – luTeri m., kor-
poraciuli marTva (Corporate Governance) germaniasa da aSS-Si wignSi: Wanturia l., kniperi
r., zemleri i., sakorporacio samarTlis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi, ger-
manul-qarTuli simpoziumi, Tb., 2000 wlis 7-8 marti, GTZ, 21-32.
73 Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 42-43.
74 Schmidt K., Lutter M. (Hrsg.), Aktiengesetz Kommentar (AKtG), II. Band, Verlag, Dr. Schmidt O., Köln,
2008, 56.
75 Cahn A., Donald D. C.,Comparative Company Law, Text and Cases on the Laws Governing Corporations in
76
118
Business Judgement Rule-s principis gamoyenebaze aSS-isa da germaniis sistemebs So-

ris ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli garemoeba aris is, rom aSS-Si, rogorc wesi,ar mowmdeba
biznesgadawyvetilebis Sinaarsi, Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom aRniSnuli principiT aSka-
rad gaugebari da aragonivruli gadawyvetilebebis dacvac xdeba. es principi germani-
aSi damkvidrebulia imgvarad, rom movaleobis darRvevaze ver iqneba msjeloba, roca
gamgeobis wevrs samewarmeo gadawyvetilebis miRebisas gonivrulad SeeZlo evarauda,
rom igi saTanado informaciis safuZvelze sazogadoebis sakeTildReod moqmedebda.
aSkara ukanono gadawyvetilebebs arc germania icavs77 da SesaZlo varaudis subieqtu-
rad Sesafasebeli farglebi obieqturi SesaZleblobis principis gaTvaliswinebiT iz-
rdeba.
valdebulebisagan gaTavisuflebis es principi moqmedebs marto direqtorebis
gadawyvetilebaze, sameTvalyureo, sakontrolo gadawyvetilebebs igi ar Seexeba.78 aR-
niSnulis motivad unda dasaxeldes is faqtori, rom e.w biznesgadawyvetileba, rome-
lic garkveul komerciul riskebzea damokidebuli da romelsac xsenebuli principi
icavs, mxolod xelmZRvanelis mier miiReba.
germaniaSi Business Judgemens Rule-is79 principis aRiarebas safuZvlad daedo ger-
manul saaqcio samarTalSi yvelaze gavlenian samarTlebriv precendentad cnobili,
germaniis umaRlesi sasamarTlos 1997 wlis 21 aprilis gadawyvetileba ARAG v. Germen-
beck-is (BGHZ 135, 244) saqmeze, romliTac kidev erTxel ganimarta yoveli gadawyveti-
lebis miRebisas xelmZRvanelTa subieqturi da obieqturi damokidebulebis fargle-
bis dadgenis aucilebloba.80
Business Judgement Rule-is mixedviT, sasamarTloSi davisas, mtkicebis tvirTi mo-
sarCelezea.81 aRniSnulis erT-erTi magaliTia delaveris sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba
Crane Co v. Harsco Corp. 511 FSupp 294 (D Del 1981)82 saqmeze.83
77
samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 2006, 205.
78
2009,312-314.
79
aRniSnul princips marTebuli samewarmeo gadawyvetilebis prezumfcias uwodebs g. ju-
Reli wignSi: kapitalis dacva saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2010, 185.
80
Cahn A., Donald D.C., Comparative Company Law, Text and Cases on the Laws Governing Corporations
in Germany, the UK and the USA, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010, 373-381; juReli g.,
kapitalis dacva saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2010, 113.
81
82
Balotti J.A. Finkelstein R.i,The Delaware Law of Corporations & Business Organizations Statutory Deskbook
2011, Aspen Publishers, New York, 2010, 4-15-10.
83
O’Kelley R.T., Thompson B., Corporations and other Business Associations/Cases and Materials, 3rd ed., Aspen
Law&Business, New York, 1999, 398-407, 417-425; Cahn A., Donald D.C., Comparative Company Law,
Text and Cases on the Laws Governing Corporations in Germany, the Uk and the USA, Cambridge University
Press, Tb., 2010, 373-381, cases: ARAG v. Garmenbeck, High Federal Court, Second Civil Division, April
21, 1997/ BGHZ 135 244; Aronson, et al. v. Lewis, Supreme Court of Delaware, 473 A 2d 805 (1984); Unocal
Corp. v. Mesa Petrleum Co., Supreme Court of Delaware, 493 A 2d 946 (1985); O’Kelley R.T., Thompson B.,
Corporations and other Business Associations/Cases and Materials, 3rd ed.– Aspen Law&Business, New York,
1999, 828; Balotti J.A. Finkelstein R., The Delaware Law of Corporations & Business Organizations Statutory
Deskbook 2011, Aspen Publishers, 2010, 4-15-10; Rosenblatt v Getty Oil Co 493 A2d 929 (1985) da Moran
119
2.5. mmarTveli kompaniis pasuxismgebloba
samarTlis mecnierebaSi yuradReba eTmoba korporaciuli jgufis sistemaSi

mmarTveli kompaniis Seqmnas masTan gaformebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. mmar-
Tveli kompania iqmneba gansazRvruli Svilobili sawarmoebis saerTo krebebis gadawy-
vetilebebiT, rogorc maTi erTpirovnuli aRmasrulebeli organo. am saqmianobas li-
cenzia an raime nebarTva ar sWirdeba.84
mmarTveli organizaciis mier marTvis mocemuli forma miiCneva Svilobili sa-
warmoebis samarTavad adekvatur da xelsayrel saSualebad. igi aris praqtikaSi gav-
rcelebuli, magram samarTlebrivi regulirebis mxriv marTvis yvelaze rTuli for-
ma,85romlis umniSvnelovanes aspeqtad mmarTveli sazogadoebis, rogorc kompaniaTa
xelmZRvanelis, pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs ganixilaven. aseT SemTxvevaSi pasuxs unda
agebdes kompania, rogorc mmarTveli rgoli, xolo mere mmarTvel kompanias SeeZle-
ba regresiT moTxovna mimarTos misi konkretuli Tanamdebobis pirisaken, romlis mi-
erac iqna mmarTveli kompaniis saxeliT realurad miRebuli Svilobili sazogadoebis
mimarT zianis gamomwvevi mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetileba.
mmarTvel kompaniasTan gaformebul xelSekrulebas zogjer amsgavseben agentis
xelSekrulebas, romlis drosac agenti moqmedebs principalis saxeliTa da xarjiT.
aris saubari qonebis mindobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebasTan msgavsebaze, Tumca dauSvebe-
lia samoqalaqo urTierTobis warmomadgenlobis samewarmeo warmomadgenelTan Seda-
reba, radgan sakorporacio warmomadgenloba sul sxva specifikiT xasiaTdeba da misi
Sesrulebis farglebica da pasuxismgeblobac mxolod specialuri samewarmeo kanon-
mdeblobiT unda daregulirdes.86
iuridiul literaturaSi `mmarTveli kompaniisa~ da `saTavo kompaniis~ cnebebi
identuri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, rac araa marTebuli, radgan korporaciuli jgu-
fis saTavo kompaniam warmatebuli menejmentisaTvis SeiZleba Seqmnas damoukidebeli
iuridiuli piri – mmarTveli kompania da holdinguri saTavo kompania calke iyos, an
Tavad saTavo kompania axorcielebdes erTian marTvas. saTavo kompaniis mier marTva
samarTlebrivad araa mmarTveli kompaniis mier marTvis identuri, radgan saTavo kom-
pania marTvas axorcielebs arapirdapiri saxiT, mis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis
Tavad Svilobili kompaniebis marTvis organoTa gadawyvetilebebSi integraciis gziT.
Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulia mmarTveli kompaniisa da saTavo kompaniis pasuxsmgeblo-
bac araefeqturi marTvisaTvis. mmarTveli kompania e.w fiduciuri valdebulebebis
v. Household International Inc., 500 A2d 1346 (1985); Scattered Corporation v. Chicago Stock Exchange,
Inc., Delaware Supreme Court, 1997 701 A.2d 70.
84
Шиткина И.С., Правовое регулирование и корпоративное управление: научно-практ. Издание, Вол-
терс Клувер, М., 2008, 303.
85
Осипенко О.В., Управляющая компания в системе корпоративного руководства акционерным обще-
ством//журнал для акционеров, 2003#6(7); Dine J., The Governance of Corporate Groups, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 2003, 190.
86
Schuk-Amend A., Liability of Holding Companies, A CMS Corporate Publication, 2004, 35; Zumbansen P.,
Liability Within Corporate Groups (Bremer Vulkan), Federal Court of Justice Attampts the Overhaul 3 Ger-
man Law Journal, 2002, 42; Dine J., The Governance of Corporate Groups, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 2003, 190.
120
darRvevisas zianisaTvis pasuxismgebelia iuridiuli piris pasuxismgeblobis niuan-

sebis gaTvaliswinebiT, xolo saTavo kompaniis marTvis pirobebSi, Svilobili kompa-
niebis gadawyvetilebebi miRebulia Tavad am kompaniaTa xelmZRvanelebis mier, Sesaba-
misad, korporaciuli pasuxismgeblobis subieqtic sxva piria da ara saTavo kompania.
am ukanasknelis mimarT SesaZlebelia wamoiSvas dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad
gamoyenebis problema.
2.6. aqcionerTa uflebebis dacva
aqcionerTa uflebebis dacva, marTalia, saerTo da zogad princips warmoadgens

nebismieri samarTlis sistemis mqone kanonmdeblobisa Tu sasamarTlo praqtikisaTvis,
magram konkretuli qveynis ama Tu im samarTlis ojaxisadmi (Common Law-Civil Law) kuT-
vnileba warmoSobs garkveul gansxvavebas aqcionerTa uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebSic.87
aqcionerTa uflebebis Tema mudam gansakuTrebuli kvlevis sagania mecnierebaSi,
Sesabamisad, jer kidev 1850-1933 wlebSi moRvawe karl fiuerstenbergma (Carl Fuersten-
berg) ganacxada, rom àqcionerebi arian sulelebi da Tavxedebi: sulelebi imitom, rom
yiduloben aqciebs da Tavxedebi, radgan iTxoven Sesabamis anazRaurebas~.88
doqtrinaSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom aqcionerTa uflebebis dacvis sferoSi
germanuli samarTali aris yvelaze srulyofilad regulirebuli, xolo aSS-is samar-
Tali am sferoSi imsaxurebs yvelaze originalurisa da araordinaluris statuss.89
gansxvavebiT aSS-is koncefciisagan, germaniis korporaciul samarTalSi korporaci-
uli marTvisas xelmZRvanelTa saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas mTavari mizani aris ara
aqcionerebis, aramed Tavad sazogadoebis interesebis dacva. aRniSnuli gansxvavebis
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis unda aRiniSnos, rom 6-quliani sistemiT aSS-Si aqcionerTa uf-
lebebis dacva 5 quliT iqna Sefasebuli, germaniaSi ki – 1 quliT.90
korporaciul jgufSi Svilobili sazogadoebis mcire aqcionerTa uflebebis
dacvis principi samarTlis zogad debulebebzea dafuZnebuli, maT Sorisaa: aqcioner-
Ta Tanasworuflebianobis dacva (Gleichbehandlung der Aktionare),91 sazogadoebis sxva aqci-
onerebis mimarT fiduciuri valdebulebebis arseboba92 da sazogadoebis kontrolis
87
Braendle U. C., Shareholder Protection in the USA and Germany, Law and Finance Revisted, German Law
Journal [vol.07 No.03], 1/03/2006 260.
88
89
Siems M.M., Shareholder Protection around the World (Leximetric II), Centre for Business Research, Univer-
sity of Cambridge, Working Paper No. 359, 2007, 42.
90
iqve, 2.
91
aRniSnulis gamoxatulebad miiCneven èrTi aqcia – erTi xmis~ princips - Cahn A., Donald
D.C., Comparative Company Law, Text and Cases on the Laws Governing Corporations in Germany, the UK
and the USA, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010, 564; Payne J., Takeovers in English and Ger-
man Law, Hart Publishing Oxford and Portland, 2002, 30; burduli i., saaqcio samarTlis safuZv-
lebi, t. I, Tb., 2010, 330-331.
92
fiduciur valdebulebebze vrclad ixileT: O’Kelley R.T., Thompson B., Corporations and other
Business Associations/Cases and Materials, 3rd ed., Aspen Law&Business, New York, 1999, 259-453; Butcher
B., Directors’ Duties: A New Millennium, A New Approach? Fiduciary Duties, Kluwer, 2000, 155.
121
ufleba.93 swored am principebis gamovlinebaa korporaciis valdebuleba, aqcione-

rebTan hqondes gaxsnili urTierTobebi, rac niSnavs, rom sazogadoeba unda daexmaros
aqcionerebs `gaigon, aRiqvan~ biznesi, savaraudo riski, finansuri pirobebi, korpo-
raciis mimdinare saqmeebis mdgomareoba da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis tendenciebi.94
doqtrinaSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi midis msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom aqcionerebs
unda mieceT kompaniis marTvaSi monawileobis realuri SesaZlebloba.95 aqcionerTa
uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebs Seexeba 2003 wlis 21 maiss evropis TanamegobrobaTa ko-
misiis mier miRebuli èvropis kavSirSi sakorporacio samarTlis modernizaciisa da
korporaciuli marTvis gaumjobesebis moqmedebaTa gegmac~ (EU Action Plan: (21.05.2003).96
masSi aris mcdeloba, aqcionerTa uflebebi ganxorcieldes konkretuli meqanizmebis
saSulebiT, romelTa Sorisac asaxeleben: direqtoris movaleobebis mis nacvlad aqci-
oneris mier piradad Sesrulebas (derivaciuli sarCeli),97 msxvili aqcioneris vinao-
bis codnas, direqtoris gadayenebis SesaZleblobis mopovebas da a.S.98
aSS-is sasamarTlo praqtikaSi aqcionerTa uflebebis dacvis princips jer kidev
1919 wels saTave daudo Dodge v. Ford Motor Co., Michigan Supreme Court, 1919, 204 Mich. 459,170
N.W. 668 saqmem, romelic amtkicebda, rom korporacia iqmneba da saqmianobs upiratesad
aqcionerTa mogebisaTvis, xolo xelmZRvanelTa uflebamosilebaa, am SedegisaTvis sa-
Wiro saqmianoba ganaxorcielon.99
deda sazogadoebis mier mcire aqcionerebis – Svilobili sazogadoebebis ufle-
bebis dacvas Seexeba germaniis federaluri umaRlesi sasamarTlos 1982 wlis gadawyve-
tileba In Re Holzmuller-is saqmeze. davis sagania qonebis gadacema aqcionerTa Tanxmobis
gareSe, Tumca aRniSnuli ar iqna miCneuli baTilad, radgan ar gamoikveTa xelmZRva-
nelTa mxridan valdebulebis darRveva.100 aseve korporaciul jgufSi aqcionerTa uf-
lebebis dacvis sakiTxzea miRebuli germaniis federaciis umaRlesi sasamarTlos 2004
93
2009, 487.
94
Principles of Corporate Governance, May 2002, The Business Roundtable, an Association of Chief Executive
Officers Committed to Improving Public Policy, 25.
95
Siems M. M., Shareholder Protection around the World (Leximetric II), Centre for Business Research, Univer-
sity of Cambridge, Working Paper No. 359, 2007, 2.
96
korporaciuli marTvis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi, IFC, 2008, 12.
97
derivaciul sarCelze ixileT vrclad Emanuel S., Emanuel L., Corporations, Aspen Publishers
Online, Tb., 2009, 46-78; Modern Company Law for a Competitive Economy Final Report (London: DTI,
2001), paras. 6.19-6.40, Shareholder Litigation: Common Law, 212-249.
98
Siems M.M., Shareholder Protection around the World (Leximetric II), Centre for Business Research, Univer-
sity of Cambridge, Working Paper No. 359, 2007, 5-6; kuWava k., korporaciul marTvasTan dakav-
Sirebuli problemebi saqarTveloSi, IFC, 2009, 3.
99
O’Kelley R.T., Thompson B., Corporations and other Business Associations/Cases and Materials, third edition
– Aspen Law&Business, New York, 1999, 267-269; Baums T., Scott K.E., Taking Shareholder Protection Seri-
ously? Corporate Governance in the United States and Germany, European Corporate Governance Institute
(ecgi), Law Working Paper #17/2003, 1.
100
Cahn A., Donald D. C., Comparative Company Law, Text and Cases on the Laws Governing Corporations
in Germany, the Uk and the USA, Cambridge University Press, 2010, 695-709 – case: In Re Holzmuller, Fe-
bruary 25, 1982, BGHZ 83,122.
122
wlis gadawyvetilebebi In Re Gelatine-is saqmeze da Tvlian, rom man zemoxsnebuli In Re

Holzmuller-is saqme ganaaxla da imave principebs dauWira mxari.101
dominanti aqcioneris ufleba, nebismier SemTxvevaSi gadaitanos Svilobili sa-
zogadoebebis qonebebi erTidan meoreSi, mcire aqcionerebisaTvis seriozuli saf-
rTxis momcvelia, ris asacilebladac korporaciuli marTvis TematikaSi araerTi
saSualebaa warmoCenili, romelic gansxvavdeba valdebuli subieqtis mixedviT, Sesa-
bamisad, asaxeleben derivaciuli sarCelisa da dominantis pasuxismgeblobis insti-
tutebs.102
2.6.1. e.w. `derivaciuli sarCeli~
samarTlis mecnierebaSi derivaciul (arapirdapir) sarCels103 uwodeben aqcione-

ris mier inicirebul moTxovnas, romelsac igi waradgens korporaciis sasargeblod
da korporaciis xelmZRvanelTa winaaRmdeg.104 aRniSnuli dasaSvebadaa miCneuli aSS-is
calkeul StatebSi jer kidev me-19 saukunis Sua wlebidan.105 igi damkvidrda germaniis
kanonmdeblobaSic, Tumca aseTi sarCelis wardgenis ufleba aqvs mxolod sawesdebo
kapitalis 1%-is an 100 000 evros mflobel aqcioners.106
germaniis kanonmdebloba 2005 wlamde, sanam miRebuli iqneboda `sawarmos Seuva-
lobisa da gasaCivrebis uflebis modernizebis Sesaxeb kanoni~, aqcioneruli sarCelis
konkretul regulacias ar icnobda. am dromde gamgeobis winaaRmdeg sarCelis Setanis
ufleba hqonda mxolod sameTvalyureo sabWos da isic saerTo krebis gadawyvetilebis
safuZvelze.107 aqcionerebs mieniWaT ufleba sasamarTloSi waradginon sarCeli mxo-
lod im moTxovnebis Taobaze, romelic sazogadoebas aqvs gamgeobisa da sameTvalyu-
reo sabWos wevrebis mimarT (amdenad, nebismieri mesame piris mimarT moTxovnis war-
dgenis SesaZleblobaze, rac aSS-is kanonmdeblobiT daSvebulia, germanulma samar-
Talma uari ganacxada).108
101
iqve, 710-721 – case: In Re Gelatine, April 26, 2004, Doc.No II ZR 154/02, Der Konzern 2004, 421.
102
Germany, the Uk and the USA, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010, 680.
103
juReli g., kapitalis dacva saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2010, 175-177; Breeden R.C., Resto-
ring Trust, Corporate Governance For the Future, New York, 2003, 10.
104
Andenas M., Wooldridge F., European Comparative Company Law, Cambridge University Press, Tb., 2009,
318-319.
105
ans Germany, European Corporate Governance Institute (ecgi), Law Working Paper #17/2003, 9; Soderquist
L.D., Smiddy L.O., Cunningham L.A., Corporations and other Business Organizations: Cases, Materials, Prob-
lems, 6th ed., LexisNexis, 2005, 751-784.
106
samarTalSi, samarTali, Tb., 2006, 424; Andenas M., Wooldridge F., European Comparative Company
Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009, 318-319.
107
Andenas M., Wooldridge F., European Comparative Company Law, Cambridge University Press, Tb., 2009,
318; Braendle U. C., Shareholder Protection in the USA da Germany, Law and Finance Revisted, German
Law Journal [vol.07 No.03], 272-273, 468.
108
Закон об Акционерных Обшествах Германии, параллельные русский и немецкий тексты, Волтерс
Клувер, М., 2009; Emanue, S., Emanue, L.,, Corporations, Aspen Publishers Online, 2009, 46.
123
derivaciuli sarCelis SetanisaTvis sarCelis Semtani piri unda warmoadgendes

aqcioners im droisaTvis, roca kompanias miadga ziani da igi aqcioneri unda iyos sar-
Celis Setanis droisaTvisac.109 amasTan, sarCelis Setanamde aqcionerma bords unda
warudginos moTxovna sarCelis Setanis Sesaxeb. sarCelis dasaSvebobis rTuli proce-
duraa gawerili kanoniT rogorc germaniaSi,110 ise aSS-Sic.111 SesaZlebelia derivaciu-
li procesi ar iqnes SenarCunebuli da Sewydes sasamarTlos mier, Tu aRmoCndeba, rom
mosarCele arasamarTlianad an araadekvaturad icavs sazogadoebis an/da misi partni-
orebis interesebs.112
mecnierebi calsaxad aRiareben derivaciuli sarCelis arsebobis aucileblobas
da, amasTan, gansazRvraven misi dasaSvebobis rTuli proceduris aucileblobas. arse-
bobs mosazreba, rom Tu aqcioneri bords mimarTavs da miiRebs uars sarCelis wardge-
naze, es aqcioners sarCelis wardgenis uflebas SeiZleba saerTod arTmevdes.113 zogi-
erTi mecnieris azriT ki, saerTo krebisaTvis mimarTva ar unda warmoadgendes sarCe-
lis dasaSvebobis winapirobas, Tu misTvis winaswar savaraudo iyo, rom mas Sedegi ar
mohyveba.114
aSS-is mecnierebaSi msjeloben imazec, rom derivaciuli sarCelis wardgena Se-
saZlebelia ara mxolod damdgari zianis safuZvelze, aramed mosalodneli zianis Ta-
vidan asacilebladac, Tumca aSS-is sasamarTloebSi derivaciuli sarCelis klasikur
da warmatebul formad mainc damdgari zianidan gamomdinare sarCelebi aRiqmeva, vid-
re samomavlo zianTan dakavSirebiT aRZruli davebi.115 sasamarTloebi, pirvel rigSi,
aRniSnulis garkvevas axdenen, realurad ra saxisaa sarCeli (derivaciuli Tu pirda-
piri) da mis safuZvelze iTxoven dasaSvebobis pirobebis dacvasac.116
aSS-is samarTalSi aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebulma praqtikam deriva-
ciul sarCelTan mimarTebiT daamkvidra misi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi, am tipis sar-
Celis dasaSvebobis winapirobebi, gadawyvetis optimaluri gzebi, rac mniSvnelovania
samarTlis ganviTarebis etapze myofi nebismieri qveynisaTvis.
109
Materials, Problems, 6th ed., LexisNexis, 2005, 753.
110
juReli g., kapitalis dacva saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2010, 175-179.
111
Soderquist L.D., Smiddy L.O., Cunningham L. A., Corporations and other Business Organizations: Cases,
Materials, Problems, 6th ed., LexisNexis, 2005, 755-756.
112
iqve, 753.
113
iqve.
114
juReli g., kapitalis dacva saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2010, 175-179.
115
Soderquist L. D., Smiddy L. O., Cunningham L. A., Corporations and other Business Organizations: Cases,
Materials, Problems, 6th ed, LexisNexis, 2005, 755.
116
Materials, Problems, 6th ed., LexisNexis, 2005, 754-784, cases: Grimes v. Donald, Delaware Supreme Court,
673 A.2d 1207 (1996); Aronson v. Lewis, Delaware Supreme Court, 473 A.2d 805 (1984); In re The Limited,
Inc., Delaware Court of Chancery, 2002 Del. Ch. Lexis 28 (March 27, 2002). O’Kelley R.T., Thompson B.,
Corporations and other Business Associations/Cases and Materials, 3rd edition, Aspen Law&Business, New
York, 1999, 262, case: Shlensky v. Wrigley, Illinois Appellate Court, 95 Ill. APP. 2d 173, 237 N.E. 2d 776
(1968).
124
2.6.2. dominantis pasuxismgebloba
korporaciuli marTvisas aqcionerTa uflebebis dacvis kidev erT efeqtur sa-

Sualebad rogorc germaniaSi, ise aSS-Si dominantebis pasuxismgeblobis principis ga-
moyeneba saxeldeba.117
dominanturi mdgomareobis gamoyenebis Sedegad korporaciis kontroli gan-
martebulia, rogorc piris SesaZlebloba, xelSekrulebis safuZvelze an sxvagvarad,
sawarmos menejmenti da strategia pirdapir an arapirdapir warmarTos rogorc xmis
uflebis mqone aqciebis mesakuTrem.118 dominantad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes aqcionerTa
iseTi jgufic, romelic, marTalia, aqciaTa umravlesobas ar flobs, magram aqvs sxvag-
vari praqtikuli SesaZlebloba, gavlena moaxdinos kenWisyris Sedegebze. aqcioneri
dominantad da gadamwyveti gavlenis mqoned SeiZleba CaiTvalos maSinac, rodesac igi
gabatonebul ekonomikur mdgomareobaSia. amdenad, garkveul SemTxvevebSi dominan-
tad SeiZleba CaiTvalos aqcioneri, romelic sawarmos mniSvnelovan msesxebels, pro-
duqciis mTavar mimwodebels an momxmarebels warmoadgens.119
dominanti partnioris ufleba-movaleobaTa da pasuxismgeblobis TematikaSi ga-
erTianebulia rogorc Sidakorporaciuli valdebulebebi misi Svilobilis mimarT,
ise e.w gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis Tematikac, rodesac dominanti pasuxismgebelia ga-
reSe mesame piris – kreditoris winaSe.
dominantebis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria korporaci-
ul jgufebSi, sadac holdinguri kompania ganixileba Svilobili kompaniis dominan-
tad. deda sazogadoebis mier sakuTari interesebis sasargeblo qmedebebi, aseve Svi-
lobilis saziano qmedebebi SeiZleba gamoixatebodes korporaciuli jgufis qonebis,
deda sazogadoebis mier poziciis (statusis) an informaciis gamoyenebis an/da Svilo-
bilisaTvis kuTvnili upiratesobis miTvisebis, deda sazogadoebis mier SvilobilTan
`gajibrebis~ saxiT.120 amasTan, rodesac saTavo kompania erTiani ekonomikuri berketiT
marTavs mTlian jgufs, rTuldeba misi dominanturi interesis fonze mcire aqcioner-
Ta uflebebis dacvis realuri meqanizmebis Seqmna.
dominanti aqcioneri, romelsac SeuZlia gansazRvros Svilobili sazogadoebis
gadawyvetileba, kreditoris winaSe pasuxs agebs mxolod seriozuli braleulobis
SemTxvevaSi. Cveulebrivi saqmiani daudevroba aq ar igulisxmeba da es kreditorebis
riskia. seriozul braleulobad ra miiCneva, es yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSia Sesafa-
sebeli.121
117
Закон об Акционерных Обшествах Германии, параллельные русский и немецкий тексты, Волтерс
Клувер, М., 2009; Dine J., The Governance of Corporate Groups, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 61.
118
Materials, Problems, 6th ed., LexisNexis, 2005, 626-639.
119
120
Gillooly M., The Law Relating to Corporate Groups, Centre for Commercial and Resources Law, The Federa-
tion Press, Sydney, 1993, 22.
121
Nestor S.,The Journal of Corporation Law, Vol. 24, number 2, 1999, 225; Hamilton R. W., The Law of Cor-
porations, St. Paul: Minn, West publishing co., 1991, 93.
125
delaveris sasamarTlo praqtikaSi am mxriv ori mTavari tendenciaa gamoyofili.

sasamarTlo Sinclair Oil Corp. v. Levien, Delaware Supreme Court, 280 A.2d 717 (1971)122 saqmeze mo-
sarCele amtkicebda, rom holdinguri kompaniisgan (dominantis) damoukidebeli ar iy-
vnen Svilobilis xelmZRvanelebi da igi axorcielebda mis kontrols, swored amis gamo
Svilobili kompaniis mimarT dominantis fiduciuri valdebulebebi maszec vrcelde-
boda da mtkicebis tvirTic masze iyo, Tumca gadawyvetilebiT dominanti kompaniis mi-
marT Business Judgement Rule-is principi iqna gamoyenebuli da mtkicebis tvirTi mosar-
Cele – Svilobil sazogadoebaze iqna gadatanili, Sesabamisad, mas unda emtkicebina,
rom arasamarTliani qmedebiT deda sazogadoebam sargebeli miiRo.123 delaveris sa-
samarTlom Weinberger v. UOP, Inc-is saqmeze124 gansxvavebul midgomas dauWira mxari da
ganmarta, rom araa aucilebeli dominantis mier sargeblis miReba da sadavo garigebis
samarTlianobis damtkiceba Tavidanve dominants unda daekisros.125 amdenad, xsenebu-
li imdenad rTuli da specifikuri sakiTxia, rom sasamarTloebs erTiani praqtikis Ca-
moyalibeba uWirT.
dominanturi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxze mniSvnelovania germaniis federalu-
ri sasamarTlos 2001 wlis gadawyvetileba Bremer Vulkan-is saqmeze, romelmac pasuxis-
mgebloba gaavrcela korporaciuli jgufis SigniT dominantze ise, rom am saqmesTan
korporaciuli jgufis pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlebi ar ikveTeboda. gadawyvetilebis
motivia is, rom, korporaciuli jgufis monawileTa damokidebulebidan gamomdinare,
pasuxismgeblobis samarTali mimarTulia imisken, rom menejmentis pasuxismgebloba
daafuZnos upiratesad e.w. `korporaciul arqiteqturaze~/wyobaze, vidre xelmZRva-
nelis konkretul qmedebaze. mocemul saqmeSi gadamwyvetad iqna miCneuli is garemo-
eba, rom deda sazogadoeba iyo Svilobilis 100%-is mflobeli da masze SeuzRudavi
Zalaufleba hqonda.126 aRniSnuli kritikis sagani gaxda germaniis mecnierebis mxridan
da bevri mowinaaRmdege gauCnda.
sasamarTlos zogadi praqtikis Tanaxmad, rodesac xdeba holdinguri kompaniis
mier Tavisi Svilobilis kontroli – savaldebulod Sesasrulebeli miTiTebebis mi-
cema, davisas (dominanturi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis Temaze) maszea (hol-
dingur kompaniazea) mtkicebis tvirTi, anu man unda amtkicos, rom mis moqmedebas ar
mohyolia ziani. Business Judgement Rule-is mixedviT, Cveulebrivi gonivruli windaxedu-
lobaa sakmarisi, maSin rodesac holdinguri kompaniis (dominantis) miTiTebisas masze
ufro mkacri moTxovnebi vrceldeba.127
122
aRniSnuli miCneulia Svilobili sazogadoebis mcire aqcionerebis uflebebis dacvis
sferoSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebad, ix. vrclad wignSi: Soderquist L.D., Smid-
dy L.O., Cunningham L. A., Corporations and other Business Organizations: Cases, Materials, Problems, 6th
ed., LexisNexis, 2005, 626.
123
Germany, the Uk and the USA, Cambridge University Press, 2010, 691-695 – case: Sinclair Oil Corporation
v. Francis S. Levien, 280 A. 2d 717 (Del. 1971).
124
Soderquist L.D., Smiddy L.O., Cunningham L.A., Corporations and other Business Organizations: Cases, Ma-
terials, Problems, 6th ed., LexisNexis, 2005, 639, case: Weinberger v. UOP, Inc., Supreme Court of Delaware,
457 A.2d 701 (1983).
125
126
Zumbansen P., Liability Within Corporate Groups (Bremer Vulkan) - Federal Court of Justice Attampts the
Overhaul, 3 German Law Journal,2002, 45.
127
Hurst T. R., Gregory W. A., Cases and Materials on Corporations, Anderson Publishing Co. 1999, 442 (Sin-
clair Oil Corp. V. Levien 280 A. 2d 717 (1971).
126
Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi gansakuTrebuli aqtualobiT gamoirCeva gareSe mesa-

me piris – kreditorebis winaSe dominanti partnioris gamWoli (pirdapiri) pasuxis-
mgeblobis sakiTxi.
3. korporaciuli jgufis wevrTa pasuxismgebloba

mesame pirebis winaSe
3.1. kreditorTa uflebebis dacva, gamWoli pasuxismgebloba
Piercing the Corporate Veil (germ. – Durchgriffshaftung) sityvasityviT niSnavs SeRwevad,

gamWol pasuxismgeblobas.128 aRniSnuli aSS-is samosamarTleo samarTlis qmnilebaa,
romelic ZiriTadad Sps-Si gamoiyeneba da igi e.w Ria sazogadoebaze ar vrceldeba.129
masSi igulisxmeba pirdapiri pasuxismgeblobis principi imgvarad, rom partniors, misi
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis miuxedavad, SeiZleba daekisros individualuri pasu-
xismgebloba kreditorebis winaSe warmoSobili zianisaTvis.130
aSS-is Case Law131 Tanaxmad, gamWoli pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio samarTalSi
mesame pirebis – kreditorebis SecdomaSi Seyvanisagan dacvas uzrunvelyofs.132 swo-
red am samarTlianobis principis dacvisaTvis sasamarTloebi garkveul situaciaSi
dasaSvebad miiCneven kreditorma SeaRwios e.w `korporaciul mosasxamSi~.133
gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis principis asamoqmedeblad aucilebelia, e.w `samsa-
fexuriani testis~134 farglebSi moxdes Semdegi faqtobrivi garemoebebis gamokvleva:
1) deda sazogadoeba mTlianad akontrolebdes da dominirebdes Svilobil kompanias,
2) dominantis qmedeba Svilobilis mimarT iyos arasamarTliani, TaRliTuri (tyuilze
dafuZnebuli) da 3) dominantis qmedebas mohyves ziani mosarCelis mimarT.135 delaveris
sakorporacio samarTlis Tanaxmad, deda sazogadoebisaTvis Svilobilis kreditoris
winaSe pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba e.w gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis saxiT dasaSvebia im
128
burduli i., sawesdebo kapitali da misi funqciebi wignSi: Tanamedrove sakorporacio
samarTlis Teoriuli da praqtikuli sakiTxebi, Tb., 2009, 236; burduli i., saaqcio sa-
marTlis safuZvlebi, t. I, Tb., 2010, 165; O’Kelley R.T., Thompson B,. Corporations and other Busi-
ness Associations/Cases and Materials, 3rd ed., Aspen Law&Business, New York, 1999, 584-635; Hamilton
R.W., The Law of Corporations, 5th ed.,, St.Paul, 2000, 134-163.
129
samarTlis Teoriuli da praqtikuli sakiTxebi, Tb., 2009, 241.
130
Pfeiffer G., Timmerbeil S., US-American Company Law-An Overview, 598, www.zjs-online.com.
131
precedentuli samarTali.
132
Miller S. K., Piercing the Corporate veil among Affiliated Companies in the European Community and in the
U.S: A comparative analysis of U.S., German and U.K. Veil-Piercing Approaches, 36 Am. Bus. L.J., 1998,
117-118; ix: burduli i., sawesdebo kapitali da misi funqciebi, krebulSi: Tanamedrove
sakorporacio samarTlis Teoriuli da praqtikuli sakiTxebi, Tb., 2009, 237-240.
133
samarTlis Teoriuli da praqtikuli sakiTxebi, Tb., 2009, 242.
134
burduli i., saaqcio samarTlis safuZvlebi, t. I, Tb., 2010, 165.
135
O’Kelley R.T., Thompson B., Corporations and other Business Associations/Cases and Materials, 3rd – Aspen
Law&Business, New York, 1999, 584.
127
SemTxvevaSi, Tu deda da Svilobili kompaniebi saqmianobdnen saerTo menejmentiT da

inawilebdnen rogorc Semosavals, ise pasuxismgeblobas.136
miuxedavad imisa, rom e.w gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis principi metad farTod ga-
moiyeneba sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, es ar niSnavs, rom zogadad Seicvala kapitaluri
sazogadoebebis SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis principi. es ukanaskneli kvlav ucvle-
lia. gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis Tema gamonaklisia da igi bevri niuansis dadgenazea da-
mokidebuli.137
gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis principi germanul sasamarTlo praqtikaSic gvxvde-
ba, romlis Tanaxmadac, mSobel (germaniaSi – deda) sazogadoebas pirdapiri (gamWoli)
pasuxismgebloba Svilobili kompaniis kreditorebis winaSe SeiZleba daekisros im Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tu deda sazogadoebis Carevebi Sedegianad Zirs uTxris Svilobilis Semdgom
damoukidebel arsebobas da misi qmedebebi SvilobilisaTvis gakotrebis gamomwvevi
xdeba.138
aRniSnuli, erTi SexedviT, ewinaaRmdegeba sakorporacio samarTlis princips
iuridiuli piris SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb, magram sasamarTlo praqtikis
TvalTaxedviT, igi miiCneva marTlzomier qmedebad, romelic sasamarTlom SeiZleba
gamoiyenos imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnes acilebuli usamarTloba.139
samarTlis mecnierebaSi ganasxvaveben gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebs sa-
xelSekrulebo da deliqturi safuZvlebis mixedviT. saxelSekrulebo Piercing-is dros
uTanxmoebs iwvevs is garemoeba, rom kreditorma movale (iuridiuli piri, korpora-
cia) Tavad SearCia da misTvis ar unda iqnes daSvebuli gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis prin-
cipze miTiTeba, Tumca konkretuli garemoebebis arsebobisas sasamarTloebis mier igi
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi mainc aris dasaSvebad miCneuli im dros, Tu ikveTeba
winaswari ganzraxviT kreditoris motyuebis faqti: magaliTad, rodesac deda sazoga-
doebis xelmZRvanelobam araswori warmodgena Seuqmna kreditors sazogadoebis qo-
nebriv mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebiT da SecdomaSi Seiyvana igi.140
deliqtidan warmoSobili gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxSi ufro loialuri
midgoma Cans mosarCelis mimarT, radgan kreditors Tavad ar SeurCevia mxare da mas
ver daevaleba windaxedulobis gamoCenis principis dacva.141
136
Balotti J.A., Finkelstein R., The Delaware Law of Corporations & Business Organizations Statutory Desk-
book 2011, Aspen Publishers, New York, 2010, 4-17-00; burduli i., sawesdebo kapitali da misi
funqciebi, krebulSi: Tanamedrove sakorporacio samarTlis Teoriuli da praqtikuli
sakiTxebi, Tb., 2009, 254.
137
iqve, 38.
138
Reich-Graffe R., Changing Paradigms: The Liability of Corporate Groups in Germany, Connecticut Law Re-
view, [Vol. 37, 801].
139
DeWitt Truck Brokers v. W., Flumming fruit Company, 540 F. 2d 681 (Cir 1976) ix.: burduli i., sawesde-
bo kapitali da misi funqciebi, krebulSi: Tanamedrove sakorporacio samarTlis Teo-
riuli da praqtikuli sakiTxebi, Tb., 2009, 246; Emmerich V.,Habersack M., Konzernrecht, Verlag
C.H. Beck, 2005, München, 144-147, 419.
140
Emmerich V.,HabersackM., `Konzernrecht, Verlag C.H. Beck, 2005, München, 255-256.
141
ix. burduli i., sawesdebo kapitali da misi funqciebi, krebulSi: Tanamedrove sakorpo-
racio samarTlis Teoriuli da praqtikuli sakiTxebi, Tb., 2009, 259; Merkt H.,Gothel S.R.,
US-amerikenisches Gesellschaftsrecht, 242; Soderquist L. D., Smiddy L.O., Cunningham L.A., Corporations
and other Business Organizations: Cases, Materials, Problems, 6th ed., LexisNexis, 2005, 517, case: Baatz v.
Arrow Bar, Supreme Court of South Dakota, 452 N.W. 2d 138 (1990).
128
korporaciuli jgufis SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis principsa da am kuTxiT

kreditorTa uflebebis dacvis sakiTxs Seexeba sasamarTloTa araerTi gadawyveti-
leba,142 romlebic gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisaTvis sxvadasxva safuZvlebs
miiCneven sakmarisad da sxvadasxvagvar interpretacias akeTeben, aRniSnuli ki cxad-
yofs, rom xsenebuli instituti ara mxolod mecnierTa, aramed sasamarTlo praqtika-
Sic ki jer kidev msjelobis sagania da erTiani midgoma Camoyalibebuli ar aris. gan-
martebis saxiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos ZiriTadi principi imis Sesaxeb, rom igi dasaSvebia,
Tu mSobeli (aSS-Si holdinguri) kompania srulad akontrolebs Svilobils da es kon-
troli xdeba zianis uSualo mizezi, Tumca gansxvavebuli midgomebia swored am faq-
tobrivi garemoebebis dadgenis sakiTxSi.
3.2. jgufis wevrTa solidaruli pasuxismgebloba kreditorTa winaSe,

pasuxismgebloba gakotrebisas
holdinguri gaerTianebis erT-erTi safuZveli kreditorTa winaSe jgufis wev-

rTa solidaruli valdebulebis arsebobaa.
holdinguri kompania Svilobili sawarmos valebisaTvis pasuxismgebelia or Sem-
TxvevaSi: pirveli, solidaruli valdebuleba im SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba, Tu Svilobi-
li sawarmo moqmedebda holdingis savaldebulod Sesasrulebeli miTiTebis Sesabami-
sad (Tu deklarirebulia am holdinguri kompaniis SesaZlebloba, Svilobils miTiTe-
bebi misces) da, meore, subsidiuri pasuxismgebloba dgeba, Tu ZiriTadi sawarmos bra-
liT dadga Svilobili sawarmos gadaxdisuunaroba.143
solidaruli valdebulebis warmoSobis erT-erT safuZvlad iTvleba xelSek-
rulebasa an/da Svilobili sawarmos wesdebaSi ganmtkicebuli piroba Sesasruleblad
savaldebulo miTiTebebis micemis Sesaxeb, amitom holdinguri kompaniebi cdiloben
damalon TavianTi sakontrolo monawileoba sxva Svilobil sawarmoSi da werilobiT
142
Germany, the Uk and the USA, Cambridge University Press, 2010, 732-737 – case: In Re Rave Communica-
tions, Inc. v. Entertainment Equities, Inc.- United States Bankruptcy Court, Southern District of New York,
138 BR 390 (1992); cases: In Re Oil Spill by the “Amoco Cadiz” of the Coast of France, US District Court,
Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division, 1984 US Dist, LEXIS 17480; 20 ERC (BNA) 2041 da case:
Re Polly Peck International plc (in administration), Chancery Division (Companies Court), [1996] 2 All ER
433; [1996] 1 BCLC 428; [1996] BCC 486; O’Kelley R.T., Thompson B., Corporations and other Business
Associations/Cases and Materials, 3rd – Aspen Law&Business, New York, 1999, 623-639, case: Consumer’s
Co-op v. Olsen, Wiscosin Supreme Court, 1988 142 Wis. 2d 465,419 N.W. 2d 211; case: K.C. Roofing Center
v. On Top Roofing, Inc., Missouri Court of Appeals, 1991, 807 S.W. 2d 545; case: United States v. Bestfoods,
Supreme court of the United States, 1998 118 S. Ct. 1876; Soderquist L.D., Smiddy L.O., Cunningham L. A.,
Corporations and other Business Organizations: Cases, Materials, Problems, 6th ed., LexisNexis, 2005, cases:
Baatz v. Arrow Bar, Supreme Court of South Dakota, 452 N.W. 2D 138, 1990; Walkovszky v. Carlton, Court of
Appeals of New York, 233 N.E. 2d 6 (1966); Sea-Land Services, Inc. v. Pepper Source, United States Court of
Appeals, 7th Circuit, 941 F. 2d 519 (1991); Gregory W.A., Hurst T.R., Agency and Patnership and other Forms
of Business Associations/Cases and Materials, West Publishing Co., 1994, 636.
143
2009, 457; Шиткина И.С., Холдинг и правoвые и управленческиe аспекты, М., 2003, 63.
129
ar aRiareben miTiTebebis micemis uflebas, raTa saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi solidarul

pasuxismgeblobas Tavi aaridon.144
solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis konkretuli safuZvlebi asaxulia `germaniis sa-
aqcio kanonis~ me-15 muxlSi, romlis mixedviTac, deda sazogadoeba pasuxs agebs Svi-
lobili an sxva jgufis wevri kompaniis valebisaTvis, Tu gaformebulia mogebisa da
zaralis ganawilebis Sesaxeb an dominirebis xelSekrulebebi, darRveul iqna sazoga-
doebis qonebis dacvis wesebi, zianis mimyenebeli miTiTebebi iqna micemuli Svilobili
kompaniisaTvis Sesabamisi kompensaciis gareSe, an arsebiTad `damRupveli, damangre-
veli~ intervencia ganxorcielda deda sazogadoebis mxridan.145 aseT dros pasuxis-
mgebloba SeiZleba daekisros holdingur kompanias, makontrolebel subieqts da ase-
ve makontrolebeli subieqtis an Svilobili kompaniis konkretul xelmZRvanel pirs,
sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrs an makontrolebeli subieqtis partniors/aqcioners.146
aseve, zogadi principis Tanaxmad, jgufis erT-erTi kompaniis mimarT zianis anazRa-
ureba SeiZleba daekisros korporaciuli jgufis nebismier sxva wevrsac, vinc sxvis-
Tvis zianis mimyenebeli qmedebis Sedegad sargebeli miiRo.147
germaniis da aSS-is sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, deda sazogadoeba148 miiCne-
va pasuxismgeblad sawarmos valebze: 1) Tu garigebis pirobebi Camoyalibebulia imgva-
rad, rom Semosavals iRebs deda sazogadoeba, xolo zarali ekisreba damokidebul sa-
warmos; 2) rodesac damokidebuli sawarmo warmodgenilia rogorc deda sazogadoebis
nawili; 3) Tu damokidebuli sawarmos calkeuli korporaciuli formalobebi araa da-
culi; 4) rodesac damokidebuli da deda sazogadoeba praqtikulad erT bizness awar-
moeben; 5) Tu ar irkveva, romeli garigeba aris gaformebuli deda sazogadoebasTan da
romeli damokidebulTan.149
Tanamedrove mecniereba calke msjelobis sagnad aqcevs korporaciul jgufSi
misi wevris gakotrebisas Sidakorporaciuli pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebs, kerZod, Tu
iuridiuli piris gakotreba gamoiwvies misma damfuZneblebma an `sxva pirebma~, rom-
lebsac ufleba aqvT miscen savaldebulod Sesasrulebeli miTiTebebi am (gakotre-
bul) iuridiul pirs, an gaaCniaT sxva saSualebebi gansazRvron am iuridiuli piris
moqmedebebi, maSin iuridiuli piris gakotrebis gamo arsebuli valebisaTvis, Tu mas ar
gaaCnia sakmarisi qoneba, subsidiuri pasuxismgebloba ekisreba am pirebs. am pirebSi mo-
iazrebian: damfuZnebeli an `sxva piri~, romelsac ufleba aqvs misces iuridiul pirs
savaldebulod Sesasrulebeli miTiTebebi, an gaaCnia sxva saSualebebi gansazRvros am
iuridiuli piris moqmedebebi.150
144
Шиткина И.С., Правовое регулирование и корпоративное управление, Волтерс Клувер, М., 2008, 240.
145
Schmidt K., Lutter M. (Hrsg.),Aktiengesetz Kommentar (AKtG), II. Band, Verlag, Dr. Otto Schmidt Koln,
2008, 2631-2650.
146
Schuk-Amend A., Liability of Holding Companies, A CMS Corporate Publication, 33.
147
Baums T., Scott K. E., Taking Shareholder Protection Seriously? Corporate Governance in the United States ans
Germany, European Corporate Governance Institute (ecgi), Law Working Paper #17/2003, 45; Andenas M.,
Wooldridge F., European Comparative Company Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009, 470.
148
inglisurenovani mecnieruli kvlevebi parent corporation-s uwodebs holdingur kompa-
nias, romelsac germaniaSi deda sazogadoebis saxeliT moixsenieben.
149
Hamilton R. W., The Law of Corporations, St. Paul, Minn., West publishing co., 1991, 93.
150
Шиткина И.С., Холдинг и прававые и управленческиe аспекты, М. Городец-издат, 2003, 221; Zumban-
sen P., Liability Within Corporate Groups (Bremer Vulkan), Federal Court of Justice Attampts the Overhaul,
3 German Law Journal, 2002.
130
xsenebul Temaze germaniis sasamarTlos mier 2004 wels miRebul iqna gadawyveti-
leba Autohandler-is saqmeze, romelSic sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom arapirdapiri aqci-
oneri, romelic Tavad flobda aqciebs gakotrebul kerZo kompaniaSi, SesaZloa pasu-
xismgebeli yofiliyo gakotrebis gamowvevaze, Tu man am ukanaskneli kompaniis yvela
aqtivi gadasca sakuTar Tavs an sxva kompanias, romlis aqcioneric is iyo, kompaniis-
Tvis adekvaturi anazRaurebis gareSe. garda amisa, sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom aqci-
oners SeeZlo SeezRuda sakuTari valdebuleba, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneboda imis mtkice-
ba, rom kompaniam mxolod mcire zarali ganicada. sasamarTlom aseve daadgina, rom im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu sasamarTlo gadawyvetda, rom gakotrebis gamowvevisTvis pasuxismgeb-
lobis arsi ar efuZneboda araswor menejments, aqcioneris mimarT pasuxismgebloba ar
dadgeboda.151
4. korporaciuli pasuxismgeblobis principebis integracia

qarTul samarTalSi
korporaciuli pasuxismgebloba mraval faqtors moicavs, romelTa Zireuli

principebi saqarTvelos moqmed kanonmdeblobaSic gvxvdeba, Tumca mTlianobaSi igi
gabneuli, arasistematizebulia da erTian normatiul bazad ar aRiqmeba. mniSvnelo-
vania isic, rom zogierTi norma, romelic cnobili iyo qarTuli kanonmdeblobisaTvis
(da dRes gauqmebulia, magaliTad, mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis me-17 muxli), germaniisa da
aSS-is samarTalSi kvlav arsebobs da korporaciuli jgufebis regulaciisaTvis arse-
biTi mniSvneloba eniWeba.
1994 wlis mdgomareobiT, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-17 muxli
Seexeboda sawarmoTa urTierTkavSiris (korporaciuli jgufis) Sesaxeb ZiriTad re-
gulaciebs. kerZod, 17.3-17.4 muxlebiT, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, rom Tu sawarmos xel-
Si aRmoCndeboda saqarTveloSi arsebuli sxva sawarmos wilTa sul cota ormocdaaTi
procenti, maSin ZiriTad sawarmos ekisreboda: a) araZiriTadi sawarmos wliuri zara-
lis anazRaurebis valdebuleba; b) araZiriTadi sawarmos im qonebrivi danaklisebis
anazRaureba, romlebic warmoiSoba ZiriTadi sawarmos garigebebidan an sxva RonisZi-
ebidan, da gareSe partniorebisaTvis Sesabamisi kompensaciis gadaxdis valdebuleba;
d) araZiriTad sawarmoSi monawileobis Sesaxeb gancxadebis gakeTeba da a.S. aRniSuli
muxli Seesabameboda korporaciuli jgufis solidaruli valdebulebis safuZvlebs,
rac dReisaTvis gauqmebulia da arc erT sxva normaSi gawerili araa. vinaidan soli-
daruli valdebulebis principi korporaciuli jgufebis pasuxismgeblobis erT-erT
specifikur sakiTxs warmoadgens, misi regulacia sakanonmdeblo doneze kvlav unda
moxdes, raTa igi mxolod mxareTa saxelSekrulebo sawyisebze ar iyos damokidebuli
da korporaciuli jgufis kreditorebisaTvis uflebaTa dacvis saTanado uzrunvel-
yofis saSualebas warmoadgendes.
amave muxliT dadgenili iyo, rom Tu erTi sawarmos xelSi aRmoCndeboda saqar-
TveloSi arsebuli kompaniis sul mcire 75%, ZiriTadi sawarmo pasuxs agebda araZiri-
Tadi sawarmos an gareSe mesame piris winaSe im zaralisaTvis, romelic gamowveuli iyo
garigebebiT an sxva RonisZiebebiT. am SemTxvevaSi sawarmosTan erTad pasuxs agebdnen
151
131
9.1 muxlSi dasaxelebuli pirebi, rogorc solidaruli movaleni. pasuxismgebloba ar

dadgeboda, Tu damoukidebeli sawarmos keTilsindisieri xelmZRvanelic amgvaradve
imoqmedebda. amdenad, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonSi miRebisTanave (1994 w.) iyo gaTvalis-
winebuli e.w. Business Judgement Rule-is principi. analogiurad, Business Judgement Rule-is
princips Seicavda `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 9.7 muxlic, romelSic miTiTebuli iyo,
rom 9.1 muxlSi miTiTebuli pirebi sazogadoebis saqmeebs unda gauZRvnen namdvili ko-
mersantis gulisxmierebiTa da keTilsindisierebiT. Tu isini ar Seasruleben am mova-
leobas, warmoSobili zaralisaTvis partniorebis winaSe solidarulad ageben pasuxs.
sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelebma unda daamtkicon, rom maT ar daurRveviaT TavianTi
movaleoba. am droisaTvis sameTvalyureo sabWos mimarT fiduciuri valdebulebebi
ar vrceldeboda.
dRes moqmed `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 9.6 muxlSi miTiTebulia, rom `sazogado-
ebis xelmZRvanelebi da sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebi sazogadoebas unda gauZRvnen
keTilsindisierad, kerZod, zrunavdnen ise, rogorc zrunavs analogiur Tanamdeboba-
ze da analogiur pirobebSi myofi Cveulebrivi saRad moazrovne piri da moqmedebdnen
im rwmeniT, rom maTi es moqmedeba yvelaze xelsayrelia sazogadoebisaTvis~. amdenad,
TvalsaCinoa is midgoma, rom sawarmos winaSe pasuxismgebel pirad, adre moqmedi kanon-
mdeblobisagan gansxvavebiT, miTiTebulia aseve sameTvalyureo sabWos wevric. meore
arsebiTi gansxvavebaa is, rom Tu adre moqmedi kanoniT xelmZRvanels moeTxoveboda
`namdvili komersantis~ gulisxmiereba, dRes saubaria `Cveulebriv saRad moazrovne
pirze~. amasTan, Zveli kanoniT zogad nawilSi gansazRvruli iyo mtkicebis tvirTis sa-
kiTxic. Cveulebrivi piris gulisxmiereba ar aris sakmarisi sawarmos mmarTvelisaTvis
da rodesac mas sxva pirTa (aqcionerTa/partniorTa) qonebrivi interesebi aqvs Caba-
rebuli, gansakuTrebuli/namdvili komersantis gulisxmiereba unda moeTxovos. mar-
Talia, warmomadgenlobiTi principidan gamomdinare, qonebis mesakuTris/partnioris
riskia, vis miandobs sakuTari qonebis marTvas, magram radgan TiToeuli kompaniis war-
mateba Tu warumatebloba zogadad ekonomikur amindze axdens gavlenas da sajaro in-
teresic iCens Tavs, xelmZRvanelTa kvalifikaciis mimarT Tavad kanoni unda awesebdes
mkacr moTxovnebs.
dRes moqmedi `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 56.4 muxli Seexeba ss-is direqtorTa pa-
suxismgeblobis sakiTxs da mtkicebis tvirTs xelmZRvanelebs da sabWos wevrebs akis-
rebs. amdenad, marTalia, mtkicebis tvirTis sakiTxi ss-is maregulirebel normaSi ar-
sebobs, igi unda aRdges zogad debulebaSic, romelic saWiroebisas gavrceldeba Sps-
is SemTxvevebzec, radgan amis kanonismieri regulacia Sps-s praqtikulad aRar gaaCnia.
xelmZRvanelTa erTgulebis valdebulebis darRvevis yvelaze xSir magaliTad
sakuTar TavTan gaformebul garigebebsa da mis Sesaxeb Seutyobineblobas asaxeleben,
romlis prevenciis safuZvlad arsebobda kanonismieri Canaweri `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ ka-
nonis me-17 muxlSi,romliTac dadgenili iyo urTierTSetyobinebis valdebuleba (amis
analogi dResacaa `germaniis saaqcio kanonSi~), rac gauqmebulia. mocemuli SesaZlebe-
lia, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT ar iyos aucilebeli, radgan igi holdinguri urTier-
Tobis warmoSobis an arsebobisaTvis ar aris ganmsazRvreli, Tumca kontrolisaTvis
saWiroa, radgan warmoadgens sakuTar TavTan dadebuli garigebebis Tavidan acilebis
132
erT-erT berkets. aRniSnuli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania arapirdapiri wilobrivi

monawileobisas, rodesac pirdapiri daintereseba ar Cans.
2008 wlis 14 marts, mas Semdeg, rac `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonma aSkarad Seicvala
ZiriTadi principebi da igi arsebiTad korporaciebis Sesaxeb aSS-is sistemas dauax-
lovda, kanonis me-17 muxli saerTod amoRebul iqna. Tumca niSandoblivia is, rom aSS-
Si cnebebis doneze SesaZlebelia, germanulis msgavsad, ar iyos dawerili konkretuli
debulebebi, magram korporaciuli jgufis marTvisa da pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb nor-
mebi araerTi normatiuli aqtisa Tu sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis kvlevis sagania da
igi yoveldRiurad ixveweba. saqarTvelom ki saerTod amoiRo kanonSi arsebuli kon-
kretuli regulaciebi (magaliTad, Sps-s Tavi da sawarmoTa urTierTkavSiris muxli)
da es sferoebi absoluturad qaosur mdgomareobaSi datova, rac samarTlebrivi re-
gulaciis mxriv seriozuli problemis safuZvelia.
korporaciuli pasuxismgeblobis erT-erT instrumentad doqtrinaSi e.w deriva-
ciuli sarCelis wardgenis SesaZleblobas asaxeleben. mas Seexeba `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos kanonis 53.5 muxli, romelSic amisaTvis garkveuli winapirobebia dadge-
nili, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom analogiuris SesaZleblobas kanoni Sps-sTan mimarTeba-
Si saerTod ar iTvaliswinebs. rogorc samarTlis mecniereba, ise aSS-isa da germaniis
sasamarTlo praqtika aRniSnuls dasaSvebad miiCnevs Sps-is SemTxvevaSic. saqarTvelos
sinamdvileSi aRniSnul sakiTxze praqtika ar arsebobs da amJamad mimdinareobs saape-
lacio sasamarTloSi dava, romelic warmogvidgeba am sferoSi sasamarTlo praqtikis
damkvidrebis erT-erT pirvel nabijad (saubaria Sps `jiemsis~ saqmeze, sadac partnio-
ruli sarCeli wardgenilia kompaniis xelmZRvanelebisa da dominantebis mimarT kom-
paniisa da partniorisaTvis miyenebuli zianis moTxovnis saxiT. davis sagnisa da faq-
tobrivi garemoebebis simravlis gamo, mocemul davaSi gaerTianebulia praqtikulad
yvela is instituti, romlebic korporaciuli pasuxismgeblobis Tematikas Seexeba:
mtkicebis tvirTi, xelmZRvanelTa, sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrTa da dominantebis pa-
suxismgeblobis sakiTxebi, derivaciuli sarCelis dasaSveboba Sps-is SemTxvevaSi da
a.S).152 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom mocemul davaze miiCnia, rom sarCelis wardge-
nis ufleba mxolod sazogadoebas hqonda da ara mis calkeul partniors, riTic praq-
tikulad derivaciuli sarCelis arseboba gamoricxa. aRniSnuli pozicia mcdaria da
ar Seesabameba msoflios samarTlebriv doqtrinaSi dadgenil Tematikas imis Sesaxeb,
rom derivaciuli sarCeli dasaSvebi unda iqnes Sps-is SemTxvevaSic da aseve ar unda
iqnes moTxovnili im formaluri winapirobebis dacva, rac ss-is regulaciaSia mocemu-
li, Tu saxezea, rom mas Sedegi ar mohyveba.153 saqarTvelosTvis warmodgenil mocemul
siaxles sasamarTlo meti sifrTxiliT unda moeqces da saTanadod moaxdinos partni-
oruli uflebebis dacva korporaciuli marTvis sferoSi aRiarebuli Tanamedrove
principebis uzrunvelyofiT, rac saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi sakmaod problematuria.
derivaciuli sarCelis arsia, rom sarCeli wardgenilia partnioris mier, sazo-
gadoebis interesebSi da mis sasargeblod, Tumca davaSi mosarCele mxared (samomavlo
kreditorad) Tavad kompania ar monawileobs. saqarTvelos saproceso kanonmdeblo-
biT, davis/aRsrulebis mxareebi arian uSualod gadawyvetilebaSi dasaxelebuli pire-
152
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqmeebi: №2/952-10, №2/951-10.
153
juReli g., saaqcio kapitalis dacva, Tb., 2010, 210-211.
133
bi (kreditori da movale), magram radgan derivaciuli sarCeli arapirdapiri sarCelis

saxea da interesis mimRebi piri aris ara partniori, aramed sazogadoeba, Sesabamisad,
saproceso kanonmdeblobiT an/da sasamarTlo praqtikiT, Sesabamisi regulacia un-
da iqnes SemoTavazebuli: rogor unda moxdes gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba da vin un-
da iyos gadawyvetilebiT mikuTvnebuli ìnteresis~ moTxovnaze uflebamosili piri
– kreditori.
korporaciuli pasuxismgeblobis TematikaSi erT-erTi saintereso sakiTxia do-
minantis pasuxismgebloba, romelic regulirebulia `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 3.8 da
53.4 muxlebiT. dominantis pasuxismgeblobis kuTxiT saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo praq-
tika ar arsebobs. am Temaze erT-erTi pirveli mcdelobaa zemoaRniSnuli Sps `jiemsi
jgufis~ dominanti partniorebis mimarT zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb moTxovna (saqme
№2/952-10),154 rac saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier aramarTebulad CaiTvala arapirdapiri
sarCelis saxed da mis aRZvraze uflebamosil pirad sazogadoeba dasaxelda. korpora-
ciuli marTva da am procesSi pasuxismgebloba mxolod iuridiuli instituti araa da
masSi ekonomikuri Teoriis sakiTxebicaa gaerTianebuli. swored amis gamo sakiTxisad-
mi midgoma kanonis sityvasityviTi ganmartebis fonze an/da viwro ganmartebebi saqme-
ze realur Sedegs ver moitans.
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi mocemuli debuleba dominanturi mdgo-
mareobis borotad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi aRqmulia imgvarad, rom misi gan-
xorcieleba dakavSirebulia saerTo krebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebaze, Tumca es
norma bevrad ufro farTo speqtrs Seexeba da masSi dominanturi zemoqmedebis yvela
forma Tu saSualeba moiazreba, radgan dominantis mier am `mdgomareobis gamoyeneba~
bevri sxva saSualebiTac aris SesaZlebeli, vidre saerTo krebaze gadawyvetilebis mi-
Rebaa. miT ufro im pirobebSi, rodesac masSi gaerTianebulia yvela saxis holdingis
niSan-Tviseba, anu xsenebuli zogadi gansazRvrebaa, radgan praqtikuli gavlenis mox-
denis SesaZleblobis safuZveli SeiZleba samive saxis holdinguri urTierToba (wil-
ze damyarebuli, saxelSekrulebo da faqtobrivi holdingi) iyos. amdenad, gavlenis
moxdenis konkretuli gamovlinebac calkeuli garemoebebis mixedviT unda iqnes dad-
genili.
dominantis pasuxismgeblobis sferoSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan instituts e.w gam-
Woli (pirdapiri) pasuxismgeblobac warmoadgens. ucxoeTSi misi gavrcelebis safuZ-
veli swored sasamarTlo praqtika gaxda. saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi am sferoSi arc
praqtika arsebobs da mecnieruli kvlevac mwiria. am sakiTxze erT-erTi pirveli pre-
cedentia ss èn turis~ mimarT samoqalaqo saqme, romelic ixileboda Tbilisis saqa-
laqo sasamarTloSi ss `viTibi banki jorjias~ sarCelis safuZvelze. sarCelis samar-
Tlebrivi safuZveli iyo `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 3.6 muxli, romlis
mixedviTac sazogadoebis partniorebi sazogadoebis kreditorebis winaSe pasuxs age-
ben piradad, Tu isini borotad gamoiyeneben pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis samarTleb-
riv formebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonSi mocemuli ganmarteba srulad Seesabameba
saerTaSoriso praqtikiT gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb regulacias, Tbilisis sa-
154
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqmeebi: №2/952-10, №2/951-10.
134
qalaqo sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 21 maisis №2/9095-11 gadawyvetilebiTa da saapelacio

sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2013 wlis 22 ianvris №2b-2822-12 gadawyve-
tilebiT sarCeli/saapelacio saCivari ar dakmayofilda im motiviT, rom ar gamoikve-
Ta misi dakmayofilebis faqtobrivi safuZvlebi.155 TavisTavad aRniSnuli dava warmo-
adgens mcdelobas kanonismieri winapirobebis arsebobisas am kuTxiT qarTul samosa-
marTleo sivrceSic damkvidrdes e.w gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis principis gatarebis
SesaZleblobebi, rac uzomod mniSvnelovania. mocemul etapze dava ixileba sakasacio
sasamarTlos mier.
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs (`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 55.9 mux-
li) e.w fiduciuri valdebulebebis gavrcelebas sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebzec,
Tumca mizanSewonili iqneboda, moTxovnis sxvadasxva masStabi iyos dadgenili sameT-
valyureo sabWos wevrisa da direqtorebis mimarT. radgan sabWos wevri realurad ma-
kontrolebel rgols warmoadgens, SesaZlebelia mis mimarT arsebobdes ufro meti
kvalifikaciis moTxovna, vidre direqtoris mimarT, romelic, rogorc wesi, sameTval-
yureo sabWos an aqcionerTa Tanxmobis gareSe mxolod Cveulebriv mimdinare saqmiano-
bas axorcielebs. Tu xelmZRvaneli an sameTvalyureo sabWos wevri daTanxmdebian sa-
zogadoebis xelmZRvanelobas ise, rom ar gaaCniaT saTanado kvalifikacia da amas uar-
yofiTi Sedegi mohyveba, aRniSnuli ukve miiCneva fiduciuri valdebulebis darRvevad
da SesaZlebelia zianis anazRaurebis safuZveli gaxdes.
saqarTveloSi xelmZRvanelTa fiduciuri valdebulebebis darRvevisaTvis mwi-
ri sasamarTlo praqtika arsebobs. maTgan aRsaniSnavia erT-erTi sasamarTlos gadawy-
vetileba, romliTac, sazogadoebis direqtoris mier sawarmos gaZRolis valdebule-
bis Seusruleblobis gamo, saqarTvelos sasamarTlom Sps `3 m jorjia avtoservisis~
saqmeze miiRo gadawyvetileba, romliTac sazogadoebis 50%-is mflobel partniors
misca ufleba meore 50%-is mqone partnioris (igi imavdroulad iyo direqtoric) nebis
gamovlenis gareSe moexsna moqmedi direqtori kompaniis xelmZRvaneli Tanamdebobi-
dan da daeniSna axali direqtori. amdenad, am SemTxvevaSi fiduciuri valdebulebis
darRvevis Sedegad moxda ara standartuli zianis dakisreba damrRvevis mimarT, ara-
med sxvagvari, atipurad samarTlebrivi gamosavlis Zieba. zemoaRniSnuli ganapiro-
ba im garemoebam, rom sazogadoebis moqmedi direqtori aRar axorcielebda kompani-
is xelmZRvanelobas, gasuli iyo saqarTvelodan da mitovebuli hqonda sazogadoebis
marTva. igi ar axdenda arc biujetTan angariSsworebas, rasac, savaraudod, sagadasa-
xado sanqciebi mohyveboda.156
fiduciuri valdebulebebis darRvevis Sedegad zianis anazRaurebis Temas See-
xeba Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 18 dekembris №2/4877-08 gadawyveti-
lebac, romliTac sasamarTlos mier dadgenil iqna zogadi principi imis Sesaxeb, rom
sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelebi da sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebi zianis anazRaureba-
ze solidarulad iyvnen pasuxismgebelni sazogadoebis winaSe sagadasaxado organos
155
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 21.05.2012 wlis gadawyvetileba №2/9005-11, Tbilisis
saapelacio sasamarTlos 2013 wlis 22 ianvris №2b-2822-12 gadawyvetileba.
156
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa kolegiisa da Tbilisis saapela-
cio sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis gadawyvetilebebi Sps `3 m jorjia avto-
servisis~ saqmeze.
135
mier dakisrebuli jarimis odenobiT, ris safuZvelsac warmoadgenda sagadasaxado

organosTan angariSsworebis wesebis darRveva, Tumca konkretul mopasuxeTa mimarT
sarCelis dakmayofileba ver moxda im motiviT, rom im droisaTvis, rodesac sazoga-
doebas warmoeSva angariSsworebis valdebuleba, mopasuxeebi xelmZRvanelebs ar war-
moadgendnen, saTanado mopasuxeTa mimarT ki mosarCelem moTxovnaze uari ganacxada.157
sasamarTlom zogadad aRiara, rom aseT davaze gavrceldeboda sameTvalyureo sabWos
wevrTa solidaruli valdebuleba, Tumca gadawyvetilebis miRebisas gaTvaliswine-
beli unda yofiliyo isic, xelmZRvanelis ra qmedebas mohyva ziani: iseTs, romelic sa-
warmos Cveulebriv saqmianobas warmoadgens da direqtori yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi
axorcielebs, Tu saxezea gansakuTrebuli uflebamosileba, romlis kontrolisaTvis
aris Seqmnili sameTvalyureo sabWo.
doqtrinaSi korporaciuli jgufis solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis principi
korporaciul jgufad gaerTianebis erT-erT ZiriTad safuZvlad miiCneva, Tumca, sa-
qarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, garkveul gaugebrobebs iwvevs.
holdingis Sesaxeb Teoriebis Sesabamisad, SeiZleba Svilobilma sawarmom da sa-
Tavo organizaciam pasuxi agon solidarulad, Tu pirveladi xelSekruleba gaforme-
buli iqna Svilobili sawarmos mier, magram saTavo kompaniis miTiTebis safuZvelze.
aRsaniSnavia, rom rodesac solidarul valdebulebazea saubari, yvela SemTxvevaSi
igi unda moviazroT qveynis Sida kanonmdeblobis sxva normebTan SesabamisobaSi, rad-
gan davis SemTxvevaSi mxolod holdingis monawileTa Soris xelSekruleba am sakiTxis
maregulireblad ver gamodgeba. saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, so-
lidaruli valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis aucilebelia konkretuli xelSekrule-
bis mxared gamodiodes ZiriTadi sazogadoeba, an solidarul movalesTan gaformdes
calke xelSekruleba, ZiriTad movaled ki darCeba Svilobili kompania. mocemuli Se-
saZlebelia im SemTxvevaSic, Tu es gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba kanoniT. holdingis soli-
daruli valdebulebebis winapirobebs exeboda `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 17.3 da 17.4
muxlebi, romlebic dReisaTvis gauqmebulia. Sesabamisad, kanonismieri daTqma am Tema-
ze aRar arsebobs.
holdingSi jgufuri pasuxismgeblobis koncefciasTan mimarTebaSi mniSvnelova-
nia aseve samecniero literaturaSi asaxuli Svilobili kompaniis valebze holdingu-
ri kompaniis subsidiuri pasuxismgeblobis Temac, romelic dasaSvebi unda iyos kon-
kretuli qveynis kanonmdeblobiT subieqtis gakotrebisas. gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis
warmoebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis zogadi principi ki isaa, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi
movalea is, visac hyavs kreditorebi da gadaxdisuunaroa (Svilobili kompania unda iq-
nes miCneuli aseTad). Tu misi qoneba ar hyofnis kreditorTa moTxovnebis dakmayofi-
lebas, valebi rCeba gaustumrebeli. erTaderTi samarTlebrivi saSualebaa am proces-
Si subsidiuri pasuxismgeblobisaTvis holdinguri kompania CaerTos procesis reabi-
litaciis reJimze gadasvlisas.
157
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 18 dekembris №2/4877-08 gadawyvetileba.
136
5. daskvna
saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdebloba korporaciuli pasuxismgeblobis calkeul

sakiTxebs, elementebs Seicavs, Tumca mTlianobaSi igi qaosuri saxiTaa warmoCenili da
erTiani sakanonmdeblo sivrcis gancdas ar tovebs.
mocemulis gaTvaliswinebiT, marTebuli iqneboda zemoT ganxiluli korpora-
ciuli marTvis ZiriTadi principebis danergva, maT Soris, marTvis organoTa ufleba-
mosilebaTa mkveTri ganawileba, rac ganapirobebs efeqturi marTvis sistemis Camoya-
libebas. amasTan, mniSvnelovania saqarTveloSic dawvrilebiT aisaxos korporaciuli
jgufebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebi, rogorc Sidakorpora-
ciuli valdebulebebis saxiT, ise gareSe mesame pirTa winaSe pasuxismgeblobis kuTx-
iTac. aRniSnuls xeli unda Seuwyos am sferoSi sasamarTlo praqtikis Seqmnamac, risi
pirveli precedentebi saqarTvelos sasamarTloSi ukve gaCnda.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom korporaciuli marTvis modeli miiCneva efeqturad, Tu
SesaZlebelia moxdes zianis winaswar prevencia, rac sakorporacio samarTalSi erT-
erT yvelaze rTul problemad saxeldeba. am mimarTulebiT kanonmdeblobis daxvewas-
Tan erTad mniSvnelovania Seiqmnas sasamarTlo praqtikac, rac dReis mdgomareobiT
mwiria da aRniSnuli sakiTxebis maregulirebel funqcias ver asrulebs. zianis pre-
venciis gansaviTareblad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba uflebamosilebaTa
ganawilebis Sedegad korporaciaSi marTvisa da kontrolis funqciebis gamijvnasa da
realur ganxorcielebas da maTi Seusruleblobisas Sesabamis valdebul pirebze pasu-
xismgeblobis dakisrebis principebis daxvewas.
korporaciuli marTvis TematikaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs mcire aqci-
onerTa uflebebis dacvas dominanturi mdgomaroebis borotad gamoyenebis pirobeb-
Si, rac SesaZlebelia mravali samarTlebrivi saSualebiT ganxorcieldes, Tumca misi
realuri berketebis Seqmna da aRsruleba kvlav arsebiT problemad rCeba, radgan doq-
trinaSi aRiarebuli principebis cxovrebiseul sinamdvileSi gatareba mraval faq-
tobriv garemoebazea damokidebuli, ris damtkicebasac dRevandeli praqtika kvlav
mcire aqcionerebis tvirTad asaxelebs.
zemoxsenebuli institutebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis srulyofisa da praqtikis
swori mimarTulebiT ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovania aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi in-
stitutebis siRmiseuli kvleva mecnieruli doqtrinisa da ganviTarebuli qveynebis
kanonmdeblobisa da praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi ar-
sebul kompaniebs daamkvidron korporaciuli marTvis msoflio doneze aRiarebuli
principebi.
aRniSnuli sakiTxebi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria, vinaidan saqarTveloSi mrava-
li sawarmoa, romelic e.w transnacionaluri korporaciuli jgufis wevria,158 romlis
marTvisa da pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebi mxolod saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdeblo-
biT aRar ganisazRvreba da erTian korporaciul sivrceSi SemoiWreba msoflio praq-
tikaSi damkvidrebuli pasuxismgeblobis institutebic. am ukanasknels ki saqarTve-
158
saqarTvelos bankebis umravlesoba ucxouri kapitaliT Seqmnili sazogadoebaa.
137
los kompaniebi unda daxvdnen mzad, rogorc Sidakorporaciuli dokumentaciiT, ise

moqmedi sakanonmdeblo baziTac, sxvagvarad saqarTveloSi ucxouri investiciebis
mzardi interesis SenarCuneba rTuli iqneba, rac sabolood erTian ekonomikur maC-
venebelzec uaryofiTad aisaxeba. korporaciuli pasuxismgeblobis samarTlebrivi
mowesrigeba saerTaSoriso standartebis doneze ki mniSvnelovania nebismieri qveynis
da TavisTavad saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvisac. swored aRniSnuli sa-
jaro interesi sZens korporaciuli pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs gansakuTrebul aqtua-
lobas.
138
giorgi maxarobliSvili*
samizne sazogadoebis SeZena kapitalis organizebul bazarze –

daufleba satendero SeTavazebiT da misi saxeebi
I. Sesavali
sakorporaciosamarTlebrivi wesebi TviTmyofadi xasiaTiT gamoirCeva. misi re-

gulatoruli speqtri mewarme subieqtTa organizaciuli mowyobis Tezisur arealSia
moqceuli da korporaciuli marTvis sistemur preferenciebs uzrunvelyofs. korpo-
raciuli wyobis praqticireba msxvili kapitalis akumulirebis berketad aRiqmeba. sa-
korporacio samarTlis arsi organizaciulad mowyobili subieqtis egzistencialu-
robas da megakapitalis marTvis samarTlebrivi formiT uzrunvelyofaa. marTvis te-
leologiuri da miznobrivi ganmarteba amosavali wertilia winamdebare naSromisTvis.
marTvis strategia or gansxvavebul abstraqciaSi unda ganimartos. pirveli, sakorpo-
racio samarTali marTvas dileris mier investirebuli kapitalis Sidaorganizaciul
speqtrsa da principal-agentis relatiur bunebas interaqciul ganzomilebaSi aregu-
lirebs. marTvis meore stigma kapitalis bazris, anu fasiani qaRaldebis organizebu-
li meoradi bazris samarTlis norma-debulebebSi aisaxeba. erTia msxvili kapitalis
koncentrirebisa da marTvis samarTlebrivi forma da meore – kapitalis mozidvis gan-
zomilebaSi am samarTlebrivi formiT operireba. ukanaskneli fasiani qaRaldebis sa-
marTlis regulatorul arealSia moqceuli. is gamoiyeneba organizaciuli formis im
upiratesobaTa maqsimaluri utilizirebisTvis, romelic kapitaluri tipis mewarme
subieqts axasiaTebs. upiratesobis paralelurad, igi kapitalis koncentrirebis pro-
cedurul ganawesTa manipulirebisa da arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis Seqmnis mo-
metebul safrTxes qmnis. Sesabamisad, SesaZlo disonansi prevenciuli Tu represiuli
qmedebiT unda iqnes aRmofxvrili.
naSromis struqtura kapitalis organizebul bazarze operirebadi angariSval-
debuli sawarmos SeZenis gansajaroebul meqanizms, kerZod, satendero SeTavazebas
ganavrcobs. satendero SeTavazeba tranzaqciaSi monawile yvela subieqtis kapitalis
gadanawilebasa da axali `wyobis~ Seqmnas ukavSirdeba. amitom, is fasiani qaRaldebis
samarTlis gansakuTrebuli zedamxedvelobis qveS aris moqceuli. kapitalis bazarze
damkvidrebuli wesebis paralelurad, qonebrivi manipulaciebisa da Tundac am wesebis
darRvevas prevenciuli korporaciulsamarTlebrivi taqtikuri svlebi upirispirde-
ba, romelic bazarze funqcionirebad subieqtTa Soris interesTa balansis miRwevas
uwyobs xels. balansirebul interesTa arsebobis prekondicia kapitalis bazris mona-
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, asistent-profesori, sakorporacio, sa-

banko da ekonomikuri samarTlis institutis wevri.
139
wileTa da, Sesabamisad, ekonomikur stabilurobasa da dinamikas ganapirobebs. kvlevis

anTologia interesTa disbalansis egzistencialuri gamovlinebebisa da maTi preven-
cirebis ZiriTad taqtikur-samarTlebriv (upiratesad korporaciuli xasiaTis) ber-
ketebs moicavs.
II. dauflebis arsis ganmartebisTvis
arsebobs korporaciaTa SeZenis ganxorcielebisTvis ori, erTmaneTisgan gas-

xvavebuli, meqanizmuri moqmedebis areali: kerZo molaparakebis warmoeba droisa da
adgilis SeuzRudavad da aqciaTa organizebul regulirebad bazarze1 saTanado pro-
cedurul moTxovnaTa2 dacviT.3 bazris òrganizebuloba~ ori mimarTulebiT unda
ganimartos. pirveli, fasiani qaRaldebis brunvis sakanonmdeblo regulatoruli mo-
wesrigeba, romelic saerToa organizebul meorad bazarze operirebadi nebismieri
angariSvaldebuli sazogadoebisTvis. meore, organizebuli bazris subtipTa Soris
regulaciurad mWidro mowesrigeba safondo birJis organizatori mewarme subieq-
tis sawesdebo da Sida debulebebiT moTxovnili standartuli kriteriumebiT. orive
mimarTulebis konunqcia kapitalis organizebuli bazris saxeobaSi xdeba. kapitalis
organizebuli bazris saxeobaTa subtipuri gamovlineba organizebuli meoradi ba-
zaria, romlis qvesaxeobaTa CaSla safondo birJad (stock market) da arasabirJo bazrad
(over-the-counter market) iyofa. am kuTxiT, kapitalis bazari korporaciaze kontrolis
mopovebis umniSvnelovanesi segmentia.4 kontrolis mopoveba samizne sazogadoebis sa-
kontrolo aqciaTa raodenobis SeZenis tranzaqciiT gamoixateba. fasiani qaRaldebis
bazari kontrolis mopovebas sawarmoSi xmebis 10%-ze metis SeZenad ganmartavs.5 di-
lers kontrolis mopoveba, anu SeZena orive, kerZo molaparakebisa Tu satendero Se-
Tavazebis gziT xelewifeba.6
tranzaqciaTa Sesrulebis moqmedebis sferod organizebuli bazari satendero
SeTavazebiT korporaciuli dauflebis ganmsazRvreli substanciuri niSania. misi wi-
napiroba erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli motivebia. korporaciaTa dapatroneba7 agrega-
1
Hazen T. L., Broker-Dealer Regulation, USA, 2011, 3-13.
2
Steinberg M., Understanding Securities Law, 5th ed., USA, 2009, 115-143.
3
wina TavSi gaanalizebul iqna wilobrivi SeZenis saxeebi rogorc kerZo molaparakebis
warmoebis egzistencialuri SemTxveva. misi vizavi, sajaro satendero SeTavazeba, SeZe-
nis Tematurad igive, Tumca gansxvavebuli proceduruli meqanizmia. SeZenis gansaja-
roebuli saxis analizi warmodgenilia winamdebare Tavsa da momdevno paragrafebSi.
4
Betton S., Eckbo B., Torbun K., Corporate Takeovers, Tuck School of Business Working Paper No. 2008-47,
1. <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract–id=1131033>.
5
`fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-2 muxlis me-20 punqti.
6
`fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-15 muxlis pirveli punqti kontrolis
mopovebas SesaZleblad miiCnevs (`... SeuZlia gaakeTos~) satendero SeTavazebiT, xolo
me-18 muxlis pirveli punqti meoradi garigebis dadebas safondo birJaze da mis gareT
Cveulebriv saqmianobaTa kategoriaSi moiazrebs.
7
inglisurenovani “takeover~-is qarTul Sesatyvisad SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes
daufleba, dapatroneba. rac Seexeba “hostiletakeover”-s, mis Sesatyvisad, ufro mizanSe-
wonili iqneba `STanTqmis~ gamoyeneba.
140
giorgi maxarobliSvili, samizne sazogadoebis SeZena kapitalis organizebul bazarze –
tis8 Rirebulebis momatebas unda uzrunvelyofdes.9 Rirebulebis stagnacia, romelic

informaciuli vakuumis, anu asimetriulobis, tranzaqciaTa Rirebulebis, teqnolo-
giuri ganviTarebis saTanado donis arqonis Tu sxva mizezebiT aris gamowveuli, biZgis
mimcemia korporaciis Sesasyidad an gasayidad.10 nebismier SemTxvevaSi, SeTavazebis wi-
nadadeba ukve momgebiania samizne sazogadoebis aqcionerTaTvis.11 SesaZloa, korpora-
ciis dauflebis sxvadasxva motivi arsebobdes, magram yovel konkretul dapatronebas
erTi konkretuli motivi daedos safuZvlad. dauflebis fasilitator prekondici-
aTa Soris monopoliuri Tu oligopoluri mdgomareobis mopovebis mizani, informa-
ciuli upiratesoba, anu roca funqcionirebadi bazris yvela monawilisTvis ar aris
samizne sazogadoebis Rirebulebisa da perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb informacia xelmisaw-
vdomi,12 sinergiuli efeqtis miRweva, menejmentis Secvla, finansuri xedva (sagadasaxa-
do upiratesobani da Semcirebuli salikvidacio Rirebuleba)13 da menejmentis piradi
daintereseba mravalsaxovan kategoriebs14 Soris lideroben.15 paralelurad, dapat-
ronebis heterogenuli niSnebia SeTavazebis16 Rirebuleba, konkurenciis masStaburo-
ba (single-bid versus multiple-bid contests),17 warmatebulobis xarisxi, SeTanxmebis saxe (merger
versus tender offer), dafinansebis meTodi (fuli an aqcia), kombinaciisadmi samizne sazo-
8
àgregati~ samizne da SemTavazebeli (bidder) aqcionerebis Semosavlebia. Schuster E.P., Effi-
ciency in Private Control Sales – The Case of Mandatory Bids, LSE Legal Studies Working Paper No. 8/2010
2, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract–id=1610259>. aqcionerTa Rirebulebis zrdis
Sesaxeb arsebobs “implicitcontracttheory”. dauflebis ekonomikurad sasargeblo Sedegebis
miRweva aqcionerTaTvis samizne sazogadoebis stuqturaSi cvlilebebis ganxorciele-
biT miiRweva. cvlileba moicavs menejmentis Secvlas muSa-mosamsaxuridan dawyebuli
aRmasrulebeli menejeriT damTavrebuli. “implicit contract theory”-is Tanaxmad, es SemZens
aZlevs operaciuli xarjebis Semcirebisa da samizne sazogadoebidan misaRebi Rireb-
ulebis zrdis SesaZleblobas. ix. Klein W.A., Coffee J.C., Business Organization and Finance, 10th
ed., USA, 2007, 200-201. Sead. Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, 2th ed., USA, 2010, 667-668.
9
Gilson R., The Law and Finance of Corporate Acquisitions, USA, 1986, 259.
10
Hall B.H., Effects of Takeover Activity in Corporate Research and Development in: Corporate Takeovers:
Causes and Consequences, ed. Alan J. Auerbach, Chicago,1988, 72.
11
Roll R., Empirical Evidence on Takeover Activity and Shareholders Wealth, in: Knights, Raiders, And Targets,
(edit. Coffee, Lowensteion, Rose-Ackerman), USA, 1998, 241-242.
12
Sead. Davies P., Hopt K., Control Transactions, USA, 2009, 174.
13
Klein W.A., Coffee J.C., Business Organization and Finance, 10th ed., USA, 2007, 200.
14
Gilson R., The Law and Finance of Corporate Acquisitions, 1986, 257 et seq.
15
Roll R., Empirical Evidence on Takeover Activity and Shareholders Wealth, USA, 1988, 243-250.
16
e.w. “takeoverbid”, sadac SemTavazebeli (bidder) aris dauflebis potenciuri subieqti.
17
konkurencia masStaburobaSi SeTavazebul Sesyidvis winadadebaTa simravles gulisx-
mobs. rogorc wesi, samizne sazogadoebis aqcionerebi satendero SeTavazebis moq-
medebis iuridiuli Zalis gasvlis bolo wuTamde ar Tanxmdebian ukeTesi SeTavazebis
miRebis molodinis gamo. ix. Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, 2th ed., USA, 2010, 704.satendero Se-
Tavazebis meqanizmuri berketis arCeva SemTavazebels konunqciur CarCoSi aqcevs: mas
ar SeuZlia nebismieri sxva gziT awarmoos molaparakeba da SeiZinos satendero SeTava-
zebaSi ganxiluli fasiani qaRaldebi. ix. `fasiani qaRaldebis Sesaxeb~ kanoni, me-15 mux-
lis me-7 punqtis a) qvepunqti.
141
gadoebis damokidebuleba (hostile versus neutral or friendly), sabazro produqciis sferoTa

kveTa: horizontaluria Tu vertikaluri18 da sxva.19
satendero SeTavazebiT samizne sazogadoebaSi kontrolis srulad mopoveba
swrafi dauflebis regulatorulad teqnikuri da aprobirebuli saSualebaa. is SeiZ-
leba ganxorcieldes kanoniT gansazRvruli sakontrolo zRvris miRwevamde,20 rom-
lis Semdgom etapze mandatory takeover bid-is Sesrulebis Sesaxeb wesebi iwyebs moqmede-
bas.21,22 aqciaTa sakontrolo paketis mopoveba, rogorc aRiniSna, kerZo molaparakebis
gziT an xmis uflebis mqone aqciaTa Sesyidvis Sesaxeb sajaro satendero SeTavazebiT
aris SesaZlebeli.23
daufleba aris SemTavazeblis (bidder) mcdeloba, moipovos subieqt kompaniaSi (tar-
get) kontroli misi ganTavsebuli aqciebis nawilobrivi an sruli SeZenis saSualebiT.24
dauflebis winapirobaTa arsebobis praqtikuli gamoyenebis safuZveli samizne
sazogadoebaSi xmis uflebis zRvruli procentuli maCveneblis miRwevasTan asocir-
deba.25 es maCvenebeli sxvadasxva marTlwesrigSi gansxvavebulad lavirebs. misi arsi
ki ucvlelia:26 samizne sazogadoebis sakontrolo paketis miRweva erTgvarovania da
18
19
Betton S., Eckbo B., Torbun K., Corporate Takeovers, Dartmouth, 2008, 2.
20
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis 532 muxlis pirveli punqti xmis uflebis mqone aqciaTa nax-
evarze metis SeZenas savaldebulo satendero SeTavazebis gakeTebis aqtivacias iwvevs.
21
Hertig H., McCahery J., Company and Takeover Law Reforms in Europe: Misguided Harmonization Efforts
or Regulatory Competetion? in: After Enron, (edit. Armour, McCahey), USA, 2006, 564-565.
22
arsebobs am wesisgan Tavis aridebis saSualebebi. aseTi saSualebaa sakontrolo maCvene-
blis zRvars qvemoT aqciaTa pirveladi Sesyidva. am SemTxvevaSi, investori, romelsac
surs korporaciis dapatroneba, sazogadoebaSi aqciaTa im raodenobas Seisyidis, ro-
melic mas Tavidan aaridebs savaldebulo satendero SeTavazebis ganxorcielebis
samarTlebriv valdebulebas da saSualebas miscems, sazogadoebaSi monawileobis
garkveuli procenti Seisyidos mxolod sabazro Rirebulebad.
23
Brudney V., Chirelstein W., Corporate Finance, USA, 1979, 709-710.
24
Lipton M., Steinberger E., Takeovers & Freezeouts, USA, 2002, chap. 1., 10.
25
Bradly M., Interfirm Tender Offer and Market For Corporate Control, Journal of Business, Vol. 53, no. 4,1982,
268.
26
Tumca, sapirispiro mosazreba ufro argumentirebulia.unda gaimijnos savaldebulo
satendero SeTavazeba (mandatory tender offer) da daufleba (takeover) erTmaneTisgan: Ses-
aZlebelia dauflebis procesi daiwyos sakontrolo paketis miRwevamde satendero
SeTavazebis gakeTebiT samizne sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani wilis Sesasyidad, rac Sem-
Tavazeblis nebazea damokidebuli da dapatronebis qmedebaTa saerTo jaWvis pirvel
rgols SeiZleba warmoadgendes. magaliTad, satendero SeTavazebis maregulirebeli
aqti aSS-Si aris Williams Act, romelic samizne sazogadoebis 5%-is SeZenas misi regu-
lirebis qveS aqcevs. saqarTvelos fasiani qaRaldebis kanoni satendero SeTavazebas
dispoziciuri daTqmiT awesrigebs (15.1 muxli). magram, Tu dispoziciuri daTqma iqneba
gamoyenebuli, is Seexeba xmis uflebis 10%-ze metis mopovebaze gakeTebul satende-
ro SeTavazebas. ix. Williams Act, sec. (13) (d). 5% da 10% ar aris sakorporacio samarTliT
gansazRvruli sakontrolo zRvari da savaldebulo satendero SeTavazebis valdeb-
ulebas ar warmoSobs, Tumca, SesaZloa, mtruli dauflebis winapirobas warmoadgen-
des, an mis ganxorcielebas emsaxurebodes, anu STanTqmis pirveli rgoli iyos. ix.Cox J.,
142
is konkretul normatiul regulirebazea damokidebuli.27dauflebis proceduruli

ganviTareba mxolod savaldebulo satendero SeTavazebas28 ar moicavs. is dauflebis
(STanTqmis) dasrulebis bolo, konkretuli pirobebis arsebobisas regulaciurad im-
peratiuli da erT-erTi Semadgeneli elementia. misi meore umniSvnelovanesi elementi
satendero SeTavazebaa, romelic korporaciis TviTregulirebad, magram quo warranto
qmedebas warmoadgens.29 aRniSnul elementTagan pirvelis analizi kvlevis farglebs
scdeba, xolo meore – Sesrulebuli kvlevis gagrZelebasTan damakavSirebeli rgolia,
romlis Semdeg dauflebis saxeTa klasificirebiTa da misgan Tavdacvis saSualebaTa
kolateruli analiziT kvlevis es segmenti Sesruldeba.
III. satendero SeTavazeba dauflebis konteqstSi
satendero SeTavazeba, specifikuri, kapitalis bazarze organizebuli vaWrobis-

Tvis damaxasiaTebeli, samarTlebrivad regulirebadi30 movlenaa.31 is aregulirebs im
satendero SeTavazebebs, romelic kapitalis organizebul meorad bazarze funqcio-
nirebadi korporaciis xmis uflebis mqone aqciaTa mimarT aris gakeTebuli.32 ofertis
adresati ss-is aqcionerebi arian.33
Hazen T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4, USA, 2010, 197-211;Haas J.J., Corporate Fi-
nance, New-York, 2011, 634-644; ABA Section of Antitrust Law, The Merger Review Process: A Step-By-Step
Guide To U.S. And Foreign Merger Review, 4th ed., USA, 2012, 154-157.sagulisxmoa, rom dauflebis
dawyeba sakorporacio samarTliT dadgenili sakontrolo paketis SeZenis etapze ki ar
xorcieldeba, aramed fasiani qaRaldebis samarTalSi gamwesebuli kontrolis mopo-
vebis pirveli mcdelobis etapze. sakorporacio samarTliT dadgenili sakontrolo
zRvris miRweva saSualebas aZlevs SemZens, mTlianad STanTqas samizne sazogadoeba, anu
baideri satendero winadadebas akeTebs (valdebuleba) anda iyenebs savaldebulo miy-
idvis normatiul uflebas (ufleba). Williams Act-is erT-erTi moTxovnaa, rom SemZenma
samizne sazogadoebis aqciaTa SeZenis mizani gamijnos – unda mas sazogadoebaze kon-
trolis mopoveba (takeover) Tu aqciebis Sesyidvas ubralod investirebis meqanizmad iy-
enebs. ix. Gaughan P. A., Mergers, Aqcuisitions and Corporate Restructurings, 5th ed., USA,2011, 76-78; Cox
J., Hazen T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4, USA, 2010, 207-210. gamijvnisaTvis,
Sead. Hertig H., McCahery J., Company and Takeover Law Reforms in Europe, USA, 2006, 559-565.
27
28
burduli i., savaldebulo satendero SeTavazeba, aqciaTa savaldebulo gayidva, Jurn.
`marTlmsajuleba~, 2, Tb., 2007, 11-29.
29
Cox J., Hazen T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3th ed., Vol. 1, USA, 2010, 243,244.
30
misi samarTlebrivi regulireba sxvadasxva antimonopoliur kanonmdeblobaSia moce-
muli (Williams Act, Security Exchange Act.). samarTlis kuTxiT, is fasiani qaRaldebis samarT-
lis sagans warmoadgens. Steinberg M., Understanding Securities Law, 5thed., USA, 2009, 285. qarTul
kanonmdeblobaSi satendero SeTavazebis meSveobiT ss-is aqciaTa Sesyidva dareguli-
rebulia `fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-15 muxlis pirveli punqtiT.
31
miuxedavad misi samarTlebrivad regulirebadi Sinaarsisa, umetes sakanonmdeblo aqt-
Si misi pirdapiri definicia ar arsebobs. Cox J., Hazen T. H., Treatise on The Law of Corporations,
3thed., Vol. 4, USA, 2010, 211-212.
32
Oesterle D. A., Mergers and Acquisitions, USA, 2006, 130.
33
Easterbrook F., Fischel D., The Economic Structure of Corporate Law, USA, 1991, 162.
143
misi samarTlebrivad antimonopoliur kanonmdeblobas daqvemdebarebuli regu-

lirebadi xasiaTidan gamomdinare, praqtikuli Sesruleba, sakanonmdeblo regulaci-
ebiT monopoliuri mdgomareobis prevenciis gamo, xdeba ara horizontaluri kombina-
ciiT, rodesac orive sazogadoeba erTi da imave samewarmeo saqmianobas axorcielebs,
aramed vertikaluri da konglomerirebuli SeZenis Sesasruleblad.34
samizne kompaniis aqciaTa Sesyidvis mizniT sajaro satendero SeTavazebis gan-
xorcieleba gansakuTrebiT efeqturia maSin, rodesac masSi wilobrivi monawileoba
sagrZnoblad danawevrebulia (dispersed)35 da ar arsebobs erTi aqcioneri (blockholder),
romelsac gaaCnia xmis uflebis mqone aqciaTa is raodenoba, rom uSualod ganaxorci-
elos sazogadoebaze efeqturi kontroli.36 misi ganxorcielebis winapirobad mini-
mum oferentis rwmenaa, rom samizne sazogadoebis menejmenti moiwonebs SeTavazebas,
an minimum ar SeewinaaRmdegeba mas,37 anu neitraliteti persona iqneba.38,39 satendero
SeTavazebis aqtivaciis motivatori sawarmosTan, rogorc iuridiulad egzistencia-
lur subieqtTan, molaparakebas daqvemdebarebuli tranzaqciis, magaliTad, Serwymis
an qonebrivi SeZenis, Sesruleba SeuZlebeli unda iyos.40 satendero SeTavazeba rTuli,
kompleqsur movlenaTa Semajamebeli mocemulobis matarebeli terminia. es ganapiro-
bebs mis diqotomias, rogorc erTiani definiciis uqonlobis Sedegs. misi arsis Sinaar-
sobrivi determinacia sakanonmdeblo41 da doqtrinalur donezea SesaZlebeli.42 kapi-
talis bazris maregulirebeli wesebis mixedviT, satendero SeTavazeba SemTavazeblis
sajaro gancxadebaa mesakuTris mier depozitur bankSi ganTavsebul fasian qaRaldTa
gansazRvrul fasad Sesyidvis Taobaze.43 sxva sityvebiT, satendero SeTavazeba gulis-
xmobs samizne korporaciis yvela aqcioneris mimarT ganxorcielebul sajaro SeTava-
zebas maTi sajaro mimoqcevaSi arsebuli aqciebis Sesyidvis mizniT. oferti, rogorc
wesi, ganxorcielebulia piris an pirTa (investorTa) jgufis44 mier kompaniis aqcie-
bis klasis an klasebis nawilis, an srulad SeZenis Taobaze.45 satendero SeTavazebiT
SeZenis arsi, Serwymisa da qonebrivi SeZenisgan gansxvavebiT, sazogadoebis wilobrivi
Sesyidva pirdapir aqcionerebisgan, menejmentisgan gverdis avliT SesaZlebelobaa.46
gansxvaveba tranzqciis monawile personaTa subieqtivizmSia.
Rirebulebis47 gansazRvra satendero SeTavazebis kompleqsurobis meore niSa-
34
Clark R., Corporate Law, USA, 1986, 537.
35
Brudney V., Chirelstein W., Corporate Finance, USA, 1979, 709.
36
Sepe S., Rogers J., Private Sale of Corporate Control: Why The European Mandatory Bid Rule is Inefficient,
2010, 7, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract–id=1086321>.
37
38
Hertig H., McCahery J., Company and Takeover Law Reforms in Europe, USA, 2006, 562-564.
39
Fleischer A., Mundheim R., Corporate Acquisition by Tender Offer, 115 U. of Pa.L.Rev., 1967, 317-321.
40
41
Hazen T. L., The Law of Securities Regulation, 6thed., USA, 2009, 388-393.
42
is SeiZleba moicavdes kerZo molaparakebis elementebsa da aqciebiT sajaro vaWrobis
elementebsac. ix. Cox J., Hazen T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4, USA, 2010,
212-213.
43
44
Aranow E. R., Einhorn H. A., Tender Offers For Corporate Control, New-York, 1973, 83-94.
45
Kanter C.,Tender Offers Making and Meeting Them, New-York, 1979, 12.
46
Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, 2th ed., USA, 2010, 704.
47
Williams Act-is miRebisas kongresSi gamarTuli debatebisas SemuSavebul iqna satendero
SeTavazebis definicia (romelic ar iqna saboloo versiaSi Setanili), sadac fasi mniS-
144
nia. mas, ZiriTadad, korporaciis ekonomikurad perspeqtiuli48 xedva gansazRvravs.49

potenciuri myidveli mzad aris gadaixados premiumTanxa,50 rogorc satendero SeTa-
vazebisa da kontrolis mopovebis Rirebuleba.51 premiumRirebuleba sabazro Rire-
bulebaze gacilebiT metia.52 satendero SeTavazeba da masSi gadaxdili premiumTanxis
ekonomikuri prognozireba fasian qaRaldze53 kapitalis bazarsa da firmis ekonomi-
kur perspeqtivebzea damyarebuli.54
fasian qaRalds ori ganzomileba aqvs: riski da mosalodneli Semosavali.riskis
diversificirebas SemZeni investirebis safuZvelze, menejmentis Secvlisa da likvi-
duri bazris aTvisebis SesaZleblobis gamoyenebiT axdens. magram, fasis gansazRvris
mTavari elementi SesaZlo Semosavlebia. Tu bidder SesaZeni aqciidan samomavlod 1%-i-
an zrdas mainc elodeba, maSin misi satendero SeTavazebis premiumRirebulebis gadax-
da, SesaZlebelia, momgebiani aRmoCndes.55
satendero SemTavazebeli SeTavazebiT samarTlebrivad iboWavs Tavs.56 aqcepti-
rebis SemTxvevaSi is gansazRvrul fasad konkretuli raodenobisa da klasis aqciebs
Seisyidis.57 SeTavazeba yvela aqcioneris mimarT xdeba, rac, Tvisebrivad, Tavidanve ga-
moricxavs SesaZenad SeTavazebuli yvela aqciis yidvas.58 SemZenis taqtikuri59 xedva60
Semdegnairia: satendero SeTavazebis pirvel etapze SeiZinos maqsimalurad meti xmis
vnelovnad maRali unda yofiliyo sabazro RirebulebasTan SedarebiT (… price substan-

tially above the current market price ). ix. Aranow E.R., Einhorn H.A., Tender Offers For Corporate Control,
USA, 1973, 71-82; Kanter C.,Tender Offers Making and Meeting Them, USA, 1979, 8-14.
48
Easterbrook F., Fischel D., The Economic Structure of Corporate Law, USA, 1991, 162-163.
49
Klein W.A., Coffee J.C. ,Business Organization and Finance, 10th ed., USA, 2007, 190.
50
Betton S., Eckbo B., Torbun K., Corporate Takeovers, 2008, 17-18.
51
Haas J.J., Corporate Finance, USA, 2011, 637.
52
Sepe S., Rogers J., Private Sale of Corporate Control: Why The European Mandatory Bid Rule is Inefficient,
2010, 8-34, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract–id=1086321>.
53
Booth R. A., Financing the Corporation, USA, 2010, 685-692.
54
Sead.Dyck A., Zingales L., Private Benefits of Control: An International Comparision, 2001, 8-9, <http://
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2004.00642.x/pdf>.
55
Posner R., Economic Analysis of Law, 4th ed., USA, 1992, 429.
56
satendero SeTavazebis savaldebulo Zala sakanonmdeblo donezea ganmtkicebuli. mas
konkretuli SezRudvebi udevs safuZvlad. mas Semdeg, rac SemZeni sajaro satendero
SeTavazebis Sesaxeb gancxadebas akeTebs, satendero SeTavazebis moqmedebis periodSi
mas ekrZaleba samizne sazogadoebis aqcionerTa mimarT, tenderis gareT, kerZo mo-
laparakebis warmoeba da aqciaTa SeZena. ix. Security Exchange Act, Rule 14e-5(a). fasiani qa-
Raldebis bazris Sesaxeb kanonis me-15 muxlis me-7 punqti.
57
Cox J., Hazen T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4, USA, 2010, 213.
58
Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, 2th ed., USA, 2010, 704. oferentis mier gakeTebuli satendero
ganacxadi savaldebulo aqceptirebis Sesrulebas ar iTvaliswinebs. SemZenis gaTvla
hipoTeturi da potenciuria: is premiumRirebulebis gadaxdis gziT samizne sawarmos
aqcionerTa aqceftirebis provocirebas axdens. ra Tqma unda, yvela aqcioneri nebis av-
tonomiurobiTa da sakuTrebis konstituciuri uflebiT sargeblobs – gasxviseba maTi
nebelobiTi aqtia.
59
zogadad, satendero SeTavazebis ganxorcielebis taqtikisTvis ix. Brudney V., Chirelstein
W., Corporate Finance, 1979, 712-716.
60
Betton S., Eckbo B., Torbun K., Corporate Takeovers, Dartmouth, 2008, 20-25.
145
uflebis mqone aqcia61 da Tu is miaRwevs savaldebulo miyidvis maCvenebels, ganaxor-

cielebs “short-form” Serwymas mcire aqcionerTa gansadevnad.62 niSandoblivia, rom ase-
Ti satendero SeTavazeba (aqcionerTa mimarT) mtruli Sesyidvis dros xorcieldeba.63
doqtrinaluri da sakanonmdeblo Sinaarsobrivi definiciebis garda, arsebobs
samosamarTlo precedentuli praqtika, romelic satendero SeTavazebis, rogorc ar-
sis, substanciuri elementebis konkretizirebas axdens.64es elementebi im faqtobriv
garemoebaTa CamonaTvalSia, romelTa arsebobisas aqciebis SeZena satendero SeTava-
zebad dakvalificirdeba da daeqvemdebareba specialur antimonopoliur normatiul
regulirebas.65 saqmeSi Wellman Dickinson-is winaaRmdeg sasamarTlom satendero SeTava-
zebis gansazRvris rva faqtobrivi garemoeba daadgina. subieqtis korporaciuli qme-
deba dakvalificirdeba satendero SeTavazebad, Tu is (1) aqcionerTa farTo wrisad-
mia gakeTebuli; (2) romelic im gamoSvebul aqciaTa substanciuri procentis SeZenis
moTxovnisken aris mimarTuli; (3) romlis Rirebuleba aqciaTa bazarze gabatonebul
Rirebulebaze metia; (4) xolo ofertSi SeTavazebuli mkacrad gansazRvruli pirobe-
bi, romelic ar daeqvemdebareba molaparakebiT Secvlas; (5) mimarTulia aqciaTa fiq-
sirebul satendero raodenobaTa SeZenisken; (6) konkretulad dadgenili drois gan-
mavlobaSi; (7) rodesac aqciebis gasxvisebis gadawyvetilebis misaRebad SeTavazebuli
pirebis (aqceptantis) darwmuneba xdeba (8) da SeTavazeba gacxadebulia sajarod, rac
xels Seuwyobs aqciaTa swraf akumulirebas.66
mokled, satendero SeTavazeba samizne sazogadoebis aqciaTa SeZenis procedu-
rul instrumentalur, kapitalis bazarze damkvidrebul, samarTlebrivad reguli-
rebadi meqanizmi67 da SeZenis praqtikuli demonstrirebis umniSvnelovanesi inter-
struqturuli, statikuri elementia.68
61
62
Haas J. J., Corporate Finance, USA, 2011, 682.
63
Depamphilis D., Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Corporate Restructuring Activities, 5thed., USA, 2010, 21.
64
Wellman v. Dickinson, 475 F.Supp. 783, 823-824 (S.D.N.Y. 1979); SEC v. Carter Halwey Hale Stores, Inc.,
760 F.2d 945 (Cir. 1985).
65
Haas J. J., Corporate Finance, USA, 2011, 639-640.
66
Cox J., Hazen T.L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4, USA, 2010, 213-215.
67
misi mowesrigeba fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb kanonis me-15 muxlSia mocemuli,
romelsac erovnuli bankis sxvadasxva regulacia avsebs.
68
Klein W.A., Coffee J.C., Business Organization and Finance, 10th ed., 2007, USA, 189-190.
146
IV. dauflebiTi SeZena: saxeebi da gamovlinebebi
4.1. `megobruli~ daufleba69
satendero ofertis mravali saxeoba arsebobs.70 maT Soris tipologiur sxvaobas

monawile subieqtTa da SeTavazebis motivTa klasificireba udevs safuZvlad.71 subi-
eqtTa diferencireba SeZenis motivis makvalificirebelia. SeZenis motivis mixedviT
ki dauflebis xasiaTi gamoiTvleba: Tu dauflebis mizans konkurenti sawarmos Camo-
cileba, menejmentis Secvla, riskebis diversificireba an pasuxismgeblobisgan Tavis
arideba udevs safuZvlad, is disciplinur anu `mtrul~ SeZenad ganixileba. Tu sa-
tendero SeTavazebis obieqti samizne sazogadoebac iuridiuli piria, romlis miza-
ni samewarmeo gaerTianebiT meti sargeblis miReba da sabazro Zalauflebis zrda, anu
sinergetikuli efeqtis miRwevaa, maSin saxeze e.w. `sinergetikuli~,72 `megobruli~ da-
69
e.w. “friendly takeover”. ix. Lipton M., Steinberger E., Takeovers & Freezeouts, USA, 2002, chap. 1, 10-11.
70
arsebobs nawilobrivi satendero SeTavazeba (partially tender offer), rodesac SesaZen aqci-
aTa maqsimaluri zRvruli odenobaa dafiqsirebuli ofertSi; arsebobs `nebismieris~
an `yvelas~ SeZenis oferti (any of all tender offer), rodesac gamosasyid aqciaTa ulimito
raodenobaa gansazRvruli; dafinansebis kuTxiT satendero SeTavazeba klasificird-
eba imis mixedviT, naRdi fuliT (cash tender offer) Tu aqciebiT xdeba tranzaqciis dafi-
nanseba; arsebobs, aseve, `TviTtenderi~ (self-tender offer), rodesac sazogadoeba sakuTari
aqciebis gamosyidvis Sesaxeb akeTebs oferts. ixHaas, Corporate Finance, 2011, 637-638. Se-
Tavazebas, romelic mesame piris, araemitenti korporaciis mier keTdeba, mesame piris
mier gakeTebuli satendero SeTavazeba ewodeba (third party tender offer). ix. Oesterle D., Mergers
and Acquisitions, USA, 2006, 135-136. Tu e.w. `momparavi~ Semsyidveli (looter) samizne sazoga-
doebis aqciaTa SeZenas oretapiani RirebulebiT axorcielebs da amiT fasTa sxvaobiT
manipulirebs, maSin saxeze `koersuli satendero SeTavazebaa (coercive tender offer). `koer-
siis~ dros, `morodiori~ Semsyidveli SeZenis pirvel etapze samizne sazogadoebis 51%
aqciebis SeZenas maRal fasad axorcielebs. magaliTad, Tu aqciis sabazro Rirebule-
ba 50 dolaria, pirvel etapze Semsyidveli aqcionerebs 51%-Si sTavazobs 80 dolars
naRdi fuliT, xolo darCenili 49%-is Sesyidvas 60 dolarad Rirebuli sasesxo fasiani
qaRaldebiT axorcielebs. jamSi, gayiduli aqciis saSualo Rirebuleba 70.20 dolari
gamodis. Tu firmis namdvili Rirebuleba 75 dolaria, pirvelive etapze yvela Tanxm-
deba oferts: 80$> 75$ principiT. investori ìZulebul~ iqna gaesxvisebina 75 dolarad
Rirebuli aqcia 70 dolarad. ix. Easterbrook F., Fischel D., The Economic Structure of Corporate
Law, USA, 1991, 179,220. aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavsi manipulaciebisgan Tavis aridebis meqa-
nizms fasiani qaRaldebis kanonmdebloba ar Seicavs (qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi `ma-
nipulaciis~ ganmartebis mcdeloba fasiani qaRaldebis kanonmdeblobaSia mocemuli,
romlis Tanaxmad, manipulaciad CaiTvleba safondo birJaze fasiani qaRaldebiT iseTi
garigebebis dadeba, romelic ar iwvevs cvlilebas registrirebul monacemebSi da xor-
cieldeba moCvenebiTi aqtivobis Seqmnis mizniT. ix. `fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb
kanoni~, 44-e muxli.).es manipulacia jdeba, magaliTad, aSS-is SEC-is regulirebis far-
glebSi, romelic satendero SeTavazebis `saukeTeso fasis~ standarts mxolod saten-
dero SeTavazebis ganxorcielebis etapze moicavs da ar aregulirebs samizne sazoga-
doebis SeZenis ganxorcielebis oretapiani meqanizmis gamoyenebis dros. ix. Cox J., Hazen
T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4, USA, 2010, 224-226.
71
Depamphilis D., Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Corporate Restructuring Activities, 5thed., USA, 2010, 21.
72
Morck R., Shleifer A., Vishny R., Characteristics of Tangets of Hostile and Friendly Takeovers, in: Corporate
Takeovers, (edit. Auerbach), USA, 1988, 101-102.
147
uflebis elementebia.73 dauflebis saxeebad SeZenis klasificirebis meore klasifika-

tori tranzaqciisadmi samizne sazogadoebis menejmentis damokidebulebaa. Tu menej-
menti molaparakebis warmoebaze Tanxmdeba, maSin saxeze `megobruli~ dauflebis ele-
mentebia. amitom, megobrul dauflebas `molaparakebiT~ miRweul~ (`negotiated takeover
transaction”) dauflebasac uwodeben.74
molaprakebis warmoeba SesaZlebelia or SemTxvevaSi. Tu samizne sazogadoebis
menejments swams, rom ekvairis mier misi SeZena sasurvelia marketinguli da menejeru-
li TvalsazrisiT, maSin samizne sazogadoeba molaparakebiT iwyebs tranzaqciaTa de-
bulebebze SeTanxmebas.meoreSemTxvevaSi, dauflebis tranzaqcias kidev erTi monawi-
le emateba. Tu samizne sazogadoebas ar surs SeZenis pirveli tranzaqciuli meTodis
ganxorcieleba, maSin is eZebs konkurent SemTavazebels (white knight),75 romelTanac iwy-
ebs molaparakebas mtruli SeZenis Tavidan asacileblad.76 Sedegad, SeZenaze gakeTebu-
li nebismieri tipologiuri SeTavazeba samizne sazogadoebis gasxvisebas ganpirobebs.
amasTan, mniSvneloba ar aqvs es pirveli SemTavazebeli Tu ukeTesi winadadebis ganma-
xorcielebeli konkurenti sawarmo iqneba. Tu konkurenti sawarmos moZieba SesaZleb-
lobaTa potenciur diapazonSi lavirebs, fiduciuri movaleoba da àqcionerTa Ri-
rebulebis~ zrdis doqtrina ukeTesi winadadebis mozidvisken menejmentis qmedebaTa
mimarTvas savaldebulod Sesasrulebels xdis.
Serwymis an qonebrivi SeZenis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac kombinaciaSi monawile orive
korporaciis bordi (direqtorati) SeZenis SeTanxmebis formirebiT urTierTSeTan-
xmebul gadawyvetilebas aRwevs, anu samizne sazogadoebis menejmenti (bordi da aqci-
onerebi) ar ewinaaRmdegeba tranzaqcias, saxezea klasikuri e.w. `megobruli daufle-
ba~.77 am dros samizne sazogadoebis bordis mier aqcionerTa saerTo krebis gamarTvam-
de xdeba tranzaqciis damtkiceba, romelsac iwoneben aqcionerebi.78 `megobruli da-
ufleba~ antimonopoliurad mkacri regulaciebis Tavis aridebis meqanizmadac gamo-
iyeneba, rodesac misi Sesruleba Serwymis korporaciuli kombinaciiT xorcieldeba.79
korporaciuli struqturis kuTxiT, megobruli daufleba iseTive cvlilebis
kauzalur pirobas warmoadgens, rogoric qonebrivi SeZenis dros. megobruli SeZena
qonebrivi SeZenisa Tu Serwymisgan tranzaqciis Sedegobriobis kuTxiT identuria. gan-
sxvaveba maT Soris kombinaciis proceduruli mxaris (menejmentis Tanxmobis) teleo-
logiurad gansxvavebuli kuTxiT analizSi mdgomareobs, rasac, ufro teqnikuri an fi-
nansuri xasiaTi aqvs, vidre Sinaarsobrivad substanciuri.
yovelgvar SeZenas, maT Soris `megobrul SeZenas~, teqnikurad ganxorcielebis
samarTlebrivad swori gamovlineba esaWiroeba. Tumca, zogierTi korporaciuli kom-
73
Depamphilis D., Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Corporate Restructuring Activities, 5th ed., USA, 2010, 21.
74
75
White knight gansxvavebulia white squire-gan. pirvelis SemTxvevaSi, `TeTri raindi~ aris is
subieqti, romelic samizne sazogadoebis mtruli dauflebis alternatiul SemZenad
gamodis da eufleba samizne sazogadoebaSi kontrols. misgan gansxvavebiT, white squire
aris aqciaTa paketis SemZeni Cveulebrivi investori, romelic dainteresebulia inves-
ticiis gakeTebiT da mis mizans samizne sazogadoebaSi kontrolis poveba ar warmoad-
gens. ix. Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, vol. II, USA, 2009, 2662.
76
77
78
Klein W. A., Coffee J. C., Business Organization and Finance, 10th ed., USA, 2007, 190-191.
79
148
binacia sasamarTlos mier ar kvalificirdeba `megobrul~ SeZenad.80 menejmentis Tan-

xmobiT ganxorcielebul tranzaqciaTa Sesrulebis strategiul meqanizmTa Soris ga-
mosayofia leveraged buyout da management buyout. maTi Teoriul-sinqronuli analizi SeZe-
niTi kombinaciis sqematuri suraTis aRqmis kidev erT speqtrs qmnis.
4.1.1. Leveraged buyout rogorc `megobruli~ dauflebis meToduri

gamovlineba
sakorporacio samarTalSi SeZenis mravalferovani samarTlebrivi saSualebe-

bidan leveraged buyout (LBO) Tvisebrivi specifikurobiT gamoirCeva. is kontrolis ga-
dasvlis (Secvlis) kerZo SemTxvevaa,81 romlis mTavari aspeqti tranzaqciis finansuri
uzrunvelyofisa da Sesrulebis meTodikaa.82 LBO ar moicavs sxva kompaniaTa monawi-
leobiT korporaciul kombinacias. is aris korporaciis investorTa mier aqciaTa Ses-
yidva.83am dros xdeba wilobrivi SeZena naRdi fulis sanacvlod, sadac investori an
investorTa jgufi naRdi fulis sanacvlod yiduloben samizne sazogadoebis aqcio-
nerTagan aqciebs satendero SeTavazebis saSualebiT.84
SeZenis proceduruli ganxorcielebisTvis investori, ZiriTadad, kerZo seq-
toridan (private equity firm), romelic amxanagobis tipis sazogadoebis formiT funqci-
onirebs, qmnis `fiqtiur~ `SemZen~85 korporacias, romelsac iyenebs LBO-s gansaxorci-
eleblad.Seqmnili korporaciis mTliani kapitalizacia naRdi fuliT aris ganxorci-
elebuli. axlad formirebuli korporacia wilobrivi SesyidvisTvis saWiro ZiriTad
Tanxas institucionaluri investorisTvis, bankisTvis moklevadiani sasesxo fasiani
qaRaldebis miyidviT miizidavs. amasTan, inarCunebs mcire raodenobis naRd fulsac.
dafinansebis struqturirebis es forma aris e.w. leveraged. Sesabamisad, `SemZeni~ korpo-
raciis kapitalis struqtura formirebulia gazrdili sasesxo saxsrebis Tanafardo-
biT Sida (equity) dafinansebasTan mimarTebiT.86 sasesxo fasian qaRaldad ki gamoiyeneba
e.w. Junk bond.87
`SemZeni” korporacia momdevno etapze mizidul saxsrebs samizne sazogadoebis
aqcionerTa sajaro aqciebis sakontrolo paketis SesaZenad iyenebs.sasurveli zRvru-
li odenobis SeZenis Semdeg `fiqtiuri~ korporacia Seerwymeba samizne sazogadoebas.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom sasesxo fasiani qaRaldi uzrunvelyofili fasiani qaRaldi
iyo, Serwymis Sedegad samizne sazogadoebis qonebis nawili am valis uzrunvelsayo-
fad gamoiyeneba, radgan Serwyma valdebulebaTa gaerTianebis eventualuri SedegiT
80
Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, vol. II, USA, 2009, 2675-2685.
81
Williamson O. E., Mergers, acquisitions, and Leveraged Buyouts: An efficiency assessment, in: Corporate
Law and Economic Analysis, (edit. Bebchuk), USA, 1990, 11.
82
83
Klein W. A., Coffee J.C., Business Organization and Finance, 10th ed., USA, 2007, 191.
84
85
`fiqtiurobas~ misi samizne sazogadoebis SeZenis erTaderTi sagnobrivi mizani ganapi-
robebs.
86
87
igive “high-yield bond”. ix. Taggart R., The Growth of the «Junk” Bond Market and Its Role in Financing
Takeovers, in: Mergers and Acquisitions, (edit. Auerbach), 1988, 5-24.
149
xasiaTdeba. Tavis mxriv, `fiqtiuri~ korporacia, sasesxo valdebulebebis nacvlad,

samizne sazogadoebis xmis uflebis mqone aqciaTa mesakuTre xdeba.88 `fiqtiuri~ kor-
poraciis mier gacemuli moklevadiani sasesxo fasiani qaRaldidan daricxuli valis
gadaxda samizne sazogadoebis qonebaze mieqceva.89 es niSnavs, rom investori an inves-
torTa jgufi samizne sazogadoebas menejmentisgan gverdis avliT daeufla, romlis
Tavdapirveli gacxadebuli `ganzraxva~ STanTqmis ganxorcieleba ar yofila.90 tran-
zaqciis Sedegad gadarCenili samizne sazogadoebis mier `fiqtiuri~ korporaciis
valdebulebaTa SeTvisebis Sedegebi `Ria~ ss-is `daxurul~ ss-ad transformirebas
Seuwyobs xels,91 romelsac kapitalis struqtura gazrdili sasesxo kapitalizaciis
formiT eqneba Camoyalibebuli.92
zemoaRniSnuli analizi finansuri `leverejis~ bazazea Sesrulebuli. `levere-
ji~ kapitalis struqturis determinantia. is, terminologiurad, gamoiyeneba sasesxo
da Sida kapitalizaciis finansuri Sedegebis aRwerisTvis.93 sasesxo fasiani qaRaldi,
romelic dafinansebis am meTodisTvis gamoicema, gamcemi kompaniis qonebiT aris uz-
runvelyofili. aseT sesxs qonebaze dafuZnebuli94 an uzrunvelyofili sesxi95 ewode-
ba.96 nasesxebi fulis sainvesticio brunva Sida dafinansebis finansur berkets, `leve-
rejs~, warmoadgens, anu misi gamoyeneba kompaniisTvis sasargeblo Sedegebis dadgomas
uwyobs xels.97 `leverejis~ definicia LBO-is mTavari ganmsazRvrelia. korporaciul
kombinaciaTa finansur-ekonomikuri empiriuli kvlevebi mis umTavres saxasiaTo niS-
nad valdebulebebis Semcveli sasesxo fasiani qaRaldis aqciaSi gacvlis elements ga-
moyofs.98
LBO-is saSualebiT sawarmos dauflebis meore etapis Serwymis formiT realizi-
rebis garda, arsebobs SeZenili sazogadoebis qonebrivi gayidva an biznessaqmianobis
gasxvisebis samarTlebrivi SesaZlebloba. Tu leveraged-iT dafinansebuli tranzaqciis-
Tvis aRebuli valis gadaxdas samizne sazogadoebis nawilobrivi qonebrivi gasxvise-
bis nacvlad SemZeni gadawyvets kompaniis mTlian qonebriv an samewarmeo saqmianobis
gayidvas, radgan miaCnia, rom samizne sazogadoebis biznesi misi warmatebulobis indi-
katorad aRar gamodgeba da man amowura sargeblis miRebis yvela potenciuri SesaZ-
lebloba, formirdeba tipuri ganadgurebiTi anu Bust-up LBO.99 ukanaskneli gamoiyeneba
88
89
90
Klein W. A., Coffee J.C., Business Organization and Finance, 10th ed., USA, 2007, 190.
91
Pay’N Pak Stores v. Court Square Capital LTD (9th Cir. 1998).
92
Williamson O. E., Mergers, acquisitions, and Leveraged Buyouts: An efficiency assessment, USA, 1990, 11-
14.
93
Klein W. A., Coffee J. C., Business Organization and Finance, 10th ed., USA, 2007, 8.
94
ew. “Asset-based lending”.
95
e.w. “Secured lending”.
96
ix. Depamphilis D., Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Corporate Restructuring Activities, 5thed., USA, 2010,
499.
97
Klein W. A., Coffee J.C., Business Organization and Finance, 10th ed., USA, 2007, 9-11.
98
Williamson O.E., Mergers, acquisitions, and Leveraged Buyouts: An efficiency assessment, USA, 1990, 15.
99
sxvanairad: “breakup”. ix. Haas J. J., Corporate Finance, USA, 2011, 609, 610.
150
im dros, rodesac investoris mier samizne sazogadoebis SeZena investirebuli Tanxis

diversificirebisa da gansazRvruli periodis Semdeg misgan mogebis miRebis mizniT
xdeba. misi ZiriTadi arsi tranzaqciis dafinansebis wyarosa da sesxis dakmayofilebaa.
Tu SemZeni samizne sazogadoebis qonebis mniSvnelovan nawils aRebuli sesxis dasafa-
rad yidis da qonebrivi gayidva samizne sazogadoebis saqmianobis dasrulebas iwvevs,
maSin saxezea Bust-up Takeover.100 paralelurad, SesaZlebelia, SeZenili sawarmos menej-
mentis, samewarmeo saqmianobisa da biznesstrategiebis gaumjobesebis Semdeg, inves-
torma samizne sazogadoeba kapitalis organizebul bazarze daaregistriros, sadac
mis saboloo realizirebas moaxdens.101
4.1.2. Management buyou, rogorc `megobruli~ dauflebis

meToduri gamovlineba
Management buy-out sasesxo dafinansebis sapirispiro, SeZenis panaciisgan gansxva-

vebuli, lokaluri, magram kompleqsuri xasiaTis, tranzaqciuli, korporaciul-me-
nejmenturi monawileobiT Sesrulebuli dapatronebis sqematurad idiosinkratuli
gamovlinebaa. Management buyout-is (SemoklebiT – MBO) `megobruli~ dauflebis meTo-
dur saSualebad kvalificirebas misi mizani ganapirobebs, rasac mravali sasamarTlo
gadawyvetileba amyarebs.102 Tu samizne sazogadoeba ewinaaRmdegeba dapatronebis
tranzaqcias, menejments SeuZlia Tavdacvis meqanizmad103 aqciebis gamosyidvis es me-
Todi gamoiyenos.104
MBO, Sinaarsobrivad, imave tipis tranzaqciuli sqemaa, rogorc LBO.105 is aris
samizne sazogadoebis aqciaTa sasesxo dafinansebiT106 SeZenis erT-erTi varianti107 im
gansxvavebiT, rom investorTa jgufis nacvlad, an SemZen investorTa jgufSi monawi-
led samizne sazogadoebis menejmenti gamodis.108 menejmentis gaTvliT, sazogadoebis
aqciebis mimdinare Rirebuleba mis namdvil Rirebulebas ar Seesatyviseba (undervalued)
da is gacilebiT maRali Rirebulebisaa.109 es maT, momavalSi, Tavisufali fuladi Tan-
xis Semodinebis perspeqtivas realur ganzomilebaSi warmosaxavs. misi gamoyenebis
mTavar winapirobas, rogorc wesi, `Ria~ korporaciis `daxurul~ kompaniad gadaqceva
100
101
Macey J., Corporate Governance, USA, 2008, 241-244.
102
Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, vol. II, USA, 2009, 2663-2675.
103
arasasurveli dauflebisgan Tavdacvis saSualebebze analizi qvemoT iqneba warmodge-
nili.
104
105
106
sasesxo dafinansebiT kapitalis struqturis formirebis saSualebaTa mimarTeba 6:1-
ze an 12:1-ze TanafardobiT xorcieldeba. ix. Shleifer A., Vishny R., Management Buyouts as a
Response to Market Pressure, USA, 1998, 87.
107
108
Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, vol.I, chap. 14, USA, 2000, 3.
109
Depamphilis D., Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Corporate Restructuring Activities, 5th ed., USA, 2010,
498.
151
(going private)110,111 warmoadgens,112 ganTavsebul aqciaTa SemZeni subieqtebi ki menejerebi

arian.113 sesxiT dafinansebis meqanizmi ar gamoricxavs delistingis sxva safuZvelTa
warmoSobas, ramdenadac tranzaqciaSi samizne sazogadoebis bordia monawile. kerZod,
SesaZlebelia, samizne sazogadoebam tranzaqciisTvis, bordis uflebamosilebaTa
farglebSi, gamouSvas garkveuli raodenobis aqciebi aqcionerTa krebis mowonebis ga-
reSe (nebadarTuli aqciebis kvotidan). Tu msgavs SemTxvevas eqneba adgili, kapitalis
bazarze damkvidrebuli wesebis Tanaxmad, korporacia eqvemdebareba delistings.114,115
tranzaqciis dasrulebis Sedegad samizne sazogadoebis menejerebi samizne sazogado-
ebis aqciaTa pakets, ZiriTadad, sakontrolo procentul zRurbls zemoT floben.116
korporaciuli struqturis cvlilebis kuTxiT, garda kapitalis struqturuli
cvlilebisa,117 aRsaniSnavia iseT strategiul organizaciul segmentSi cvlileba, ro-
goric kontroli da sakuTrebaa. menejmentis mier SeZenis sasesxo dafinanseba SeZenil
sazogadoebaSi sakuTrebisa da kontrolis gamijvnis berniseul definicias scdeba
da klasikur `principal-agents~ Soris warmoSobil konfliqts qmnis.118am dros, di-
reqtorTa jgufi imave sazogadoebaSi sakontrolo paketis mesakuTred gvevlineba.119
mokled, menejmentis mier `sakuTar~ sazogadoebaSi, mindobili sakuTrebis keTilsin-
disierebis eWvqveS dayenebiT, xdeba sazogadoebaze kontrolis mopoveba, romelic,
rogorc wesi, gazrdili valdebulebebis Semcveli kapitalizaciis saxiT funqcioni-
110
going private – tranzaqcia, rogorc wesi, sakuTari aqciebis gamosyidviT xorcieldeba,
rodesac sawarmo Tavis sajaro aqcionerTa aqciebis Sesyidvis Sesaxeb satendero Se-
Tavazebas akeTebs (self-tender offer). ix. Haas J.J., Corporate Finance, USA, 2011, 662-664. Sead.Cox
J., Hazen T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4, USA, 2010, 121.
111
going private tranzaqcia, romelic menejmentis mier sruldeba, sazogadoebidan mcire
aqcionerTa (freeze-out) gaZevebis qvesaxeobaa. ix. Gilsonv R., The Law and Finance of Corporate
Acquisitions, USA, 1986, 913-914; Cox J., Hazen T,L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4,
USA, 2010, 140.
112
113
aucilebelia erTmaneTisgan gaimijnos menejmentis monawileobiT Sesrulebuli Se-
syidvebis klasebi (MBO da Interfirm (cash) tender offer). MBO-s SemTxvevaSi, Tavad samizne
sazogadoebis menejmentia SemZenis rolSi, rodesac sajaro sazogadoebis ganTavsebul
aqciaTa SeZenas aqcionerebisgan axorcielebs.misgan sapirispiro tranzaqciul gamov-
linebas warmoadgens Interfirm (cash) tenderoffer. ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi, samizne sazoga-
doebis aqcionerTa ganTavsebul aqciaTa SeZenaSi monawileobs menejmenti, ufro met-
ic, SemZeni sazogadoebis menejmentis tranzaqciaSi erTveba sakuTari aqcionerebis
saxeliT da, rac mTavaria, samizne sazogadoeba sxva iuridiuli piria. ix. Bradly M., Inter-
firm Tender Offer and Market For Corporate Control, Journal of Business, Vol. 53, no. 4,1982, 270-271.
114
Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, Vol. II, USA, 2009, 2662-2663.
115
mocemuli SemTxvevis demonstrireba going private-is amxsnel erT-erT magaliTad
gamodgeba.
116
Fleischer A., Sussman A.,Takeover Defense, Vol. I, chap. 14, USA, 2000, 5.
117
Depamphilis D., Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Corporate Restructuring Activities, 5thed., USA, 2010, 507-
509.
118
es konfliqti sazogadoebis menejmentsa da aqcionerebs Soris koliziur urTierTo-
bas moicavs. ix. Armour J., Hansmann H., Kraakman R., Agency Problems and Legal Strategies, USA,
2009, 21.
119
152
rebad (tranzaqciis Sedegad Camoyalibebul) sazogadoebaSi, mravali problemuri sa-

kiTxis warmoSobasTan mizezSedegobriv kavSirSia.
4.1.3. sasesxo dafinansebiT SeZenis zogierTi problemuri sakiTxis

ganmartebisTvis
sasesxo dafinansebis orive saxe korporaciis finansuri restruqturizaciis sa-

xeobaa. misTvis `megobruli~ xasiaTis miniWeba kontrolis arasasurveli Secvlis Ta-
vidan aridebaa,120 radgan menejmenti, SeZenamdec, samizne sawarmos makontrolebel or-
ganos warmoadgenda.121 sanacvlod, ori sxva problema iCens Tavs.
pirveli, menejmentis mier aqciaTa SeZenis Sesaxeb satendero SeTavazebis gakeTe-
bis periodis ganmavlobaSi, romelic sul mcire 20 samuSao dRes Seadgens,122 SesaZlebe-
lia konkurenti SemTavazeblis gamoCena.123 es SeTavazeba garkveuli gamowvevaa menej-
mentisTvis, radgan, Tu konkurentuli oferti ufro kargi pirobiT iqna gakeTebuli,124
menejmenti arCevanis winaSe dadgeba.125 warmoiSoba `principal-agentis~126 ex ante/ex post
konfliqti,127 romelic fiduciur valdebulebaTa dacvis kuTxiT povebs ganviTare-
bas.128 satendero SeTavazeba, Tavisi arsiT, saukeTeso fasis SeTavazebas moicavs.129
rodesac asparezze konkurenti SemTavazebeli gamodis, bunebrivia, misi mxridan aqci-
oners ukeTesi SeTavazebis molodini aqvs. 130 am dros, menejmentma samizne sazogadoe-
baze kontrolis meqanizmi, misi mocemuli Rirebulebisa Tu samomavlo RirebulebiTi
perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb informacia ar unda gamoiyenos konkurenti SeTavazebis dasab-
lokad.131 Tumca, konkurentuli SeTavazebis sazrisi SesaZeni aqciis fasis zrdaa, rac
momgebiania samizne sazogadoebis mesakuTreTaTvis.132 paralelurad, aqcionerebis mi-
120
Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, 2th ed., USA, 2010, 704-705.
121
Klein W. A., Coffee J. C., Business Organization and Finance, 10th ed., USA, 2007, 192.
122
Cox J., Hazen T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4, Usa, 2010, 223.
123
124
Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, Vol. I, chap. 14, USA, 2000, 40.
125
konkurenti SemTavazeblis ukeTesi winadadebis Sedegad MBO-s ganmaxorcielebelTaT-
vis xSirad CixSi Semyvani aRmoCenila. ix. Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbers Holdings, Inc., 506
A.2d 173 (Del. 1986); Edelmand v. Fruehauf Corp., 798 F.2d 882 (6th Cir. 1986).
126
biznestrazaqciul da komerciul samarTalSi principal-agentis urTierTmimarTebi-
sTvis ix. Bradgate R., Commercial Law, USA, 2005, 176-207.
127
Fleischer A.,Sussman A., Takeover Defense, Vol. I, chap. 14, USA, 2000, 9. principal-agentis prob-
lema tranzaqciis konstruqciidan naTlad Cans: xdeba sakorporacio samarTlisa da
korporaciuli marTvis fundamenturi principidan gadaxveva – sakuTreba da kontro-
li erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis problemis winaSe aRmoCndeba, radgan direqtorati, imave
dros, aqciaTa sakontrolo paketis mflobeli SeiZleba gaxdes. ix. Cox J., Hazen T. L., Trea-
tise on The Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4, USA, 2010, 136.
128
129
130
131
rogorc es moxda klasikur MBO saqmeze: Mills Acquisition Company v. Macmillan, Inc., 559 A.2d
1261 (De. 1989).
132
153
er menejmentisgan wamosuli SeTavazebis mowoneba SeiZleba srulad ar asaxavdes maT

realur Sexedulebas gasayidi aqciis samarTliani fasis Sesaxeb.133 fasis samarTliani
gansazRvris xelSemSleli faqtori SeZenis satendero SeTavazebis (ofertis) dafi-
nansebisa da anazRaurebis saxeze SeTanxmebis, molaparakebis bazisze, miuRwevlobac
aris.134 rTuli warmosadgenia, rogor unda Sedges molaparakeba, rodesac aqcioner-
TaTvis SeZenis rekomendatori direqtorebi, imave dros, SemZen subieqtebs warmoad-
genen.135
rac Seexeba meore problemas, am dros warmoiSoba informaciis136 asimetriulo-
bis,137 piradi dainteresebisa138 da, Sesabamisad, fuduciur movaleobaTa dacvis prob-
lema.139 informaciis gaxsnilobis valdebuleba da misi piradi interesisaTvis gamo-
yenebis akrZalva140 sakanonmdeblo donezea mowesrigebuli.141 Tumca misi regulireba
yovelwliuri an yovelkvartaluri informaciis sajaroobis valdebulebas emyareba,
rac, mocemuli tranzaqciis dadebis momentisaTvis, moZvelebuli SeiZleba aRmoC-
ndes.142 piradi daintereseba da fiduciuri movaleobebi sinqronul urTierTmimar-
TebaSia. Tu dasadebi tranzaqciis Sesaxeb yvela informacia143 arsebuli mdgomareo-
bis simetriulia, piradi dainteresebis gamoricxva sirTules ar warmoadgens.144 mag-
ram, SeTavazebuli fasis adekvaturobis determinacia da aqcionerTaTvis saukeTeso
133
134
arsebobs precedentuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, sadac delaveris sasamarTlom
daadgina xelSekrulebisa da fasis samarTlianobis ganmsazRvreli is kriteriumebi,
romlis mixedviTac unda ganxorcieldes menejmentis monawileobiT Sesasrulebeli
tranzaqcia. ix. Weinberger v. UOP, Inc., 457 A.2d 701, 710 (Del. 1983).
135
136
Lee R., What is An Exchange?USA, 2000, 97-117.
137
Davies P., Hopt K., Control Transactions, in: The Anatomy of Corporate Law, USA, 2009, 174.
138
139
Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, vol. I, chap. 14, USA, 2000, 9-14.
140
141
Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, vol. I, chap. 14, USA, 2000, 22-25. Sead.Williams Act, Sec. 13
(d).
142
Davies P., Hopt K., Control Transactions, in: The Anatomy of Corporate Law, USA, 2009, 175.
143
informaciaTa klasificireba SesaZlebelia or ZiriTad saxed. pirveli, es aris infor-
macia, romelic tranzaqciis dadebis etapisTvis mxareTa Soris SeiZleba gaicvalos,
kerZod, sazogadoebis saqmianobis retrospeqtuli da prospeqtuli xedva, Sedegebi da
a.S. meore saxe, es aris mewarme subieqtis, rogorc sue generis ufleba, daicvas infor-
macia, romelic mis Sesaxeb nebismier konteqstSi SeiZleba gamJRavndes. pirvel SemTx-
vevaSi, informaciis daculoba, ZiriTadad, saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebis safuZvelze
xdeba da ganisazRvreba misi darRvevis Sedegebis anazRaurebis moculoba, meore SemTx-
vevas ki kanonmdebloba ex ante aregulirebs. aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, kontinentur evro-
paSi misi maregulirebeli 1996 wlis direqtiva arsebobs, romelic sue generis uflebas
informaciuli bazis daculobaze sagarantio konteqstSi ganixilavs. ixLee R., What is An
Exchange? USA, 2000, 147-149.
144
Cox J., Hazen T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4, USA, 2010, 137. `dauinterese-
beli direqtoris~ definiciisTvis ix. Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, vol. II, USA, 2009,
2314-2315.
154
Rirebulebis mqone SeTavazebis rekomendireba145 fiduciuri movaleobis Sesrulebas

arTulebs. es ki piradi dainteresebis arsebobis safuZvlian eWvs iwvevs. sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebam Revlon MacAndrews & Forbers Holdings-is winaaRmdeg direqtorTa fidu-
ciur movaleobaTa ganmsazRvrelad saukeTeso Rirebulebis gansazRvra ori mTavari
SemTxvevisTvis daadgina. situaciaTa konstantireba im garemoebaTa mimarT moxda, ro-
melic korporaciis kontrolis Cveulebriv Secvlas iwvevs, an korporacia iseT kombi-
naciur tranzaqcias uerTdeba, romelic misi, rogorc iuridiuli piris, ganadgurebas
gamoiwvevs (break-up of the corporate entity).146 Tumca, paralelurad, gamonaklisic dauSva:
revlonis kriteriumebi ar vrceldeba im tranzaqciebze, romelic erTi makontrole-
beli aqcioneris meore makontrolebeli aqcioneriT Canacvlebaze ideba.147
gamosasyidi Rirebuleba, rogorc wesi, SesaZeni aqciis Rirebulebis 30%-50%-mde
meryeobs, romelsac aqcioneri premiumRirebulebas148 danamatis saxiT Rebulobs.149
Rirebulebis samarTlian gansazRvrasTan erTad, kapitalis struqturis reformi-
rebis sakiTxi xSirad SeZenili sazogadoebis kreditorTa sasarCelo warmoebis dawy-
ebis safuZveli gamxdara.150 kreditorebi, anu sasesxo fasiani qaRaldis mflobelni
(bondholders), eqstraordinaluri raodenobiT kapitalis nasesxebi fuliT formirebas
aprotesteben.151 protesti emyareba mosarCeleTa sakuTrebaSi arsebul obligaciaTa
sainvesticio Rirebulebis spekulaciur Semcirebas SeZenis sasesxo dafinansebiT gan-
xorcielebiT.152 Sesabamisad, sakiTxi TaRliTur garigebasa153 da fiduciur movaleo-
baTa darRvevaze gadis.154
fiduciuri movaleobebis darRvevisgarda, kreditors sasarCelo warmoeba sxva
mimarTulebiTac SeuZlia ganavrcos.155 kreditors, menejmentis mier kapitalis struq-
turis formirebaSi fiduciuri movaleobis darRvevis nacvlad, SeuZlia sasesxo da-
finansebis meqanizmis TvalTmaqcur/TaRliTur garigebad kvalificirebis kuTxiT wa-
vides. imisaTvis, rom SeZena TaRliTur garigebad dakvalificirdes, ori principuli
gzaa. pirveli, kreditorTa motyuebis ganzraxvaa. sasarCelo warmoebis msvlelobisas
misi mtkicebis sayrdeni sazogadoebis sesxiT SeZenis mizani iqneba. kerZod, Tu daasa-
145
msgavsi tipis rekomendaciebi erovnuli bankis mier dadgenili wesebis mixedviT unda
iqnes gakeTebuli. ix. `fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-15 muxlis me-3 pun-
qti.
146
147
Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, Vol. II, USA, 2009, 2534.
148
ekonomikuri analizis Tanaxmad, aqcionerisTvis sasesxo dafinansebis etapze premium-
Rirebulebis gadaxda ìluziuria~. ix. Easterbrook F., Fischel D., The Economic Structure of Cor-
porate Law, USA, 1991, 138,139.
149
Wright M., Renneboog L., Simons T., Scholes L., Leveraged Buyout in U.K. and Continental Europe: Retro-
spect and Prospect, Wor.P. #126, 2006, 8-10, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract–id=934939>.
150
151
Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. RJR Nabisco, Inc., 716 F.Supp. 1504 (S.D.N.Y. 1989).
152
Haas J. J., Corporate Finance, USA, 2011, 611. Sead.Klein W. A., Coffee J. C., Business Organization and
Finance, 10th ed., USA, 2007, 192; Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, vol.I, chap. 14, USA, 2000,
39-4.
153
Cox J., Hazen T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4, USA, 2010, 60-63.
154
Cox J., Hazen T. L, Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4, USA, 2010, 137-140.
155
United States v. Tabour Court Realty Corp., 803 F. 2d.1288 (3d Cir. 1986).
155
buTebs, rom obligaciuri dafinanseba, SeZenili korporaciis samewarmeo saqmianobis

zrdisa da kreditorTa dakmayofilebis nacvlad, gamiznuli iyo aqcionerTa sakuTre-
baSi `gadasasvlelad~, maSin sasamarTlo aseT SemTxvevas, maRali albaTobiT, TaRli-
Tobad daakvalificirebs.156 meore, Tu kreditori daasabuTebs, rom bankrotia an misi
gabankroteba, transferis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, gardauvalia da fasian qaRaldTa
gacvlis Sedegad mas ar miuRia samarTliani ekvivalenti da dairRva keTilsindisiere-
bis principi transferuli procedurebisas, tranzaqcia TaRliTur garigebad ganixi-
leba.157
mcire daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `megobruli~ dauflebis saxeobaTa
Soris marginaluri zRvris ararseboba mis kompleqsur gamovlinebaTa diskriminaci-
as iwvevs. maTi saerTo Sedegi, korporaciis struqturuli cvlilebis kuTxiT, saerTo
monaxazs ar scdeba. isini erTi mocemulobis SigniT sxvadasxva proceudurul-kombi-
naciuri meqanizmebis dadebiTi Tvisebebis utilizirebis saSualebiT gansxvavebul mi-
marTebebs ayalibeben korporaciis struqturaSi fundamenturi cvlilebebis ganxor-
cielebisken mimaval gzaze.158
4.2. `mtruli~ daufleba/STanTqma159
aqciaTa Sesyidvis Sesaxeb satendero SeTavazeba korporaciaTa SeZenis alterna-

tiuli da popularuli variantia.160misi ganxorcielebis upiratesoba drois konkre-
tulad mcire periodiT aixsneba, rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom tranzaqciaSi samiz-
ne161 sazogadoebis menejmenti ar monawileobs da arc mcire aqcionerTa uflebebis
156
amis bevri sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba arsebobs, mag.: Protocomm Corp. v. Novell Advanced
Serv., Inc., 171 F.Supp.2d 459 (E.D.Pa. 2001); Pay ‘N Pak Stores, Inc., v. Court Square Capital, Ltd., 141 F.3d
1178 (Cir. 1998).
157
Cox J., Hazen T. L., Business Organizations Law, 3thed., USA, 2011, 630.
158
MBO-is mravali gasaanalizebeli elementis miuxedavad, am elementTa Teoriuli ganx-
ilva kvlevis mizans ori mimarTulebiT scdeba. pirveli, sakorporaciosamarTlebrivi
miznisTvis, MBO-s upirveles sadebato Tematur gamovlinebas fiduciur movaleobaTa
da aqcionerTa, rogorc principalis interestTa urTierTmimarTeba warmoadgens.meo-
re, insaideruli informaciis gamoyeneba da ukeTesi SeTavazebis dablokva asimetruli
informaciis safuZvelze business judgement rule-is moqmedebis farglebis SezRudvis kla-
sikuri magaliTebia. Sesabamisad, arc erTi maTgani jdeba kvlevis TematikaSi.
159
Lipton M., Steinberger E., Takeovers & Freezeouts, USA, 2002, chap. 1., 25-27.
160
161
dauflebis ganmartebisas gardauvalia `samizne~ sazogadoebis Sinaarsobrivad sub-
stanciuri elementebis (da ara etimologiuris) ganmarteba. korporaciis dauflebis
`samizned~ `moniSvna~ xdeba Tu (a) mas `susti~ menejmenti hyavs; (b) aqciebi danawevrebul
aqcionerTa xelSia da ar aris erTi makontrolebeli piri; (g) aqciaTa msxvili paketi
institucionaluri investorebis xelSia; (d) aqcionerebi geografiulad danawevreb-
ulni arian, magaliTad, sxvadasxva regionidan an qveynidan, rac arTulebs maTi umrav-
lesobis saerTo krebaze daswrebas; (e) aqvs Zalian mcire sasesxo valdebulebebi; (v) sa-
balanso (book value)an salikvidacio (liquidation value) Rirebuleba aRemateba mis sabazro
Rirebulebas. ix. Troubh R., Characteristics of Target Companies, 32 Bus. Law. Rev., 1977, 1301; Sead.
Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, Vol. I, chap. 14, USA, 2000, 3-4.
156
dacvis meqanizmebia garantirebuli. arsebobs ramdenime saxis satendero SeTavazebis

taqtika,162 romelic, rogorc wesi, aseve, ramdenimesafexuriani SeZenis163 pirvel an me-
ore etaps warmoadgens,164 an gamiznulia mcire aqcionerTa gasaZeveblad an `daxurul~
korporaciad gardasaqmnelad.165 is `mtruli~ dauflebis ganxorcielebis samarTleb-
rivad mowesrigebuli teqnikuri saSualebaa.
yvela kompania, potenciurad, dauflebis samizne sazogadoebas warmoadgens.166
dauflebis saxeTa Soris arsebuli diqotomia or ganzomilebaSi SeiZleba ganivrcos,
romelic mis subtipebs gamoyofs. pirveli dasauflebeli subieqtis SeZenis motiviT
kvalificirebaa. Tu dauflebis mizans konkurenti sawarmos Camocileba, menejmentis
Secvla, samizne sawarmos saqmianobis sferos mTliani an nawilobrivi gasxviseba an
valdebulebebze pirdapiri pasuxismgeblobisgan Tavis arideba udevs safuZvlad, is,
motivis mixedviT, `mtrul~ SeZenad ganixileba.167 meore elementi, SeZenis tranzaqci-
isadmi Sesasyidi korporaciis `kognituri~ damokidebulebaa, rac samizne sazogado-
162
satendero SeTavazebis teqnika mravalferovania. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: 1. `SabaTis
Ramis gansakuTrebuli~ (Saturday night special) SeTavazeba, romlis drosac aranairi spe-
cialuri Setyobineba ar keTdeba samizne sazogadoebis menejmentis mimarT da oferti
ZalaSi Zalian mcire drois ganmavlobaSia; 2 `daTvis klasikuri Caxuteba~ (Classic bear
hug), rodesac samizne sazogadoebis menejmentis mimarT Setyobineba gagzavnilia, Se-
Tavazebulia aqciebis fiqsirebul fasad Sesyidva, magram ar atarebs sajaroobis el-
ementebs; 3. `Zlieri daTvis Caxuteba~ (Strong bear hug), rodesac samizne sazogadoebis
menejmentis informirebuloba da SeTavazebis sajarod gamocxadeba erTdroulad xde-
ba, xolo oferti moicavs korporaciasTan an menejmentTan aqciis fasze molaparakebas;
4. `gansakuTrebulad Zlieri daTvis Caxuteba~ (Super-strong bear hug), romelic identuria
`Zlieri daTvis Caxutebis~, im gansxvavebiT, rom Tu samizne kompaniisgan SeTavazebis
opozireba an uaryofa moxdeba, oferti Seicavs Tavdapirvelad SeTavazebuli aqciis
Sesyidvis fasis Semcirebis debulebas; 5. `sakontrolo paketis Sesyidvis SeTavazeba~
(Block purchase), romlis drosac aqciaTa didi nawilis Sesyidva momdevno satendero Se-
TavazebisTvis safuZvlis Sesaqmnelad xdeba. ix. Freud C., Easton S., The Three-Piece Suitor: An
Alternative Approach to Negotiated Corporate Acquisitions, 34 Bus. Law., 1979, 1679; Gilson R., The Case
Against Shark Repellent Amendments: Structural Limitations on the Enabling Concept, 34 Stan. Law. Rev.,
1982, 775; Hazen T. L., The Law of Securities Regulation, 6thed., USA, 2009, 379-380; Lipton M., Steinberger
E., Takeovers & Freezeouts, USA, 2002, chap. 1., 36.
163
ramdenimeetapiani SeZena, rogorc wesi, sam ZiriTad fazas moicavs. pirveli, es aqciaTa
msxvili paketis SeZenaa aqcionerTa jgufis an msxvili, magram arasakontrolo paketis
mqone institucionaluri investorisgan. meore etapze SemZeni samizne sazogadoebis
aqcionerebis mimarT, `megobruli~ dauflebis farglebSi, akeTebs satendero SeTava-
zebas aqciaTa gamosyidvis Sesaxeb. am etapze, tranzaqciis `megobruli~ xasiaTidan
gamomdinare, samizne sazogadoebis bordi aqcionerebs aqciaTa gayidvis Sesaxeb reko-
mendacias uwevs. mesame etapze, ekvaieri samizne sazogadoebasTan Serwymas axorcie-
lebs, romlis Sedegad samizne sazogadoebis aqcionerebi naRd fuls Rebuloben, xolo
SemZeni samizne sazogadoebis 100%-iani wilis mflobeli xdeba. ix.Gilson R., The Law and
Finance of Corporate Acquisitions, USA, 1986, 820-821.
164
rogorc es Radol Tomas-is winaaRmdeg saqmeSi iyo. ix. Radol v. Tomas, 534 F.Supp. 1302 (S.D. Ohio
1982).
165
166
Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, vol. I, chap. 14, USA, 2000, 3.
167
Vishny R., Characteristics of Tangets of Hostile and Friendly Takeovers, USA, 1988, 101.
157
ebas dauflebis subieqtad akvalificirebs.168 aqedan SeiZleba dauflebis konkretu-

li subtipis generireba. SeZeniTi tranzaqciis motivTa, mizanTa da garigebasTan sa-
mizne sazogadoebis damokidebulebis saxeTa kombinirebuli mocemuloba dauflebis
subtipTa Camoyalibebis bazisia, Tu samizne sazogadoebis dauflebis motivi da miza-
ni konkurentis neitralizeba, misi saqmianobis konkretuli segmentis an warmoebadi
produqtis gayidva, samizne sazogadoebis geografiulad xelsayreli bazridan moci-
leba,169 menejmentis Secvla, mcire aqcionerTa gaZeveba da, sabolood, misi ganadgu-
rebaa; Tu samizne sazogadoebis menejmenti Tvlis, rom SeZenis tranzaqcia arasasur-
veli Sedegebis momtani iqneba da is mxars ar uWers da ewinaaRmdegeba, anu uaryofiT
damokidebulebas iCens samizne sazogadoebaSi kontrolis Secvlis mimarT da aqcio-
nerebs aqciaTa gasxvisebis Taobaze rekomendacias ar uwevs, maSin aseTi korporaci-
uli kombinacia, romelic mimarTulia samizne sazogadoebaze kontrolis mopovebis-
ken, potenciurad, `mtrul~ dapatronebad anu STanTqmad ganixileba.170 sxva sityvebiT,
SemZens sazogadoebaze kontrolis mopoveba samizne sazogadoebis `STanTqmisTvis~
esaWiroeba, romelic menejmentis winaaRmdegobis da misgan gverdis avlis pirobebSi
xorcieldeba. `mtruli~ daufleba gansakuTrebiT efeqturia maSin, rodesac samizne
sazogadoebaSi aqcionerebs Soris wilobrivi monawileoba sagrZnoblad danawevre-
bulia.171 menejmenti aris ab initio aqciaTa gayidvis gadawyvetilebis miRebasTan mimar-
TebiT.172 magram, menejments moqmedebis sakorporaciosamarTlebrivad miniWebuli da
168
Betton S., Eckbo B., Torbun K., Corporate Takeovers, 2008, 2.
169
ABA Section of Antitrust Law, Mergers and Acquisitions, 3th ed., USA, 2008, 97-101.
170
171
aqcionerTa danawevrebas, garda mtruli dauflebis xelSemwyobi xasiaTisa, ekvaier-
isTvis uaryofiTi mxarec aqvs. satendero SeTavazebis ganxorcielebis Semdeg, bune-
brivia, yvela aqcia erTi xelSekrulebis farglebSi ar Seisyideba. araerTi individu-
aluri tranzaqciaa saWiro SemZen da samizne sazogadoebis aqcionerebs Soris. misi
kompleqsurobis meore gamovlinebas samizne sazogadoebaSi darCenili mcire aqcio-
nerebi warmoadgenen, rac, saboloo jamSi, `mtruli~ dauflebis xarjebis gazrdas
iwvevs. magaliTad, Tu SeZenis pirvel etapze ekvaieri Seisyidis aqciaTa sakontrolo
pakets da SeZenis meore etapis realizebaze gadava, anu gadawyvets mcire aqcionerTa
gaZevebas, maSin man aqcionerebs imaze meti unda gadauxados, vidre pirvel satendero
SeTavazebaSi aqvs gadaxdili. mcire aqcioneris aqciaTa samarTliani fasi im umaRles
fass moicavs, romelic man gansazRvruli periodis ganmavlobaSi gadaixada am sazoga-
doebis aqciebSi. es ki, albaTobis maRali xarisxiT, aris is fasi, romelic SemZenma
dauflebis pirvel or etapze sakontrolo paketis aqciebSi gadaixada. ix. Depamphilis D.,
Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Corporate Restructuring Activities, 5thed., USA, 2010, 21.Sead. Massari
M., Monge V., Zanetti L.,Control Premium in the Presence of Rules Imposing Mandatory Tender Offers: Can
It be Measured? Wor.Pa., 2004.5-8, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract–id=683277>. Tumca,
arsebobs federaluri kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili gamonaklisi. Tu SeZena Tavidanve
xorcieldeboda oretapiani satendero SeTavazebiT, e.w. Two-Tierd Offer da pirveli eta-
pis ganxorcielebisas misi saerTo ganzraxvisa da gegmis Sesaxeb informacia xelmis-
awvdomi iyo, rom is meore etapze apirebda SerwymiT SeZenis tranzaqciis dasrulebas,
maSin, federaluri kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, meore etapze SesaZlebelia imaze nakleb
fasad aqciaTa Sesyidva, rac pirvel etapze aqvs oferents gadaxdili. am etapze ganxor-
cielebuli SeTavazeba aris e.w. Two-Tierd front-end loaded offer. ix. Hazen T. L., The Law of Securi-
ties Regulation, 6thed., 2009, 409.
172
Sead.Oesterle D. A., Mergers and Acquisitions, USA, 2006, 273.
158
arasasurveli SeZenis prevencirebis ex ante meqanizmebi aqvs, romelic mis fiduciur

movaleobaTa standartebis farglebiT iqneba SeboWili, iseve rogorc nebismieri kon-
trolirebadi tranzaqciis dros.173
mokled, ekonomikuri urTierTobebis `gadawyobis~ nebismieri mcdeloba, rome-
lic or an met korporacias Soris marketinguli prospeqtis kolaboraciuli anali-
ziT iwyeba, erTi (samizne) kompaniis menejmentis perspeqtiuli xedva potenciur Sem-
ZenTan (ekvaieri) `TanamSromlobis~ winaaRmdeg gamosvlas ganapirobebs. ekonomikur-
finansuri speqtriT Camoyalibebuli urTierTobis samarTlebrivi regulireba kor-
poraciul-komerciul-sagadasaxado (samewarmeo) regulaciebze dayrdnobiT miiR-
weva. swored regulatoruli definiciebis doqtrinal ganzomilebaSi gadataniT aR-
niSnuli ekonomikur-finansuri urTierTobis samarTlebriv kvalifikacias `mtruli~
daufleba, igive STanTqma warmoadgens.174 misi Sedegebis neitralizaciisa Tu Tavidan
acilebis meqanizmebi, logikurad, sakorporacio da kapitalis bazris samarTlebriv
wesebSi,175 araformaluri teqnikuri SesaZleblobebiT, aris ganTavsebuli.176 Sesabami-
sad, kontrolis nebismieri saxiT arasasurvel Secvlas upirispirdeba normativizmi-
dan deduqtabeluri TavdacviTi berketebi.
4.3. dauflebisgan Tavdacvis generaluri strategiebi da maTi Sedegebis

asaxva ss-is struqturul elementebze
sakorporacio samarTali mizanmimarTulad dadgenil dauflebisgan Tavdacvis

sakanonmdeblo meqanizmebs ar Seicavs. menejmentis sawinaaRmdego SeZeniTi xelSekru-
lebebis Sedgena, sazogadoebis wilobrivi gayidva da mtruli sadentero SeTavazeba
neitralizebis meqanizmTa arsebobas moiTxovs, radgan mmarTveli organos Sepirispi-
reba, SeiZleba, misi korporaciuli SesaZleblobebisa da perspeqtivebis winaswargan-
sazRvrul xedvas emyarebodes,177 romelic aqcionerTa da sazogadoebis interesebSi
ar jdeba. analogiur SemTxvevaSi, direqtorTa gankargulebaSi sxvadasxva Tavdacvis
meqanizmia, romelTa quo warranto gamoyeneba sakorporacio samarTalSi implicituri
normebiT aris uzrunvelyofili.178 menejmentis antidauflebis meqanizmTa gamoyene-
bis uflebamosileba samosamarTlo praqtikiT aris gamyarebuli, magram mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SeTavazebas fiduciur movaleobaTa farglebSi ganixilavs da
amowmebs, jdeba Tu ara is korporaciisa da aqcionerebis saukeTeso interesebSi.179
Tavdacvis saSualebaTa arsebiTi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis zRvarze ori, urTi-
erTsapirispiro, magram Tematurad erTiani mocemulobis matarebili sakiTxi warmo-
iSoba. Tu sazogadoebis marTvis organos Sepirispirebis SesaZlebloba mieca, maSin is
173
174
Hazen T. L., The Law of Securities Regulation, 6thed., USA, 2009, 378.
175
Hazen T. L., The Law of Securities Regulation, 6thed., USA, 2009, 410.
176
177
es aris principi `direqtorebma ukeT ician~ (~management knows best~). ix. Gilson R., The Law
and Finance of Corporate Acquisitions, USA, 1986, 756-765.
178
179
es aris delaveris uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier 1985 wels miRebuli yvelaze cnobili sa-
samarTlo gadawyvetileba: Unocal Corp. v. Mesa Petrolium Co., 493 A.2d 946, 953-954.
159
SemTavazeblis wminda potenciur Semosavals Seamcirebas.180 delaveris sakorporacio

samarTali direqtoratisTvis pirdapir mandatirebas akeTebs `tranzaqciaze ubra-
lod uaris Tqmis~181 nebarTvis dawesebiT, Tu bords swams, rom samizne sazogadoebis
damoukideblobisa da samarTalsubieqtobis SenarCuneba ufro mizanSewonilia.182 mis
sapirwoned, yvela samizne sazogadoeba dauflebis procesis saSualebiT farTo moni-
toringis subieqti gaxdeba, Tu Tavdacvis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iqneba.183 para-
lelurad, direqtorebisTvis Tavdacvis uflebamosilebis miniWeba maTi Tanamdebobis
SenarCunebis meqanizmad SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli.184
samarTlebriv mocemulobas bazris ekonomikuri paradigma upirispirdeba. gam-
yidveli an misi warmomadgeneli, rogorc fiduciari, valdebulia gayidvisas umaRles
fasze SeTanxmebas vaWrobis Sedegad miaRwios. gamyidveli ver ivaWrebs, Tu mas romeli-
me SeTavazebuli winadadebis uaryofis ufleba ar eqneba. es ukanaskneli ki sakorpora-
cio samarTlis sferos gare mocemulobaSi Semavali postulatia.185 amitom, ekonomi-
kuri paradigmisa da samarTlebrivad dadgenili fiduciur movaleobaTa marginaluri
diferencirebis pirobebSi unda SeirCes yoveli konkretuli dauflebisgan Tavdacvis
adekvaturi saSualeba.
menejmentis gankargulebaSi, saukeTeso SeTavazebasa da korporaciis/aqcione-
rebis saukeTeso interestTa Soris koliziuri viTarebis fonze, ZiriTadad, daufle-
bis Tavidan acilebis an swori arCevanis gakeTebisTvis ramdenime mniSvnelovani berke-
tia.186 maTi klasificireba ori mimarTulebiT xdeba. pirveli, es aris qonebaze dafuZ-
nebuli daculobis strategiebi187 da valdebulebebze dafuZnebuli dauflebisgan
dacvis saSualebebi.188,189 samizne sazogadoebis mtruli SeZenisgan dacvis saSualebebs
Soris aqcentireba ramdenime maTganze gakeTdeba. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia190 qonebaze
dafuZnebuli daculobis iseTi strategiebi, rogoric `zvigenis mogeriebis~ taqtika
(`shark repellant~), òqros paraSutis~ (`golden parachute~) taqtika, `mwvane safosto yuTis~
taqtika (`greenmail~) da `momwamlavi abis~ taqtikaa (`poison pill~).191
180
Easterbrook F., Fischel D., The Proper Role of Target’s Management in Responding to a Tender Offer, Harv.
L. Rev., 1981, 94-1161.
181
Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, 6thed., Vol. III, USA, 2009, 3244-3258.
182
Betton S., Eckbo M., Torbun K., Corporate Takeovers, USA, 2008, 44-46.
183
Haddock D., Macey J., McChesney F., Property Rights in assets and Resistance to Tender Offer, in: Corporate
Law an Economic Analysis, (edit. Bebchuk), USA, 1990, 118.
184
Easterbrook F., Fischel D., The Proper Role of Target’s Management in Responding to a Tender Offer, Harv.
L. Rev., 1981, 1175.
185
Haddock D., Macey J., McChesney F., Property Rights in assets and Resistance to Tender Offer, USA, 1990,
119.
186
Sead.Cox J., Hazen T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4, USA, 2010, 147.
187
e.w. ~asset-based defensive strategies~.
188
e.w. ~liability-based defensive strategies~.
189
ix. Haas J. J., Corporate Finance, USA, 2011, 709-717.
190
valdebulebebze daculobis taqtikaTa Soris sazogadoebis sasesxo kapitalizaciis
(leveraged capitalization) SemTxvevaa gamosayofi, rodesac samizne sazogadoeba mniSvnelo-
van sesxs iRebs, romlis uzrunvelyofa misive qonebiT xdeba.
191
Thomson S., Business Planning For Mergers and Acquisitions, 2th ed., USA, 2001, 977.
160
4.3.1. `zvigenis mogeriebis~ taqtika (~shark repellant~)
dauflebisgan Tavdacva direqtorTa fiduciur movaleobaTa sferoSi eqceva,

romelic menejments saSualebas aZlevs, korporaciis gamoTavisuflebuli materia-
luri saxsrebis gamoyenebiT, sazogadoebaSi `wesrigi~ daicvas. Tavdacvis saSualebebi
or kategoriad iyofa: dauflebis sapasuxo da prevencirebis saSualebebad.192 Tavdac-
vis orive kategoriis saerTo saxasiaTo niSani iseTi taqtikuri RonisZiebis gatarebaa,
romelic mxolod bordis kompetenciis farglebSia SesaZlebeli da ar moiTxovs aqci-
onerTa saerTo krebis Tanxmobas an gadawyvetilebas.193
Tavdacvis mravalferovan taqtikaTa Soris arsobrivad gansxvavebuli, preven-
ciuli dacvis meqanizmia `zvigenis mogeriebis~ taqtika.194 misi samarTlebrivi mocemu-
lobis Tanaxmad, es aris dauflebisgan dacvis korporaciulsamarTlebrivi meTodi,
romelic sazogadoebis organizaciulobis maformirebel da momwesrigebel sadam-
fuZneblo dokumentSi, wesdebaSi aisaxeba.195 misi taqtikuri svla korporaciis wes-
debaSi iseTi struqturuli cvlilebebis Setanaa, romelic cvlis kompaniis organi-
zaciulobasa da menejmentis struqturas.196 rogorc wesi, TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis
wesdebaSi asaxva im etapamde xdeba, sanam korporacia safondo birJaze gaitans aqciebs
sajaro vaWrobisTvis, an rogorc ki `Ria~ sazogadoebad `gardaiqmneba~ an, minimum, sa-
nam `mtruli~ satendero SeTavazeba gakeTdeba.197,198 wesdebaSi cvlilebis Setanas aqci-
onerTa krebis gadawyvetileba sWirdeba, Tumca maT uSualo realizirebas – ara.199 kom-
binirebuli gadawyvetileba potenciuri dauflebis prevencirebis etapze, dauflebis
mcdelobisas, agresiuli Tavdacvis xasiaTs Rebulobs.200
`shark repellant~ safuZvelze wesdebaSi cvlilebis Setanis sami tipis gamovlineba
arsebobs.201 pirveli tipis korporaciulsamarTlebrivi cvlileba wesdebaSi korpo-
raciis kontrolis uflebis cvalebadobas uSlis xels.202 es exeba direqtorTa sabWos
Secvlis akrZalvis meqanizmebs. potenciuri dauflebis etapze menejmenti aanalizebs,
rom mas Tanamdebobrivi safrTxe eqmneba (staggering). taqtikuri xedva klasificirebuli
bordis Seqmnas moiazrebs.203 klasificirebuli bordis arseboba menejmentis sruli
gadarCevis periods zrdis da arTulebs proceduras. kerZod, pirvel rigSi, direqto-
ris gadayenebas samarTlebrivi safuZveli sWirdeba, magram Tu gadayenebul iqneba, ma-
192
193
iqve, 148.
194
`zvigenis mogeriebis~ taqtikas aseve `maCvzRarbsac~ (“porcupine”) uwodeben.
195
196
197
iqve, 26.
198
aq moqmedebas iwyebs “Breakthrough rule”, romelic sakorporacio samarTalSi evropis ka-
vSiris samarTlebrivi reformirebis umaRlesi donis eqspertTa jgufis novatoruli
terminia. ix. Hertig G., McCahery J., Company and Takeover Law Reforms in Europe: Misguided Harmo-
nization Efforts or Regulatory Competetion, USA, 2006, 565-568.
199
200
201
iqve, 4.
202
203
161
Sin bords unarCundeba vakansiis Sevsebis uflebamosileba.204 klasificirebuli bor-

dis deduqciuri ganmartebis Tanaxmad, arCeuli bordis gadarCeva, romlis arCeva, ro-
gorc wesi, sam wlamde vadiT xdeba,205 yovel wels ar SeiZleba 1/3-ze meti proporciiT.
swored klasificirebuli bordis gadarCevaa SeuZlebeli samarTlebrivi safuZvlis
gareSe,206 Tu wesdebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.207 agreTve, mxedvelobaSi mi-
iReba direqtoratis/bordis raodenobrivi gazrdis SemzRudveli sawesdebo debule-
bebi.208 pirveli tipis `shark repellant~-is dros, dauflebis procuduruli msvlelobisas
xdeba aqcionerTa krebis mowvevisa da Catarebis proceduraTa garTuleba. ukanaskne-
lis mizania Tavidan iqnes acilebuli aqcionerTa umravlesobis mier saerTo krebis
mowveva konkretul vadebSi209 an aqcionerTa werilobiTi TanxmobiT direqtorTa Ta-
namdebobidan gaTavisufleba.210 menejments, potenciuri dauflebis prevencirebisa da
sakuTar Tanamdebobaze `zrunvis~ pirobebSi, SeuZlia saerTo kreba daiTanxmos zemo-
aRniSnuli cvlilebebis Sesaxeb kvalificirebuli umravlesobiT211 gadawyvetilebis
miRebis debulebaTa dadgenaze.212
meore tipis sawesdebo cvlilebaTa paketi aerTianebs iseTi saxis xelovnuri ba-
rierebis Seqmnas, rogoric oretapiani SeZenis tranzaqciis meore etapze xmis micemis
raodenobrivi maCvenebelia. kerZod, Tu samizne sazogadoeba gadawyvets satendero
SeTavazebis Semdeg Svilobili sazogadoeba miiRos samizne sazogadoebis nacvlad,
romelsac is Serwymis safuZvelze ganaxorcielebs, maSin Serwymis adaptirebas kvali-
ficiuri umravlesobis Tanxmoba dasWirdeba.213 kvalificiuri xmis uflebaTa saWiro-
ebis zRvruli odenobis dadgena, rogorc wesi, im aqcionerebze dayrdnobiT gamoiT-
vleba, romlebic stabilurad eswrebian morig Tu riggareSe saerTo krebas.214 msgavsi
204
205
saqarTveloSi es vada sawesdebo da saxelSekrulebo avtonomiaSi eqceva da yovel
konkretul SemTxvevaze morgebul Sedegs utoldeba.
206
Tumca, erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi delaveris sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi ar miiRo
klasificirebuli bordis arseboba da aqcionerebi uflebamosil pirebad CaTvala,
romelTac SeeZloT wesdebaSi cvlilebis Setana klasificirebuli direqtoratis
gauqmebis/dasrulebis Sesaxeb da Semdeg direqtorebi gadeyenebinaT Tanamdebobidan
samarTlebrivi safuZvlis arsebobis gareSe. amasTan, aRniSna, rom klasificirebuli
bordis sawesdebo doneze daculoba SesaZlebelia wesdebaSi cvlilebis Setanaze kval-
ificiuri umravlesobis moTxovnis dawesebiT. ix. Roven v. Cotter, 547, A.2d 603 (Del. Ch. 1988).
aseve, ix. Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, vol. I, chap. 6, USA, 2000, 28-30; Thomson S., Busi-
ness Planning For Mergers and Acquisitions, 2th ed., USA, 2001, 1018-1019.
207
Lipton M., Steinberger E., Takeovers & Freezeouts, USA, 2002, chap. 6., 29
208
209
dauflebis msvlelobis ganmavlobaSi, SesaZlebelia, saerTo krebis specialuri anu
riggareSe mowveva, wesdebaSi cvlilebebis Sesatanad, konkretuli vadiT izRudebodes.
erT-erT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi aRiniSna, rom aseTi tipis kreba ar SeiZleba
Catarebul iqnes 90-100 dReze nakleb vadaSi (dauflebis dawyebidan). ix. Mentor Graphics
Corp. v. Quickturn Design Systems, Inc., 728 A.2d 25, 40-41 (Del. Ch. 1988).
210
211
212
Thomson S., Business Planning For Mergers and Acquisitions, 2th ed., USA, 2001, 1012-1014, 1021-1027.
213
214
Gilson R., The Law and Finance of Corporate Acquisitions, USA, 1986, 633-634.
162
danawesis dadgenis mniSvnelovani safuZveli menejmentis (erToblivad) sakuTrebaSi

arsebuli aqciaTa lotia, romelic sakmarisia kvalificiuri umravlesobiT Serwymis
gadawyvetilebis dasablokad.215Serwymis korporaciuli kombinacia, sakanonmdeblo
regulirebidan gamomdinare, aqcionerTa krebis gadawyvetilebis arsebobas moiTxovs.
Sesabamisad, Tu dauflebis meore etapze SemZeni gadawyvets gandevnos mcire aqcione-
rebi, xolo menejmentis xelSi gadawyvetilebis dablokvis SesaZlebloba iqneba,216 ma-
Sin es taqtikuri svla droebiT xels SeuSlis ekvaiers warmatebuli satendero SeTa-
vazebiT dasaxuli miznis miRwevaSi.217
dabolos, mesame tipis sawesdebo cvlilebaTa saxeobaSi Sedis samarTliani fasis
Sesaxeb debulebebi. is wina ori tipisgan gansxvavebuli gamovlinebaa.218samarTliani
fasis Sesaxeb sawesdebo daTqma prevenciuli regulirebis mizniT gansxvavdeba. Tu ze-
moT ganxiluli ori subtipis ZiriTad mizans samizne sazogadoebis bordis interesTa
daculoba Seadgenda, ukanasknelis regulirebis sferoSi, `raideris~219 Sekavebebas-
Tan erTad, aqcionerTaTvis meti sargeblis miReba gamoisaxeba.220 samarTliani fasis
debulebebi SeiZleba oretapiani SeZenis meore safexurze Serwymis kvalificiuri um-
ravlesobiT damtkicebas ukavSirdebodes.221 samarTliani fasis Sesaxeb Sesworebisa da
Serwymis urTierTkveTas adgili aqvs maSin,222 rodesac Serwymis ganxorcieleba samizne
sazogadoebasa da dakavSirebul pirTan223 daiwyeba.224 aseTi Serwyma miRebul unda iq-
nes kvalificiuri umravlesobis mier, romelic `gasaZevebel~ aqcionerTa fulad kom-
pensirebas, minimum, samarTliani fasis debulebiT gansazRvruli raodenobiT unda
axorcielebdes.225 sawesdebo debulebiT dadgenili `fasi~ xSirad sakmaod maRalia. is
miiltvis im umaRlesi fasisken, romelic SemZenma sazogadoebam samizne sazogadoebis
aqcionerTa xmis uflebis mqone aqciaTa sanacvlod gadaixada, an romelic samizne sa-
zogadoebis aqciebiT vaWrobis bolo ramdenime welSia dafiqsirebuli, an damyarebu-
lia momavali potenciuri Semosavlebis gaTvlebze.226 xmis micemis kvalificiuri um-
215
216
mxolod im pirobebSi, Tu SemZen sazogadoebas ar eqneba `Zveli~ bordis Secvlis kompe-
tencia (imave wesdebidan gamomdinare), romelic jer kidev samizne sazogadoebis saten-
dero SeTavazebamde arsebuli wevrebiT iqneba formirebuli.
217
218
Sead.Gilson R., The Law and Finance of Corporate Acquisitions, USA, 1986, 634.
219
igive SemZeni subieqti, dauflebis ganmaxorcielebeli kompania. ix. Lipton M., Steinberger
E., Takeovers & Freezeouts, USA, 2002, chap. 1., 10.
220
221
222
maT, sxvanairad, Lock-in provision-sac uwodeben. ix. Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, vol.
I, chap. 6, USA, 2000, 50.
223
e.w. related person. misi zogadi ganmartebis Tanaxmad, es aris piri, romelic kompaniis
ganTavsebul aqciaTa gansazRvrul raodenobas flobs. ix. Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, 2th
ed., USA, 2010, 705. dakavSirebuli piris definicias fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb
kanonis meore muxlis me-11 punqti iZleva, romelic naTesaur kavSirsa da sakontrolo
wilis flobis faqts ukavSirebs mis definicias.
224
Gilson R., The Law and Finance of Corporate Acquisitions, USA, 1986, 680-681.
225
226
163
ravlesobisa da samarTliani fasis gansazRvris debulebaTa amoqmedebis winapirobas

ekvaieri korporaciis mier samizne sazogadoebis aqcionerTa xmis uflebis mqone aqci-
aTa umravlesobis an sakontrolo paketis Sesyidva warmoadgens da misi mizani orsafe-
xuriani dauflebis meore etapis dasruleba unda iyos.227 mokled, wesdeba oretapiani
SeZenis garTulebis procedurebs moicavs.
`zvigenis mogeriebis~ mesame tipis sawesdebo cvlilebaTa katalogis bolo seg-
ments aqciaTa gamosyidvis ufleba warmoadgens.228 aRniSnuli segmenti satendero Se-
Tavazebis Semdeg im aqcionerTa interesebs icavs, romlebmac ar mihyides TavianTi
aqciebi ekvaiers. msgavsi tipis debuleba uzrunvelyofs aqcionerisgan mis sakuTre-
baSi arsebuli aqciis SeZenis meore etapze monawile nebismieri piris valdebulebas
samarTlian da winaswar (wesdebis Sesabamis debulebaSi) gansazRvrul fasad Seisyidos
aqcia, miuxedavad imisa, realurad dawyebulia Tu ara Serwymis kombinaciis ganxorcie-
leba.229,230 zemoaRniSnuli debulebebi dauflebisgan Tavdacvis sakanonmdeblo doneze
nebadarTul meqanizmTa kategorias ganekuTvneba.231
4.3.2. `momwamlavi abis~ taqtika (~poison pill~)
evoluciam `momwamlavi abis~ taqtika, dauflebisgan Tavdacvis saSualebaTa So-

ris, yvelaze gavrcelebul taqtikur svlad Camoayaliba. miuxedavad Tavdacvis sxva
meqanizmebis ufro Zlieri e.w. `sasikvdilo~ efeqtisa, romelic araerTma sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebamac232 gaamyara, `momwamlavi abi~ dauflebisgan Tavdacvis efeqturi
saSualebad rCeba, iZulebiTi dauflebis sapasuxo taqtikuri svlaa da samizne sazo-
gadoebis bords aZlevs `mtruli~ SeZenis ofertis adekvaturi pasuxis gacemis berke-
tebs.233 Tumca, is ar warmoadgens dauflebis SeCerebis panaceas.234
`momwamlavi abis~ taqtikam xangZlivi ganviTarebiTi periodi ganvlo, romlis gan-
martebiTi diapazoni sakmaod didia. misi zogadi formularis Sedgena, samosamarTlo
Tu doqtrinalur doneze, mainc ganxorcielda.235 is dauflebis prevencirebis, anu re-
gulirebis ex ante saSualebaa. termini `momwamlavi abi~ Sinaarsobrivad bordis mier236
227
228
229
230
Sead. `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoni, 531muxlis pirveli punqti.
231
232
Thomson S., Business Planning For Mergers and Acquisitions, 2th ed., USA, 2001, 987-992.
233
234
iqve, 15.
235
236
samizne sazogadoebis direqtorati Tavdacvis saSualebebis gamoyenebisas moqmedebs
e.w. “blank stock”-is uflebamosilebaTa farglebSi, romelic wesdebis implicituri de-
bulebebidan gamomdinareobs, rac direqtorebs aZlevT saSualebas, drogamoSvebiT
gamouSvan axali klasis privilegirebuli aqciebi, an moaxdinon aseTi tipis aqciaTa
uflebrivi restruqturireba. “blank stock” aqciebis gamoSvebis meqanizms gansazRvravs.
korporaciam aqciebis ganTavsebamde, iqneba is Cveulebrivi, privilegirebuli Tu hi-
briduli, misi avtorizeba unda ganaxorcielos sawesdebo doneze, anu daadginos nebad-
164
aqcionerTaTvis iseTi uflebis miniWebas aRniSnavs, romelic bordis mier uaryofili

SeZenis specifikuri garemoebebis warmoSobisTanave gansakuTrebul ekonomikur Ri-
rebulebas sZens kompaniis mesakuTreTa mniSvnelovan poziciebs.237 mas Semdeg, rac uf-
lebis ekonomikuri Rirebuleba Camoyalibdeba, romelic kompaniisgan an `raiderisgan~
qonebis an fulis miRebas Seicavs, SeZenis dasruleba am meqanizmis amuSavebis gareSe
SeuZlebeli xdeba da `raiders~ ar SeuZlia `STanTqos~ samizne kompania ekonomikuri
àbis~ `gadaylapvis~ gareSe, romelic (ekonomikuri Rirebuleba) aqcioners unda gada-
eces, rogorc misi zemoaRniSnuli uflebis realizirebis Sedegi.238
ùflebaTa gegma~ `momwamlavi abis~ yvelaze gavrcelebuli, samosamarTlo pre-
cendentebiT gamyarebuli elementebis matarebeli239 saSualebaa. uflebaTa gegma mo-
laparakebas daqvemdebarebul tranzaqcias ar moicavs.240 is bordis mier uaryofili
Sesyidvis SeTavazebis saboloo Sedegebze axdens gavlenas. aseve, samizne sazogadoe-
bis bordsa da SemZeni sazogadoebis menejments Soris SeTanxmebis miRwevas uzrunvel-
yofs.241 Sedegi SemZenis mier samizne sazogadoebis aqcionerTaTvis imaze maRali fasis
gadaxdaa,242 vidre is Cveulebriv, kontrolis mopovebis premiumTanxas gadaixdida.243
arTul gamosaSveb aqciaTa zRvruli odenoba. misi Sesruleba ori mimarTulebiT aris
SesaZlebeli. pirveli, wesdebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba aqciaTa uflebrivi katalo-
gi. nebismieri damatebiTi aqciis gamoSvebisTvis ki dadgindeba formaluri proceduris
dacvis aucilebeli moTxovna, romelic damatebiTi aqciebis gamoSvebiT kapitalis
gazrdis Sesaxeb aqcionerTa krebis gadawyvetilebasa da wesdebaSi cvlilebis Setanas
moicavs. momdevno etapze direqtorati kompetenturi xdeba, avtorizebuli damatebi-
Ti aqciebi gasces mesame pirze. meore mimarTulebis Tanaxmad, wesdebaSi dgindeba di-
reqtoratis kompetenciis specifikuri farglebi. direqtors uflebamosileba eZleva
unilateral sawyisebze gansazRvros axali aqciebis tipi, uflebebi da klasi. ukanask-
nel SemTxvevaSi, direqtorats ar sWirdeba aqcionerTa krebis moTxovna, rac axali
aqciebis gamoSvebas moqnil meqanizmad aqcevs da korporaciis mobiluri qmedebis ama-
Rlebas uwyobs xels. amitom, is `momwamlavi abis~ Tavdacvis taqtikis ganxorcielebis
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes meTods warmoadgens. ix. Cox J., Hazen T., Treatise on The Law of
Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 3, USA, 2010, 406-408; Fletcher W., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corpora-
tions, rev. ed., Vol. 11, USA, 2011, 466-467. “blank stock”-is uflebamosilebas mewarmeTa Sesaxeb
kanonis 59-e muxlis me-4, me-5 da me-6 punqtebi adgens.
237
238
Sead.Cox J., Hazen T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4, USA, 2010, 165-167.
239
Moran v. Household International, Inc., 500 A.2d 1346 (Del. 1985). am gadawyvetilebiT, `momwamlavi
abis~ ~flip-over~ delaveris uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaufasurebis sawinaaRmdego debule-
bebis analogad ganavrco, romelic Serwymis procesSi fasian qaRaldTa mflobelebis
dasacavad gamoiyeneba. es gadawyvetileba cnobil Unicol-is gadawyvetilebaSi Camoyali-
bebul debulebebs/principebs specifikurad amyarebs. ix. Cox, Hazen T. L., Treatise on The
Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4, USA, 2010, 168. Unicol-is principTa Sesaxeb ix.Fleischer A., Suss-
man A., Takeover Defense, Vol. I, chap. 3, USA, 2000, 6-9.
240
yovel SemTxvevaSi, tranzaqciisTvis msvlelobis micemis pirvel stadiaze mainc.
241
Lipton M., Steinberger E., Takeovers & Freezeouts, USA, 2002, chap.6., 59.
242
243
165
`momwamlavi abis~ arsi misi gamoSvebis gamartivebul proceduraa. sakmarisia mxolod

direqtorTa mier am gegmis miReba.244, 245
SemZeni sazogadoebisTvis is SeZenis tranzaqciis gaZvirebas samizne sazogadoe-
bis aqcionerTaTvis aqciaTa gaufasurebiT iwvevs. gaufasureba or segmentze vrcel-
deba. pirveli, iwvevs SemZenis kompaniis sakuTrebaSi arsebul samizne sazogadoebis
xmis uflebis Semcirebas, anu xorcieldeba samarTlebrivi kuTxiT zegavlena. meore,
iwvevs ekonomikuri Rirebulebis gaZvirebas potenciuri myidvelisTvis aqciis Rire-
bulebis gaZvirebiT. Sesabamisad, `momwamlavi abis~ struqtura `xmis uflebis gamoye-
nebis abad~ (voting pill) da èkonomikur abad~ iyofa. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, romelsac kon-
vertirebadi privilegirebuli aqciis dividendis Sesaxeb gegma ewodeba,246 aqciidan
gamomdinare, xmis micemis ufleba icvleba imgvarad,247 rom `Tavdamsxmels~ eqmneba dab-
rkolebebi aqcionerebis calmxrivi darwmunebisTvis, raTa moiwonon SeZenis tranzaq-
cia, romelic bordis mier ar iqna miRebuli.248 meore, ekonomikuri abi, romelic `finan-
sur jarimebs~ adgens SeZenisaTvis, Tavis mxriv, or subtipad iyofa.
pirveli, es aris aqciaTa Sesyidvis abi (stock purchase pill an share purchase rights plan),249
romelic aqcioners uflebas aZlevs, kidev Seisyidos aqciebi mniSvnelovani fasdakle-
biT mas Semdeg, rac daufleba gacxaddeba da mas samizne sazogadoebis bordi ar moi-
wonebs.250 ekonimikuri àbis~ meore gamovlinebaa e.w. “put pill” an `back-end pill~,251 romelic
aqcioners aRWuravs, samizne sazogadoebaSi maT mflobelobaSi arsebuli dovlaTis
(equity) sanacvlod fulis an maRali Rirebulebis mqone fasiani qaRaldebis miRebis uf-
lebiT mas Semdeg, rac bordis mier `dawunebuli~ SeZenis tranzaqcia samizne sazoga-
doebis aqciis namdvil Rirebulebas ver asaxavs (failed to meet price goals).252
amJamad, `momwamlavi abis~ yvelaze gavrcelebuli varianti aqcioneris uflebaTa
katalogis `flip-in~an~ flip-over~ statusia,253 romelic, gansakuTrebiT, oretapiani SeZenis
dros gamoiyeneba.254 miuxedavad imisa, rom am ukanasknelis unificirebuli modeluri
244
Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, 2th ed., USA, 2010, 706. Sead. Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, vol.
I, chap. 6, USA, 2000, 33-49; Klein W. A., Coffee J. C., Business Organization and Finance, 10th ed., USA,
2007, 185-189.
245
direqtorTa kompetencia aqcionerTa uflebaTa gegmis adaptirebasTan mimarTebiT maT
fiduciur movaleobaTa kategoriaSi jdeba, romlis darRvevis sakiTxi bevrjer gamx-
dara sasamarTlo davis sagani. ix. Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, 6thed., Vol. III, USA, 2009,
3125-3203.
246
Lipton M., Steinberger E., Takeovers & Freezeouts, USA. 2002, chap.6., 60.
247
`xmis uflebis abis~ gamovlinebas warmoadgens axali privilegirebuli aqciebis gamoS-
veba da maTi ganawileba aqcionerebs Soris, garda SemZenisa. ganawileba xorcieldeba
pro rata bazisze. axlad gamoSvebul pirivilegirebul aqciebs ki specialuri xmis ufle-
bebi eqneba. Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, Vol. I, chap. 5, USA, 2000, 38-39.
248
249
250
Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, Vol. I, chap. 5, USA, 2000, 40-41,49-50.
251
252
Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, Vol. I, chap. 5, USA, 2000, 34, 41-48.
253
Sead.Radin S., The Business Judgment Rule, 6thed., Vol. III, USA, 2009, 3136-3182.
254
166
varianti ar arsebobs, konceptualurad is ramdenime etaps moicavs. pirvel etapze,

vidre raime saxis dauflebis tranzaqciaze iqneba prognozireba, direqtorTa sabWo
iRebs gadawyvetilebas, dividendis saxiT yovel Cveulebriv ganTavsebul aqciaze er-
Ti aqciis Sesyidvis uflebis gacemis Taobaze.255 miniWebul uflebas aranairi ekonomi-
kuri Rirebuleba ar aqvs manam, sanam `raideri~ samizne sazogadoebis xmis uflebis mqo-
ne aqciaTa sakontrolo maCvenebels256 ar miaRwevs bordisgan gverdis avliT. am etapze,
`raideri~ iZens `bordis mier uaryofili mesakuTris~ statuss, rac yvela danarCeni
aqcioneris gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebis amoqmedebas iwvevs. amoqmedebuli uf-
lebamosilebis farglebSi, aqcioners SeuZlia damatebiT xmis micemis uflebis mqone
aqciaTa paketi SeiZinos am aqciis sabazro RirebulebasTan mimarTebiT 50%-iani fas-
daklebiT.257 sabolod, Tu `flip-in~-is Semdeg samizne kompania romelime pirTan daiwyebs
korporaciul kombinaciaSi an qonebis substanciuri nawilis gayidvaSi CarTvas, samiz-
ne sazogadoebis yvela aqcioners (garda `raiderisa~) avtomaturad eniWeba ufleba-
mosileba, tranzaqciis Sedegad Camoyalibebul korporaciaSi aqciis sabazro Rire-
bulebis 50%-iani fasdaklebiT SeiZinos yvelaze `Zlieri~ xmis uflebis mqone aqciaTa
paketi.258 flip-over-is gamoyenebis winapiroba flip-in-s realizirebuli Sedegebia.259 flip-over
moicavs korporaciul kombinacias, rodesac samizne kompaniis aqciaTa konversia an
gadacvla xdeba, an qonebis mniSvnelovani nawilis (ZiriTadad, 50%) an misi ZiriTadi
Semosavlebis gamommuSavebeli qonebis 50%-mde gayidva. miuxedavad imisa, rom flip-over-
is gamoyenebis winapirobaa flip-in, romelic (flip-in) SemZenma kompaniam satendero SeTava-
zebis gacxadebiT aamoqmeda, ar aris savaldebulo (iZulebuli) flip-over-is tranzaqciis
mxares warmoadgendes.260 tranzaqcia `momwamlavi abis~ gamoyenebis uflebis mqone aq-
cioners am uflebis darCenili nawilis gamoyenebisken mimaval gzas uxsnis. aqcioners
eZleva 50%-iani fasdaklebiT261 deda korporaciaSi yvelaze kargi xmis uflebis mqo-
255
qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi gadawyvetilebas aqcionerTa saerTo krebis Tanxmoba sWird-
eba, radgan is dividendis gacemis kuTxiT realizdeba, romlis gacemas menejmenti ax-
orcielebs. magram sawesdebo gansxvavebuli daTqmiT, mogebis ganawilebis ufleba di-
reqtorTa sabWosac SeiZleba mieniWos.ix. `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoni, me-8 da 54-e muxlis
me-6 punqtis d) qvepunqti da bolo abzaci (winadadeba).
256
rogorc wesi, es 15% an 20%-ia. saqarTveloSi sakontrolo paketad 10%-iani minimumis
gadalaxva ganixileba.
257
es aris klasikuri “flip-in”. sailustraciod, Tu kompaniis Cveulebrivi aqciis pirveladi
fasi iyo 100$, xolo “flip-in”-is SemTxvevis dadgomamde 30 savaWro dReSi misi saSualo
Rirebuleba Seadgenda 25$, aqcioneris sakuTrebaSi arsebuli ufleba SesaZleblobas
iZleva 200 dolarad Rirebuli Cveulebrivi aqcia SeiZinos 100 dolarad, romlis Sede-
gad is iqneba 8 aqciis mflobeli (200 : 25), xolo erTi aqciis Sesasyidi Rirebuleba –
12.50$ (100$ : 8). ix. Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, Vol. I, chap. 5, USA, 2000, 61; Lipton M.,
Steinberger E., Takeovers & Freezeouts, USA, 2002, chap.6., 86.
258
es ukanaskneli aris e.w. “flip-over”.
259
260
Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, vol.I, chap. 5, USA, 2000, 62.
261
rogorc es flip-in-s etapze iqna gamoTvlili.
167
ne fasiani qaRaldis SeZenis ufleba, romelic tranzaqciis Sedegad iqna formirebu-

li.262,263
aRsaniSnavia `mkvdari xelis~ (~dead hand~)264 `momwamlavi abis~ taqtikuri xasia-
265
Tic. mas Semdeg, rac ekvaieri samizne sazogadoebis garkveul procentul maCvene-
bels miaRwevs, man, SesaZloa, samizne sazogadoebis bordis etapobrivi Canacvleba da-
iwyos da Camoayalibos axali menejmenti.266 `mkvdari xelis~ taqtikuri debuleba axlad
Camoyalibebul direqtorTa sabWos uzRudavs uflebamosilebas, rom gamoisyidos wi-
na bordis mier aqcionerTa uflebrivi gegma da masSi gansazRvruli fasiani qaRalde-
bi.267 SemZenis mier am taqtikis gamoyenebis mizania axali wevrebiT bordis formirebaSi
(es wevrebi SemZeni sazogadoebis kandidatebi arian) aqcionerTa darwmuneba. Semdgom
gamoisyidis `momwamlavi abis~ debulebebiT gansazRvrul aqciebs da satendero SeTa-
vazebis procedurul warmoebas gaiadvilebs.268, 269
miuxedavad imisa, rom `momwamlavi abis~ Tavdacvis taqtikuri arsenali mraval-
ferovania, maTi konceptualuri gamovlineba dauflebis procesis prevenciul qme-
debebs asaxavs. prevencia gulisxmobs ara dauflebis Tavidan aridebas, aramed misi
gamovlinebis utilitizebas maqsimalurad maRali Semosavlis miRebis kuTxiT.270 is,
aseve, gavlenas axdens aqciis sabazro Rirebulebaze.271 rac mTavaria, mis adaptirebas
aqcionerTa krebis Tanxmoba ar esaWiroeba272 da misi implementireba, rogorc wesi, da-
uflebis proceduris dawyebis winare periodSi kapitalis struqturaSi substanciu-
ri cvlilebebis gareSe xorcieldeba.273
4.3.3. òqros paraSutis~ taqtika (~golden parachute~)
sawarmos dauflebis posttranzaqciuli periodi arsebiT zegavlenas axdens sa-

zogadoebis mosamsaxureTa274 samsaxurebriv mdgomareobaze. xSirad dauflebis Sede-
262
saxezea tipuri ùkusamkuTxa~ Serwyma: xdeba Semsyidvelis mier e.w. `fiqtiuri~ (shell)
korporaciis formireba, romelic Sesyidvis Suamaval rgols warmoadgens. Semdgom
etapze, `fiqtiuri~ korporacia uerTdeba samizne korporacias, xolo samizne korpo-
racia xdeba deda sazogadoebis, anu Semsyidveli sazogadoebis 100%-iani Svilobili
kompania. aRniSnuli ufleba xmis micemis uflebaTa Sesyidvis Sesaxeb swored tranzaq-
ciis Sedegad formirebul deda ss-s gulisxmobs. ix. Oesterle D. A., Mergers and Acquisitions,
USA, 2006, 25-26.
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
Sead.Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, vol. I, chap. 5, USA, 2000, 108-125.
270
271
iqve, 68-69.
272
iqve, 63-64.
273
274
`mosamsaxureTa~ Soris moiazreba ara mxolod sawarmos muSaxeli, aramed menejmentSi
momuSave direqtorebi, aRmasrulebeli oficrebi da sxva. ix. Fleischer A., Sussman A., Take-
over Defense, Vol. I, chap. 7, USA, 2000, 11.
168
gad mosalodnelia mosamsaxureTa siWarbis sababiT an menejmentSi cvlilebaTa gan-

xorcielebis safuZvliT maTi gaTavisufleba, an SemZeni korporaciis xarjebis Semci-
rebis anu Semosavlebis gazrdis mizniT. arasasurveli dauflebis potenciuri Sanse-
bis arsebobis fonze, samizne sazogadoebis menejmenti yovelTvis cdilobs275 kontro-
lis Secvlis efeqti mosamsaxureTa anazRaurebis gegmaSi winaswar gaiTvaliswinos.276
gegmis adaptirebas ar esaWiroeba aqcionerTa krebis gadawyvetileba im gamonaklisi
SemTxvevis garda, roca sazogadoebas ar surs fasiani qaRaldebis regulirebasa an sa-
fondo birJis moTxovnebs aaridos Tavi.277
zogadad, sawarmos mosamsaxureTa dacva SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes sargebli-
sa da kompensaciis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. swored dagegmili da Sedgenili anazRa-
urebis dacvis gegma emsaxureba da icavs aqcionerTa investiciis Rirebulebis zrdas
ramdenime aspeqtiT: pirveli, mosamsaxureTa sazogadoebaSi Tanamdebobebze darCenis
waxalisebiTa da xelSeuxeblobiT; meore, mosamsaxureTa `damSvidebiT~ maTi Semosav-
lebis Semcirebisa da samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis Taobaze, rac xels uwyobs samewar-
meo saqmianobis Cveul ritmSi warmarTvas; mesame, kompaniis niWieri menejmentis samo-
mavlo muSaobis perspeqtiviT, anu Tu is dauflebuli iqneba Sepirebuli anazRaurebis
micemiT; dabolos, meoTxe, mosamsaxureTaTvis nebadarTulobiT, dauflebis Sesaxeb
ofertis gakeTebis SemTxvevaSi, kompaniis da aqcionerebis saukeTeso interesTa kuTx-
iT moqmedebaze, pirovnuli sargeblianobisken gadaxris gamoricxviT.278 aRsaniSnavia,
rom msgavsi tipis zogadi sargeblianobis gansazRvra dauflebisgan Tavdacvis an misi
aridebis saSualebas, rogorc aseTs, ar warmoadgens.279 is, upiratesad, icavs mosamsa-
xureTa safuZvlian molodinebs; icavs maTTvis saxelSekrulebo debulebaTa safuZ-
velze daTqmul anazRaurebis Sesaxeb dapirebebs; xels uSlis ekvaiers samizne sazoga-
doebaSi anazRaurebisa da Semosavlebis miRebis danergili praqtikis flustraciaSi
da icavs daqiravebul subieqtebs dapatronebis Sedegad xelSekrulebis daugegmavi
Sewyvetis Sedegebisgan.280,281
275
Tu, ra Tqma unda, misi korporaciuli marTva saukeTeso praqtikis standartebs Seesab-
ameba.
276
277
iqve, 12.
278
iqve, 5.
279
aris Tu ara òqros paraSuti~ TavdacviTi saSualeba – es iuridiul doqtrinaSi sade-
bato sakiTxia. arsebobs Sexeduleba, rom is, upiratesad, samizne kompaniis aqcionerTa
da menejmentTa Soris dauflebis etapze interestTa konfliqtisgan Tavis aridebis
saSualebas warmoadgens. interestTa konfliqtis acilebis meTodis sailustraciod
sainvesticio portfolios diversificireba gamoiyeneba. Tu aseTi taqtikis samizne
subieqtad sakmao raodenobis TanamSromelia moniSnuli, es ekvaieri korporaciis
dauflebis xarjebs sakmaod gazrdis. ix. Gilson R., The Law and Finance of Corporate Acquisi-
tions, USA, 1986, 670-671.
280
281
CamoTvlil garemoebebs samizne sazogadoebis mosamsaxureTa samsaxurebrivi
poziciebis daTmobis an restruqturizaciis `rbil~ da ùmtkivneulo~ ganxorcielebas
moicavs, ris gamoc, mas ~parachute~ uwodeben, rac Sinaarsobrivad paraSutiT usafrTxo
daSvebas gulisxmobs.
169
zemoaRniSnuli SemTxvevis konkretuli gamovlineba menejmentSi momuSave is Zi-

riTadi Zalaa, romelTa qmedebebzec aris damyarebuli samizne sazogadoebis swori
korporaciuli Tu marketinguli marTva282 da romelTa interesebis erTgvari dazR-
veva korporaciasTan (anu damqiraveleTan) konkretuli SeTanxmebis dadebiT xdeba. es
SeTanxmeba anazRaurebis283 meTodia, romelic SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebul iqnes sasamsa-
xure xelSekrulebaSi an gancalkevebuli284 SeTanxmebiT.285 Sesabamisad, drois konkre-
tul diapazonSi moqmedebis iuridiuli Zala aqvs.286 misi mTavari ganmsazRvreli faq-
tori SeTanxmebis debulebebia, romlis Tanaxmad, menejeri Tu aRmasrulebeli direq-
tori dauflebis Sedegad gaTavisuflebis an misi uflebamosilebis specialurad gan-
sazRvruli drois gasvliT Sewyvetis gamo, mosamsaxures debulebiT dadgenili anazR-
aureba unda mieces.287 msgavsi tipis SeTanxmeba kontrolis Secvlis Sedegebis neitra-
lizebisTvis sazogadoebis mosamsaxureTa daculobis erTgvar sagarantio meqanizms
warmoadgens. amitom, mas `sargeblis daculobasac~ an `sargeblis~ gegmas uwodeben.288
SeTanxmebis debulebaTa amoqmedeba samizne sazogadoebaSi kontrolis Secvlis Sem-
dgom iwyeba.289 menejmenti aseTi SeTanxmebiT im SemTxvevis prevencirebas aRwevs, ro-
desac mas SeiZleba aRar undodes sxva mesakuTris/makontroleblis daqvemdebarebSi
samewarmeo saqmianobis warmarTva, minimum, ndobis da TanamSromlobiTi staJis ar ar-
sebobis gamo, gansxvavebiT wina mesakuTresTan Camoyalibebuli urTierTobebisgan.290
dauflebisgan Tavdacvis ukanaskneli saSualeba korporaciis organizaciul,
strategiul da struqturul elementTa, erTi mxriv, samizne sazogadoebis daufle-
bis ofcionis gaZvirebiT cvlilebaTa prevencirebas axorcielebs da misi Tavdapir-
veli formiT SenarCunebis sagarantio taqtikur meqanizms ganekuTvneba, xolo, meo-
re mxriv, samizne sazogadoebis personals (viwro gagebiT) korporaciis strategiul
struqturul elementTa (kontrolis) cvalebadobis Sedegad gamowveuli organizaci-
uli mowyobis (menejmentis, mosamsaxureTa) modificirebis SedegTa saTanado kompen-
sirebis miRebis SesaZleblobas aniWebs.
4.3.4. `mwvane safosto yuTis~ taqtika (~greenmail~)
Tavdacvis meqanizmTa CamonaTvali, teqnikurad mravalelementiani Semadgenlo-

bis gamo, faqtobrivad, legionia. bordis kompetenciaSi daweril da dauwerel ufle-
282
SemTxvevas, rodesac menejmentis ZiriTadi personalis erTgvari dazRveva xorcield-
eba dauflebis SedegTa mimarT, “golden parachute” ewodeba. ix. Lipton M., Steinberger E., Take-
overs & Freezeouts, USA, 2002, chap.6., 13.
283
anazRaurebis es meTodi, sagadasaxado kuTxiT, dabegvradia. msgavsi tipis kompensacia
Cveulebriv Semosavals warmoadgens, Sesabamisad, jdeba dabegvrad kategoriaTa ricx-
vSi. ix. Thomson S., Business Planning For Mergers and Acquisitions, 2th ed., USA, 2001, 1035.
284
285
286
SeTanxmebis debulebaTa moqmedebis tipuri magaliTi erTi wlidan sam wlamde perio-
dia. ix. Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, Vol. I, chap. 7, USA, 2000, 14-15.
287
288
289
290
iqve, 671.
170
baTa291 miznobrivi definicia Tavdacvis saSualebaTa konkretul meTods ayalibebs.

meTodis Sinaarss direqtoratis mier sazogadoebis gamoTavisuflebuli fuladi na-
kadis gankargva da amiT arasasurveli SeZenisgan TavdacviTi strategiis SemuSaveba
ayalibebs.292
samizne sazogadoebis aqciaTa sakontrolo paketis Sesaxeb satendero ofertis
gakeTeba `sapasuxo~ qmedebas moiTxovs.293 arsebobs ori tipis sapasuxo qmedeba: Tav-
dacvis taqtika anu dauflebis mcdelobis ganeitraleba da ofertze modificirebu-
li aqceptis gakeTeba.294 `mwvane safostoo yuTis~ taqtika pirvel kategorias ganekuT-
vneba. mas Semdeg, rac samizne sazogadoebis mimarT dafiqsirdeba dauflebis Sesaxeb
SeTavazeba, samizne sazogadoebis direqtorats SesaZlebloba aqvs sapasuxo `dartyma~
miayenos `raiders~. bordis gadawyvetilebiT, Tavdacvis meqanizmad, ekvaieri korpo-
raciis im aqciaTa premiumfasad SeZena xdeba, romelsac samizne sazogadoebaSi `mtru-
li~ dauflebis potenciuri ganmaxorcielebeli kompania flobs.295 taqtikis realize-
ba korporaciis Tavisufali saxsrebiT formirebuli fondidan xorcieldeba. aqciaTa
gamosyidvis Sedegad, samizne sazogadoeba aRar dgas potenciuri SemZenis arasasurve-
li dauflebis safrTxis winaSi, radgan is sazogadoebaSi aqciaTa pakets aRar flobs.296
mocemul pirobaTa Tanwyobis problemuri sakiTxi297 direqtorTa fiduciuri movale-
obebis daculobasa da tranzaqciis dasrulebis Semdeg samizne sazogadoebis aqciaTa
Rirebulebis mkveTri dacemaa.298 direqtorati valdebulia daamtkicos, rom gamosyid-
va ganxorcielda korporaciis saukeTeso interesebidan gamomdinare.299 winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, maT business judgement rule ar daicavs.300 agreTve, mis uaryofiT mxares warmo-
291
Sead.Cox J., Hazen T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3th ed., Vol. 3, USA, 2010, 406-407.
292
293
aRsaniSnavia, rom samizne kompanias SeuZlia sawesdebo doneze `mwvane safosto yuTis~
taqtikis antitaqtika SeimuSaos. kerZod, SesaZlebelia, rom samizne sazogadoebis wes-
debaSi gansazRvros, rom ekvaieris sakuTrebaSi arsebul xmis uflebis mqone aqciaTa
Sesyidvis uflebamosileba direqtorats mxolod aqcionerTa krebis gadawyvetilebis
SemTxvevaSi eqneba. ix. Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, Vol. I, chap.6, USA, 2000, 52-54.
294
òqros paraSuti~, momwamlavi abi~ da, nawilobriv, `zvigenis mogeriebis~ taqtika,
ZiriTadad, modificirebuli aqceptia gaumjobesebuli pirobebiT.
295
Cox J., Hazen T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3th ed., Vol. 4., USA, 2010, 175.
296
Tumca, potenciuri SemZenis aqciaTa SeZeniT, `gaZevebam~ SeiZleba sxva korporaciebSi
dauflebis cduneba warmoSos. ix. Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, 2th ed., USA, 2010, 708.
297
mocemuli taqtikis zogierT problemur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ix. Gilson R., The Law
and Finance of Corporate Acquisitions, USA, 1986, 736-738.
298
299
Polk Good-is winaaRmdeg saqmeSi sasamarTlom direqtorTa mier ganxorcielebuli
~greenmail~-is gadaxda business judgement rule-iT dacul sferod ganixila. ix. Polk v. Good,
507, A.2d 531 (Del. 1986).
300
`mwvane safosto yuTis~ tranzaqciis Sesaxeb erT-erT yvelaze cnobil gadawyvetile-
baSi sasamarTlom korporaciis kapitaliT sakuTari aqciebis gamosyidva sazogadoebis
makontrolebel Tanamdebobaze darCenis `SiSveli survilis~Sedegad cno, rameTu is ar
emsaxureboda korporaciis saukeTeso interesebs. ix. Heckman v. Ahmanson, 214 Cal. Rptr.
177 (Ct. App. 1985).
171
adgens sagadasaxado dabegvris reJimSi moqceva.301 aSS-is sagadasaxado kanonmdeblo-

baSi, 1986 wels Sesuli cvlilebiT, aikrZala nebismieri raodenobis Tanxis gankargva,
romelic sakuTari aqciebis gamosyidvas ukavSirdeba302 (ra Tqma unda, mtruli SeZenis
dros), xolo 1987 wels kongresis mier dawesebul iqna 50%-iani mogebis an sxva Semo-
savlos sagadasaxado valdebuleba, romelic ar aris yvela aqcionerTa mimarT imave
pirobebiT gadaxdili anu Tu gamosyidvis samizne obieqts yvela aqcioneri ar warmoad-
gens.303 miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, doqtrinaSi arsebobs Sexeduleba, rom `greenmail~
aris socialurad sasargeblo movlena, romelic, saboloo jamSi, korporaciis Rire-
bulebas zrdis.
`grinmeilis~ gamoyenebis Sedegad korporaciis organizaciul struqturul er-
TeulebSi cvlileba ar xorcieldeba. is, rogorc wesi, swored aseTi mosalodneli
organizaciuli struqturuli cvlilebebis sawinaaRmdegod aris mimarTuli. mis sapi-
rispirod, korporaciis strategiul elementebSi, kapitalis struqturisa da qonebis
urTierTmimarTebiT balansSi garkveuli koreqtivebi Sedis. xdeba korporaciis mier
mesame pirze gacemuli aqciebis SeZena Tavad sazogadoebis mier (kapitalis struqtu-
ruli cvlilebis gareSe). sazogadoeba aqciaTa SesaZenad iyenebs korporaciis specia-
lur fonds, romelic gamoTavisuflebuli fuladi saxsrebiT aris formirebuli. anu,
SeZena sazogadoebis qonebrivi erTeulis Semcirebis xarjze xdeba, radgan SenaZeniT,
faqtobrivad, kapitalis struqtura da ganTavsebul aqciaTa raodenoba ucvleli rCe-
ba, magram kompaniidan xdeba substanciuri fuladi saxsrebi gadineba, rac, sabolood,
aqciaTa Rirebulebis Semcirebas iwvevs.
301
Thomson S., Business Planning For Mergers and Acquisitions, 2thed.,USA, 2001, 1038-1039. saqarTvelos
sagadasaxado kodeqsi sakuTari aqciebis Sesyidvis regulaciebs ar awesebs. imisaTvis,
rom msgavsi tipis transferi dabegvris reJimSi moeqces, aucilebelia dasabegri mo-
gebis arseboba. dasabegri mogeba gamoiTvleba erTobliv Semosavalsa da sagadasaxado
gamoqviTvebs Soris sxvaobiT. erToblivi Semosavali gamoiTvleba saqarTveloSi arse-
buli wyarodan da mis farglebs gareT arsebuli Semosavlebis jamisgan. erToblivi
Semosavlis erT segments ekonomikuri saqmianobiT miRebuli Semosavali warmoadgens.
ekonomikuri saqmianobiT miRebul SemosavalTa Soris aRsaniSnavia aqtivebis reali-
zaciidan miRebuli Semosavali. vinaidan `mwvane safosto yuTis~ taqtikis dafinanseba
korporaciis Tavisufali saxsrebiT formirebuli fondidan xorcieldeba, xolo msga-
vsi fondi materialuri aqtivis kategoriaSi Sedis, logikuria, rom sakuTari aqciebis
gamosyidviT, risTvisac kompania aqtivs iyenebs, fiqsirdeba ekonomikuri Semosavali
aqciebis saxiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom sawarmos arsobrivad araferi emateba, radgan is
xdeba sakuTari Tavis movale, saxezea erToblivi Semosavlis maformirebeli segmen-
tis Sinaarsobrivi mocemuloba, anu tranzaqcia xdeba dabegvris obieqti. Sesabamisad,
qarTuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, Tavdacvis RonisZiebad ~greenmail~-is gamoyeneba
sagadasaxado kuTxiTac wamgebiani iqneba. ix. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, me-8
muxlis me-2 da me-15 nawili, 97-e muxlis pirveli nawili, me-100 muxli da 102-e muxlis
pirveli nawilis b) punqti.
302
ix. juReli g.,kapitalis dacva saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, 2010, 38-43.
303
Cox J., Hazen T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4., USA, 2010, 176.
172
4.3.5. kapitalis restruqturizacia, rogorc arasasurveli SeZenisgan

dacvis strategia
dauflebisgan Tavdacvis taqtikaTa urTierTmimarTeba cxadyofs, rom zogierTi

maTganis Sinaarsobrivi elementebi urTierTdamxmare, urTierTmkveTi an urTierTSe-
mavsebeli xasiaTisaa. msgavsi fenomenia kapitalis struqtura.304 arasasurveli SemZe-
nisgan Tavdacvas samizne sazogadoeba xSirad sakuTari SesaZleblobebiT cdilobs,
risTvisac is Tavad gamodis `white knight~-is rolSi. is cdilobs Tavi daicvas da gazar-
dos aqcionerTa da kompaniis Rirebuleba biznesstrategiebis efeqturi realizirebis
saSualebiT. restruqturizacia305 da rekapitalizacia miznis miRwevis SesaZlo vari-
antTagan erT-erTi yvelaze realuria.306, 307 maTi ganxorcielebis realuroba sawarmos
mocemul mdgomareobaze, mis struqturaze, wesdebasa da maregulirebel sakanonmdeb-
lo normebzea damokidebuli. amis mixedviT keTdeba arCevani, rogori struqturuli
cvlilebis ganxorcielebaa sasurveli: aqcionerTa gadawyvetilebis saWiroebis dawe-
seba; konkretuli raodenobis Tanxebis akumulirebis SesaZlebloba an nameti Tanxis
reinvestireba; saangariSgebo Sedegebze gaTvlili struqturuli cvlileba; valde-
bulebebis aRebis arsebuli sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebis mxedvelobaSi miReba; aqcio-
nerTa protestis uflebis sakanonmdeblo arseboba Tu sagadasaxado faqtor-garemo-
ebebze gadamisamarTeba.308
korporaciis strategiuli elementis, kapitalis, Secvla anu rekapitalizaci-
is ganxorcieleba, gavrcelebuli saSualebaa, romlis realizirebisTvis Serwymis an
reklasificirebis struqtura gamoiyeneba.309 SerwymiT rekapitalizaciis dros xdeba
samizne sazogadoebis Cveulebriv aqciaTa konvertireba fulSi (an kombinirebulad
304
dauflebisgan Tavdacvis kidev erTi radikaluri zoma samizne sazogadoebis reinkor-
porirebaa. reinkorporacia xdeba iseTi samarTlebrivi regulirebis qveyanaSi (Stat-
Si), romelsac dauflebis sawinaaRmdegod mkacri sakanonmdeblo normebi aqvs. ix. Cox J.,
Hazen T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4., USA, 2010, 251-258.
305
restruqturizaciaSi igulisxmeba sazogadoebis gayofa, misi romelime samewarmeo
saqmianobis mimarTulebis gayidva an Svilobili sawarmosTvis gadacema, mTliani an
nawilobrivi likvidacia, aqciaTa gamosyidva da rekapitalizacia. ix. Fleischer A., Sussman
A., Takeover Defense, Vol. I, chap.13, USA, 2000, 3.
306
307
magram, rekapitalizaciis Tavdacvis meqanizmad miCneva yvela SemTxvevaSi ar xorciel-
deba. mag., 1996 wels, delaveris uzenaesma sasamarTlom samizne sazogadoebis aqcioner-
Ta 50%-iani mxardaWeriT miRebuli rekapitalizaciis gadawyvetileba, romelic korpo-
raciaze maT kontrols amyarebda, ar daakvalificira TavdacviT qmedebad. ix. Williams v.
Geier, 671, A.2d 1368, (Del. 1996).
308
Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, vol. I, chap.13, USA, 2000, 4.
309
`mokle Serwymisa~ da korporaciaTa reklasificirebis dros SezRudulad gamoiyene-
ba aqcionerTa protestis ufleba. ufro sworad, pirvelis SemTxvevaSi SezRudulad,
xolo meores SemTxvevaSi saerTod ar xdeba am uflebebze apelireba. igive mdgomareo-
baa samizne sazogadoebis mier sakuTari aqciebis Sesyidvis satendero SeTavazebisas,
radgan, misi perspeqtividan, aseTi oferti ar aris tranzaqcia. Sesabamisad, ar xdeba
aqcionerTa uflebebis daculoba. ix. Cox J., Hazen T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations,
3thed., Vol. 4.,USA, 2010, 4, 72-76.
173
fulsa da sesxSi) da axali (`gadarCenili~) kompaniis Cveulebriv aqciebSi. misi Sebru-

nebul varianti reklasificirebaa. kapitalis restruqturizeba reklasificirebiT
niSnavs, rom samizne sazogadoebis wesdebaSi cvlilebebis SetaniT xdeba Cveulebriv
aqciaTa reklasificireba privilegirebul aqciebSi, romelic, etapobrivad, gamoisyi-
deba naRdi fuliTa (an misi ekvivalentiT, e.i. sesxiT an qonebiT) da axali Cveulebrivi
aqciebiT. menejmenti xSirad Tavs ikavebs sasesxo fuladi nakadebis an naRdi fulis mi-
Rebisgan da amjobinebs axali aqciebis miRebas. amasTan, aqciaTa gacvlis kursi, rome-
lic axal aqciaTa Sefasebul sabazro Rirebulebazea dafuZnebuli, gamoiTvleba ise,
rom samizne sazogadoebis menejmentis mier miRebuli saerTo anazRaureba (considerati-
on) amave sazogadoebis (sajaro) aqcionerTa mier miRebuli Semosavlis ekvivalentu-
ria. es struqturuli cvlilebebi, rogorc wesi, aqcionerTa saerTo krebis gadawyve-
tilebas moiTxovs,310 ZiriTadad, kvalificiuri umravlesobiT.311
rekapitalizaciis dafinansebis wyaro `leverejia~, Sesabamisad, axali kompania,
romelic Serwymis Sedegad yalibdeba, upiratesad, sasesxo312 kapitalizaciis formis
matarebelia. Tavis mxriv, sesxis aReba kapitalis struqturis Secvlis saukeTeso sa-
Sualebas warmoadgens.313
kapitalis restruqturizacia dauflebisgan dacvis mniSvnelovani berketia im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu sasesxo dafinansebiT formirebuli kapitalis mesakuTre aqcionerTa
profili Seicvleba. kerZod, Tu samizne sazogadoeba xmis uflebis mqone aqciaTa Ziri-
Tad nawils rekapitalizaciis dasafinanseblad mesame e.w. `megobrul~ pirs (~white squa-
re~) mihyidis, maSin es potenciur `mtrul~ SeZenas gaaneitralebs.314
dasasrul, rekapitalizaciis Sedegad, samizne sazogadoebas ezrdeba sasesxo
valdebulebebi da gardaiqmneba maRali `leverejis~ mqone kompaniad. es ki mizezobri-
obis myari jaWviT aris dakavSirebuli fuladi nakadis sasesxo valdebulebebis dasak-
mayofileblad gadinebasTan. fuladi saxsrebis moZieba operaciuli da kapitalis xar-
jebis SemcirebiT da, zogjer, qonebis gasxvisebis safuZvelze xorcieldeba. agreTve,
rekapitalizebuli sazogadoebis menejmentis wilobrivi maCvenebelis ramdenjerme
gazrdis Sansi realuri xdeba.315
310
aqcionerTa krebis gadawyvetilebis miRebisgan Tavis aridebis saSualebaa, Tu samizne
sazogadoebis aqcionerebi eqstraordinalur dividends fuliT an debetiT miiReben.
isini SedarebiT dabali Rirebulebis mqone Cveulebrivi aqciis mflobelebi xdebi-
an axal, `leverejirebul~ kompaniaSi. aRniSnuli restruqturizacia emsaxureba aq-
cionerTa Rirebulebis zrdas maTi wliuri Semosavlebis zRvruli maCveneblis zrdiT,
romelic debetis aqciaSi (equity) gadacvlis Sedegad miiRweva. wilTa Semcirebis bazisze
izrdeba erTi aqciidan gamomuSavebuli Semosavali. ix. Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover De-
fense, vol. I, chap.13, USA, 2000, 5, 13-14.
311
Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, vol. I, chap.13, USA, 2000, 5.
312
sesxis aRebis saWiroeba axali aqciebis gamoSvebis dafinansebisTvis xorcieldeba. ix.
Cox J., Hazen T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3thed., Vol. 4., USA, 2010, 176-178.
313
iqve, 174.
314
Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, Vol. I, chap.13, USA, 2000, 25-36.
315
iqve, 6-7. es miiRweva maSin, Tu rekapitalizaciis Sedegad menejmentis anazRaurebis
saxed, fulis nacvlad, axali aqciebi ganisazRvreba.mag., Akompanias aqvs 1000 gan-
Tavsebuli aqcia, saidanac 75 menejmentis sakuTrebaSia. rekapitalizaciis pirobebis
Tanaxmad, sajaro aqcionerebi, romelTa sakuTrebaSi 925 aqciaa, uflebamosilni arian
174
4.3.6. dauflebisgan dacvis sxva saSualebaTa ganmartebisTvis
ZiriTadi TavdacviTi strategiebis garda, romelTa Soris arCevanis gakeTeba di-

reqtorTa kompetenciaSi Sedis, rasac isini fiduciur movaleobaTa da Tavdacvis me-
qanizmis adekvaturobis sinTezuri analiziT unda axorcielebdnen, arsebobs dacvis
kidev ramdenime saSualeba.
Tavdacvis taqtikaTa Soris erT-erTi yvelaze tendenciuri gamovlinebaa `Pac
man~-is taqtika. misi gamoyenebis Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva SemZeni sazogadoebis aqci-
aTa imaze adre Sesyidvaa, vidre Tavad ekvaieri kompania samizne sazogadoebis ganTav-
sebul aqciaTa `mtrul~ SeZenas daasrulebdes.316 sapasuxo SeZena, aseve, `mtruli~ Se-
TavazebiT xorcieldeba.317 Tu orive sazogadoeba warmatebiT daasrulebs TiToeulis
sakontrolo paketis SeZenas, maSin arc erT maTgans ar eqneba xmis micemis gamoyeneba im
aqciebis mimarT, romelTac isini meore sawarmoSi floben. misi ritorika aseTia: `pa-
tara Tevzi did Tevzs Semoutrialdeba da cdilobs mis gadaylapvas, sanam didi Tevzi
gadaylapavs mas~.318
`mtruli~ satendero SeTavazebis miRebis Semdeg, Tu direqtoratis gankargu-
lebaSi efeqturi Tavdacvis saSualeba ar aris da aSkaraa, rom samizne sazogadoeba
Tavs ver daicavs arasasurveli SeZenisgan, maSin samizne sazogadoebis menejmenti kon-
kurenti SemZenis e.w. `White knight~ moZebnas iwyebs. es ukanaskneli samizne sazogadoe-
basTan aqciaTa SeZenis Sesaxeb molaparakebas awarmoebs, anu xdeba `mtruli~ SeZenis
Canacvleba `megobruli~ mesame piris mier. Tavdacvis am meTodis mizani samizne sazo-
gadoebis damoukidebeli arsebobis SenarCuneba ar aris. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sedegi
erTi da igive dgeba – samizne sazogadoeba wyvets arsebobas, realurad, korporacias
arasasurveli mesame piri aRar Seisyidis.319
samizne sazogadoebas SeuZlia gamouSvas sakmaod didi raodenobis aqciebi, ri-
Tic ekvaieris procentul monawileobas Seamcirebs. amasTan, gamoSvebul aqciebs ga-
dascems SedarebiT `megobrul~ mesame pirs e.w. `White square~-s. mesame pirTan ideba
ùmoqmedobis xelSekruleba~ (`standstill agreement~), romlis mTavari piroba isaa, rom (a)
Semsyidveli piri SezRudulia aqciaTa samomavlo realizebis SesaZleblobiT; (b) Se-
TiToeuli aqcia gadacvalon 8$ naRd fulze, 2$ debetze da erT axal aqciaze, romlis
dagegmili sabazro Rirebuleba 2.50$ Seadgens. Sedegad, erTi aqciis saerTo Rirebule-
baa 12.50$. menejments, romelic flobs 75 aqcias, SeuZlia, TiTo aqciaSi miiRos 5 axali
aqcia (erTi Zveli aqciis Rirebulebaa 12.50$, xolo axali aqciis – 2.50$, 12.50: 2.50=5),
im pirobiT, rom aqcionerebis anazRaurebis saxed naRdi fuli an debetia gankuTvnili,
xolo menejmenti Rebulobs mxolod axal aqciebs. Sedegad, rekapitalizebuli korpo-
raciis aqciaTa raodenoba 1300-mde aRwevs, saidanac menejmentis sakuTrebaSi 375 aq-
ciaa. aqciaTa raodenobrivi maCveneblis cvalebadoba wilobriv maCvenebelze 21.5%-is
matebiT aisaxa: rekapitalizaciamde periodSi menejmentis sakuTrebaSi 7.5% iyo, xolo
postrekapitalizaciis etapze misi wilobrivi maCvenebeli 29%-s aRwevs.
316
317
Lipton M., Steinberger E., Takeovers & Freezeouts, USA, 2002, chap.6., 239-245.
318
Haas J. J., Corporate Finance, Usa, 2011, 711.
319
iqve, 710.
175
Tanxmeba krZalavs sakontrolo uflebis samizne sazogadoebis samewarmeo saqmianoba-

ze zegavlenis kuTxiT gamoyenebas; (g) samizne sazogadoebas utovebs xelSekrulebis
Seewyvetis calmxriv SesaZleblobas, Tu SemZeni gadawyvets aqciaTa gayidvas; (d) Se-
TanxmebiT, SemZeni valdebulia mis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli aqciebis xmis ufleba imgva-
rad gamoiyenos, rogorc samizne sazogadoeba miuTiTebs. sanacvlod, SemZeni samizne
sazogadoebis bordSi warmomadgenlobiT uflebas iRebs.320
dacvis prevenciuli kombinaciuri meTodia e.w. `lock-up~ taqtika. misi yvelaze gav-
rcelebuli gamovlinebaa `crown jewel~.321 samizne sazogadoebis menejmentma SesaZle-
belia, arasasurveli SeZenis prevencirebis mizniT, mesame pirs SesTavazos ZiriTadi
qonebis an biznesis saqmianobis mimarTulebis SeZena morigebaze dafuZnebul fasad im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu samizne sazogadoebas mouwevs `mtruli~ SeZenisgan `gaqceva~.322 `Cam-
keti~ SeTanxmebis miRweva SesaZlebelia `White knight~-Tan, romelsac mTliani kompaniis
SeZenas SesTavazebs samizne sazogadoeba. Sedegad, samizne sazogadoeba ekvaierisTvis
naklebad mimzidvel obieqtad gardaiqmneba. amitom, aseT SeTanxmebas `lock-up~ xelSek-
ruleba ewodeba.323
dabolos, `raideris~ konkurenti SemZeni kompaniis moZebnis sanacvlod, SesaZle-
belia samizne sazogadoebam kapitalis bazarze ganTavsebuli sakuTari aqciebis gamos-
yidvis Sesaxeb satendero SeTavazeba gaakeTos.324 es taqtika dauflebis srulad Tavi-
dan acilebis meTodur midgomas ar warmoadgens, Tumca SemZenisTvis dauflebis Sede-
gad warmoSobil sinergizmis efeqts ekonomikur Rirebulebas ukargavs. ekvaiers kidev
SeuZlia gaakeTos satendero SeTavazeba im aqciaTa Sesyidvis Sesaxeb, romelic samizne
sazogadoebas darCa.325 misi gamoyenebiT, samizne sazogadoebis menejmenti imedovnebs
`raiderisTvis~ konkurentuli garemoebis Seqmnas da darCenili aqciebis maRal fasad
gayidvas. miuxedavad amisa, samizne sazogadoebis ganTavsebul aqciaTa raodenoba mi-
nimalur maCveneblamdea dayvanili sakuTari aqciebis gamosyidvis Sedegad.326, 327
320
321
Sead.Cox J., Hazen T. L., Treatise on The Law of Corporations, 3th ed., Vol. 4., USA, 2010, 178-180.
322
323
Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, 2th ed., USA, 2010, 710. Sead. Fleischer A., Sussman A., Takeover Defense, vol.
I, chap. 13, USA, 2000, 23-24.
324
samizne sazogadoebis mier `raideris~ sakuTrebaSi arsebul aqciaTa gamosyidvas
racionaluri samewarmeo mizani unda gaaCndes. ix. Unocal Corp. v. Mesa Petrolium Co., 493 A.2d
946, (Del. 1985).
325
326
327
korporaciaTa dauflebis kidev bevri saxeoba arsebobs – dawyebuli `mosamsaxureTa
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli aqciaTa gegmidan~ (Esop) damTavrebuli `Camketi ofcioniT~ (lock-
upoption), romelTa sruli amowurva SeuZlebelia da maTi Semdgomi analizi naSromis
struqturas arasolidur saxes miscemda.
176
V. daskvna
dauflebis Sinaarsobrivi definicia korporaciul kombinaciaSi monawile ori an

meti mewarme iuridiuli piridan erT-erTisTvis tranzaqciaSi monawileobis nebelo-
biTi xarisxiT ganisazRvreba. `megobruli~ daufleba arasasurvel, magram aucileb-
lad dasaTanxmebel kategorias ganekuTvneba. Sesabamisad, saxezea susti nebelobiTi
aqtivoba. misgan atipuria `mtruli~ daufleba, rodesac samizne sazogadoebis nebelo-
ba tranzaqciis uaryofisken aris mimarTuli.orive maTganze Sesrulebuli zemoaRniS-
nuli analizis saerTo segmenti moqmedebis ganzomilebaSia. kerZod, dauflebis praq-
ticireba kapitalis organizebul meorad bazarze sruldeba.328 praqtikuli gamoxatu-
lebis adgili fasiani qaRaldebis regulaciebiT mowesrigebad sferos ganekuTvneba.
ganxiluli analizi ori konunqciuri samarTlis (sakorporacio da kapitalis bazris)
dogmatikis gamoyenebiT Sesrulda. Sesrulebuli kvlevis interdisciplinur saxes sa-
gadasaxado aspeqtebis analitikuri danamatebis arseboba ayalibebs. kvlevis Sedegad
struqturulad Camoyalibda da analitikurad iqna ganxiluli im qmedebaTa mocemu-
loba, romelic dauflebis praqtikuli utilizirebis procesSi sruldeba. strategi-
aTa upiratesoba da uaryofiTi mxare erTmaneTs emijneba. kvlevis praqtikuli gamoye-
nebis daniSnuleba SedegTa sargeblianobiT ganisazRvreba: kvleva SesaZleblobas iZ-
leva dauflebis saxeTa Soris gonivruli arCevani iqnes gakeTebuli da ganisazRvros
kontrolis mopovebis strategiuli xedva. martivi deduqcia cxadyofs, rom samizne
sazogadoebis menejmentis arsenalSi Tavdacvis mravali kombinaciuri taqtikis Ser-
Ceva, dagegmareba da ganxorcielebaa. naSromi dauflebisgan dacvis arapopularuli,
magram potenciurad gamoyenebad strategiaTa Sinaarsobrivi monaxaziT sruldeba.
328
Pinto A., Branson D., Understanding Corporate Law, 3rd ed., USA, 2009, 368.
177
roin migriauli*
gakotrebis mmarTvelis samarTlebrivi statusi 1996 wlis

gakotrebis kanonisa da 2007 wlis gadaxdisuunarobis kanonis
SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze
1. Sesavali
gakotrebis mmarTvelis instituti gakotrebis samarTlis erT-erTi umniSvne-

lovanesi institutia. aRniSnuli institutis pirvelsawyisebi jer kidev romis samar-
Tlidan iRebs saTaves.1 gakotrebis mmarTvelis winamorbedia magister, romelsac kredi-
torTa wridan pretori niSnavda da curator, romelsac magistrati2 niSnavda. orive pirs
Tavdapirvelad kreditorebi irCevdnen da isini movalis qonebis marTvisa da gayid-
vis funqciebiT iyvnen aRWurvilni. `magisteri~ movalis mTlian qonebas erT SemZenze
yidda da amonagebs kreditorTa Soris anawilebda. xolo `kurators~ SeeZlo movalis
qonebis calkeuli sagnebi gaeyida, Tumca amonagebs kreditorebze sasamarTlo anawi-
lebda.3
romis samarTlis recefciis Sedegad evropis sxva qveynebSi romis samarTlis
sxvadasxva sistemac aisaxa. Sesabamisad, samarTlis bevrma institutma, mcireodeni sa-
xecvlilebiT, evropis umravlesi qveynis samarTalSic daido bina. aRniSnuli Seexo
gakotrebis samarTalsac. Sedegad, Tanamedrove evropis gakotrebis samarTali romis
samarTalSi Camoyalibebul sistemebze dafuZnda.4 igive iTqmis gakotrebis qarTul sa-
marTalzec, romelsac safuZveli `gakotrebis saqmeTa warmoebis Sesaxeb~ 1996 wlis ka-
nonma (SemdgomSi – gakotrebis kanoni) Cauyara. Tavis mxriv, es ukanaskneli germanuli
gakotrebisa da inzolvencis samarTlis recefciis Sedegi iyo.5 2007 wels amoqmedda
kanoni `gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb~ (SemdgomSi – gadaxdisuunarobis
kanoni), romelmac gardamavali periodis gasvlis Semdeg mTlianad Caanacvla gakotre-
bis kanoni. orive kanonis SedarebiTi analiziT naTlad dasturdeba, rom gadaxdisuu-
narobis kanoni aSkardaa daSorebuli gakotrebis samarTlis aRiarebul standartebs6.
gakotrebis standartuli samarTlisagan daSoreba gansakuTrebulad aisaxa ga-
kotrebis mmarTvelis samarTlebriv statussa da mis kompetenciebSi. gadaxdisuuna-
robis kanoniT, gakotrebis mmarTvelis institutma seriozuli saxecvlileba ganica-
* samarTlis doqtori.
1
migriauli r., Sesavali gakotrebis samarTalSi (damxmare saxelmZRvanelo), me-2 gadamu-
Savebuli gamocema, Tb., 2006, 167-168.
2
magistratus Zvel romSi saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba iyo, romelic ekava konsuls, pretors,
tribuns da sxv.
3
Savebuli gamocema, Tb., 2006, 168.
4
migriauli r., qarTuli kerZo samarTlis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2011, 23.
5
iqve, 21.
6
iqve,132.
178
roin migriauli, gakotrebis mmarTvelis samarTlebrivi statusi 1996 wlis gakotrebis
kanonisa da 2007 wlis gadaxdisuunarobis kanonis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze
da: gakotrebis mmarTvelma ara mxolod sxva samarTlebrivi statusi SeiZina, misi fun-
qciebic gansxvavebulad Camoyalibda.
evropis qveynebis inzolvencis (valauvalobis) samarTlis mixedviT, gakotrebis
mmarTveli imdenad Zlieri da damoukidebeli personaa, rom mas gakotrebis warmoebis
`centralur figurad~ moixsenieben. aseTi figura iyo igi 1996 wlis gakotrebis qar-
Tuli samarTlis mixedviTac.7 gakotrebis mmarTvelis centralur rols mTlian war-
moebaSi isic ganapirobebda, rom gakotrebis warmoeba valauvalobis mTlian warmoeba-
Si ZiriTad warmoebad ganixileboda, vinaidan aRniSnul warmoebaSi xdeboda gakotre-
bis masis srulyofili formireba, movalis moTxovnebis ganxorcieleba, kreditorTa
moTxovnebis saboloo formireba, gakotrebis masis dacva arakeTilsindisieri xelyo-
fisagan, misi realizacia da kreditorTa moTxovnebis dakmayofileba da sxv.
2007 wels qarTulma samarTalma gadaxdisuunarobis warmoebis ZiriTadi simZi-
me sameurveo reJimze gadaitana, xolo gakotrebis warmoeba formalur warmoebad ga-
daaqcia. garda amisa, gadaxdisuunarobis kanonma valauvalobis warmoebaSi arsebuli
kompetenciebi saaRsruleblo biuroze gadaanawila, romlis aRmasruleblebic gadax-
disuunarobis warmoebaSi xan meurveebad gvevlinebian, xanac – gakotrebis mmarTvele-
bad. Tuki kanonmdebelma aseTi tendenciiT gaagrZela valauvalobis samarTlis saja-
ro elementebiT datvirTva, Sors aRar aris is dro, rodesac reabilitaciis mmarTve-
lebadac saaRsruleblo biuros aRmasruleblebi mogvevlinebian.
unda aRiniSnos, rom saxelmwifos aseTi Careva valauvalobis warmoebebSi mxo-
lod maSin aris gamarTlebuli, Tuki valauvalobis masa ar aris sakmarisi valauvalo-
bis warmoebis xarjebis dasafaravad,8 xolo warmoebis ganxorcieleba da misi dasru-
leba aucilebelia ekonomikuri miznebidan gamomdinare.
2. gakotrebis mmarTveli – gakotrebis warmoebis centraluri figura

Tu ubralod auqcionis Suamavali
1996 wlis gakotrebis kanonis mixedviT, gakotrebis mmarTveli, romelsac ga-

kotrebis warmoebaSi wamyvani adgili hqonda miCenili, mTel warmoebas (dawyebidan da-
sasrulamde) damoukideblad axorcielebda. aRniSnuli kanonis Tanaxmad, gakotrebis
mmarTveli saqmis warmoebis gaxsnis gadawyvetilebisTanave iZenda uflebamosilebas,
Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr emarTa da ganekarga gakotrebis masa. gakotrebis masis gan-
kargva – es gakotrebis mmarTvelis erT-erTi mTavari amocana iyo. aRniSnuli kompe-
tenciis farglebSi mas SeeZlo masaSi Semavali qonebrivi sagnebi ara marto cal-calke
gaesxvisebina, aramed SeeZlo maTi erTianad gayidvac; gakotrebis mmarTveli gakot-
rebis masis sagnebis realizaciisas ar iyo SezRuduli gasxvisebis formebiT, romlis
arCevanSic igi Tavisufali iyo. kerZod, mas SeeZlo masis nivTebi rogorc auqcionze,
ise auqcionis gareSe gaeyida. gansakuTrebiT efeqturi iyo qonebis gayidva konkursis
7
8
Snitgeri h., migriauli r., gadaxdisuunarobis saqarTvelos kanoni, daxasiaTeba da Se-
dareba gakotrebis saqarTvelos kanonsa da saerTaSoriso standartebTan, Tb., 2011, 71.
179
wesiT. aranakleb Sedegiani iyo qonebis pirdapiri gayidvac, rac myidvelis damouki-
deblad SerCevaSi gamoixateboda.9
gakotrebis mmarTveli damoukideblad iRebda gadawyvetilebebs movalis sawar-
mos xelmZRvanelobis farglebSi da movalis saxiT mis warmomadgenlobiT uflebamo-
silebebsac axorcielebda. gakotrebis mmarTvels SeeZlo Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr
daedo gankargviTi garigebebi an Seewyvita arsebuli xelSekrulebebi, Tuki misi aseTi
qmedebebi sasargeblo iqneboda gakotrebis masisaTvis; gakotrebis mmarTvels SeeZlo
Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr gadaewyvita movalis sawarmoSi personalis efeqturi gan-
lagebis sakiTxi, daesrulebina sawarmoSi araproduqtiuli warmoebebi; ewarmoebina
masisaTvis sasargeblo sasamarTlo procesebi. rac mTavaria, gakotrebis masis Semad-
genlobis gasadideblad gakotrebis mmarTveli aRWurvili iyo iseTi samarTlebrivi
berketiT, rogoricaa Secileba.10 kerZod, gakotrebis mmarTvels SeeZlo gakotrebis
warmoebis gaxsnidan 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi sadavod eqcia valauvali movalis mier gan-
xorcielebuli, masisaTvis da kreditorebisaTvis saziano iuridiuli qmedebebi11.
gakotrebis mmarTveli aqtiurad monawileobda winare samomrigeblo procedu-
rebSic, romelic SeiZleba movalis sawarmos gadarCeniT an, saerTod, reabilitaciiT
dasrulebuliyo. kerZod, igi waradgenda samomrigeblo gancxadebas, SeimuSavebda sa-
momrigeblo winadadebas da a.S.
sruliad gansxvavebuli viTareba Seiqmna gadaxdisuunarobis 2007 wlis kanoniT,
gansakuTrebiT, aRniSnul kanonSi 2011 wels ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT. gakot-
rebis mmarTvels, marTalia, SerCa es saxeli, magram, Tavisi funqciebidan gamomdinare,
mas aRar SeiZleba movalis qonebis mmarTveli ewodos. igi namdvili gakotrebis mmar-
Tvelis aCrdils TuRa warmoadgens da mas verc eqneba imis pretenzia, rom iyos `gakot-
rebis warmoebis baton-patroni~ anda `gakotrebis warmoebis centraluri figura~. am
subieqts SeiZleba mxolod “formaluri gakotrebis mmarTveli“ ewodos.
gadaxdisuunarobis kanonma formaluri gakotrebis mmarTveli gakotrebis pro-
cesSi, TiTqos, sawarmos marTvisa da warmomadgenlobis funqciebiT aRWurva, TiTqos,
movalis marTvis, xelmZRvanelobisa da warmomadgenlobis uflebamosilebac mianiWa.12
magram Tuki gavaanalizebT misi mTliani moRvaweobis periods, davrwmundebiT, rom
aseT mmarTvels aRniSnuli amocanebis gansaxorcieleblad araTu interesi ar aqvs,
aramed sakmarisi droc ar rCeba maT Sesasruleblad. magaliTad, gakotrebis mmarTve-
li arCevisTanave (an daniSvnisTanave) dauyovnebliv iwyebs pirvelive auqcionisaTvis
momzadebas, kerZod, man unda daadginos movalis qonebis sabazro Rirebuleba da daniS-
vnidan 25 dRis vadaSi gancxadebiT mimarTos aRsrulebis erovnul biuros saauqciono
momsaxurebis gasawevad.13 pirveli auqcioni savaldebulod unda Catardes gakotrebis
9
Savebuli gamocema, Tb., 2006, 44-45.
10
iqve, 129-131.
11
saqarTvelos kanoni `gakotrebis saqmeTa warmoebis Sesaxeb~ (saqarTvelos parlamentis
uwyebani, 1996, №19-20), muxli 17.
12
saqarTvelos kanoni `gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb~ (ssm, 31.03.2007, mu-
xli 87), muxli 37.1.
13
iqve, muxli 38.5.
180
mmarTvelis arCevidan (an daniSvnidan) aranakleb 30 dRis da ara umets 40 dRis vadaSi.14
amdenad, formaluri gakotrebis mmarTvelis mTeli yuradReba auqcionis gamarTvis-
kenaa mimarTuli, ufro sworad, mas movalis kreditorebsa da aRsrulebis erovnul
biuros Soris Suamavlis roli daekisra; gakotrebis mmarTvels kanonma saerTod wa-
arTva movalis qonebis gayidvis prerogativa da igi mTlianad aRsrulebis erovnul
biuros gadasca. xolo am ukanasknelma saerTod gariya formaluri gakotrebis mmar-
Tveli saauqciono urTierTobebidan. aq ukve zedmetia saubari gakotrebis mmarTve-
lis mier qonebis realizaciis formebis arCevaze – movalis qoneba mxolod auqcionis
gziT iyideba, da isic mxolod aRsrulebis erovnul biuros meSveobiT.15 yovelive amis
Semdeg, gasakviric ar aris, Tu ratom aRara aqvs formalur gakotrebis mmarTvels imis
interesi, rom aqtiurad CaerTos movalis mier dadebul xelSekrulebebSi an `moliv-
live sasamarTlo procesebSi~ anda izrunos imaze, rom ramenairad gaadidos movalis
qoneba. ufro uaresic, gadaxdisuunarobis kanonma pirdapir mouxsna gakotrebis mmar-
Tvels movalis qonebis moZiebis legaluri valdebuleba. aseTi valdebuleba forma-
lur gakotrebis mmarTvels mxolod kreditorebTan gaformebuli xelSekrulebiT
SeiZleba daekisros;16 Secilebis berketic ar aris Zlieri iaraRi formaluri gakot-
rebis mmarTvelis xelSi. gadaxdisuunarobis kanoniT, jer erTi, Secilebis uflebis
ganxorcilelebis vadebi 6 Tvemdea dayvanili, da meorec, kanonma saerTod Tavi aarida
Secilebis institutis detalur mowesrigebas da mxolod misi formaluri niSnebis da-
xasiaTebas dasjerda;17 axali kanoniT, formalur gakotrebis mmarTvels arc imis inte-
resi aqvs, rom daiwyos movalis sawarmoSi sareorganizacio RonisZiebebi, an dazogos
sawarmoo xarjebi da a.S.
amdenad, gadaxdisuunarobis kanonSi mxolod formalurad aris CamoTvlili vi-
Tomda gakotrebis mmarTvelis funqciebi movalis sawarmos marTvaze, xelmZRvanelo-
basa da warmomadgenlobaze.
3. gadaxdisuunarobis warmoebaSi gakotrebis mmarTvelis

interesebis Sesaxeb
ra interesebi SeiZleba gaaCndes gadaxdisuunarobis warmoebaSi formalur ga-

kotrebis mmarTvels, anu ram SeiZleba miizidos kerZo piri warmoebaSi, rom Tanxmoba
ganucxados kreditors an kreditorebs gakotrebis mmarTvelad daniSvnaze. Cemi az-
riT, aq SeiZleba ori ZiriTadi interesi gamoikveTos: profesiuli da materialuri.
profesiuli interesi Tavis gamoxatvas mis ganxorcielebaSi poulobs. amitomac,
gakotrebis mmarTveloba kargi magaliTia profesiuli TviTSesaZleblobis realiza-
ciisa da gamocdilebis SeZenisaTvis. gakotrebis 1996 wlis kanoni gakotrebis mmar-
14
saqarTvelos kanoni `gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb~, muxli 38.9.
15
iqve, muxlebi 38.1 da 38.2.
16
iqve, muxli 37.41.
17
iqve, muxli 35.
181
Tvelad daniSvnisas yuradRebas piris Sesabamis gamocdilebaze amaxvilebda,18 Tumca

ar akonkretebda, Tu romel profesiaSi unda hqonoda asarCev/dasaniSn pirs Sesabamisi
gamocdileba. gakotrebis mmarTvelis instituti axali iyo da, Sesabamisad, aravis ar
eqneboda gakotrebis mmarTvelad muSaobis gamocdileba. amitomac, mosamarTleebis
mxridan aqcenti ZiriTadad ori saxis umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone pirebze keTdeboda:
iuristze da ekonomistze, xolo praqtikaSi iseT profesiebze, rogoricaa advokati
da auditori.19 sasamarTlo da sagakotrebo praqtikaSi ki gakotrebis mmarTvelebad
ZiriTadad mainc advokatebi iniSnebodnen, rac, metwilad, evropul standartebs Se-
esabameboda. amdenad, gakotrebis mmarTvelis funqciebis ganxorcieleba advokatebs
specifikur gamocdilebasac sZenda.
formaluri gakotrebis mmarTvelisaTvis aseTi profesiuli standarti gadaxdi-
suunarobis kanoniT ar aris dawesebuli. gakotrebis mmarTveli SeiZleba iyos nebis-
mieri profesiis adamiani, aseve iuridiuli piric ki. mTavaria, rom aseTi piri ar unda
axorcielebdes imave an msgavs saqmianobas, rogorsac movale20. martivad rom avxsnaT,
sainJinro kompaniis gakotrebis mmarTvelad ar unda dainiSnos inJineri, xolo kerZo
skolisa – pedagogi da a.S. unda aRiniSnos, rom dRes kvlavac grZeldeba jer kidev ga-
kotrebis kanoniT damkvidrebuli tradicia da gakotrebis mmarTvelebad advokatebs
an auditorebs iwveven.
materialuri daintereseba yvelaze gadamwyveti interesia pirisa, romelic Tan-
xmobas acxadebs gakotrebis mmarTvelad daniSvnasa Tu arCevaze. bunebrivia, gakot-
rebis mmarTvelma unda miiRos Sesabamisi gasamrjelo. evropis yvela wamyvani qveynis
samarTali calke kanoniT awesrigebs gakotrebis mmarTvelis gasamrjelos sakiTxs.
gakotrebis mmarTvelis gasamrjelos gamosaangariSeblad arsebobs gamoTvlis sxva-
dasxva kriteriumi: arsebobs anazRaureba daxarjuli drois mixedviT da, aseve, iseTi
saxis anazRaureba, romelic iangariSeba valauvalobis masis kvotis mixedviT.21 evro-
puli saerTaSoriso standartebis mixedviT, gakotrebis mmarTvelis gasamrjelos
odenoba, ZiriTadSi, gakotrebis masis kvotasTan aris mibmuli da misi Rirebulebis Se-
sabamisi proporciiT ganisazRvreba, es proporcia ki specialur skalaSia asaxuli. Se-
sabamisad, rac ufro metia gakotrebis masis Rirebuleba, miT ufro metia misaRebi ga-
samrjelos odenoba. aRniSnuli principi iyo dadgenili gakotrebis 1996 wlis kanoni-
Tac,22 romelic calke kanonis miRebas iTvaliswinebda. Tumca calke kanonis miRebamde
saqme mainc ver mivida da gakotrebis qarTveli mmarTvelebis gasamrjelos gansazRvra
mTlianad gakotrebis mosamarTleebs miendo. mosamarTleebi ki Tavisi Sexedulebisa-
mebr adgendnen gasamrjelos odenobas. sasamarTloebi, ra Tqma unda, gverds ver uv-
18
uwyebani, 1996, №19-20), muxli 15.1.
19
20
saqarTvelos kanoni `gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb~ (ssm, 31.03.2007, mux.
87), muxli 37.3.
21
22
uwyebani, 1996, №19-20), muxli 33.1.
182
lidnen kanoniT dadgenili masis proporciis princips da gakotrebis mmarTvelebs, ga-

samrjelos saxiT, masis moculobidan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva procents uniSnavdnen,
garda erTeuli SemTxvevebisa, rodesac gakotrebis zogierT mmarTvels xelfasis sa-
xiT yovelTviuri myari ganakveTi eniSneboda. gakotrebis kanoniT mowesrigebuli iyo
agreTve gakotrebis mmarTvelis premirebis (damatebiTi gasamrjelos) sakiTxi, Tuki
misi saqmianoba Sedegiani iqneboda.23 am Tanamdebobas momxibvlelobas matebda isic,
rom gakotrebis mmarTvels, gasamrjelos garda, SeiZleboda moeTxova gaweuli xarje-
bis anazRaurebac, romlis odenobasac gakotrebis sasamarTlo gansazRvravda.24
gadaxdisuunarobis 2007 wlis kanonma es mniSvnelovani materialuri interesic
ki mouspo gakotrebis mmarTvelebs. axalma kanonma gakotrebis mmarTvelis gasamrje-
los sakiTxi mTlianad kreditorebTan gasaformebel xelSekrulebas miando.25 kanonis
am normam warmoebaSi monawile kreditorebisa da gakotrebis mmarTvelis interesebs
Soris erTgvari konfliqturi situacia Seqmna. moTxovnaTa cxrilis sxvadasxva rigSi
ganTavsebis gamo, interesTa dapirispireba TviT kreditorebs Sorisac arsebobs. kre-
ditorebi, pirvel rigSi, TavianTi moTxovnebis maqsimalur dakmayofilebas eswrafvi-
an. kreditorTa dakmayofileba movalis qonebis realizaciidan miRebuli amonagebiT
xdeba. am amonagebidan unda dakmayofildes agreTve gakotrebis mmarTveli, Tu kredi-
torebi sxvagvarad ar SeTanxmdebian. am interesTa mravalferovan WidilSi arc unda
iyos gasakviri, rom kreditorebi yovelmxriv ecdebian, gakotrebis mmarTvelma rac Se-
iZleba naklebi gasamrjelo miiRos. Tuki kreditorebi gakotrebis mmarTvels maRal
anazRaurebas dauniSnavdnen, isini aseT SemTxvevaSi Tavisive interesebis sazianod
imoqmedebdnen.26 amitomac, Znelia moiZebnos pirovneba, romelic, kanonis dRevandeli
regulirebis pirobebSi, advilad daTanxmdeboda gakotrebis mmarTvelis Tanamdebo-
bas, isic im viTarebaSi, rodesac misi pasuxismgeblobis xarisxi aSkarad gazrdilia da
pasuxismgeblobis uzrunvelsayofad SesaZlebelia sabanko garantiis an pasuxismgeb-
lobis dazRvevis gamoyeneba mosTxovon.27
gadaxdisuunarobis kanonis aseTma gauazrebelma mowesrigebam aRniSnuli insti-
tutis daknineba da gaufasureba gamoiwvia, rac momavalSi misi sruli mospobiT das-
ruldeba. Tumca, es procesi ukve dawyebulia: 2011 wlis cvlilebebi iTvaliswinebs,
rom Tuki gakotrebis mmarTveli kreditorTa krebaze ver airCeva an kreditorebi ar
waradgenen gakotrebis mmarTvelis kandidaturebs, sasamarTlo gakotrebis mmarTve-
lad aRsrulebis erovnul biuros daniSnavs,28 romelic Tavisi samarTlebrivi statu-
siT sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirs warmoadgens.29 aRsrulebis erovnuli biuro ma-
Sinac dainiSneba mmarTvelad, Tuki kreditorTa mier arCeul gakotrebis mmarTvels,
23
uwyebani, 1996, №19-20), muxli 33.1.
24
iqve, muxli 33.2.
25
saqarTvelos kanoni `gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb~ (ssm, 31.03.2007, mu-
xli 87), muxli 37.4.
26
27
saqarTvelos kanoni `gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb~, muxli 37.4.
28
iqve, muxli 37.2.
29
saqarTvelos kanoni `saaRsruleblo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb~, muxli 3.
183
romelic kerZo piria, dauwuneben valdebulebebis Sesrulebis xarisxs da romelime

kreditori misi Secvlis moTxovniT sasamarTlos mimarTavs.30 amdenad, aRsrulebis
erovnuli biuros daniSvnis SemTxvevaSi gakotrebis mmarTvelis funqciebs aRsrule-
bis erovnuli biuros aRmasruleblebi ganaxorcieleben.
4. daskvna
2007 wels gadaxdisuunarobis kanonis miRebiT, romelmac amoqmedebidan erTi

wlis Semdeg mTlianad gaauqma evropuli samarTlebrivi standartebis mqone gakotre-
bis kanoni, saqarTvelom praqtikulad uari Tqva valauvalobis standartuli samar-
TliT dadgenil kerZosamarTlebriv principebze. aRniSnuli daadastura 2010 da 2011
wlebSi gadaxdisuunarobis kanonSi ganxorcielebulma cvlilebebma, romelmac ugu-
lebelyo gakotrebis mmarTvelis aRiarebuli samarTlebrivi instituti da gakotre-
bis warmoebisTvis mniSvnelovani es kerZo subieqti sajaro funqciebis ganmaxorcie-
lebeli sajaro Tanamdebobis pirebiT Caanacvla.
30
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb~, muxli 37.6.
184
levan mosaxliSvili*
informaciis Tavisuflebis principebi
1. Sesavali
informacia demokratiis Jangbadia.1 Tu xalxma ar icis, ra xdeba im sazogadoe-

baSi, romelSic cxovrobs, Tuki mmarTvelobis moqmedeba dafarulia, maSin xalxi ver
SeZlebs Seasrulos Tavisi sazogadoebrivi movaleoba. informacia xalxisTvis ara
mxolod aucilebelia, aramed igi kargi mmarTvelobis umniSvnelovanesi elementia.
mxolod cud mmarTvelobas sWirdeba saidumlo imisTvis, rom gadarCes. informaciis
daxurva xels uwyobs korufciis, mflangvelobisa da araefeqturi marTvis Camoyali-
bebas. informaciis floba xalxs saSualebas aZlevs, mudam adevnos Tvalyuri mTavro-
bis moqmedebas da imsjelos mis saqmianobaze.2
informaciis Tavisufleba is iaraRia, romelic saSualebas aZlevs sazogadoebas,
iqonios adekvaturi Sexeduleba da kritikuli azri im sazogadoebis mdgomareobaze,
romelSic is cxovrobs da im xelisuflebaze, romelic mas marTavs.3 amave dros is war-
moadgens erT-erT mZlavr instruments xelisuflebis xelSic, vinaidan sajaroobam
da gamWvirvalobam gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos moqa-
laqeebis ndobis donis amaRlebas xelisuflebisadmi.4
iseve rogorc nebismier samarTlebriv instituts, informaciis Tavisufleba-
sac gaaCnia Tavisi principebi anu is saxelmZRvanelo ideebi, romelic gansazRvravs mis
arss.5
samarTlis principebi, Tavisi arsiT, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis obieqturi ka-
nonzomierebis ganzogadebul anareklia.6 isini uzrunvelyofen samarTlebrivi norme-
bis formulirebis erTgvarovnebas, moqmedeben samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawi-
leebze da gansazRvraven maTi moqmedebis orientirebs. amasTan samarTlis principebi,
rogorc sazogadoebis samarTlebrivi cxovrebis unikaluri saSualebebi, Tavis gav-
lenas axdenen samarTlis yvela sferoze. imavdroulad, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis
maregulirebeli konkretuli normebis arasebobis SemTxvevaSi gansazRvraven am ur-
* samarTlis doqtori, Tsu-is mowveuli leqtori.

1
Principles of Law on Freedom of Information, Article 19, London, 1999, 1, <http://www.article19.org/data/
files/pdfs/standards/righttoknow.pdf>.
2
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis saerTaSoriso standartebi, redaqtori subari s., Tb., 2004,
13.
3
Recommendation adopted by Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe towards Member States on
Access to Official Documents Rec (2002) 2, 4, <http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/media/doc/H-
Inf(2003)003_en.pdf>.
4
Banisar D., Freedom of Information around the World, London, 2006, 6.
5
Stott D., Principles of Administrative Law, Routledge Cavendish, London , 1997, 2.
6
Werhan K., Principles of Administrative Law (Concise Hornbooks Series), London, 2007, 12.
185
TierTobis Tanafardobas samarTlis bunebasTan, gansazRvraven maT marTlzomier an

kanonsawinaaRmdego xasiaTs.
am da sxva mizezTa gamo, mravalwliani muSaobis Sedegad 1999 wlis ivnisSi avto-
ritetulma inglisurma arasamTavrobo organizaciam Àrticle 19~-ma SeimuSava informa-
ciis Tavisuflebis saerTaSoriso principebi. informaciis Tavisuflebis principebi
eyrdnoboda saerTaSoriso da regionul kanonebsa da standartebs, agreTve, ganviTa-
rebuli saxelmwifoebis praqtikas da asaxavs saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier aRi-
arebul principebs.7
am principTa Seqmnis mTavari daniSnulebaa mmarTvelobisa da pasuxismgeblobis
gaumjobeseba da demokratiis gavrceleba mTel msoflioSi. gankuTvnilia, informaci-
is Tavisuflebis erovnuli kanonmdeblobis da oficialuri informaciis RiaobisTvis.
informaciis Tavisuflebis principebi qmnis erTgvar standarts, romelic unda
dainergos qveynebis Sida kanonmdeblobaSi. am principebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vim-
sjeloT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba ama Tu im qveynis kanonmdebloba saerTaSoriso stan-
dartebs.
2. informaciis Tavisuflebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi
2.1. principi 1 – maqsimalurad Riaoba8 – informaciis Tavisuflebis

kanonmdeblobas safuZvlad unda edos maqsimaluri Riaoba
maqsimaluri Riaoba informaciis Tavisuflebis kanonmdeblobis mTavari da pir-

veli principia. informaciis maqsimaluri Riaobis principi amkvidrebs prezumfcias,
rom yvela informacia, romelsac flobs romelime sajaro dawesebuleba, Riaa, anu un-
da arsebobdes gansajaroebis prezumfcia, xelisufleba ki xels unda uwyobdes maqsi-
maluri Riaobis kulturis ganviTarebas. rac Seexeba SezRudvebs, SeiZleba dawesdes
mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi da aseTi SezRudvebi detalurad unda iqnes SemuSave-
buli da gawerili erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi; amasTan, SezRudvis dros informaciis
gaucemlobaze mtkicebis tvirTi sajaro dawesebulebis mxarezea, romelmac unda da-
amtkicos daxurvis primati Riaobis principze.9
pirveli principis Tanaxmad, termini „informacia“ aerTianebs yvela saxis infor-
macias, romelsac flobs sajaro organo, miuxedavad formisa (iqneba es dokumenti, fi-
ri, Canaweri kasetaze, eleqtronuli Tu sxva), misi wyarosi (saidan modis igi, sajaro
Tu sxva organodan) da informaciis miRebis TariRisa. kanonmdebloba aseve unda exe-
bodes im informacias, romelic klasificirebulia da maszec igive testi vrceldeba,
rac sxva informaciaze.
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom maqsimaluri Riaobis principi unda gavrceldes
yvela sajaro dawesebulebaze gamonaklisebis gareSe, vinaidan termini `sajaro dawe-
sebuleba~ moicavs xelisuflebis yvela ganStoebasa da dones, adgilobrivi mTavrobi-
7
CugoSvili T., lomjaria n., korZaia T., informaciis Tavisufleba saqarTveloSi, Tb.,
2007, 8.
8
The Public’s Right to Know Principles on Freedom of Information Legislation, Article 19, London 1999, 1.
9
Access to Information for Citizens, Article 19, 2000, 2.
186
levan mosaxliSvili, informaciis Tavisuflebis princi pebi
sa da arCeuli organoebis CaTvliT, aseve nebismier organos da dawesebulebas, rome-

lic axorcielebs saxelmwifo funqciebs anu sajarosamarTlebriv uflebamosilebas.
am jgufSi SeiZleba kerZo organizaciebic gavaerTianoT, Tuki isini floben infor-
macias, romlis gamJRavnebac Seamcirebs safrTxes, romelic emuqreba sazogadoebriv
interesebs. informaciis Tavisuflebis kanons, romelic am dokumentSi CamoTvlil
principebzea damyarebuli, samTavroboTaSoriso organizaciebic unda daemorCilon.
aseve mniSvnelovania, rom informaciis Tavisuflebis kanonma iurisdiqciis far-
glebSi moicvas nebismieri piri. amasTan, ara mxolod moqalaqeebi unda sargeblobdnen
informaciis xelmisawvdomobis uflebiT, aramed nebismieri piri, romelic moiTxovs
informacias. informaciiT dainteresebuli piri ar aris valdebuli iqonios gansa-
kuTrebuli samarTlebrivi statusi an interesi.10
2.2. principi 2 – gamoqveynebis valdebuleba – sajaro dawesebulebebma

unda uzrunvelyon mniSvnelovani da sazogadoebisaTvis saintereso
dokumentebis gamoqveyneba da farTod gavrceleba
mxolod kanonis ZaliT daavaldebulo sajaro dawesebulebebi gasces moTxovni-

li informacia, arasakmarisia informaciis xelmisawvdomobis uflebiT srulyofilad
sargeblobisaTvis. mravali adamianisaTvis informaciis xelmisawvdomobis efeqturo-
ba damokidebulia saxelmwifo organoebis aqtiur saqmianobaze, am organoebis mier im
sakvanZo informaciis gavrcelebaze, romelzedac moTxovna ar yofila.
magaliTad, afrikaSi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis principebis Sesaxeb deklaracia
acxadebs, rom `saxelmwifo organoebs moeTxovebaT, miuxedavad moTxovnis arqonisa,
aqtiurad gamoaqveynon mniSvnelovani informacia, romelic dakavSirebulia sajaro
interesTan~.11 Tumca am valdebulebis masStabi, garkveuli xarisxiT, damokidebulia
SezRudul resursebze, magram informaciis moculoba, romelic kanoniT SeiZleba da-
eqvemdebaros savaldebulo gamoqveynebas, droTa ganmavlobaSi unda izrdebodes, vi-
naidan, axali teqnologiebis wyalobiT, publikacia da informaciis gavrceleba ufro
gaadvilebuli da iafia.12
sajaro dawesebulebebi valdebuli arian, gamoaqveynon Semdegi saxis informa-
cia:
1. informacia sajaro dawesebulebis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb. misi xarjebi, miznebi,
auditoruli angariSebi, standartebi, miRwevebi;
2. informacia im moTxovnebis, saCivrebisa da qmedebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic sazogado-
ebis wevrebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon am organizaciis misamarTiT;
3. miTiTebebi im procedurebze, romelTa meSveobiT sazogadoebis wevrebs SeuZliaT
monawileoba politikis gansazRvrasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi;
4. informaciis saxe, romelsac es organo flobs da misi Senaxvis forma;
10
saxelmZRvanelo samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi informaciis Tavsuflebis Sesaxeb, Tb.,
2012, 36.
11
Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa, African Commission on Human and Peoples’
Rights, Principle 4, <http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/achpr/expressionfreedomdec.html>.
12
Mendel T., Freedom of Information, UNESCO, London, 2008, 126.
187
5. im gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsi, romelic sazogadoebas exeba. aseve, gadawyvetilebis

miRebis mizezi da mTavari masala, romelze dayrdnobiTac momzadda gadawyveti-
leba.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas `partnioroba Ria mmarTvelobisaTvis~ samoqmedo
gegmis farglebSi aRebuli aqvs valdebuleba, rom uzrunvelyofs mniSvnelovan da sa-
zogadoebisaTvis saintereso dokumentebis gamoqveynebas da farTod gavrcelebas. am
mizniT Seiqmna da testirebis reJimSia gaSvebuli saiti: www.data.gov.ge, romelzec un-
da ganTavsdes farTo sazogadoebisTvis saintereso sajaro informacia, maT Soris in-
formacia saxelmwifo finansebisa da biujetis Sesaxeb.13
2.3. principi 3 – Ria mmarTvelobis politika – saxelmwifo organoebi

aqtiurad unda uWerdnen mxars Ria mmarTvelobis politikas
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sajaro dawesebulebebma aqtiurad unda dauWiron

mxari Ria mmarTvelobis ganmtkicebas. kanonmdebloba unda iTvaliswinebdes sazoga-
doebis informirebas misi uflebebis Sesaxeb. kanonma unda uzrunvelyos iseTi meqa-
nizmebis Seqmna, romlebic aRmofxvris `saidumloebis~ damkvidrebul wess.
Tumca aq gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom bevr qveynaSi, sadac ar arsebobs xelisufle-
bis sazogadoebasTan Ria urTierTobis kultura, informaciis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb
kanonmdeblobis arseboba ver iqneba warmatebis gasaRebi. meqanizmis Seqmna da misi praq-
tikaSi gamoyeneba damokidebulia, swored rom, `saidumloebis~ kulturis Secvlaze.
am mizniT mniSvnelovania, waxalisebul iqnen is sajaro moxeleebi, romlebic
xels Seuwyoben Ria mmarTvelobis pilitikis gatarebas da, piriqiT, daisajaon isini,
vinc xels uSlis informaciis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofas. aseve gamoricxul
unda iqnes Ria mmarTvelobis xelis SemSleli òbieqturi~ garemoebebic, rogoricaa
sajaro dawesebulebebSi daculi informaciis xelmisawvdomobis iseTi xelis SemSle-
li garemoeba, romelic dakavSirebulia saqmiswarmoebis naklovanebebTan anu unda
ganxorcieldes dokumentbrunvis srulyofa.
2.4. principi 4 – minimaluri SezRudvebi – gamonaklisebi naTlad da

viwrod unda iyos formulirebuli da unda daeqvemdebaros „zianis“ da
„sazogadoebrivi interesis“ tests
msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi, sadac arsebobs informaciis Tavisuflebis

maregulirebeli kanonmdebloba, moqmedebs SezRudvebi informaciis xelmisawvdomo-
baze, anu arsebobs daxuruli sajaro informacia, romelic ar unda iqnes gamJRavne-
buli, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi unda moqmedebdes gansajaroebis prezumfcia, Tu sajaro
13
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebis rekomendaciebi `partnioroba Ria mmarTv-
elobisTvis~ (Open Government Partnership) saqarTvelos samoqmedo gegmasTan dakavSire-
biT (damuSavebuli informaciis Tavisuflebis ganviTarebis institutis (IDFI) mier),
2012, 3, <http://www.csb.gov.ge/uploads/recommendtion.pdf>.
188
dawesebuleba ver daamtkicebs, rom es informacia gamonakliss ganekuTvneba, raTa

gamonaklisi ar iqces wesad. gamonaklisi ki, Tavis mxriv, naTlad da viwrod unda iyos
formulirebuli, raTa saxelmwifo uwyebebs hqondeT rac SeiZleba mcire an saerTod
ar hqondeT diskreciuli uflebamosileba SezRudon informaciis xelmisawvdomoba.
informaciis Tavisuflebis SezRudva rom CaiTvalos gamarTlebulad, sajaro dawese-
bulebam unda daakmayofilos samnawiliani testi, kerZod:
a) informacia unda ukavSirdebodes kanonSi CamoTvlil legitimur miznebs.
legitimuri miznebi, romlebic marTlzomierad CaTvlis da gaamarTlebs informaciis
daxurvas, aucilebelia kanonSi zust siad iyos formulirebuli. am siaSi unda Sevi-
des mxolod is interesebi, romelTac informaciis daxurvisTvis kanonieri safuZveli
aqvT. aseTi interesebi SeiZleba iyos erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da samarTaldamcavi
organoebis interesebi, teritoriuli mTlianobis an/da sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoe-
bis uzrunvelyofa, sxvaTa uflebebisa da Rirsebis dacva, konfidencialurad aRiare-
buli informaciis gamJRavnebis Tavidan acileba, an sasamarTlos damoukideblobisa
da miukerZoeblobis uzrunvelyofa da sxva.
b) am informaciis gamJRavneba safrTxeSi unda agdebdes da arsebiT zians aye-
nebdes am legitimur mizans. magaliTad, ar SeiZleba informaciis SezRudvis gamar-
Tleba, Tu misi mizania, damalos ama Tu im Tanamdebobis piris araswori qmedeba an sa-
marTaldarRveva.
g) ziani, romelic adgeba mizans, ufro mniSvnelovani unda iyos, vidre in-
formaciis miRebis sazogadoebrivi interesi. magaliTad, samxedro sferoSi koruf-
ciis mxileba, erTi SexedviT, asustebs erovnul Tavdacvas, magram garkveuli drois
gasvlis Semdeg xels uwyobs korufciis aRmofxvras da exmareba SeiaraRebuli Zalis
gaZlierebas. Tuki aseT SemTxvevaSi informaciis dafarvas kanonierad miviCnevT, maSin
informaciis gamJRavnebam unda miayenos mizans ziani, raTa sabolood dadebiTad imoq-
medos masze. umniSvnelovanesi sazogadoebrivi interesi, maSinac ki, roca informaci-
is sajarooba arsebiT zians ayenebs miznebs, mainc unda gamJRavndes, Tu informaciis
sajaroobis interesi zians gadawonis. magaliTad, zogjer SeiZleba Candes, TiTqos esa
Tu is informacia, erTi SexedviT, daxuruli unda iyos, magram amxilos maRali donis
korufcia mTavrobaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi informaciis mier motanili ziani unda Seva-
daroT sazogadoebriv interess – miiRos informacia. roca sazogadoebrivi interesi
ufro mniSvnelovania, kanonma unda uzrunvelyos informaciis Riaoba.14
arc erTi sajaro dawesebuleba ar unda gamoiricxos kanonis Sesrulebis valde-
bulebidan im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu misi funqciebis umetesi nawili gamonaklisebis zo-
naSi xvdeba. es exeba rogorc xelisuflebis yvela Stos (rogoricaa aRmasrulebeli,
sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo), ise sajaro mmarTvelobis yvela funqcias (magaliTad,
usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis organoebis funqciebi). informaciis àrgamoqveyneba~
unda iqnes dasabuTebuli yvela moTxovnis mixedviT.
14
The Public’s Right to Know Principles on Freedom of Information Legislation, Article 19, London, 1999, 6.
189
2.5. principi 5 – informaciis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa –

informaciis moTxovnis ganxilva unda moxdes swrafad da
samarTlianad. nebismieri uari unda daqvemdebaros damoukidebel
ganxilvas
informaciis moTxovnis ganxilva unda moxdes swrafad da samarTlianad. `swra-

fad~ gulisxmobs, rom aucilebelia erovnuli kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebdes Sem-
Widroebul da adekvatur vadebs informaciis gacemisaTvis. sajaro dawesebulebidan
informaciis gacemaze uaris miRebis SemTxvevaSi ki yvelasTvis unda iyos xelmisawvdo-
mi damoukideblad gasaCivrebis meqanizmi. kanonma moqalaqes unda misces ufleba, sa-
CivriT mimarTos rogorc zemdgom organos an Tanamdebobis pirs, aseve damoukidebel
organos. es organo SeiZleba iyos rogorc ukve arsebuli, aseve, specialurad am mizni-
saTvis Seqmnili, romelic unda akmayofilebdes damoukideblobis garkveul standar-
tebs da unda hqondes Sesaferisi specialuri sajaro uflebamosileba. ra Tqma unda,
nebismieri organos gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebisaTvis aseve unda arsebobdes efeq-
turi sasamarTlo sistema qveynis erovnuli kanonmdeblobis farglebSic.
2.6. principi 6 – xarjebi – pirs ar unda Seeqmnas dabrkoleba maRali

gadasaxadis gamo
informaciis moTxovnis dros pirs ar unda Seeqmnas dabrkoleba maRali gadasa-

xadis gamo. sajaro dawesebulebisgan informaciis miRebis fasi ar unda iyos imdenad
maRali, rom Seaferxos informaciis gamoTxova da miwodeba.
am princips sruliad iziarebs qarTuli kanonmdebloba. saqarTveloSi sajaro in-
formaciis miReba ufasoa, garda aslis gadaRebisaTvis aucilebeli Tanxis odenobisa.
sajaro informaciis aslis gadaRebis mosakreblis odenoba da misi gadaxdis wesi gan-
sazRvrulia kanoniT `sajaro informaciis aslis gadaRebis mosakreblis Sesaxeb~.
2.7. principi 7 – Ria Sexvedrebi – saxelwifo dawesebulebebis

sxdomebi unda iyos sajaro sazogadoebisaTvis
sajaro dawesebulebebis Sexvedrebi sazogadoebisaTvis Ria unda iyos. es demok-

ratiuli principi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis obieqturobis Segnebas amyarebs. igi ga-
rantias qmnis gamWirvalobisaTvis da aqarwylebs saidumlod saqmis ganxilvisa da ga-
dawyvetis eWvs moqalaqeTa TviTSegnebaSi.15 informaciis Tavisufleba moicavs sazo-
gadoebis uflebas, informirebuli iyos xelisuflebis qmedebebis Sesaxeb da miiRos
monawileoba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. magaliTad, orhusis konvencia moiTx-
ovs sazogadoebis monawileobis uzrunvelyofas saqmianobaTa garkveul sferoebSi ga-
dawyvetilebebis miRebisas. garda amisa, konvencia moiTxovs sazogadoebis monawileo-
bas garemosTan dakavSirebuli gegmebis, programebisa da politikis momzadebis pro-
cesSi da aRmasrulebeli debulebebis da/an sayovelTaod misaRebi samarTlebrivad
savaldebulo normatiuli dokumentebis SemuSavebis procesSi.
15
kopaleiSvili m., sxirtlaZe n., qardava e., turava p., administraciuli saproceso samar-
Tlis saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2008, 31.
190
informaciis Tavisuflebis kanonmdeblobam unda daamkvidros prezumfcia, rom

mmarTvelobiTi organoebis yvela Sexvedra sazogadoebisaTvis Riaa. Tumca SeiZleba
dawesdes gamonaklisebic, rodesac sxdoma SeiZleba daixuros, magram amisaTvis un-
da arsebobdes adekvaturi safuZveli da mizezi (magaliTad saxelmwifo uSiSroeba da
usafrTxoeba, jandacva da sxva).
2.8. principi 8 – Riaoba precedentuli unda gaxdes – kanoni,

romelic ar Seesabameba maqsimalur Riaobis princips,
unda Seicvalos an gauqmdes
aucilebelia, rom TiTeulma saxelmwifom uzrunvelyos erovnuli kanonmdeb-
lobis gadaxedva da maqsimaluri Riaobis principTan misi SesabamisobaSi moyvana. ka-
nonebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegoeba am princips, unda Seswordes an gauqmdes. sakanon-
mdeblo bazis gadaxedva unda moxdes imdagvarad, rom uzrunvelyofil iqnes sajaro
informaciis meti xelmisawvdomoba. am mizniT aucilebelia informaciis Tavisufle-
bis da sajaro informaciis xelmisawvdomobis maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo bazis
safuZvliani da kompleqsuri revizia. rac Seexeba SezRudvebs – gamonaklisebis reJimi,
romelsac uzrunvelyofs informaciis Tavisuflebis kanonmdebloba, unda iyos amom-
wuravi da sxva kanonebiT ar unda mieces misi gafarToebis SesaZlebloba.
2.9. principi 9 – mamxileblis dacva – pirebi, romlebic amxelen

danaSaulebriv qmedebas, daculni unda iyvnen samarTlebrivi,
administraciuli an samsaxurebrivi sanqciebisgan
es principi gulisxmobs, rom mamxileblebi anu pirebi, romlebic amxelen dana-
Saulebriv qmedebas, dacul unda iqnen konkretuli meqanizmebiTa da procedurebiT
qveynis erovnuli kanonmdeblobis farglebSi. qveynebma unda waaxalison da xeli Se-
uwyon sazogadoebis kanonieri interesis dacvis farglebSi gakeTebul mxilebas, daad-
ginos mxilebis saCivrebis ganxilvis efeqturi, samarTliani, miukerZoebeli da damo-
ukidebeli wesi da daicvas mamxilebeli da mowme aramarTlzomieri zemoqmedebisagan.
aseve gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes, rom dauSvebelia, mxilebis faqtTan dakavSirebiT,
mamxileblis da misi axlo naTesavis daSineba, Seviwroeba, masze zewola an mis mimarT
diskriminaciuli mopyroba, disciplinuri an administraciuli warmoebis, samoqala-
qo procesis an sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dawyeba, fizikuri, moraluri an materi-
aluri zianis miyeneba.
3. daskvna
amrigad, mocemuli principebi SemuSavebul iqna im mizniT, rom gazomiliyo qvey-
nis erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisoba informaciis Tavisuflebis saxelmZRva-
nelo principebTan. xeli Seewyo maTi danergvisaTvis Sida kanonmdeblobaSi. waexali-
sebina sazogadoebrivi interesi informaciis xelmisawvdomobis sakiTxebisadmi, rac
SesaZlebelia miiRwes mxolod maTi aqtiuri CarTvis gziT informaciis Tavisuflebis
institucionalur ganviTarebaSi. es ki, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs sajaro dawesebu-
lebebis gamWvirvaled saqmianobasa da, zogadad, kargi mmarTvelobis damkvidrebas.
191
giorgi rusiaSvili*
vindikaciisa da Sesrulebis kondiqciis konkurencia

aranamdvili ormxrivi xelSekrulebis Sedegebis ukuqcevisas
I. Sesavali
usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTali kontinenturi evropis kodifikaciebis ganu-

yofel nawils Seadgens. is, rasac Semsrulebeli mimRebs gadascems usafuZvlod, ma-
galiTad, aranamdvili xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, mimRebma unda daubrunos gamcems
Sesrulebis kondiqciiT (Leistungskondiktion). aseve is, rasac piri iTvisebs sxvis uflebeb-
Si Carevis gziT – sxvisi sikeTis gamoyenebiT – valdebulia daubrunos uflebamosil
pirs miTvisebulis kondiqciiT (Eingriffkondiktion). es ori kondiqcia warmoadgens mTavar
instrumentebs, romlebic emsaxureba qonebis usafuZvlo moZraobis ukuqcevas.
miRebulis dabrunebis valdebuleba Semofarglulia moTxovnis momentisaTvis
mimRebTan arsebuli gamdidrebiT.1 Tumca, konkretul SemTxvevebSi Tu rogor unda
moxdes imis dadgena, ramdenad aris mimRebi ukan moTxovnis momentisaTvis jer kidev
gamdidrebuli, Zalze sakamaToa. magaliTad, Tu pirma daxarja usafuZvlod miRebu-
li da Sesabamisad, ar gamdidrebula, magram sanacvlod dazoga Tanxa, romlis gaRebac
sakuTari qonebidan mouwevda imave miznis misaRwevad, is mainc iTvleba gamdidrebu-
lad.2 es wesi ar moqmedebs, Tu pirma usafuZvlod miRebuli qoneba daxarja iseTi miz-
nebisaTvis, romlis misaRwevadac igi sakuTar qonebas ar gaimetebda (magaliTad, fu-
funebis sagnebi). gsk-is Semqmnelebma amgvar gadawyvetas safuZvlad daudes mosazre-
ba, romlis mixedviTac usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili moTxovna mimarTulia
usamarTlo Sedegebis koreqciisaken (Billigkeitsanspruch) da, garkveulwilad, mxolod
damxmare funqcias asrulebs. Sesabamisad, dauSvebelia, rom dabrunebis valdebule-
bam keTilsindisieri mimRebi raime saxiT daazaralos.3 Tumca amgvar daSvebas Tavisi
mowinaaRmdegeebic hyavs. marTlac, Znelad asaxsnelia, Tu ratom unda aRmoCndes usa-
fuZvlod miRebuli qonebis sruliad umiznod gamflangavi piri masTan SedarebiT uke-
Tes mdgomareobaSi, vinc qoneba sakuTari saWiroebisaTvis gamoiyena.4
sxva SemTxvevaa – rodesac aracalsaxaa, aris Tu ara mimRebi jer kidev gamdid-
rebuli – aranamdvili ormxrivi xelSekruleba. Sesrulebis kondiqcia, iseve rogorc
* samarTlis magistri, zaarlandis universitetis mecnier-muSaki.

1
Honsell H., Drei Fragen des Bereicherungsrecht, FS Schulin (Basel 2002), 30; Staudinger/Lorenz St., 1999,
§ 818 BGB Rn 33; MüKo/Lieb M., 2004, § 818 BGB Rn. 47; Seadare: § 818 gsk, Art. 65 OR da § 1437
ABGB.
2
Honsell H., Drei Fragen des Bereicherungsrecht, FS Schulin (Basel 2002), 30 Seadare aseve BGE 119 II
437 (442) da Semdgomi; Gauch P., Schluep W.R., Schmid J., Rey H., Obligationenrecht AT, I, Zürich 2003,
N. 1437; Schwenzer I., Obligationenrecht AT, Bern 2009, N 58.12.; aseve, Honsell H., Mader P.: in Schwi-
mann ABGB, 1987, § 1437 N 22; MüKo/Lieb M., 2004, § 818 BGB Rn. 73 da Semdgomni.
3
Protokolle zum BGB II 706 da Semdgomi.
4
Honsell H., Drei Fragen des Bereicherungsrecht, FS Schulin (Basel 2002), 30.
192
giorgi rusiaSvili, vindikaciisa da Sesrulebis kondiqciis konkurencia aranamdvili
ormxrivi xelSekrulebis Sedegebis ukuqcevisas
yvela sxva usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili moTxovna, calmxriv xasiaTs ata-

rebs. magaliTad, germanul samarTalSi kanoni mxolod calmxrivad iTvaliswinebs Sem-
sruleblis mier mimRebisagan Sesrulebis ukan moTxovnas, mis farglebs da mis gamom-
ricxav garemoebebs, magram ar iTvaliswinebs, Tu rogor unda moxdes mimRebis mier ga-
weuli Sesrulebis gaqviTva, rodesac mimRebi, Tavis mxriv, Semsrulebelia.
naSromSi SevecdebiT sakiTxis garkvevas, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli mimRebTan
realurad arsebuli gamdidrebis da aranamdvili ormxrivi xelSekrulebis farglebSi
mxareTa interesebis srulad gaTvaliswineba.
II. vindikaciisa da Sesrulebis kondiqiciis urTierTmimarTeba

abstraqtuli da kauzaluri sanivTo garigebis samarTlis qveynebSi
germaniis, Sveicariisa da avstriis samarTlis sistemebis msgavsad, saqarTvelos

samarTalic icnobs usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobil moTxovnas. imavdroulad
arsebobs vindikaciac, rogorc mesakuTris mTavari moTxovna nivTis mflobelis mi-
marT, romelsac ar aqvs mflobelobis ufleba. im samarTlis qveynebSi, sadac valdebu-
lebiTi garigeba sanivTos namdvilobas ganapirobebs, vindikaciam SeiZleba SeiTavsos
Sesrulebis kondiqciis funqciac. qvemoT gavaaanalizebT am ori moTxovnis urTier-
TmimarTebas.
1. vindikaciis, kondiqciisa da maTgan gamomdinare damatebiTi

samarTlebrivi Sedegebis urTierTmimarTeba germanul samarTalSi
germanul samoqalaqo samarTalSi erT-erTi yvelaze rTulad gadasawyveti prob-

lema usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili moTxovnis sxva samarTlis institutebi-
dan warmoSobil moTxovnebTan konkurenciis sakiTxia. jer kidev me-19 saukuneSi, ro-
desac gsk Seqmnili ar iyo, gabatonebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, rei vindicatio gamoricxav-
da condictio-s gamoyenebas,5 vindikaciis winapirobebis arseboba gulisxmobda, rom kon-
diqciis winapirobebi jer kidev ar arsebobda, iseve rogorc kondiqciis winapirobebis
arseboba gulisxmobda, rom vindikaciis winapirobebi ukve aRar iyo saxeze. kiTxvis
niSnis qveS idga sakiTxi, nivTis mflobeli, romelic ar gamxdara mesakuTre, saerTod
aris Tu ara gamdidrebuli. kondiqciis funqcias warmoadgenda dakarguli vindikaci-
is adgilis dakaveba. anu rodesac nivTze sakuTrebis dakargvis, misi ganadgurebis an
gasxvisebis Sedegad SeuZlebeli iyo misi gamoxmoba mflobelisagan, dakarguli vindi-
kaciis adgils ikavebda kondiqcia6 da, Sesabamisad, sanam vindikaciiT nivTis dabruneba
jer kidec SesaZlebeli iyo, kondiqciac miuwvdomeli rCeboda.7 am periodis germanuli
samarTlis doqtrina jer kidev ar avlebda mkacr zRvars nivTis kondiqciasa (condictio
5
Savigny F.C., System des heutigen römischen rechts, V, Berlin 1841, 565; Schmitt R., Die Subsidiarität der
Bereicherungsansprüche, Bielefeld 1969, 57.
6
Savigny F.C., System des heutigen römischen rechts, Berlin V, 1841, 515; Wilburg W., Die Lehre von der un-
gerechtfertigten Bereicherung nach österreichischem und deutschem Recht, Graz 1934, 33.
7
bayr. ObLG, SeuffArch 35, 428; Stadler A., Gestaltungsfreiheit und Verkehrsschutz durch Abstraktion, Tübin-
gen 1996, 224.
193
rei) da mflobelobis kondiqcias (condictio possesionis) Soris8, Tumca amgvari gamijvna ger-
maniis imdroindel samoqalaqo samarTalSi ukve arsebobda. mocemuli mosazrebis ga-
moZaxilia wina saukunis dasawyisSi germanul literaturaSi gabatonebuli azri, rom
gsk-is 985-e paragrafi, romelic awesrigebs vindikacias, TavisTavad gamoricxavs ra
kondiqciiT sakuTrebis moTxovnas, mflobelobis kondiqcias xeluxlebels tovebs9.
dResdReobiT germanul samarTalSi am or moTxovnas Soris konkurencia Se-
saZlebelia nivTis usafuZvlo mflobelobidan gamoTxovisas. amis magaliTia Sem-
Txveva, rodesac aranamdvilia rogorc valdebulebiTi, ise sanivTo garigeba (erTi
da imave an sxvadasxva mizezis gamo), es aris egreT wodebuli ormagi aranamdvilobis
(Doppelnichtigkeit) SemTxveva. am dros mesakuTres nivTis mflobelobis ukan gamoTxova
SeuZlia rogorc vindikaciis, aseve usafuZvlo gamdidrebis meSveobiT.10 am ori moTx-
ovnis konkurencia warmoSobs sirTuleebs, radgan es sakiTxi dgeba ara mxolod Ziri-
Tad moTxovnebTan dakavSirebiT (vindikaciiT Tu kondiqciiT unda moxdes uSualod
nivTis dabruneba), aramed aseve damatebiTi moTxovnebis (Nebenansprüche) mimarTac, ro-
goric aris, magaliTad, nivTidan miRebuli sargeblis anazRaureba.
a. vindikaciisa da Sesrulebis kondiqciis urTierTmimarTeba
germanuli literaturaSi11 calsaxaa, rom usafuZvlo gamdidrebis instituts ar

SeiZleba mieniWos erTmniSvnelovnad subsidiaruli roli yvela sxva moTxovnasTan Se-
darebiT, rogorc es xSir SemTxvevaSi sxva samarTlis sitemebSia aRiarebuli. am insti-
tutis arasubsidiarul xasiaTze metyvelebs misi adgili germanuli samoqalaqo ko-
deqsis sistemaSi. Tumca aseve calsaxadaa uaryofili sapirispiro mosazreba,12 romlis
mixedviTac usafuZvlo gamdidreba warmoadgens „umaRles marTlwesrigs“, romelsac
samarTlis yvela sxva institutis kontrolisa da koreqciis funqcia akisria, Sesaba-
misad, Sesrulebis kondiqciisa da sxva moTxovnaTa urTierTmimarTebis SemTxvevaSi,
SesaZlebelia saxeze gvqondes mxolod fardobiTi subsidiaruloba13 an aragamomricx-
avi konkurencia.
vindikacia germanul samoqalaqo kodeqsSi mowesrigebulia 985-e,14 Sesrulebis
kondiqcia ki 812 I 1, 1. Var.-Si15 paragrafSi. rodesac rogorc valdebulebiTi, aseve sa-
nivTo garigeba aris aranamdvili, nivTis mesakuTres usafuZvlod gamdidrebulisagan
8
Stadler A., Gestaltungsfreiheit und Verkehrsschutz durch Abstraktion, Tübingen 1996, 224.
9
Seadare mflobelobis kondiqciasTan dakavSirebiT jer kidev meore raixis sasamarT-
los gadawyvetilebebi: RGZ 98, 131 (135); RGZ 115, 31 (34); RGZ 129, 307 (311); aseve BGH NJW
1953, 58 (59); Schmitt R., Die Subsidiarität der Bereicherungsansprüche, Bielefeld 1969, 104.
10
11
Schmitt R., Die Subsidiarität der Bereicherungsansprüche, Bielefeld 1969, 96 da Semdgomni.
12
v. Caemmerer E., Bereicherung und unerlaubte Handlung, FS Rabel (Tübingen 1954), 339; Waltjen D., Das
Eigentümer-Besitzer-Verhältnis und Ansprüche aus ungerechtfertigter Bereicherunng, AcP 175 (1975), 109
da Semdgomni.
13
rac gamowveuli ara imiT, rom es instituti TavisTavad subsidiarulia yvela sxva in-
stitutTan mimarTebaSi.
14
§ 985: mesakuTres SeuZlia mflobelisagan moiTxovos nivTis dabruneba.
15
§ 812 I 1: vinc sxvisi SesrulebiT an sxvagvarad moipovebs raimes sxvis xarjze samarT-
lebrivi safuZvlis gareSe, valdebulia daabrunos is.
194
nivTis gamoTxova SeuZlia rogorc vindikaciis, aseve kondiqciis meSveobiT. magali-

Tad, rodesac piri SezRudulad qmedunariania rogorc sanivTo, aseve valdebulebiTi
garigebebis dadebisas, an valdebulebiTi garigebis dadebisas saxezea Secdoma (piri
cdeba kontrahentis vinaobaSi), xolo sanivTo garigebis dadebisas SemZens SecdomiT
gadascems sul sxva nivTs. Secilebis Sedegad SesaZlebelia orive garigebis dadebis
momentidan aranamdvilad cnoba.16 moTxovnaTa konkurencias SeiZleba adgili hqondes
aseve im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi orze meti piri monawi-
leobs17. magaliTad, rodesac egreT wodebuli gasxvisebaTa jaWvis18 SemTxvevaSi, iseve
rogorc nivTis mesakuTresa da nivTis pirvel SemZens Soris, aseve am ukanasknelsa da
meore SemZens Soris dadebuli yvela sanivTo Tu valdebulebiTi garigeba aranamdvi-
lia. aucilebelia, rom meore SemZenma ver SeiZinos sakuTrebis ufleba keTilsindisi-
eri mopovebis meSveobiT.
1.1. sasamarTlo praqtika, literaturaSi gabatonebuli Sexeduleba

da gansxvavebuli azri
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moTxovnis sagani nivTze mflobelobis dabrunebaa, sasamar-

Tlo praqtikasa da literaturaSi gabatonebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, vindikacia da
Sesrulebis kondiqcia erTmaneTTan konkurirebs da SesaZlebelia orive moTxovnis
uflebis gamoyeneba.19
gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba aqvT mecnierTa meore, sakmaod angariSgasawev nawils.
maTi azriT, usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili moTxovna, rogorc specialuri
moTxovna, vindikaciasTan konkurenciisas gamoricxavs am ukanasknelis gamoyenebas.
mas safuZvlad daedo jer kidev saukunis dasawyisSi Siber-is20 mier gamoTqmuli mo-
sazreba, romlis mixedviTac vindikacia, rogorc sakuTrebidan warmoSobili zogadi
moTxovna, specialur moTxovnebTan konkurenciisas ukan unda ixevdes. es Sexeduleba
SemdgomSi Camoyalibda Teoriad21 da moicva aseve vindikaciisa da kondiqciis urTier-
TmimarTebac.
aRniSnuli koncefciis arseboba22 bevrad ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom
vindikaciasa da kondiqcias gansxvavebuli damatebiTi moTxovnebi ukavSirdeba. maga-
16
sakiTxi, vrceldeba Tu ara valdebulebiTi garigebis Secilebis Sedegad gamowveuli
aranamdviloba aseve sanivTo garigebaze, scdeba mocemuli Temis CarCoebs.
17
Stadler A., Gestaltungsfreiheit und Verkehrsschutz durch Abstraktion, Tübingen,1996, 225.
18
Veräußerungkette – igulisxmeba SemTxveva, rodesac nivTis gasxviseba ramdenimejer, erT-
maneTis miyolebiT xorcieldeba.
19
BGHZ 34, 122; Staudinger/Gursky K.H., 2006, § 985 BGB Rn. 24; Seadare, aseve RGZ 170, 259.
20
Siber H., Der Rechtszwang im Schuldverhältnis, Leipzig 1903, 114, 125 da Semdgomi; aseve Siber H., Die
Passivlegitimation bei der rei vindicatio, Leipzig 1907, 249 da Semdgomni.
21
Raiser L., FS M. Wolff (Tübingen 1952), 123 da 140; Raiser L., JZ 1958, 681, 683; Baur F.,Stürner R., Sa-
chenrecht, München 1999, 97 da Semdgomni; v. Caemmerer E., Bereicherung und unerlaubte Handlung, FS
Rabel (Tübingen 1954), 145 da Semdgomni; Seadare aseve Waltjen D., Das Eigentümer-Besitzer-Ver-
hältnis und Ansprüche aus ungerechtfertigter Bereicherunng, AcP 175 (1975), 109 da Semdgomni; Honsell
H.,Wieling H.J., Fälle zum Besonderen Schuldrecht, München 1996, 98, სქ. 2.
22
Waltjen D., Das Eigentümer-Besitzer-Verhältnis und Ansprüche aus ungerechtfertigter Bereicherunng, AcP
175 (1975), 109.
195
liTad, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 987-e paragrafi awesrigebs arauflebamosili

mflobelis mimarT mesakuTris moTxovnas, daubrunos mas nivTidan miRebuli sargebe-
li an is sargebeli, romelic mas sarCelis aRZvris momentidan SeiZleba mieRo da bra-
leulad ar miiRo. momdevno muxlebSi mowesrigebulia arauflebamosili mflobelis
mier sargeblis anazRaureba, romelmac usasyidlod miiRo nivTi (§988 gsk), sarCelis
aRZvris Semdeg arauflebamosili mflobelis mier zianis anazRaurebis ufleba (§989
gsk) da ramdenime sxva vindikaciis Tanmdevi moTxovna. es normebi ganasxvaveben ara-
keTilsindisier da keTilsindisier mflobels da adgenen maT gansxvavebul pasuxis-
mgeblobas. 993-e da Semdgomi paragrafebi aweseben amjerad mesakuTris valdebulebas,
nivTis dabrunebis Semdeg aunazRauros arauflebamosil mflobels nivTze gaweuli
danaxarjebi. urTierTdapirispirebuli moTxovnebi erTobliobaSi qmnian egreT wode-
bul `mesakuTresa da mflobels Soris urTierTobas” (Eigentümer-Besitzer Verhältnis). usa-
fuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTali msgavsi tipis damatebiT moTxovnebs germanul samar-
TalSi gansxvavebulad awesrigebs, Tumca, damatebiT moTxovnaTa Soris konkurenciis
sakiTxamde saWiroa uSualod ZiriTad moTxovnebs Soris konkurenciis, anu im moTxov-
nebs Soris konkurenciis problemis ganxilva, romlebic mimarTulia uSualod nivTis
dabrunebaze da ara sargeblis an zianis anazRaurebaze.23
damatebiTi moTxovnebisagan gansxvavebiT, ZiriTadi moTxovnebi erTi da imave
miznis, nivTis dabrunebisaken aris mimarTuli da samarTlebrivi sikeTis mniSvnelobis
Sefasebisas maT Soris winaaRmdegoba ar arsebobs.24 im mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod, rom
Sesrulebis kondiqcias vindikaciasTan mimarTebaSi upiratesi Zala unda mieniWos, Se-
saZlebelia Semdegi argumentis moSvelieba. gsk-is 986-e paragrafi awesebs, rom Tu niv-
Tis mflobels aqvs egreT wodebuli mflobelobis ufleba, maSin mesakuTris mxridan
nivTis vindicireba dauSvebelia.
Tu saxelSekrulebo da usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili moTxovnebi ga-
moricxavs vindikaciis SesaZleblobas, maSin 986-e paragrafs mxolod Zalze mwiri ga-
moyenebis sfero rCeba.25 nebismier SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ar arsebobs saxelSkrulebo
ufleba mflobelobaze, nivTis ukan moTxovna SesaZlebeli iqneba saxelSekrulebo
dabrunebis moTxovniT an usafuZvlo gamdidrebis wesebis Sesabamisad, rac ukve Tavis-
Tavad gamoricxavda nivTis dabrunebis SesaZleblobas vindikaciis meSveobiT. TviT
vindikaciac sakmaod mwir SemTxvevebSi iqneboda gamoyenebuli, radgan yovelTvis, ro-
desac saxezea aranamdvili saxelSekrulebo urTierToba, moZravi nivTis ukan moTx-
ovna ukve usafuZvlo gamdidrebis wesebis Sesabamisad moxdeboda. vindikaciis gamoye-
nebis ZiriTad sferod darCeboda mxolod SemTxveva, rodesac mesakuTrem misi nebis
gareSe dakarga mflobeloba, Tumca am urTierTobebis mosawesrigeblad germanul sa-
marTalSi sxva, ufro specialuri moTxovnac arsebobs.26
23
diferenciacia ZiriTad da damatebiT moTxovnis uflebebs Soris savsebiT SesaZlebe-
lia, Seadare: Staudinger/Gursky K.H., 2006, § 985 BGB Rn. 24; Köbl U., Das Eigentümer-Besitzer-Ver-
hältnis im Anspruchssystem des BGB, Berlin 1971, 153 da Semdgomi; Emmerich V., Nebenfolgen der Vin-
dikation, Saarbrücken-Homburg 1966, 42, 100 da Semdgomni; Medicus D., Bürgerliches Recht, Köln-Berlin
2011, Rn. 593.
24
Larenz K., Methodenlehre, Berlin 1991, 250.
25
26
gsk-is § 1007 II an § 861 gsk, Seadare Medicus D., Bürgerliches Recht, Köln-Berlin 2011, Rn. 593.
196
kondiqciis gamoyenebisas vindikaciis gamoricxvis winaaRmdeg damatebiTi argu-

menti amgvaria: mTeli rigi moTxovnebi, da maT Soris vindikaciac, movalis gakotrebi-
sas mis mflobelobaSi arsebuli nivTis movalis qonebisagan gamocalkevebisa da mesa-
kuTrisaTvis gadacemis SesaZleblobas iZleva.27 marTalia, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac or-
magi aranamdviloba aris saxeze mesakuTresa da usafuZvlod gamdidrebuls Soris ur-
TierTobaSi, amgvari gamocalkevebis SesaZleblobas iZleva aseve kondiqciac,28 magram
ara im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac usafuZvlod gamdidrebulma moaswro nivTis mesame pirze
gasxviseba. magaliTi 1: a-m miyida da gadasca nivTi b-s, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, es nivTi
gaasxvisa da gadasca g-s. yvela es garigeba, rogorc valdebulebiTi, ise sanivTo, aris
aranamdvili. SemdegSi b. kotrdeba. Tu davuSvebT, rom am SemTxvevaSi a-s kondiqcia b-s
mimarT gamoricxavs g-sgan nivTis vindicirebis SesaZleblobas, es gadawyveta calsa-
xad auaresebs a-s mdgomareobas. radgan mas ar eqneba nivTis uSualod g-sgan gamoTxo-
vis SesaZlebloba, xolo b-s winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kondiqcia mas didad ver daexmareba,
radgan b nivTs ukve ar flobs da misgan mxolod nivTis Rirebulebis moTxovnaa SesaZ-
lebeli (§818 II gsk). a unda Cadges b-s movaleTa rigSi da dasjerdes gakotrebulis qone-
bis ganawilebis Semdeg misTvis darCenil wils. mocemuli argumentebidan gamomdinare,
germanul samarTalSi sakmaod dasabuTebuli Cans mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac vindi-
kacia da kondiqcia ki ar gamoricxaven, aramed konkurireben erTmaneTTan.
b. vindikaciisa da Sesrulebis kondiqciis Tanmdevi moTxovnebis

urTierTmimarTeba
SedarebiT kompleqsur da rTulad gadasaWrel sakiTxs warmoadgens mimarTeba

vindikaciisa (§987 da Semdgomni gsk29) da Sesrulebis kondiqciis Tanmdev moTxovnebs
(§§812, 818 gsk) Soris. orive SemTxvevaSi nivTis gamoTxovis Tanmdevi Sedegi misgan mi-
Rebuli sargeblis gamoTxovaa.
keTilsindisier mflobels, romlisaganac mesakuTre vindikaciis meSveobiT ib-
runebs sakuTar nivTs, SeiZleba daekisros mxolod im sargeblis anazRaureba, romel-
sac is miiRebs sasamarTloSi mis winaaRmdeg vindikaciuri sarCelis wardgenis Sem-
deg, an romelic miiReba nivTis daSvebulze ufro intensiurad gamoyenebis Sedegad
(Übermaßfrüchte).30 keTilsindisier mflobels ar ekisreba sxva raime sargeblis daabru-
27
28
Böhle-Stamschräder A., Kilger J., 1997, § 43 Kostenordnung Bem. 7.
29
gsk-is § 987 I: mflobelma unda daubrunos mesakuTres is sargebeli, romelsac is miiRebs
sasamarTloSi sarCelis aRZvris Semdeg. gsk-is § 988: mflobeli, romelic nivTs flobs
ise, rogorc mis sakuTars, an flobs mas sargeblobis uflebis safuZvelze, romelic
sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs da mflobeloba mopovebuli aqvs usasyidlod, valdebulia
mesakuTres aunazRauros sarCelis aRZvramde miRebuli sargebeli usafuZvlo gam-
didrebis danawesTa Sesabamisad. gsk-is § 993 I: Tu 987-992-e paragrafebis winapirobe-
bi ar aris saxeze, maSin mflobelma miRebuli nayofi, romelic gonivruli meurneobis
Sesabamisad nivTidan miRebul sargeblad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos, unda daabrunos usa-
fuZvlo gamdidrebis danawesTa Sesabamisad; sxva mxriv is ar aris valdebuli aanazRau-
ros raime sargebeli an ziani.
30
igulisxmeba iseTi nayofi, romlis miRebac xdeba nivTis substanciis cveTis xarjze, an
197
nebis valdebuleba. gamonakliss warmoadgens mxolod is SemTxveva, rodesac mflo-

belma mflobeloba usasyidlod miiRo. am dros is abrunebs sargebels usafuZvlo gam-
didrebis danawesTa Sesabamisad.
gansxvavebulad aris mowesrigebuli sargeblis dabruneba usafuZvlo gamdid-
rebis samarTalSi.31 am SemTxvevaSi konkurenciaa, erTi mxriv, gsk-s 818-e da 987-e, 988-e,
993-e paragrafebs Soris. TiToeuli am normis gamoyenebas gansxvavebul Sedegamde miv-
yavarT. mflobeli, romelic nivTis mesakuTre aranamdvili valdebulebiTi garigebis
safuZvelze gaxda, valdebulia, §818-e I gsk-s Sesabamisad, daabrunos nivTidan miRebu-
li sargebeli, maSin rodesac mflobeli, romelsac ar moupovebia sakuTreba, radgan sa-
xeze iyo ormagi aranamdviloba, ar abrunebs am sargebels §§ 988-e, 993-e I gsk-s mixedviT.
1.1. `mesakuTre-mflobels Soris urTierTobis~ upiratesoba
germanuli sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, moTxovnaTa konkurenciisas upira-

tesoba unda mieniWos vindikaciidan gamomdinare damatebiT moTxovnebs. sasamarTlo
praqtikasa da literaturaSi gabatonebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, am damatebiTi moTx-
ovnebis mizans warmoadgens keTilsindisieri mflobelis privilegireba, romelmac
nivTi sasyidliT moipova da romlis mimarTac jer sarCeli ar aRZrula. es mizani gan-
sakuTrebiT aqtualuria sam pirs Soris urTierTobaSi, e. i. maSin, rodesac mesakuTri-
sagan miRebuli nivTi mflobelma, Tavis mxriv, sxva mflobels gadasca. am meore arauf-
lebamosil mflobels, romelic valdebulia nivTi daubrunos mesakuTres, sanacvlod
ki mxolod Tavisi kontrahentisagan (pirveli mflobelisagan) SeuZlia kompensaciis
moTxovna, unda darCes nivTisagan miRebuli sargebeli. imisaTvis, rom zemoxsenebuli
mflobelis privilegireba SesaZlebeli iyos, sasamarTlo praqtikaSi gabatonebuli
mosazrebis Tanaxmad, gsk-s 987-e da momdevno paragrafebi warmoadgenen im amomwurav
danawesebs, romlebic samarTlis sxva institutebidan msgavsi tipis moTxovnebis war-
moSobis SesaZleblobas gamoricxaven.32 am mosazrebaSi gamovlenili es zogadi princi-
pi xSirad garkveul saxecvlilebas ganicdis.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, „mesakuTresa da mflobels Soris urTierTobis“ momwes-
rigebeli institutis mizania keTilsindisier mflobels, romelmac sasyidliani ga-
rigebiT moipova nivTi, darCes misgan miRebuli sargebeli, radgan is valdebulia me-
sakuTres daubrunos nivTi, xolo sasyidlis moTxovna (Tu sam pirs Soris urTierTo-
ba gvaqvs saxeze) damokidebulia misi uSualo kontrahentis gadaxdisunarianobaze da
aseve, am urTierTobidan warmoSobil sxva sirTuleebze. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT:
sam pirs Soris urTierTobaSi mesakuTre vindikaciis meSveobiT nivTs mesame pirisagan
Zalze martivad ibrunebs, xolo es ukanaskneli, romelsac ar hqonda safuZveli evara-
uda, rom nivTi misi sakuTreba ar iyo da sargeblobda misiT, rogorc sakuTariT, kar-
gavs nivTs, xolo masSi gadaxdili sasyidlis moTxovnisas damokidebulia sul sxva pi-
ris (da ara mesakuTris) gadaxdisunarianobaze.
nivTis moxmareba xdeba ise intensiurad, rom es gamoiwvevs nivTis samomavlo nayofi-
erebis Semcirebas (MüKo/Baldus Ch., 2009, § 993 BGB Rn. 5).
31 gsk-is § 818 I: dabrunebas eqvemdebareba nivTidan an uflebidan miRebuli sargebeli,
aseve is, rac pirma miiRo nivTis dazianebis, gafuWebis an warTmevis sanacvlod.
32 RGZ 163, 348 (35)2; RGZ 137, 206; MüKo/Medicus D., 1997, §993 BGB Rn. 11 da Semdgomi.
198
sxvagvari danawesi arsebobs mflobelobis usasyidlod SeZenis SemTxvevisaTvis.

germaneli kanonmdeblis SefasebiTi gadawyvetileba (Wertungseintschiedung), rom, sasyid-
lianTan SedarebiT, qonebis usasyidlod mopoveba nivTis SenarCunebisa da damatebi-
Ti moTxovnebis Tavidan acilebisaTvis gacilebiT sust safuZvels (causa minor) warmo-
adgens, wiTel xazad gasdevs usafuZvlo gamdidrebis mTel instituts.33 es Sefaseba
gadmotanilia aseve „mesakuTre-mflobelis urTierTobaSic“. amitomac §988-e dana-
wesis mixedviT, mflobeli, romelmac usasyidlod moipova mflobeloba, valdebulia
aanazRauros nivTidan miRebuli sargebeli usafuZvlo gamdidrebis danawesTa Sesaba-
misad. usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTali sargeblis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi TviT ar
ganasxvavebs, sasyidliani Tu usasyidlo garigebis safuZvelze iqna mflobeloba SeZe-
nili. Sesabamisad, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac valdebulebiTi sasyidliani garigeba ara-
namdvilia, xolo sanivTo garigeba namdvili, usafuZvlod gamdidrebuli mesakuTre
valdebulia Tavdapirvel mesakuTres daubrunos sakuTreba da aseve nivTidan miRebu-
li sargebeli (§818 I gsk). im SemTxvevaSi ki, rodesac valdebulebiT garigebasTan erTad
aranamdvili iyo aseve sanivTo garigebac, usafuZvlod gamdidrebul mflobels niv-
Tis dabruneba, kondiqciur danawesTa mixedviT, mouwevda sargebelTan erTad, xolo
vindikaciuri moTxovnidan warmoSobili pasuxismgeblobisas is ar daabrunebda sar-
gebels. pasuxismgeblobis es ori masStabi erTmaneTs acilebulia. sasamarTlo praq-
tika34 maT erTmaneTTan SesatyvisobaSi moyvanas Semdegi xerxiT cdilobs: mflobelo-
bis usafuZvlo da usasyidlo mopoveba erTmaneTis tolfasad miiCneva. anu im SemTxve-
vaSic ki, rodesac pirma dado sasyidliani valdebulebiTi garigeba da masTan erTad
baTili iyo aseve sanivTo garigebac, romliTac pirma moipova mflobeloba, miiCneva,
rom mflobelobis mopoveba moxda usasyidlod. amgvari gadawyveta saSualebas iZleva,
rom gsk-s 988-e paragrafis moqmedeba, romelic privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi aye-
nebs mxolod sasyidlian mflobels, sxva danarCen SemTxvevaSi ki sargeblis moTxovni-
sas usafuZvlo gamdidrebaze miuTiTebs, gavrceldes aseve am ormagi aranamdvilobis
SemTxvevazec. Sesabamisad, sanivTo garigebis aranamdvilobis dros, arauflebamosi-
li mflobeli nebismier SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sargeblis dabrunebas exeba saqme, pasuxs
unda agebdes vindikaciuri urTierTobis danawesTa Sesabamisad.
1.2. literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazreba da moTxovnaTa konkurencia
es mosazreba literaturaSi35 sakmaod mkacrad aris gakritikebuli. argumente-

bis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis kvlav magaliTis moSvelieba migvaCnia saWirod. magaliTi 2:
a-m miyida da gadasca nivTi b-s, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, es nivTi usasyidlo garigebis
safuZvelze gadasca g-s. yvela es, rogorc valdebulebiTi, ise sanivTo garigeba ara-
33
SedarebisaTvis sakmarisia gsk-is § 816 I: „Tu arauflebamosili piri gankargavs nivTs,
da es gankargva namdvilia uflebamosili piris mimarT, is valdebulia gadasces ufle-
bamosil pirs am gankargvis Sedegad miRebuli. Tu gankargva xdeba usasyidlod, es val-
debuleba warmoeSveba im pirs, romelic gankargvis Sedegad uSulod moipovebs samarT-
lebriv sikeTes.“
34
RGZ 163, 348 da Semdgomni; BGHZ 32, 76 (94) da Semdgomi.
35
Baur F., Stürner R., Sachenrecht, München 1999, 97; Medicus D., Bürgerliches Recht, Köln-Berlin 2011, Rn.
600; Emmerich V., Nebenfolgen der Vindikation, Saarbrücken-Homburg 1966, 94.
199
namdvilia da g-m sakuTrebis mopoveba ver SeZlo verc sakuTrebis keTilsindisierad

mopovebis meSveobiT.
im gansxvavebis safuZvels, romelsac gsk-s 988-e paragrafi akeTebs sasyidlian da
usasyidlo mflobels Soris, rodesac mxolod es ukanasknelia valdebuli daabrunos
sargebeli, warmoadgens is faqti, rom g-s, romelmac usasyidlod moipova mflobelo-
ba, ar akisria mis uSualo kontrahent b-sagan garigebis sasyidlis dabrunebis riski.
man usasyidlo garigebiT moipova qoneba, amitomac, SesaZlebelia igi davavaldebu-
loT, raTa uSualod a-s daubrunos misi kuTvnili nivTis sargebeli. es sakiTxi sxvag-
varad wydeba maSin, rodesac b-m g-s sasyidliani garigebiT gadasca nivTi. g-s interesi,
Tu mas uwevs nivTis sargeblis mesakuTrisaTvis gadacema, masSi gadaxdili sasyidlis
ukan dabrunebaa. metad rom davakonkretoT, g dainteresebulia kontrahentis mier ga-
daxdili Tanxis anazRaurebamde ar daabrunos nivTi.36 or pirs Soris urTierTobaSi
g-s am interesisaTvis angariSis gaweva SesaZlebelia orive mxarisaTvis erTdrouli
Sesrulebis davaldebulebiT (Zug-um-Zug Leistung),37 rac nivTis mflobel g-s saSualebas
aZlevs, manamde ar daabrunos sargebeli, sanam mas ar aunazRaurdeba nivTis SeZenisaT-
vis gaweuli xarjebi. sxvagvaradaa saqme, rodesac g sargebels ubrunebs mesakuTre a-s,
xolo nivTis sanacvlod gadaxdili sasyidlis dabruneba mxolod uSualo kontrahent
b-sgan SeuZlia moiTxovos. am SemTxvevaSi mas Sesrulebebis erTdroulad moTxovnis
ufleba aRar rCeba da ekisreba b-s gadaxdisunarianobis riski. swored es usamarTlod
miCneuli Sedegi warmoadgens sasamarTlo praqtikis mier SemoTavazebuli gadawyvetis
sawinaaRmdego ZiriTad sapirwones. amitomac, literaturaSi gabatonebulia mosazre-
ba,38 rom, miuxedavad §993 I 2 gsk-s arsebobisa, romlis Tanaxmad usafuZvlo gamdidre-
bis danawesebis mixedviT keTilsindisieri sasyidliani mflobeli ar abrunebs nivTis
sargebels, ormagi aranamdvilobis SemTxvevaSi usafuZvlo gamdidreba mainc unda iq-
nes gamoyenebuli. Tumca, es, Tavis mxriv, axal problemas warmoSobs: es ori instituti
erTi da imave SemTxvevisaTvis gansxvavebul samarTlebriv Sedegebs awesebs.
1.3. Sesrulebis kondiqciis upiratesoba
literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mesame mosazrebis39 mixedviT, Sesrulebis kondiqcii-

dan warmoSobili damatebiTi moTxovnis uflebebi gandevnian vindikaciidan warmoSo-
bil damatebiT moTxovnebs.40 es mosazreba ufuZneba daSvebas, rom usafuZvlo gamdid-
reba vindikaciasTan mimarTebaSi aris specialuri moTxovna, romlic vrceldeba aseve
36
37
gsk-is § 273.
38
Baur F., Stürner R., Sachenrecht, München 1999, 97; Medicus D., Bürgerliches Recht, Köln-Berlin 2011, Rn.
600; Larenz K., Canaris C. W., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, II/2, 1994, § 74 I 1 a.
39
v. Caemmerer E., Bereicherung und unerlaubte Handlung, FS Rabel (Tübingen 1954), 145 da Semdgomi,
154 sq. 42; Waltjen D., Das Eigentümer-Besitzer-Verhältnis und Ansprüche aus ungerechtfertigter Berei-
cherunng, AcP 175 (1975), 109 da Semdgomni; Emmerich V., Nebenfolgen der Vindikation, Saarbrücken-
Homburg 1966, 102 da Semdgomni.
40
Staudinger Eckpfeiler/Martinek M., 2009, § 818 BGB Rn. 68 es wesi moqmedebs mxolod Sesrulebis
kondiqciisa da vindikaciis konkurenciisas da ar moqmedebs sxva kondiqciebis SemTx-
vevaSi.
200
kondiqciidan da vindikaciidan warmoSobili damatebiTi Sedegebis urTierTmimarTe-

bazec. es Teoria gamyarebulia im argumentiT, rom principul gansxvavebas ar warmo-
adgens mxolod valdebulebiTi, Tu masTan erTad aseve sanivTo garigebac aranamdvi-
lia.41 garda amisa, rodesac mesakuTre, Sesrulebis kondiqciis nacvlad nivTs vindika-
ciisa da misi damatebiTi moTxovnebis safuZvelze iTxovs, usafuZvlod gamdidrebuls
espoba SesaZlebloba, am moTxovnas Seupirispiros kontrahentis winaaRmdeg usafuZ-
vlo gamdidrebidan gamomdinare sakuTari moTxovna.42
2. vindikaciisa da kondiqciis urTierTmimarTeba

Sveicariis samarTalSi
a. nivTis ukan moTxovna vindikaciis meSveobiT
Sveicariul samarTalSi, sadac kauzalobis principi moqmedebs, germanulTan Se-

darebiT, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis roli arsebiTad umniSvneloa. aranamdvili valde-
bulebiTi xelSekruleba avtomaturad aranamdvils xdis aseve sanivTo xelSekrule-
basac da mesakuTres nivTis ukan moTxovna ukve vindikaciis meSveobiT SeuZlia (Art. 641
II ZGB).43 ra Tqma unda, vindikaciuri moTxovnis winapirobaa, rom nivTi usafuZvlod
gamdidrebul mflobelTan jer kidev arsebobdes materialuri saxiT. nivTis gamsxvi-
sebeli, rogorc mesakuTre, atarebs im nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupvis risks, romelic
usafuZvlod gamdidrebul mflobelTan imyofeba.44 nivTze gaweuli xarjebisa da zia-
nis anazRaurebis moTxovna, romelic SemZenis braliT aris gamowveuli, ganisazRvreba
Art. 938-e ZGB-sa da Semdgomi muxlebis mixedviT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTals kauzaluri sanivTo gari-
gebis samarTlis qveynebSic aqvs Tavisi niSa. magaliTad, zemoT ukve davasaxeleT Sem-
Txvevebi, rodesac gamdidrebis obieqts warmoadgens fuli, romelic gamdidrebulis
kuTvnil sxva fuls Seereva, aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTe, romlis vindicirebac
aseve SeuZlebelia, an materialuri nivTi sxvadasxva mizezis gamo kontrahentis qone-
baSi ukve aRar moipoveba da mxolod misi Rirebulebis ukan moTxovnaa SesaZlebeli.
sxva SemTxvevebSi, Sveicariul samarTalSic aseve problematuria kondiqcia-vin-
dikaciis da maTi Tanmdevi Sedegebis konkurencia, romelTa SesatyvisobaSi moyvanas
41
v. Caemmerer E., Bereicherung und unerlaubte Handlung, FS Rabel (Tübingen 1954), 145 da Semdgomi,
154 sq. 42; Köbl U., Das Eigentümer-Besitzer-Verhältnis im Anspruchssystem des BGB, Berlin 1971, 275;
Reuter D., Martinek M., Ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung, Tübingen 1983, 690; Koppensteiner H.G., Kramer
R. A., ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung, 1975, 207.
42
Larenz K., Canaris C. W., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, II/2, München 1994, 338 da Semdgomni; Koppen-
steiner H.G., Kramer R. A., ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung, Berlin 1975, 198 da Semdgomni; Reuter D.,
Martinek M., Ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung, Tübingen 1983, 667.
43
Bucher E., Obligationenrecht AT, Zürich 1988, § 34 I 3; Keller M./Schaufelberger P., Das Schweizerische
Schuldrecht, III, Ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung, Basel/Frankfurt a.M.1990, 7 da Semdgomi; Grawehr P.A.,
Die ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung, St. Gallen 1991, 44; Oftinger K., Eigentumsübertragung an Fahrnis, Bern
1933, 128.
44
Giger H., Rechtsfolgen norm- und sittenwidriger Verträge, Zürich 1989, 132.
201
cdilobs rogorc literatura,45 ise sasamarTlo praqtika. gansjis mTavari sagania

rogorc SemTxveva, rodesac, aranamdvili nasyidobis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare,
gamyidvels SeuZlia sakuTari nivTis vindicireba, xolo myidvels gadaxdili safasu-
ris dabrunebis mxolod kondiqciis meSveobiT moTxovna, aseve is garemoeba, rom vin-
dikaciidan warmoSobili damatebiTi moTxovnebi (Art. 938 ZGB da Semdgomni, anda §329
ABGB da Semdgomni), aranamdvili xelSekrulebis farglebSi, qonebis moZraobis ukuq-
cevas ar miesadageba46. magaliTad, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTalSi ar arsebobs
danawesi, romelic moawesrigebda nivTis sargeblis dabrunebas. rac Seexeba vindika-
ciur urTierTobas, sargeblis dabrunebis valdebuleba akisria mxolod arakeTil-
sindisier mflobels (Art. 940 ZGB). sasamarTlo praqtika47 Tavdapirvelad Seecada usa-
fuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTalSic daemkvidrebina sargeblis dabrunebis moTxovna. am
SemTxvevaSi damatebiT problemas qmnida is faqti, rom SveicariaSi usafuZvlo gamdid-
rebis samarTali ar ganasxvavebda keTilsindisier da arakeTilsindisier mflobels.
sasamarTlo praqtikis kvaldakval, aseve literaturamac,48 usafuZvlo gamdidrebis
samarTalSi, gamokveTa es gansxvaveba, raTa vindikaciuri da kondiqciuri urTierTo-
ba am mimarTulebiTac ar ascdenoda erTmaneTs da usafuZvlo gamdidrebis fargleb-
Si sargeblis anazRaurebis valdebuleba ar yofiliyo vindikaciis CarCoebiT gaTva-
liswinebulze ufro meti, Tumca, sabolood, umaRlesma sasamarTlo praqtikam49 sxva
gza airCia. dResdReobiT SesaZlebelia sargeblis, rogorc usafuZvlo gamdidrebis,
moTxovna maSinac ki, Tu nivTis gamoTxova xdeba vindikaciis meSveobiT da mflobeli
iyo keTilsindisieri, rac gamoricxavs vindikaciuri urTierTobidan imaves moTxov-
nis SesaZleblobas. amiT, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTalma garkveulwilad vindika-
ciis damatebiTi moTxovnis funqcia ikisra, miuxedavad mflobelis keTilsindisiere-
ba-arakeTilsindisierebisa. problemis amgvari gadawyveta dasabuTebulia faqtobri-
vi sinalagmis pricipiT, romelzedac dawvrilebiT qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
b. vindikaciasTan mimarTebiT kondiqciuri moTxovnis

subsidiaruli xasiaTi
Sveicariul samarTalSi nivTis dabrunebisaken mimarTuli usafuZvlo gamdid-

rebidan warmoSobili moTxovna subsidiarul xasiaTs atarebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu imave
miznis miRweva SesaZlebelia sxva moTxovnis meSveobiT. Sveicariis federaluri sasa-
marTlo Tavis erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi50 TiTqmis midis daskvnamde, rom piri usa-
fuZvlod gamdidrebuli aris mxolod maSin, rodesac misgan samarTlebrivi sikeTis
gamoTxova SeuZlebelia romelime sxva samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi institutis norma-
Ta meSveobiT. vindikaciisa da kondiqciis mimarTebis dasaxasiaTeblad SesaZlebelia
45
Oftinger K., Eigentumsübertragung an Fahrnis, Bern 1933, 126.
46
Honsell H., Tradition und Zession - kausal oder abstrakt? FS Wiegand (Bern 2005), 356.
47
BGE 84 II 186; Seadare aseve BGE 61 II 20.
48
Keller M., Schaufelberger P., Das Schweizerische Schuldrecht, III, Ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung, Basel/
Frankfurt a.M. 1990, 72.
49
BGE 110 II 244 (249).
50
BGE 102 II 329 (338).
202
Semdegi magaliTis moyvana. magaliTi 3: a-m miyida b-s satvirTo avtomanqana, romelsac
b regularulad aqiravebda. SemdgomSi gairkva, rom nasyidobis xelSekruleba dadebis
momentidan aranamdvili iyo, rac b-m ar icoda da arc SeiZleba scodnoda. a-m satvirTo
manqanis dabrunebasTan erTad misi gaqiravebidan miRebuli Semosavlis anazRaurebac
moiTxova.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi kauzalur valdebulebiT garigebasTan erTad aranamdvi-
lia sanivTo garigebac. eqspluataciis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi satvirTo manqa-
nis mesakuTre iyo a da mas SeuZlia vindikaciis meSveobiT b-sagan gamoiTxovos sakuTa-
ri nivTi. es vindikaciuri moTxovna gamoricxavs masTan erTad usafuZvlo gamdidre-
bis normebis gamoyenebas, romlebic aseve mimarTuli iqneba mflobelobis dabrunebi-
saken.51 problemuria, Tu rogor unda moxdes manqanis gaqiravebis Sedegad miRebuli
sargeblis moTxovna. vindikacia damatebiTi moTxovnis saxiT iTvaliswinebs mxolod
arakeTilsindisieri mflobelisagan sargeblis moTxovnas (Art. 940 ZGB). swored aq iS-
veliebs sasamarTlo praqtika52 usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobil moTxovnas,
romliTac, miuxedavad b-s keTilsindisieri mflobelobisa, a-s SeuZlia, mosTxovos
mas gaqiravebis Sedegad miRebuli Tanxa.
yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi konkurenciisas vindikacia gamoricxavs kondiqcias,53 ris
gamoc am ukanasknels sakmaod SezRuduli funqcia rCeba. misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia
mxolod zemomoyvanil gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi.54 mocemuli gadawyvetilebis dasabu-
Teba isev me-19 saukunis germanul literaturaSi gamoTqmuli argumentiT xdeba, rom-
lis mixedviTac nivTis martooden floba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos gamdidrebad, maSin
rodesac sakuTreba isev gamsxvisebels rCeba.55 anu kauzalobis principis moqmedebidan
gamomdinare, tipur SemTxvevebSi saxeze ar aris usafuZvlo gamdidrebis moTxovnis Zi-
riTadi komponenti – „gamdidreba“.56 imisda miuxedavad, rom kondiqciis subsidiaru-
lobis es dogma57 gakritikebulia iuridiul literaturaSi,58 gansakuTrebiT imis gamo,
rom germanuli doqtrina ukve sxva mosazrebas emyareba, mainc ar xerxdeba erTiani gan-
sxvavebuli mosazrebis gamokveTa.59
51
Guhl Th., Merz H., Kummer M., Obligationenrecht, Zürich 1980, 203; Tuhr A., Peter H., Allgemeiner Teil des
Schweizerischen Obligationenrechts, Zürich 1974, 502.
52
BGE 110 II 228, Seadare iqve citirebuli literatura.
53
Oftinger K., Eigentumsübertragung an Fahrnis, Bern 1933, 126; BGE 110 II 234; Gauch P., Schluep W.R.,
Jäggi P., Schweizerisches Obligationenrecht Allgemeiner Teil, I, Zürich 1995, N. 1499 da Semdgomi.
54
Bucher E., Obligationenrecht AT, Zürich 1988, §34 III 2 a sq. 29.
55
Grawehr P.A., Die ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung, St. Gallen 1991, 44.
56
Keller M., Schaufelberger P., Das Schweizerische Schuldrecht, II, Basel/Frankfurt a.M. 1991, 7; Bucher E.,
Obligationenrecht AT, Zürich 1988, §34 III 2 a; Gauch P., Schluep W.R., Jäggi P., Schweizerisches Obliga-
tionenrecht Allgemeiner Teil, I, Zürich 2003, N. 1501; Grawehr P.A., Die ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung, St.
Gallen 1991, 51; Oftinger K., Eigentumsübertragung an Fahrnis, Bern 1933, 126.
57
BGE 110 II 228 (234); Gauch P., Schluep W.R., Jäggi P., Schweizerisches Obligationenrecht Allgemeiner Teil,
I, Zürich 2003, N. 1500; BGE 114 II 156 (159); Keller M., Schaufelberger P., Das Schweizerische Schuld-
recht, II, Basel/Frankfurt a.M. 1991, 4; T.-B. Schwenzer I., Obligationenrecht AT, Bern 2009, 59.03.
58
59
Tuhr A., Peter H., Allgemeiner Teil des Schweizerischen Obligationenrechts, Zürich 1974, 519 da Semdgo-
mi.
203
3. vindikaciisa da kondiqciis urTierTmimarTeba avstriis samarTalSi
avstriis samarTali aseve icnobs rogorc kondiqciur, ise vindikaciur moTxov-

nebs. amasTanave, miekuTvneba ra kauzaluri sanivTo garigebis qveynebs, avstriaSic,
iseve rogorc SveicariaSi, valdebulebiTi garigebis aranamdvilobis SemTxvevaSi wa-
moiWreba vindikaciisa da kondiqciis konkurenciis problema. vindikaciuri moTxov-
na mowesrigebulia ABGB 366-e paragrafiT da gamoiyeneba nivTis arauflebamosili
mflobelobidan gamosaTxovad, dadebis momentidan valdebulebiTi garigebis aranam-
dvilobis yvela SemTxvevaSi. gabatonebuli mosazrebis60 Tanaxmad, vindikaciur moTx-
ovnas ar eniWeba upiratesoba da igi usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobil moTxov-
nasTan konkurirebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom avstriis sasamarTlo praqtikaSi am ukanas-
knels SedarebiT mokrZalebuli funqcia akisria,61 literatura mainc cdilobs am ori
moTxovnis samarTlebrivi Sedegebis SesabamisobaSi moyvanas. magaliTad, §1432 ABGB-s
Tanaxmad, Tu piri Seasrulebs xandazmulobis an formis daucvelobis gamo aranamdvi-
li garigebidan gamomdinare valdebulebas, ar SeiZleba am Sesrulebis ukan moTxov-
na, iseve rogorc ar SeiZleba im Sesrulebis ukan moTxovna, romlis ganxorcielebis
drosac Semsrulebelma icoda valdebulebis ararsebobis Sesaxeb. avstriul litera-
turaSi gabatonebul mosazrebas es danawesi gadaaqvs vindikaciur urTierTobebzec
da gamoricxavs amgvar SemTxvevebSi vindikaciuri moTxovniT nivTis dabrunebis SesaZ-
leblobas62.
III. vindikaciisa da kondiqciis urTierTmimarTeba qarTul samarTlSi

da ucxo qveynebis samarTlis debulebebis misadageba aranamdvili
ormxrivi xelSekrulebis Sedegebisadmi
qarTuli samarTlis sistema, romelSic sanivTo garigeba mis safuZvlad arsebu-

li valdebulebiTi garigebis gareSe ar miiCneva namdvilad,63 usafuZvlo gamdidrebis
samarTliT, avstriul da Sveicariul modelze unda iyos orientiebuli, Tumca saqar-
Tvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi mocemuli usafuZvlo gamdidrebis institutis struq-
tura yvelaze metad germanuls mogvagonebs. mocemul TavSi SevecdebiT, zemoT gan-
xiluli ucxo qveynebis samarTalSi arsebuli problematika da maTi gadaWris gzebi
mivusadagoT qarTul samarTals.
migvaCnia, rom aradamajerebelia qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi gamoTqmuli
mosazreba,64 romlis mixedviTac kondiqciisa da vindikaciis konkurenciisas, nebismier
60
Koziol H., Welser R., Grundriss des bürgerlichen Rechts AT, Wien 1988, 431; OGH SZ 57/44.
61
Honsell H., Mader P.: in Schwimann ABGB, 1987, § 1431 ABGB N. 2; Grawehr P.A., Die ungerechtfertigte
Bereicherung, St. Gallen 1991, 64.
62
Stadler A., Gestaltungsfreiheit und Verkehrsschutz durch Abstraktion, Tübingen 1996, 237 da iqve moyva-
nili literatura.
63
ssk-is 186-e muxlis pirveli nawili sakuTrebis mopovebis winapirobad adgens, rom mesa-
kuTrem namdvili uflebis safuZvelze gadasces SemZens nivTi.
64
kereseliZe d., qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva, t. 6. N 4 (2003), 600; CaCava s., moTxovnebis
da moTxovnis safuZvlebis konkurencia kerZo samarTalSi, Tb., 2010, 145.
204
SemTxvevaSi vindikaciur moTxovnas unda mieniWos upiratesoba. rogorc zemoT vixi-

leT, vindikaciuri da kondiqciuri moTxovnebis konkurenciis gadasawyvetad ucxour
samarTalSi ramdenime gansxvavebuli mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli.
SesaZlebelia qarTuli samarTlisaTvis marTebuli ar iyos daSveba, romlis mi-
xedviTac vindikaciuri da misgan wamoSobili damatebiTi moTxovnebi konkurenciisas
gamoricxaven kondiqciur da Sesabamis damatebiT moTxovnebs. pirvel rigSi, am daSve-
biT im SemTxvevebisaTvis, rodesac nivTi naturiT jer kidev arsebobs gamdidrebulis
qonebaSi, Sesrulebis kondiqciis mniSvneloba nivelirebuli iqneboda. es ki ar SeiZ-
leba Seesatyvisebodes qarTveli kanonmdeblis nebas, romelmac vindikaciur moTxov-
nasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT detalurad moawesriga Sesrulebis kondiqciis moTxov-
nis farglebi da damatebiTi moTxovnebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom vindikaciu-
ri moTxovna vrceldeba ara marto Sesrulebis Sedegad usafuZvlod gamdidrebulze,
aramed yvela arauflebamosili mflobelze. igi warmoadgens mesakuTris ara mxolod
mTavar da yvelaze Zlier, aramed yvelaze zogad moTxovnasac. amis sapirispirod Ses-
rulebis kondiqciis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod garkveul SemTxvevebSi, rac uk-
ve TavisTavad metyvelebs usafuZvlo gamdidrebis institutis specialur xasiaTze da
konkurenciisas swored misi gamoyenebis aucileblobaze. rac mTavaria, es mosazreba
ar iTvaliswinebs, rom Sesrulebis kondiqciis meSveobiT gadacemulis dabrunebis Se-
saZlebloba TavisTavad gulisxmobs mxareebs Soris Sesrulebis arsebobas. es ki am ur-
TierTobas ganasxvavebs yvela sxva SemTxvevisagan, romelic vindikaciis gamoyenebis
arealSi eqceva. ar SeiZleba im mesakuTris, romelmac Tavad gadasca mimRebs nivTi, im
mesakuTresTan gaigiveba, romelsac es nivTi mopares.
xelSekrulebis farglebSi mxareTa urTierTdapirispirebuli Sesrulebebi war-
moqmnian sinalagmas. erTi mxare asrulebs mxolod imitom, rom asrulebs meore mxare.
yvela, Cven mier zemoT ganxilul samarTlis sistemaSi, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis insti-
tuti ama Tu im formiT am principis xelSekrulebis aranamdvilobidan warmoSobil
urTierTobaSi gadatanas emsaxureba. mxare asrulebs imitom, rom asrulebs meore mxa-
re da dainteresebulia, Sesrulebis aranamdvilobis SemTxvevaSi mxolod maSin daab-
runos miRebuli, Tu daabrunebs meore mxare.
qarTvelma kanonmdebelma, savaraudod, gaiTvaliswina ra sxva qveynebis gamoc-
dileba, daafiqsira kidec es principi samoqalaqo kodeqsis 980-e muxlis me-2 nawilSi,
romlis Tanaxmad anazRaurebis movaleobani 979-e da 980 muxlebis mixedviT unda Ses-
ruldes erTdroulad. kanonmdeblis es mosazreba usagno iqneboda, Tu konkurencii-
sas mxolod vindikaciur moTxovnas gaviTvaliswinebdiT, romlis farglebSic am prin-
cipis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia. germanulma iuridiulma literaturam da sasamarTlo
praqtikam am princips Teoriis saxe mianiWa da gamokveTa misi dogmaturi konturebi,
romelTac droTa ganmavlobaSi sakmaod mniSvnelovani saxecvlileba ganicades.
205
1. „Saldotheorie“ (`saldos Teoria~) germanul samarTalSi
qvemoT Cven SevecdebiT avxsnaT, Tu ratom iqna iZulebuli germanuli sasamar-

Tlo praqtika65 SeemuSavebina Saldotheorie, rogor funqcionirebs is TiToeul konkre-
tul SemTxvevaSi da ratom aris aucilebeli misi qarTul samarTalSi gadmotana. da-
sawyisisaTvis moviyvanT magaliTs, romelsac ganvixilavT jer abstraqciis principis
moqmedebis pirobebSi, xolo Semdeg mivusadagebT mas qarTul samarTals.
aranamdvili ormxrivi xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili kondiqciuri urTierTo-
bisaTvis germanuli usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTali raime gansxvavebul danawess,
romelic ganasxvavebda mas sxva Sesrulebis kondiqciisagan, ar iTvaliswinebs66. kano-
nis teqstis pirdapirma gamoyenebam zog SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia sakmaod usamarTlo
Sedegebamdec ki migviyvanos. magaliTi 4: a-m, romelic aris avtomanqanebis gamyidve-
li, miyida b-s satvirTo avtomanqana 30000 larad (namdvili Rirebuleba 30000 lari).
xelSekrulebis dadebidan ori kviris Semdeg b misi bralis gareSe moxvda avtoavariaSi,
ris Sedegadac manqanis Rirebuleba mcirdeba 15000 lariT. aRmoCnda, rom xelSekru-
leba dadebis momentidan aranamdvili iyo. a iTxovs manqanis, xolo b nivTis safasuris
dabrunebas.
miuxedavad xelSekrulebis aranamdvilobisa, abstraqciis principidan gamomdi-
nare, b-m moipova sakuTrebis ufleba satvirTo manqanaze, magram igi valdebulia daab-
runos es nivTi usafuZvlo gamdidrebis wesebis Sesabamisad (§812 I 1, 1. Var. gsk). aseve a
valdebulia daabrunos nivTis safasuri. sanam orive Sesruleba (manqanac da masSi ga-
daxdili fulic) Tavdapirveli saxiT moipoveba gamdidrebulTan, manamde SegviZlia es
Sedegi koreqciis gareSe miviRoT. a moiTxovs b-sagan manqanas, b a-sgan fuls da orive
mxares SeeZleba manamde daayovnos valdebulebis Sesruleba, sanam meore mxarisagan ar
miiRebs sanacvlos (§273 gsk67).
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac manqana dazianda, a-s mouwevs daubrunos b-s nasyidobis
safasuri mTliani odenobiT, b ki dauzianebeli manqanis sanacvlod (romelic man Tav-
dapirvelad miiRo), daabrunebda mxolod ganaxevrebuli Rirebulebis mqone nivTs. Ri-
rebulebis Semcirebis sanacvlod, mas sargebeli ar miuRia, Sesabamisad, is ar aris val-
debuli aanazRauros nivTis dazianebiT gamowveuli danaklisi, radgan miiCneva, rom es
15000 lari, rogorc gamdidreba, aRar moipoveba b-s qonebaSi.68 damdgari Sedegi imitom
aris usamarTlo, rom nivTis SemTxveviTi (aseve mimRebis braliT gamowveuli) daziane-
65
BGHZ 53, 144 (145); BGHZ 57,137 (147).
66
Müko-Schwab K.H., 2009, § 818 BGB Rn. 209; Larenz K., Canaris C. W., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, II/2,
1994, 321; Seadare gansxvavebuli mosazrebisaTvis Flume W., Die Saldotheorie und die Rechtsfigur
der ungerechtfertigten Bereicherung, AcP 194 (1994), 433.
67
gsk-is § 273: Tu movales imave samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan, romelic mas avaldebu-
lebs, aseve, kreditoris winaaRmdeg aqvs moTxovnis ufleba, mas SeuZlia, Tu valdebu-
lebidan sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs, daayovnos valdebulebis Sesruleba, sanam kredi-
tori mas ar daakmayofilebs (Sesrulebis dayovnebis ufleba).
68
gsk-is § 818 II: Tu nivTis dabruneba SeuZlebelia, misi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare an
Tu mimRebs sxva mizezis gamo ar SeuZlia nivTis dabruneba, maSin man unda aanazRauros
misi Rirebuleba. gsk-is § 818 III: nivTis Rirebulebis anazRaurebis valdebuleba ar ar-
sebobs, rodesac mimRebi aRar aris gamdidrebuli.
206
bisa da ganadgurebis risks atarebs is piri, romelic arc misi mflobelia da arc mesa-
kuTre. am Sedegis Tavidan asacileblad germanulma sasamarTlo praqtikam69 SeimuSava
egreT wodebuli „saldos“ anu „naSTis Teoria“ (Saldotheorie).
dogmaturi TvalsazrisiT am Teoriis dasabuTeba Zalze sakamaToa. Tavdapirve-
lad, „saldos Teorias“ safuZvlad edo kondiqciis, rogorc mxareTa mier miRebuli,
yvela qonebrivi sikeTis saldirebis (dajamebis da urTierTgaqviTvis) Semdeg darCeni-
li, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis dabrunebisken mimarTuli moTxovnis gageba. urTierTda-
pirispirebuli Sesrulebebi urTierTdamoukideblad ki ar unda yofiliyvnen moTxov-
nilni, aramed unda momxdariyo maTi avtomaturi gaqviTva da usafuZvlo gamdidrebis
mxolod im mxarisagan da mxolod im odenobiT moTxovna, romelTanac darCeboda ara-
kompensirebuli naSTi. saldirebis Semdeg rCeba mxolod erTi moTxovna da miRebul
usafuZvlo gamdidrebad (erlangtes “Etwas”) iTvleba mxolod es naSTi.70 motanili mosaz-
reba dRemde rCeba umaRlesi sasamarTlos praqtikaSi msgavsi SemTxvevebis gadawyvetis
saSualebad.71 Tu orive mxaris usafuZvlo gamdidrebis moTxovna erTgvarovania (ma-
galiTad, fulSi gamoixateba), maSin uSualod xorcieldeba am Sesrulebebis urTier-
TgaqviTva da mxolod erT mxares ekisreba gaqviTvis Semdeg darCenili naSTis dabrune-
bis valdebuleba. magaliTi 5: a-m 120 larad (realuri Rirebuleba 140 lari) iyida b-sa-
gan saaTi, romelic Semdgom ganadgurda. nasyidobis xelSekruleba iyo aranamdvili.
am dros a-s unda warmoeSvas safasuris, 120 laris, xolo b-s nivTis namdvili Ri-
rebulebis 140 laris dabrunebis movaleoba. magram, radgan nivTi b-s qonebaSi natu-
riT aRar arsebobs da mas arc misi Semcvleli ram an sargebeli ar miuRia, is aRar CaiT-
vleba gamdidrebulad (§818 III gsk). Sesabamisad, miviRebdiT zemoT naxseneb usamarTlo
Sedegs, romlis drosac erTi mxare daabrunebda Sesrulebas sruli odenobiT, meore
mxare ki daabrunebda arafers. amitomac sasamarTlo praqtika §818 III gsk-s gamoyene-
bamde, jer axdens urTierTdapirispirebuli kondiqciuri moTxovnebis gaqviTvas, ris
Sedegadac mxolod im mxares awveba miRebulis dabrunebis valdebuleba, romlis sa-
sargeblodac gaqviTvis Sedegad warmoiSveba naSTi. anu mxolod b iqneboda valdebuli
daebrunebina 20 lari. gaqviTvis Sedegad warmoSobil naSTze gamoiyeneba ukve gsk-is
§818 III da radgan es oci laric aRar aris b-s qonebaSi, orive mxare Tavisufldeba Ses-
rulebis ukan dabrunebis valdebulebisagan.
SemTxveva, rodesac kondiqciuri moTxovnebi araerTgvarovan SesrulebaSi mdgo-
mareobs, isev Tavdapirvelad moyvanil magaliTze SegviZlia ganvixiloT. b-m mxolod
imitom gadaixada 30000, rom sanacvlod iRebda amave Rirebulebis manqanas. Semdeg,
usafuZvlod gamdidrebuli b-s mflobelobaSi yofnisas manqanam dakarga Tavisi Ri-
rebuleba. rodesac orive Sesruleba naturiT moipoveba usafuZvlod gamdidrebulis
69
es Teoria pirvelad meore raixis sasamarlos gadawyvetilebaSi gvxvdeba - RGZ 54,137,
141ff., xolo Tanamedrove germanuli sasamarTlos praqtikaSi odnav modificiebuli
formiT, erTxmad aris aRiarebuli: BGH, NJW 1999, 1181 da Semdgomi; BGH, NJW 1995, 454,
BGHZ 126, 105, BGH, NJW 2000, 3562. Seadare mxareTa interesebis awon-dawonisaTvis Larenz
K., Canaris C. W., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, II/2, 1994, § 73 III 2 a). Teoriis detaluri dasabuTe-
bisaTvis Seadare: v. Caemmerer E., Bereicherung und unerlaubte Handlung, FS Rabel (Tübingen 1954),
385; Leser H. G., Von der Saldotheorie zum faktischen Synallagma, Freiburg 1956.
70
Reuter D., Martinek M., Ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung, Tübingen 1983, 596.
71
BGHZ 147, 152 (157); BGHZ 145, 52 (54); BGH JZ 1995, 572 (573).
207
qonebaSi, am SemTxvevaSi pirs mxolod maSin SeuZlia moiTxovos Tavisi nivTis dabrune-
ba, Tu is TviTonac abrunebs miRebul Sesrulebas.72 Tu erT-erTi Sesruleba mTlianad
an nawilobriv ganadgurda, maSin b-s usafuZvlo gamdidrebis moTxovnis sagans Sead-
gens ara manqanaSi gadaxdili mTliani fasi, aramed am fass unda gamoakldes im ganadgu-
rebuli Sesrulebis Rirebuleba, romelic b-m Tavdapirvelad miiRo.73
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom dResdReobiT literaturis mniSvnelovani nawili74
„saldos Teorias“ asabuTebs ara uSualod usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTlis safuZ-
velSi mdebare principiT, rom kondiqcia mxolod pozitiuri naSTis ukan moTxovnisa-
kenaa mimarTuli, aramed saxelSekrulebo sinalagmis kondiqciur urTierTobaSi ga-
dataniT. sakiTxis amgvari gadawyveta emyareba Semdeg mosazrebas. saxelSekrulebo
urTierTobaSi, rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, mxareTa Sesrulebebi erTmaneTTan sina-
lagmatur kavSirSia, anu erTi mxare asrulebs mxolod imitom, rom iRebs sapirispiro
Sesrulebas meore mxarisagan (do ut des). zemoT naxsenebi usamarTlo Sedegis Tavidan
asacileblad, am sinalagmaturi kavSiris gadatana unda moxdes usafuZvlo gamdidre-
bis urTierTobaSic – erTi mxare abrunebs mxolod imitom, rom abrunebs meore mxa-
re da abrunebs imdens, ramdensac abrunebs meore mxare – reddo ut reddas. amas uwodeben
faqtobriv sinalagmas. faqtobrivs, radgan, Tu fon kemereris75 ganmartebas moviSve-
liebT, miuxedavad imisa, rom xelSekruleba iyo aranamdvili da samarTlebrivi, anu
namdvili sinalagma ar warmoiSva, mainc SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa, rom xelSekruleba
faqtobrivad Sesrulda da, Sesabamisad, saxeze gvaqvs faqtobrivi sinalagma.76 es sina-
lagma, anu mxaris warmodgena, rom xelSekruleba namdvilia, Sesrulebis mTavar moti-
vacias warmodgens,77 da misi yuradRebis miRma datoveba, mxaris kanonieri interesebis
dacvaze uaris Tqmas niSnavs.
a SeiZleba mxolod davavaldebuloT daabrunos im raodenobis Tanxa, ra ode-
nobis Sesrulebasac is ukan ibrunebs. magaliTad, Cven mier moyvanil SemTxvevaSi, ara
marto b daabrunebs 15000 lariT Semcirebuli Rirebulebis manqanas, aramed, aseve a-c
daabrunebs amave odenobiT Semcirebul Tanxas, rogorc nivTis safasurs78. saxelSek-
rulebo urTierTobis CarCoebSi mxareTa Sesrulebebs Soris arsebuli simetriuli
damokidebuleba gadmotanilia aseve usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobil urTier-
Tobazec. §818 III gsk-s mixedviT a aRar iTvleba 15000 lariT gamdidrebulad, radgan igi
72
BGH NJW 1995, 454; BGHZ 147, 152 (157); BGH, NJW 1999, 1181 da Semdgomi.; BGH, NJW 2001,
1127, am SemTxvevaSi xdeba am ori moTxovnis urTierTdakavSireba da Sesageblis wardge-
na § 273 gsk-s mixedviT zedmetia.
73
BGHZ 116, 251 (256); BGHZ 145, 52 (55); BGHZ 149, 326 (333); BGHZ 161, 241 (250); BGH JZ 1995, 572
(573); BGH, NJW 1999, 1181.
74
dasabuTeba saTaves iRebs v. Caemmerer E., Bereicherung und unerlaubte Handlung, FS Rabel (Tübin-
gen 1954), 385; Seadare Semdeg Leser H. G., Von der Saldotheorie zum faktischen Synallagma, Freiburg
1956, 110; Reuter D./Martinek M., Ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung, Tübingen 1983, 592.
75
v. Caemmerer E., Bereicherung und unerlaubte Handlung, FS Rabel (Tübingen 1954), 386.
76
Reuter D., Martinek M., Ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung, Tübingen 1983, 598.
77
Leser H. G., Von der Saldotheorie zum faktischen Synallagma, Freiburg 1956, 110.
78
Leser H. G., Von der Saldotheorie zum faktischen Synallagma, Freiburg 1956, 54: „Ist also beim Empfänger
die Leistung, zur Hälfte weggefallen, so kann er entweder nur die Hälfte der Gegenleistung herausverlangen
oder muß die Differenz ausgleichen oder die Rückabwicklung unterbleibt.“
208
abrunebs safasurs da sanacvlod iRebs 15000 lariT gaufasurebul nivTs. amitomac es

Tanxa proporciulad amcirebs mis mier dasabrunebel safasurs. es mosazreba emyareba
daSvebas: §818 III gsk, romelic gansazRvravs, Tu rodis ar CaiTvleba piri gamdidrebu-
lad, proporciulad, mocemul SemTxvevaSi 15000 lariT, amcirebs rogorc erTi, ise
meore piris moTxovnas. usafuZvlod gamdidrebuls SeuZlia ukan moiTxovos Sesrule-
ba mxolod im odenobiT, ra odenobiTac TviTon abrunebs.
a. „saldos Teoriis“ susti mxare
`saldos Teoria~ germanul iuridiul literaturaSi mravalmxriv aris gakri-

tikebuli.79 xSir SemTxvevebSi xdeba am Teoriis SezRudva,80 modificireba,81 an misgan
gamonaklisis82 daSveba. magaliTad, avtomaturi gaqviTva SeuZlebelia, rodesac er-
Ti mxare winaswar asrulebs, aseve araerT sxva SemTxvevebSi.83 calsaxaa, rom is Sedegi,
romlis miRwevis saSualebasac `saldos Teoria” warmoadgens, ar unda ewinaaRmdege-
bodes im normis arss,84 romlis safuZvelzedac xelSekruleba baTilad iqna cnobili.85
amitomac arasrulwlovnis interesebis winaaRmdeg es Teoria ar gamoiyeneba.86 magali-
Ti 6: arasrulwlovani a mSoblebis Tanxmobis gareSe yidulobs b-sagan tkbileuls, ro-
melsac iqve SeWams. mas Semdeg rac mSoblebi xelSekrulebas sabolood ar moiwoneben,
a iTxovs b-sagan tkbileulSi gadaxdili fasis dabrunebas, xolo b am tkbileulis Ri-
rebulebis anazRaurebas.
am SemTxvevaSi Tuki a-s kondiqciur moTxovnas, romelic mimarTulia nasyido-
bis fasis dabrunebisaken, saldirebis Sedegad gamovaklebdT mis mier SeWmuli tkbi-
leulis Rirebulebas, miviRebT Sedegs, romlis winaaRmdegac mimarTuli iyo kanonis
norma – a dakargavda Tavis moTxovnas. norma, romelic adgens arasrulwlovnis mier
mSoblebis nebis sawinaaRmdegod dadebul garigebis baTilobas, miznad isaxavs aras-
rulwlovnis qonebrivi danakargis Tavidan acilebas. mocemul SemTxvevaSi danakargi
vlindeba nasyidobis fasis dabrunebis SeuZleblobaSi da arasrulwlovnis mier moxma-
rebadi nivTis SeZenisas, amgvari mdgomareoba yovelTvis gveqneboda saxeze. amitomac
79
SedarebisaTvis sakmarisia Larenz K.,Canaris C. W., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, II/2, München 1994,
§ 73 III.
80
BGHZ 126, 105; BGHZ 57, 137; BGHZ 78, 216; BGH NJW 2001, 1127.
81
sakamaToa am Teoriis dogmaturi dasabuTeba da Cven mier xsenebuli „moZRvreba fa-
qtobrivi sinalagmis Sesaxeb“ Zlier opozicias awydeba. Seadare magaliTisaTvis Larenz
K./Canaris C. W., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, II/2, 1994, § 73 I 4a, § 73 III 1 d; Medicus D., Bürgerliches
Recht, Köln-Berlin 2011, Rn. 228 da Semdgomni; Staudinger/Lorenz St., 1999, §818 BGB Rn. 44 da Semd-
gomni; Gernhuber J., Bürgerliches Recht, München 1991, §46 VI 2 c.
82
Medicus D., Schuldrecht BT, München 2004, Rn. 694 da Semdgomi.
83
SedarebisaTvis sakmarisia Larenz K.,Canaris C. W., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, II/2, München 1994,
§ 73 111 5a da iqve moyvanili literatura; aseve Reuter D., Martinek M., Ungerechtfertigte Berei-
cherung, Tübingen 1983, 607.
84
Seadare ssk-s 979-e muxlis me-4 nawili.
85
Medicus D., Bürgerliches Recht, Köln-Berlin 2011, Rn. 230.
86
BGHZ 126, 105 ff.; Larenz K., Canaris C. W., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, II/2, München 1994, § 73 III 5b, II
2a.
209
erTxmadaa aRiarebuli, rom arasrulwlovnis interesebis sazianod saldos Teoria ar

gamoiyeneba. am dros, urTierTdapirispirebuli kondiqciuri moTxovnebis realiza-
cia erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad unda moxdes.
b. vindikaciisa da Sesrulebis kondiqciis urTierTmimarTeba

aranamdvili ormxrivi xelSekrulebisas
`saldos Teoriis” arsebobis miuxedavad, germanul samarTalSi wamoiWra prob-

lema, romlis gadasaWrelad es Teoria uZluri aRmoCnda. es SemTxveva CvenTvis gan-
sakuTrebiT sainteresoa, radgan exeba swored zemoxsenebul ormag aranamdvilobas,
romlis Sedegebis gadmotanac qarTul samarTalSi yovelgvari daTqmis gareSea SesaZ-
lebeli. magaliTi 7: a-m b-s gaucvala saaTi (Rirebuleba – 50 lari) mis kuTvnil velo-
sipedSi (Rirebuleba – 70 lari). iseve rogorc valdebulebiTi, aseve sakuTrebis gada-
cemis orive garigeba iyo aranamdvili. a-s saaTi im dros, rodesac is imyofeboda b-s
mflobelobaSi, ganadgurda. b iTxovs Tavisi saaTis dabrunebas, xolo a ganadgurebu-
li saaTis Rirebulebis anazRaurebas.
mocemul SemTxvevaze usafuZvlo gamdidrebis danawesebis gamoyenebisas, `sal-
dos Teoriis~ meSveobiT SesaZlebelia usamarTlo Sedegis Tavidan acileba. rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, `naSTis Teoriis~ da mis safuZvlad mdebare faqtobrivi sinalagmis
principis mixedviT, moxdeboda miRebuli Sesrulebebis urTierTgaqviTva da TiToeu-
li mxare valdebuli iqneboda daebrunebina miRebuli Sesruleba mis mier ukan dabru-
nebulis proporciulad. b ibrunebs 70 laris Rirebulebis velosipeds, Sesabamisad, am
Rirebulebis farglebSi mas ar SeuZlia miuTiTos im faqtze, rom (saaTis ganadgurebis
gamo) aRar aris gamdidrebuli. igi valdebuli iqneboda aenazRaurebina saaTis Rire-
buleba (§818 II gsk).
problemuria SemTxveva, rodesac b sakuTar saaTs ara kondiqciiT, aramed vindi-
kaciiT iTxovs. am SemTxvevaSi moTxovnaTa saldireba SeuZlebelia,87 radgan gvaqvs, er-
Ti mxriv, b-s vindikaciuri moTxovna, mimarTuli misi kuTvnili saaTis dabrunebisaken
da, meore mxriv, a-s kondiqciuri moTxovna saaTis Rirebulebis anazRaurebasTan da-
kavSirebiT. Sesabamisad, ukve aRar varT mxolod kondiqciuri urTierTobis fargleb-
Si, sadac faqtobrivi sinalagmis principis gadmotana iZleoda imis saSualebas, rom
gsk-is §818 III droebiT ugulebelgveyo.
faqtobrivi sinalagmis gadmotana usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTalSi emyarebo-
da daSvebas, rom, iseve rogorc namdvili sinalagmis pirobebSi erTmaneTs ori saxel-
Sekrulebo moTxovna upirispirdeba, aseve faqtobrivi sinalagmis dros ori kondiqci-
uri moTxovna unda daukavSirdes erTmaneTs. vindikaciur da kondiqciur moTxovnebs
Soris amgvari sinalagmaturi kavSiris gabma ar xerxdeba, radgan SeuZlebelia mesakuT-
ris vindikaciuri moTxovnis raime sxva tipis moTxovnasTan saldireba.88 mesakuTris
87
Staudinger, Lorenz St., 1999, §818 BGB Rn. 42; OlG Frankfurt, JW 1929, 791, da Semdgomni; Diesselhorst
M., Die Natur der Sache als außergesetzliche Rechtsquelle verfolgt an der Rechtsprechung zur Saldotheorie,
Tübingen 1968, 64 da Semdgomi.
88
Staudinger Eckpfeiler/Martinek M., 2009, § 818 BGB Rn. 68: „§ 818 Abs 3 nicht gegenüber § 985 bzw 987 ff
wirkt“.
210
vindikaciuri moTxovnas mflobeli ver gamoaklebs mis mier ganxorcielebul Sesru-

lebis Rirebulebas.89 Tu am Sedegs xeluxleblad davtovebT, miviRebT mdgomareobas,
rodesac b-s SeeZleba sakuTari saaTis vindikaciiT ukan moTxovna, xolo meore mxaris
kondiqciis winaaRmdeg eqneba Sesagebeli, rom is aRar aris gamdidrebuli, radgan saa-
Ti ganadgurda da sanacvlod mas raime sargebeli ar miuRia (§818 III gsk).
es Sedegi namdvilad ver CaiTvleba damakmayofileblad. amitomac literatu-
ris erT nawilSi ganviTarda sxva Teoria da mas „modificirebuli ori kondiqciis Te-
oria“90 (modifizierte Zwei-Kondiktionen-Theorie), sxvagvarad „sapirispiro Sesrulebis kon-
diqciis Teoria“ (Lehre von der Gegenleistungskondiktion) ewoda.91 mis mixedviT unda moxdes
ara faqtobrivi sinalagmis meSveobiT moTxovnebis urTierTdakavSireba, aramed §818
III gsk-is teleologiuri reduqcia. mimRebs, romelmac gamoiwvia nivTis ganadgureba
(SesaZlebelia bralisagan damoukideblad), an mis mier gamowveuli sxva faqtis gamo
nivTis dabruneba SeuZlebelia, aRar aqvs ufleba, miuTiTos im faqtze, rom ganadgu-
rebuli nivTis Rirebuleba aRar moipoveba mis qonebaSi gamdidrebis saxiT. nivTis dab-
runebis SeuZlebloba maSin iTvleba mimRebis mier gamowveulad, Tu es qceva, misi ara-
keTilsindisierebis SemTxvevaSi, mas bralad Seeracxeboda.92
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, rodesac erT mxares eZleva misi Sesrulebis ukan moTx-
ovnisa SesaZlebloba, Tavis mxriv, meore mxaresac unda SeeZlos sakuTari Sesrule-
bis kondiqcia, miuxedavad imisa, arsebobs Tu ara es miRebuli Sesruleba mis qonebaSi.
es mizani miiRweva ara urTierdapirispirebuli moTxovnebis saldirebiT, ra drosac
gsk-is § 818 III simetriulad amcirebs rogorc erT, ise meore moTxovnas, aramed xdeba
ubralod am danawesis ugulebelyofa. Teoria emyareba Semdeg mosazrebas: marTalia,
rom daculi unda iyos im piris interesi, romelsac xelSekruleba namdvilad miaCnda,
flobdes nivTs, rogorc sakuTars da misi ganadgurebis SemTxvevaSi ar agos pasuxi.
Tumca garigebebis namdvilobis SemTxvevaSi mas ar SeeZleboda sakuTari Sesrulebis
ukan moTxovna da unda Segueboda im azrs, rom igi misTvis samudamod dakarguli iyo.
aranamdvili xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi is daibrunebs Tavis Sesrulebas mxolod ma-
Sin, rodesac aunazRaurebs meore mxares mis mier gaweuli Sesrulebis Rirebulebas.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi es moqmedeba warmoadgens venire contra factum proprium-s. moyvanil
magaliTSi b-s SeuZlia Tavisi kuTvnili velosipedis gamoTxova rogorc vindikaciiT,
aseve kondiqciiT, Tumca sanacvlod, orive SemTxvevaSi valdebulia aanazRauros mis
mflobelobaSi ganadgurebuli b-s saaTis Rirebuleba.
89
v. Caemmerer E., Bereicherung und unerlaubte Handlung, FS Rabel (Tübingen 1954), 387; Flume W., Der
Wegfall der Bereicherung in der Entwicklung vom römischen zum geltenden Recht, FS Niedermeyer (Göttin-
gen 1953), 164; Diesselhorst, Die Natur der Sache als außergesetzliche Rechtsquelle verfolgt an der Recht-
sprechung zur Saldotheorie, Tübingen 1968, 201; Leser H. G., Von der Saldotheorie zum faktischen Synallag-
ma, Freiburg 1956, 61, 107.
90
Flume W., Die Rückabwicklung nichtiger Kaufverträge nach Bereicherungsrecht - Zur Saldotheorie und ihren
„Ausnahmen, JZ 2002, 321.
91
Medicus D., Bürgerliches Recht, Köln-Berlin 2011, Rn. 227-229, da iqve moyvanili literatura;
Wieling H. J., Bereicherungsrecht, 2004, 79, romelic am SemTxvevasac `saldos Teorias~ miaTv-
lis.
92
Larenz K.,Canaris C. W., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, II/2, München 1994, § 73 III 4.
211
2. aranamdvili ormxrivi xelSekrulebidan Sesrulebebis ukuqceva

Sveicariul samarTalSi
zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom Sveicariul samarTalSi moqmedi dogmis mixedviT, vin-
dikaciasTan konkurenciisas kondiqcia ukan ixevs.93 es subsidiarulobis dogma moqme-
debs aseve aranamdvili ormxrivi xelSekrulebis Sedegebis ukuqcevisas, Tumca mas sak-
maod Seusabamo Sedegebamde mivyavarT. magaliTad, nasyidobis baTilobisas gamyidve-
li yovelTvis iTxovs Tavis Sesrulebas vindikaciiT, xolo myidveli nivTis safasurs
kondiqciiT.94 aRniSnulis Sedegad ki, erTi da imave samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan
gamomdinare, Sesrulebebis ukuqceva or sruliad gansxvavebul samarTlebriv reJimSi
eqceva.95
es Seusabamoba Sveicariul iuridiul literaturaSic ar darCenila kritikis
miRma. vindikacia da misi Tanmdevi moTxovnebi (Art. 938 ZGB da Semdegni) miesadageba ara
aranamdvili xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili qonebis moZraobis ukuqcevas, aramed me-
sakuTris nebis gareSe misi mflobelobidan gasuli nivTis dabrunebas (Art. 934 ZGB).96
keTilsindisieri SemZeni ar aris daculi, radgan mesakuTres misganac SeuZlia sakuTa-
ri nivTis vindicireba, Tu igi daekarga, mopares an sxvagvarad, mesakuTris nebis gare-
Se, gavida misi mflobelobidan (ubi rem meam invenio, ibi eam vindico). amasTanave keTilsin-
disier SemZens, romelmac ar icoda misi uflebrivi naklis Sesaxeb da nivTi sakuTari
egona, ar SeiZleba Zalze mkacrad daekisros nivTidan miRebuli sargeblisa da zianis
anazRaureba. imis sakompensaciod, rom nivTis mflobeli iyo keTilsindisieri da mi-
uxedavad amisa, mainc valdebulia daabrunos igi, man ar unda aanazRauros nivTidan
miRebuli sargebeli, garda im sargeblisa, rac jer kidev moipoveba mflobelTan da ar
aris daxarjuli.97 igi aseve ar agebs pasuxs nivTis dazianebisa da braleulad miuRe-
beli mogebisaTvis,98 rogorc ar agebda pasuxs sakuTari nivTis SemTxvevaSi – quia quasi
suam rem neglexit nulla querela subiecta est.99
germaniisa da avstriis samarTalSi igive principi udevs safuZvlad vindikaci-
idan warmoSobil damatebiT moTxovnebs.100 es danawesebi miznad ar isaxaven im mxaris
93
Honsell H., Drei Fragen des Bereicherungsrecht, FS Schulin (Basel 2002), 25 ff.
94
Honsell-is (Tradition und Zession - kausal oder abstrakt? FS Wiegand (Bern 2005), 360) mosazrebiT, fu-
lis kondicireba unda moxdes ara im mizezis gamo, rom misi Sereva xdeba mimRebis kuTv-
nil fulTan da amgvarad gadadis mis sakuTrebaSi, aramed fuli saerTod ver CaiTvleba
nivTad, radgan warmoadgens mxolod abstraqtuli Rirebulebis matarebels. Rirebu-
lebis ki mxolod kondicirebaa SesaZlebeli.
95
96
iqve, 357.
97
iqve.
98
iqve.
99
Ulp. D. 5.3.31.3. Art. 938 ZGB: 1. vinc nivTs keTilsindisierad flobs, imis gamo, rom is am
nivTs Tavisi savaraudo uflebis safuZvelze moixmars da iyenebs, ar aris valdebuli
aunazRauros mesakuTres es xarjebi. 2. nivTis ganadgurebisa da dazianebisaTvis is pa-
suxs ar agebs.
100
Seadare: §§ 987, 989 gsk; § 329 ABGB: „Ein redlicher Besitzer kann schon allein aus dem Grund des redli-
chen Besitzes die Sache, die er besitzt, ohne Verantwortung nach Belieben brauchen, verbrauchen, auch wohl
vertilgen.“
212
privilegirebas, romelmac Sesruleba miiRo (aranamdvili) ormxrivi xelSekrulebis

farglebSi.
amasTan, Sveicariuli sasamarTlo zog SemTxvevaSi aRiarebs urTierTdapirispi-
rebul Sesrulebebs Soris kavSirs da, faqtobriv sinalagmaze dayrdnobiT, cdilobs
Art. 938 ZGB-s eliminirebas, magaliTad, maSin, rodesac lizingis gamcems am danawesis
sawinaaRmdegod aniWebs aranamdvili lizingis xelSekrulebidan sargeblis anazRau-
rebis moTxovnas.101 am mosazrebis gadatana xdeba aseve urTierTdapirispirebul vin-
dikacia-kondiqciazec.102 erTi da imave samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobili
vindikacia da kondiqcia ar unda ganvixiloT cal-calke da maSin, rodesac gamyidveli
nivTs ukan ibrunebs vindikaciiT, myidvels SeuZlia mis mier kondiqciiT moTxovnili
safasuris anazRaurebamde daayovnos am valdebulebis Sesruleba. es sxva araferia,
Tu ara germanul samarTalSi ganviTarebuli „saldos Teoriis“ kauzaluri samarTlis
sistemisaTvis misadageba.103 es, dogmaturad arc Tu ise mkafiod gamokveTili principi,
winaaRmdegobas awydeba, rodesac nivTi mimRebTan ganadgurda da is aRar aris gamdid-
rebuli, radgan SveicariaSic, iseve rogorc germaniaSi, dauSvebelia Sesrulebis ukan
moTxovna, Tu mimRebi aRar aris gamdidrebuli.104
germanulisagan gansxvavebiT, nivTis ganadgurebis SemTxvevaSi aranamdvili or-
mxrivi xelSekrulebis drosac ki, Sveicariuli samarTali Sedegs koreqciis gareSe
tovebs. sasamarTlo praqtikasa da literaturaSi calsaxad miCneulia, rom nivTis
SemTxveviTi daRupvis risks atarebs mesakuTre maSinac ki, rodesac is usafuZvlod
gamdidrebul mflobelTan imyofeba.105 vindikacias, kondiqciasTan SedarebiT, upira-
tesoba gaaCnia da Semsrulebeli mesakuTrec unda Seecados Tavdapirvelad am moTx-
ovnis safuZvelze daibrunos kuTvnili nivTi. am saxis vindikaciur moTxovnas arauf-
lebamosili mflobeli ver daupirispirebs mis mier ganxorcielebul Sesrulebas.106
marTalia, sinalagmis principi gamoiyeneba rogorc vindikaciur, aseve kondiqciur
urTierTobebSi, magram imdenad, ramdenadac mxareebma miRebuli Sesrulebebi unda
daabrunon erTdroulad107 da es principi ver dagvexmareba im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac
erT-erTi mxaris Sesruleba ganadgurda. Sesabamisad, namdvili da aranamdvili nasyi-
dobis pirobebSi daRupvis riskis ganawileba sxvadasxvagvarad xdeba108, radgan konkre-
tuli nivTis SeZenisas, nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dadebis momentidanve, imisda miu-
xedavad, gaxda Tu ara is mesakuTre da moipova Tu ara mflobeloba, nivTis SemTxve-
viTi daRupvis risks atarebs myidveli. zogadad, namdvili da aranamdvili nasyidobis
101
BGE 110 II 244; Seadare gv. 26.
102
BGE 83 II 25; BGE 111 II 195 (197).
103
Schwenzer I., Obligationenrecht AT, Bern 2009, N 58.21.
104
Art. 64 OR: ukan moTxovna dauSvebelia, Tu mimRebi dabrunebis momentisaTvis aRar aris
gamdidrebuli, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac man gamdidreba gaasxvisa da ar iyo ke-
Tilsindisieri, an unda evarauda, rom mouwevda Sesrulebis dabruneba.
105
Bucher E., Obligationenrecht AT, Zürich 1988, § 34 VII 3 c; Giger H., Rechtsfolgen norm- und sittenwidriger
Verträge, Zürich 1989, 148 da Semdgomi.
106
BGE 110 II 244 (247); Gauch P., Schluep W.R., Jäggi P., Schweizerisches Obligationenrecht Allgemeiner
Teil, I, Zürich 2003, N. 1527.
107
BGE 33 II 542; BGE 64 II 135; BGE 83 II 25; BGE 92 II 179; BGE 111 II 197.
108
Bucher E., Obligationenrecht AT, Zürich 1988, § 34 VII 3 c; Giger H., Rechtsfolgen norm- und sittenwidriger
Verträge, Zürich 1989, 148 da Semdgomi.
213
SemTxvevaSi, riskis gansxvavebulad ganawileba srulebiT dasaSvebia. is, Tu vis awveba

daRupvis riski, aris met-naklebad SefasebiTi gadawyvetileba, magram ormxriv xel-
SekrulebaSi riskis mesakuTrisaTvis gadakisreba warmoadgens am xelSekrulebis ar-
sisa da mis farglebSi mxareTa interesebis gadanawilebis mxolod calmxriv gagebas.
marTalia, keTilsindisier SemZens (romelmac ar icoda da arc SeiZleba scodnoda ga-
rigebis aranamdviloba) aqvs ufleba nivTi Tavisad miiCnios da ganadgurebis SemTxve-
vaSi, ar aanazRauros misi Rirebuleba, magram amasTan erTad is Seguebuli unda iyos
im azrs, rom namdvili nasyidobis dros is samudamod `kargavs” mis mier gadaxdil sa-
fasurs.109 Sesabamisad, Tu nivTis daRupvis SemTxvevaSi mxolod mesakuTre dakargavda
Tavis moTxovnas, es zemoT daxasiaTebuli interesTa gadanawilebis mxolod calmxri-
vi da araswori gageba iqneboda.
daSvebam, rom nivTis mesakuTres unda daekisros misi SemTxveviTi ganadgurebis
riski – casum sentit dominus – araerT SemTxvevaSi absurdul Sedegebamdec SeiZleba mig-
viyvanos110. magaliTi 8: arasrulwlovanma a-m da srulwlovanma b-m gacvales kuTvnili
saaTebi. a-s mSoblebi ar iwoneben am garigebas, ris gamoc igi dadebis momentidan ara-
namdvilia. sanam mxareebi erTmaneTs miRebuls daubrunebdnen, b-s mflobelobaSi myo-
fi a-s saaTi nadgurdeba.
amgvar SemTxvevaSi, kauzalurobis principis qveynebSi, b-s a-s winaaRmdeg saaT-
ze mflobelobis dasabruneblad rogorc vindikaciis, aseve kondiqciis gamoyenebis
ufleba eqneba, radgan valdebulebiT garigebasTan erTad baTilia, aseve, orive saniv-
To garigebac. a-s, misi kuTvnili saaTis ganadgurebis gamo, SeuZlia moiTxovos mxo-
lod am saaTis Rirebulebis anazRaureba, magram ara usafuZvlo gamdidrebis norme-
bis safuZvelze, radgan b aRar aris gamdidrebuli. Tu amgvar Sedegs koreqciis gare-
Se davtovebT, miviRebT sakmaod Seusabamo suraTs. gacvla baTilia im normebis gamo,
romlebmac unda daicvan arasrulwlovan a-s interesebi. is, sakuTari interesebidan
gamomdinare, moklebulia SesaZleblobas, dados namdvili garigeba, romelic mas daa-
valdebulebs b-saTvis nivTze sakuTrebis gadacemas. aseve, baTilia sanivTo garigeba,
romliTac a kargavs sakuTrebas. realurad ki nivTis daRupvasTan erTad viRebT Se-
degs, rom a rCeba yovelgvari moTxovnis uflebis gareSe. normis, romelic emsaxurebo-
da a-s interesebis dacvas, im principTan kombinaciisas, romliTac nivTis SemTxveviTi
daRupvis riski mesakuTres awevs, arasrulwlovani moTxovnis uflebis gareSe rCeba da
amave dros valdebulia daabrunos usafuZvlod miRebuli. am dogmis arsebobis gareSe
ki, marTalia, arasrulwlovani dakargavda sakuTrebas, magram mas SeeZleboda daebru-
nebina misi Rirebuleba. amitomac, Sveicariul iuridiul literaturaSi gamoTqmulia
aseve mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, ormxriv aranamdvil garigebebze im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu erTi nivTi ganadgurda, mxolod usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTali unda gamoiye-
nebodes111 da germanul doqtrinaSi ganviTarebuli „saldos Teoriam“ ufro metad un-
109
Larenz K., Canaris C. W., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, II/2, München 1994, § 73 III 4; Medicus D., Schuld-
recht BT, München 2004, Rn. 696.
110
Seadare Flume W., Der Wegfall der Bereicherung in der Entwicklung vom römischen zum geltenden Recht,
FS Niedermeyer (Göttingen 1953), 171: „Von dem Satz casum sentit dominus, muß man sich im geltenden
Kondiktionsrecht, das den Anspruch abstrakt am Vermögen des Empfängers orinetiert, frei machen.“
111
Giger H., Rechtsfolgen norm- und sittenwidriger Verträge, Zürich 1989, 147; Honsell H., Tradition und Zes-
sion - kausal oder abstrakt? FS Wiegand (Bern 2005), 362.
214
da gaidgas fesvebi aseve Sveicariul samarTalSic. dauSvebelia aranamdvili ormxrivi

xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili kondiqciuri moTxovnebis (an kauzalobis principis
moqmedebis gamo vindikaciasa da kondiqciis112) izolirebulad ganxilva.113 yvela am ar-
gumentis gaTvaliswinebiT, honzeli114 midis daskvnamde, rom sxva gamosavlis ararse-
bobis gamo, Sveicariul samarTalSic unda moxdes abstraqciis principis Semtana, ris
Sedegadac aranamdvili nasyidobis Sesrulebebis ukuqceva ganxorcieldeba ori ur-
TierTdapirispirebuli kondiqciis meSveobiT.
3. aranamdvili ormxrivi xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili qonebis

moZraobis aRmofxvra avstriul samarTalSi
avstriul samarTalSi gabatonebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, aseve, aranamdvili

ormxrivi xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi nivTis daRupvis riski awevs mesakuTres da ara
mflobels.115 mesakuTres aRar SeuZlia moiTxovos nivTis Rirebulebis anazRaureba,
TviTon ki valdebulia daabrunos miRebuli Sesruleba (magaliTad, nasyidobis fasi).
sakiTxis amgvari gadawyveta, iseve rogorc Sveicariul samarTalSi, ewinaaRmdegeba
namdvili nasyidobis farglebSi nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupvis riskis ganawilebas, rom-
lis drosac nivTis gadacemis Semdeg igi myidvels ekisreba. marTalia, motanili mo-
sazrebiT vindikaciuri da kondiqciuri urTierToba erTgvarovnad aris mowesrige-
buli,116 magram masac hyavs Tavisi oponentebi, romelTa mixedviTac nivTis gadacemis
Semdeg misi daRupvis riski nebismier SemTxvevaSi SemZenze unda gadavides.117
mTavari dogmaturi problema, romelic avstriul iuridiul literaturaSi
diskusiis sagnad aris qceuli, Semdegia: warmoadgens Tu ara Sesrulebis kondiqcia
112
Seadare BGE 55 II 302; dazu Honsell H., Obligationenrecht BT, Bern 1995, § 6 I 2 d.
113
BGE 110 II 244; Honsell H., Obligationenrecht BT, Bern 1995, § 6 I 2 d.
114
115
Koziol H., Welser R., Grundriss des bürgerlichen Rechts AT, Wien 1988, AT, 433 da iqve moyvanili li-
teratura.
116
rac, Tavis mxriv, Seesatyviseba avstrieli kanonmdeblis nebas - §1437 ABGB: „ararsebu-
li valdebulebis Sesrulebis mimRebi CaiTvleba keTilsindisierad an arakeTilsindi-
sierad imis mixedviT, icoda Tu ara, an SeeZlo Tu ara evarauda Semsruleblis Secdo-
ma~. §329 ABGB: „keTilsindisier mflobels SeuZlia, imis gamo rom is keTilsindisierad
flobs nivTs, sakuTari neba-survilis Sesabamisad gamoiyenos, moixmaros an gaanadgu-
ros nivTi, ise rom ar agebs pasuxs amisaTvis~. §1447 ABGB: „nivTis SemTxveviT daRupva-
sTan erTad aRar arsebobs masTan dakavSirebuli arc erTi valdebuleba da maT Soris
arc misi Rirebulebis anazRaurebis valdebuleba~. anu nivTis SemTxveviT daRupvis
Semdeg SeuZlebeli xdeba misi ukan moTxovna ara mxolod vindikaciis, an vindikaciuri
urTierTobidan gamomdinare zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis meSveobiT, aramed, aseve,
keTilsindisieri mflobelisagan misi Rirebulebis moTxovna usafuZvlo gamdidrebis
wesebis Sesabamisad. sanacvlod ki mesakuTres, romelmac dakarga nivTi da misi Rirebu-
leba, ar aqvs raime Sesagebeli meore mxaris kondiqciis sapirwoned da valdebulia sru-
lad daabrunos miRebuli (Kurzkommentar zum ABGB/Apathy P., 2007, § 1051 Rn. 4). Sesabamisad,
avstriul samarTalSic, iseve rogorc SveicariulSi, zogadi danawesis mixedviT, niv-
Tis SemTxveviTi daRupvis riski awveba mesakuTres.
117
Harrer F., Rückabwicklungsprobleme beim fehlerhaften Kauf, JBl 1983, 238; aseve OGH JBl. 1984, 200.
215
vindikaciuri moTxovnis samarTlebriv gagrZelebas (Rechtsfortwirkung) da dakarguli

vindikaciis sanacvlos? am kiTxvaze pasuxi met-naklebad ganapirobebda sakiTxis ga-
daWras – SeiZleba Tu ara vindikaciuri urTierTobis safuZvelSi mdebare principe-
bis, rogoric aris casum sentit dominus, gadatana kondiqciur urTierTobaSi. vilburgi118
Tavis SedarebiT adreul SromaSi ayalibebs princips, rom miTvisebulis kondiqciis
(Eingriffskondiktion) SemTxvevaSi, rodesac usafuZvlod gamdidreba xdeba ara mesakuTris
mier SesrulebiT, aramed mesakuTris uflebebSi uSualo CareviT, kondiqcia warmoad-
gens vindikaciis gagrZelebas. Sesabamisad, Tu mesakuTre kargavs Tavis sakuTrebas imis
gamo, rom usafuZvlod gamdidrebulma pirma nivTi TviTon gadaamuSava, an Seuria sa-
kuTar qonebas, maSin dakarguli vindikaciis adgils ikavebs miTvisebulis kondiqcia.
rac Seexeba Sesrulebis kondiqcias, anu im SemTxvevas, rodesac mesakuTrem Tavad ga-
dasca nivTi usafuZvlod gamdidrebuls, am urTierTobaze vindikaciis momwesrigebe-
li principebis gadatana dauSvebelia.119 Tumca Semdeg naSromSi vilburgi TviTon mi-
aTvlis Sesrulebis kondiqcias vindikaciis samarTlebriv gagrZelebas.120 huberis121
mixedviT, kauzalobis principis moqmedebis pirobebSi sakiTxi, warmoadgens Tu ara
usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili moTxovna vindikaciis samarTlebriv gagrZe-
lebas, Sinaarss moklebulia. am SemTxvevaSi mesakuTre inarCunebs rogorc sakuTrebis,
aseve vindikacias uflebas da, amasTanave, aqvs mflobelobis kondiqciac. rac Seexeba
abstaqtuli sanivTo garigebis qveynebs, mesakuTre Tavad gankargavs nivTs da valdebu-
lebiTi garigebis aranamdvilobidan warmoSobili usafuZvlo gamdidrebis moTxovnac
ganpirobebulia qonebis moZraobis usafuZvlobiT da ara im faqtiT, rom Semsrulebeli
kargavs sakuTrebas. Sesrulebis kondiqcia warmoadgens ara dakarguli sakuTrebis da
misgan gamomdinare vindikaciis Semcvlels, aramed qonebis usafuZvlo moZraobis ukuq-
cevis instruments, ara sanivTo, aramed valdebulebiTi urTierTobis gagrZelebas.
dResdReobiT, Sveicariulis msgavsad, avstriuli samarTalic ama Tu im formiT
cdilobs „saldos Teoriis“ safuZvlad mdebare principis integrirebas usafuZvlo
gamdidrebis samarTalSi,122 an im usamarTlo Sedegebis koreqciisaTvis, romlebamdec
casum sentit dominus-is principma SeiZleba migviyvanos, alternatiuli gadawyvetis mo-
naxvas.
4. Saldotheorie-s (`saldos Teoriis~) Sedegebis gadmotana qarTul

samarTalSi
qarTuli samarTlis sistemisaTvis SeiZleba magaliTad gamodges Sveicariuli

samarTlis mier arCeuli gezi da masTan dakavSirebiT wamoWrili problemebi. Sveica-
riisagan gansxvavebiT, miuxedavad kauzalobis principis moqmedebisa, qarTuli samo-
qalaqo kodeqsi iziarebs saldos Teoriis safuZvelSi mdebare faqtobriv sinalagmas.
118
Wilburg W., Die Lehre von der ungerechtfertigten Bereicherung nach österreichischem und deutschem Recht,
Graz 1934, 28 da Semdgomni.
119
iqve, 49.
120
iqve, 346 da Semdgomni, 349, 353.
121
Huber P., Wegfall der Bereicherung und Nutzen, Wien 1988, 54.
122
Kerschner F., Der OGH auf dem Weg zur Saldotheorie? JBl 1988, 541, 624; Rabl Ch., Die Gefahrtragung
beim Kauf, 2002, Wien 284, 288.
216
ssk-is 979-e muxlis me-4 nawili: Tu ormxrivi xelSekrulebis mxareebma xelSek-

rulebis baTilobis gamo ukan unda daabrunon is, rac maT am xelSekrulebiT miiRes,
magram erT-erT mxares ar SeuZlia dabruneba am muxlis me-2 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebu-
li safuZvlis gamo, maSin mas ar ekisreba ukan dabrunebis movaleoba, Tu es gamomdina-
reobs samarTlis im normis arsidan, romlis safuZvelzedac xelSekruleba baTilad
iqna cnobili.
Tu mocemul normas Cven mier zemoT moyvanil SemTxvevas123 mivusadagebT, Sede-
gad miviRebT, rom b mxolod maSin SeiZleboda gaTavisuflebuliyo saaTis Rirebule-
bis anazRaurebis valdebulebisagan, Tu ssk-is p63-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mizani
iqneboda b-s interesebis dasacavad xelSekrulebis baTilad cnoba. sinamdvileSi ki
sapirispiro SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme: miTiTebuli muxlisa da misi Semdgomi danawe-
sebis mizans, SezRudulad qmeduunaro piris mier dadebuli xelSekrulebis baTilad
gamocxadebiT, misi interesebis dacva warmoadgens. a-s interesebis dacva ki mxolod
b-sagan gafuWebuli saaTis Rirebulebis anazRaurebis moTxovnis daSvebiT SeiZleba
iyos garantirebuli.
maSasadame, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, imisda miuxedavad, rom b iyo keTilsindisieri
(ssk-is 981-e muxlis 1-li nawili) da nivTis ganadgureba misi bralis gareSe moxda (ssk-
is 981-e muxlis me-4 nawili), ssk-is 976-e muxlis 1-li nawilis a) punqtisa da ssk-is 979-e
muxlis me-4 nawilis Sesabamisad, igi mainc valdebulia aunazRauros a-s saaTis Rire-
buleba.
a. „saldos~ Tu „sapirispiro Sesrulebis kondiqciis~ Teoria
ssk-is 979-e muxlis me-4 nawili awesrigebs im SemTxvevas, Tu rodis CaiTvleba usa-
fuZvlo Sesrulebis mimRebi gamdidrebulad, miuxedavad imisa, rom miRebuli nivTi
ukve aRar moipoveba SemZenis mflobelobaSi. ssk-is es muxli Semdegnairad aris agebu-
li: 1. me-2 nawilis mixedviT, rodesac nivTis dabruneba naturiT SeuZlebelia, mimRebma
unda aanazRauros misi Rirebuleba. 2. me-3 nawili awesebs gamonakliss am danawesidan,
rodesac nivTis dabruneba SeuZlebelia naturiT da amasTanave misi Rirebuleba arc
sxva raime saxiT moipoveba mimRebis qonebaSi, anu is aRar aris gamdidrebuli. am dros
mimRebi Tavisufldeba Rirebulebis anazRaurebis movaleobisagan. 3. Tavis mxriv, me-4
nawili ki adgens gamonakliss am gamonaklisidan. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sesrulebis sa-
gani aRar moipoveba mimRebis qonebaSi da is arc SesrulebiT da arc misi RirebulebiT
ar gamdidrebula, mimRebi mainc valdebulia aanazRauros Rirebuleba, Tu kondiqci-
uri urTierToba warmoiSva aranamdvili ormxrivi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze da es
anazRaureba ar ewinaaRmdegeba im normis arss, romlis gamoc xelSekruleba baTilad
iqna cnobili.
gsk am danawesTagan Seicavs mxolod ors: 1. gsk-is §818 II awesebs, rom Tu nivTis na-
turiT dabruneba SeuZlebelia, misi ganadgurebis an sxva mizezis gamo, maSin mimRebma
unda aanazRauros misi Rirebuleba. 2. Rirebulebis anazRaurebis valdebuleba ar ar-
sebobs, Tu mimRebi aRar aris gamdidrebuli (§818 III gsk). mesame danawesi, romelmac da-
uSva gamonaklisi meore normidan, anu moawesrigebda im SemTxvevas, Tu rodis SeiZle-
123
Seadare me-8 magaliTi.
217
ba mimRebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom is aRar aris gamdidrebuli, daekisros Rirebulebis

anazRaurebis movaleoba, kanonSi ar moipoveba. Cven mier zemoxsenebuli ori Teoria
– „saldos Teoria“ da „sapirispiro Sesrulebis kondiqciis Teoria“ emsaxureba swo-
red im mizans, rom zogi SemTxvevisTvis moxdes §818 III gsk-dan gamonaklisis gakeTeba.
anu pirs, romelic aRar aris gamdidrebli, mainc daekisros miRebulis anazRaurebis
movaleoba.
ssk-is 979-e muxlis me-4 nawili am Teoriebis safuZvelSi arsebuli principis sa-
kanonmdeblo doneze realizacias warmoadgens. amasTanave, saWirod migvaCnia, rom
ufro dawvrilebiT SevexoT im sakiTxs, Tu am ori Teoriidan romels misca qarTvelma
kanonmdebelma normatiuli saxe. maT saerTo aqvT is, rom miznad isaxaven mTeli rigi
SemTvevebisaTvis §818 III gsk-is eliminirebas, Tumca amas sxvadasxva formiT axorcie-
leben. Tanamedrove „saldos Teoria“, romelic damyarebulia faqtobrivi sinalagmis
principze, §818 III gsk-is eliminirebas axdens imgvarad, rom avrcelebs mas orive ur-
TierTdapirispirebul kondiqciur moTxovnaze. anu erTi Sesrulebis ganadgureba an
dazianeba amcirebs ara mxolod Semsruleblis, aramed, aseve mimRebis sapirispiro kon-
diqciur moTxovnasac. „sapirispiro Sesrulebis kondiqciis Teoriis“ mixedviT, Tu pi-
ri iTxovs Tavis Sesrulebas, maSin man ukan unda daabrunos mis mier miRebuli Sesru-
lebac. anu, es Teoria bevr SemTxvevaSi ubralod ar iyenebs §818 III gsk-s.
marTalia, orive Teoria erTsa da imave mizans emsaxureba, magram, dogmaturi sa-
fuZvlidan gamomdinare, maTma gamoyenebam SeiZleba gansxvavebul Sedegamde migviy-
vanos. magaliTad, rogorc ukve vaxseneT, faqtobrivi sinalagmis principis pirdapir
gadatana ar xerxdeba im SemTxvevaze, rodesac erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ara ori kon-
diqciuri, aramed erTi vindikaciuri da erTi kondiqciuri moTxovna. „sapirispiro
Sesrulebis kondiqciis Teoria“ am SemTxvevaSic yovelgvari problemis gareSe axdens
§818 III gsk-is eliminirebas. amitomac, gasarkvevia sakiTxi, Tu zustad romel Teorias
emyareba ssk-is 979-e muxlis me-4 nawilis danawesi da romeli Teoriis Tanmimdevruli
gatareba unda moxdes qarTul samarTlis sistemaSi.
sagulisxmoa, rom ssk-is mocemul normas gaaCnia daTqma, romelic gvaZlevs sa-
fuZvels vamtkicoT, rom am danawesSi kanonmdebelma swored „faqtobrivi sinalagmis“
principi ganamyara, radgan masSi calsaxad aris dafiqsirebuli, rom unda moxdes or-
mxrivi xelSekrulebis farglebSi arsebuli interesTa ganawilebis gadatana aseve usa-
fuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTalSi da ara ubralod, ssk-is 979-e muxlis mesame nawilidan
gamonaklisis gakeTeba. norma Semdegnairad aris formulirebuli: „ormxrivi xelSek-
rulebis mxareebma xelSekrulebis baTilobis gamo ukan unda daabrunon is, rac maT am
xelSekrulebiT miiRes“. xelSekrulebis baTilobis gamo dabruneba per se gulisxmobs
dabrunebas urTierTdapirispirebuli kondiqciuri moTxovnebis safuZvelze da ara
vindikaciiT, romelic mesakuTres valdebulebiTi xelSekrulebisgan damoukideblad
unarCundeba. baTili xelSekruleba warmoSobs kondiqciur da ara vindikaciur moTx-
ovnas. Sesabamisad, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis mocemuli norma misi gamoyenebis pirvel
winapirobad miiCnevs, rom erTmaneTs upirispirdebodes ori kondiqciuri moTxovna,
iseve rogorc xelSekrulebis namdvilobis SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs daupirispirdebo-
da ori saxelSekrulebo Sesrulebis moTxovna. es sxva araferia, Tu ara sinalagmis
principis gadatana kondiqciur urTierTobaSi. faqtobrivi sinalagma warmoadgens im
princips da im ZiriTad winapirobas, ris gamoc mxare Tavisufldeba miRebulis dabru-
218
nebis valdebulebisagan, miuxedavad imisa, rom is miRebuliT ukve aRar aris gamdidre-
buli. Semdeg am kondiqciur urTierTobaSi gadatanil sinalagmaze kanoni axdens ukve
normis arsis proeqcirebas.124
sinalagmis principi ar moqmedebs, Tu is ewinaaRmdegeba im normis arss, romlis
safuZvelzedac xelSekruleba baTilad iqna cnobili. kanonmdeblis mocemuli ga-
dawyvetileba warmoadgens „faqtobrivi sinalagmis Sesaxeb moZRvrebisaTvis“ xorcis
Sesxmas sakanonmdeblo doneze. misi Tanmdevi Sedegebi ki aris is, rom es Teoria da mis
Sesatyvisad konstruirebuli norma gamoyenebis winapirobad miiCnevs ara ori kondiq-
ciuri, aramed vindikaciuri da kondiqciuri moTxovnebis dapirispirebas. miuxedavad
imisa, rom SesaZlebelia vindikaciis mimarT ssk-is 979-e muxlis me-4 nawilis analogiiT
gamoyeneba, anda formulirebis – „xelSekrulebis baTilobis gamo daabrunos is, rac
maT am xelSekrulebiT miiRes“ – imgvari ganmarteba, rom man moicvas, aseve, vindikaci-
is meSveobiT ukan dabrunebis moTxovna, romelsac daupirispirdeboda meore mxaris
kondiqcia, amis aucilebloba mainc ar arsebobs. gacilebiT martivi gamosavalia imis
aRiareba, rom aranamdvili ormxrivi xelSekrulebisas mxareebma sakuTari Sesrulebe-
bi ukan unda moiTxovon usafuZvlo gamdidrebis danawesTa Sesabamisad, romlebic, ro-
gorc ukve araerTxel SevecadeT gveCvenebina, iseTi aspeqtebisa da mxareTa dasacavi
interesebis gaTvaliswinebis SesaZleblobas iZlevian, ris saSualebasac vindikaciuri
da misi Tanmdevi moTxovnebi ar iZleva.
b. ssk-is 979-e muxlis me-5 nawili
namdvil da baTil xelSekrulebebSi nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupvis riskis gansxva-

vebulad gadanawilebis Taobaze zemoaRwerili, Sveicariul da avstriul samarTalSi
gavrcelebuli, mosazrebis qarTul samarTalTan Seusatyvisobaze metyvelebs ssk-is
979-e muxlis me-5 nawili.125
am danawesiT, kanonmdebeli calsaxad ambobs uars principze – casum sentit dominus,
radgan norma warmoadgens zogad orientirs imis gansasazRvrad, Tu kondiqciuri ur-
TierTobis farglebSi, nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupvis riski ra simZafriT unda daawves
mxareebs. qarTvelma kanonmdebelma aqac Tanmimdevrulad gaakeTa arCevani saxelSek-
rulebo masStabis sasargeblod. Semsrulebels nivTis daRupvis riski unda daawves im
simZafriT, ra simZafriTac mas es riski daawveboda xelSekruleba namdvili rom dar-
Ceniliyo. mocemuli principis sapirispiroa casum sentit dominus, anu SemTxveva, rodesac
mesakuTres daRupvis riski ekisreba saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis farglebSi inte-
resTa gadanawilebisgan damoukideblad, mxolod imis safuZvelze, rom igi mesakuT-
rea. marTalia, qarTveli kanonmdebeli adgens nivTis daRupvis riskis Semsrulebli-
saTvis gadakisrebis minimalur masStabs, anu awesrigebs SemTxvevas, romlis drosac
124
„magram erT-erT mxares ar SeuZlia dabruneba am muxlis me-2 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebu-
li safuZvlis gamo, maSin mas ar ekisreba ukan dabrunebis movaleoba, Tu es gamomdi-
nareobs samarTlis im normis arsidan, romlis safuZvelzedac xelSekruleba baTilad
iqna cnobili“.
125
`Sesrulebis sagnis daRupva an gafuWeba, risTvisac Semsrulebels daekisreba pasuxism-
gebloba xelSekrulebis namdvilobis dros, yovelTvis aTavisuflebs mimRebs anazRau-
rebis movaleobisagan“.
219
Semsrulebels yovelTvis ekisreba nivTis ganadgurebis riski da ar awesebs am riskis

dakisrebis zRvars (ar uTiTebs, Tu rodis aRar SeiZleba daekisros mesakuTres es ris-
ki). magram argumentum e contrario-s meSveobiT SegviZlia mivideT im daskvnamde, rom kano-
nis es danawesi azrs dakargavda, Tu Semsrulebel mesakuTres SeiZleboda dakisrebo-
da pasuxismgebloba rogorc kanoniT gansazRvruli masStabiT, aseve misi sapirispiro,
ukiduresad gamZafrebuli masStabiT – casum sentit dominus.
Sesabamisad, ssk-is mixedviT, nivTis daRupvis riskis ganmsazRvrelia ara is faq-
ti, Tu vis darCa an visze gadavida sakuTreba, aramed is, Tu xelSekrulebis namdvilad
darCenisas vin atarebda am risks. sakiTxis amgvari gadawyveta isev da isev sxva arafe-
ria, Tu ara faqtobrivi sinalagmis formiT saxelSekrulebo sinalagmis kondiqciur
urTierTobaSi gadmotana. Sveicariuli samarTlis doqtrinis mier mopovebuli Sede-
gebi, romelTa mixedviTac riskebis gadanawileba namdvil da aranamdvil xelSekrule-
bebSi gansxvavebulad unda moxdes, qarTul samarTals ar miesadageba, radgan qarTve-
li kanonmdebeli amisTvis gansxvavebul masStabs awesebs. garda amisa, nivTis daRupvis
riskis gadasvlis ganmapirobebeli, TavisTavad, ar SeiZleba iyos xelSekrulebis nam-
dviloba-aranamdviloba, romelic mxareTaTvis xSirad SeumCneveli rCeba. es mniSvne-
loba SeiZleba mxolod nivTis gadacemas mieniWos,126 radgan namdvili xelSekrulebis
pirobebSic es faqtoria gadamwyveti.127
g. kondiqciisa da vindikaciis Tanmdevi moTxovnebis konkurencia
vindikaciisa da kondiqciis konkurenciisas, maTi Tanmdevi moTxovnebis upira-

tesobis sakiTxis gadawyvetas germanuli literatura ganasxvavebs imis mixedviT, Tu
ra saxis kondiqciasTan gvaqvs saqme.128 amgvari gansxvaveba qarTul samarTalSic auci-
lebelia, radgan sxvadasxva kondiqcia sxvadasxva principis mixedviTaa agebuli. rode-
sac Sesrulebis kondiqcia, rogorc zemoT vixileT, warmoadgens xelSekrulebis gag-
rZelebas da emsaxureba saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis da am urTierTobis CarCoebSi
mxareTa interesebisa da molodinebis kondiqciur urTierTobaze gadatanas, miTvi-
sebulis kondiqcias saerTod aranairi kavSiri ar aqvs xelSekrulebasTan da mis Sem-
TxvevaSi sul sxva principebia warmmarTveli. amave mosazrebis mixedviT, Sesrulebis
kondiqciisas, mis Tanmdev moTxovnebs upiratesoba unda mieniWos vindikaciis Tanmdev
moTxovnebTan mimarTebaSi. qvemoT Cven SevecdebiT davasabuToT, Tu ratom aris auci-
lebeli sakiTxis amgvari gadawyvetis gadmotana qarTul samarTalSi.
d. usafuZvlo mflobelisagan sargeblis moTxovna
ssk-is 163-e muxlidan gamomdinare, arauflebamosili keTilsindisieri mflobe-

li ar aris valdebuli daabrunos nivTidan miRebuli sargebeli. gansxvavebul danawess
126
127
mag: gsk-is § 446: nivTis gadacemasTan erTad myidvelze gadadis nivTis SemTxveviTi daR-
upvisa da mdgomareobis gauaresebis riski.
128
Larenz K., Canaris C. W., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, II/2, München 1994, 338 da Semdgomni; Koppen-
steiner H.G., Kramer R. A., ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung, Berlin 1975, 198 da Semdgomni; Reuter D.,
Martinek M., Ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung, Tübingen 1983, 667.
220
adgens ssk-is 979-e muxlis pirveli nawili,129 ris gamoc usafuZvlod gamdidrebuli,
miuxedavad misi keTilsindisiereba-arakeTilsindisierebisa, valdebulia daabrunos
nivTi sargebliTurT. aranamdvili xelSekrulebidan miRebulis ukan moTxovnisaTvis
dadgenil am gamkacrebul danawess gaaCnia Tavisi gamarTleba da dauSvebelia usafuZ-
vlod miRebuli nivTis sargeblis moTxovna (ufro sworad am moTxovnis gamoricxva)
ssk-is 163-e muxlis gamoyenebiT. ssk-is 979-e muxlis pirveli nawili emyareba Semdeg
mosazrebas – mxareebs unda daubrundeT maTi Sesrulebebi da am Sesrulebidan miRebu-
li im mizniT, rom mdgomareoba maqsimalurad dauaxlovdes pirvandels, anu mdgomare-
obas, romelic iarsebebda, mxareebs es Sesrulebebi saerTod rom ar gaeRoT. Semsru-
leblebi ibruneben ara marto maT mier gaweul Sesrulebebs, aramed im sargebelsac,
rasac miiRebdnen am Sesrulebidan. dabrunebis gamkacrebuli reJimi kompensirdeba
imiT, rom vinc abrunebs Sesrulebas da sargebels, SeuZlia, aseve meore mxarisagan mo-
iTxovos Tavisi Sesrulebisa da mis Sedegad miRebuli sargeblis dabruneba. es sina-
lagmaturoba, rogorc ukve araerTxel vaxseneT, warmoadgens ara marto Sesrulebe-
bis, aramed aseve am Sesrulebis sagnidan miRebuli sargeblis dabrunebis moculobis
gansazRvris qvakuTxeds. ra Tqma unda, es principi ar moqmedebs im piris sasargeblod,
romelmac usasyidlod an calmxrivi garigebiT miiRo nivTi, magram, usasyidlo SemZe-
nis sasyidlian SemZenTan SedarebiT, nakleb saxarbielo mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba ase-
ve warmoadgens usafuZvlo gamdidrebis institutis safuZvelSi mdebare princips da
germaneli kanonmdeblis Segnebul gadawyvetilebas. pirs, romelmac usasyidlod mii-
Ro Sesruleba, SeiZleba moeTxovos ara marto am Sesrulebis, aramed aseve, yovelgvari
kompensaciis gareSe, sargeblis dabruneba, radgan misi kanonieri ndoba (miRebulis sa-
mudamod SenarCunebis Taobaze), sasyidliani SemZenis ndobasTan SedarebiT, naklebad
angariSgasawevia.
amis sapirispirod, vindikacia da misi damatebiTi moTxovnebi miznad isaxavs ara
Sesrulebebs Soris sinalagmaturi kavSiris gaTvaliswinebas, aramed, yvela sxva danar-
Ceni aspeqtebis gauTvaliswineblad, mesakuTrisaTvis nivTis dabrunebas. vindikaciu-
ri moTxovnisaTvis ararsebiTia, arauflebamosilma mflobelma nivTi mesakuTrisagan
an mesame pirisagan miiRo SesrulebiT, Tu ubralod quCaSi ipova. gansakuTrebiT dasa-
cavia piris interesebi im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac man nivTi mesame pirisagan sasyidliT
miiRo da misi mesakuTrisaTvis dabruneba uwevs. am dros arauflebamosili mflobeli
ubrunebs nivTs mesakuTres, misgan sanacvlod ki ar iRebs arafers da awevs am nivTSi
gadaxdili sasyidlis mesame pirisagan dabrunebis riski. amrigad, viRebT im SemTxve-
vas, rodesac keTilsindisieri mflobeli abrunebs nivTs da es dabruneba arafriT ar
aris kompensirebuli, radgan vindikacia emsaxureba calmxrivad nivTis mesakuTrisaT-
vis dabrunebas da ara im mdgomareobis ormxriv rekonstruqcias, romelic iarsebebda,
mxareebs aranamdvili garigeba saerTod rom ar daedoT. Sesabamisad, vindikaciis far-
glebSi, misi am calmxrivobidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia imis gaTvaliswineba, mesa-
kuTrem Tavad gasca Tu ara nivTi SesrulebiT da miiRo Tu ara mis sanacvlod raime.
amitomac, keTilsindisieri mflobelis interesebis dasacavad aucilebelia Sedare-
biT msubuqi damatebiTi moTxovnebis arseboba.
129
„ukan dabrunebis valdebuleba vrceldeba SeZenilze, miRebul sargebelze, aseve sxva
yvelaferze, rac mimRebma SeiZina miRebuli sagnis ganadgurebis, dazianebis an CamorT-
mevis sanacvlo anazRaurebis saxiT~.
221
vindikacia da Sesrulebis kondiqcia emsaxurebian sxvadaxva mizans da sargeblis

ukan moTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT msubuqi Tu SedarebiT mkacri danawesebis arsebobac
srulebiT gamarTlebulia. usafuZvlo gamdidrebis danawesebiT unda moxdes aranam-
dvili xelSekrulebiT miRebuli ara mxolod nivTis, aramed, aseve, am nivTis sargeblis
ukan moTxovna, raTa maqsimalurad gaTvaliswinebul iqnes im faqtobrivi sinalagmis
arseboba, romelic mxareebis Sesrulebebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. maSinac ki, rode-
sac es kavSiri ar arsebobs (radgan mxarem usasyidlod, magaliTad, naCuqrobiT, mii-
Ro nivTi), mainc usafuZvlo gamdidrebis wesebi unda gamoviyenoT, radgan, sasyidlis
sanacvlod, gamdidrebulTan SedarebiT usasyidlod gamdirebulis nakleb saxarbie-
lo mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba am institutis erT-erT mTavar princips warmoadgens. misi
gverdis avla ssk-is 163-e muxlis gamoyenebiT, romelic keTilsindisieri mflobeli-
saTvis a priori msubuq pasuxismgeblobas iTvaliswinebs, dauSvebelia.
e. usafuZvlod gamdidrebuli mflobelis mier nivTze gaweuli

xarjebis moTxovna
usafuZvlo mflobelis mier nivTze gaweuli xarjebis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSic,

ssk-is 163-e muxlis me-2 nawilisa da 980-e muxlis pirveli nawilis konkurenciis piro-
bebSi, upiratesoba unda mieniWos 980-e muxls. sakiTxis mxolod amgvari gadawyveta
warmoadgens zemoT moyvanili argumentaciis logikur gagrZelebas da Seesatyviseba
am ori institutis arss. gansxvaveba am danawesebs Soris aseTia: ssk-is 163-e muxlis me-2
nawiliT, pirs SeuZlia ukan moiTxovos mxolod is xarjebi da gaumjobesebebi, rac ar
aris kompensirebuli nivTidan miRebuli sargebliT. ssk-s 980-e muxlis pirveli nawi-
liT ki keTilsindisier mflobels nivTze gaweuli xarjebis moTxovna SeuZlia sruli
moculobiT. rogorc vxedavT, gansxvaveba calsaxaa da gamomdinareobs im martivi faq-
tidan, rom arauflebamosili mflobeli usafuZvlo gamdidrebis danawesebiT valde-
bulia daabrunos nivTis sargebeli. Sesabamisad, gaweuli xarjebi da gaumjobesebebi
ver iqneba am sargebliT kompensirebuli.
meore argumenti, Tu ratom unda mieniWos usafuZvlo gamdidrebis danawesebs
upiratesoba ssk-is 163-e muxlTan mimarTebaSi, ukve gamoTqmulia germanul litera-
turaSi130. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis SevecdebiT ubralo magaliTis moyvanas. magaliTi 9:
a-m SeukveTa b-s aranamdvili nardobis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze antikvaruli magi-
dis restavrireba. varianti 1: b-m waiRo magida Tavis saxelosnoSi da iq ukeTebda mas
restavrirebas. varianti 2: magida darCa a-s saxlSi, sadac b yovel diliT modioda da
ukeTebda mas restavrirebas. orive SemTxvevaSi b-s SeuZlia moiTxovos mis mier gawe-
uli samuSaos anazRaureba usafuZvlo gamdidrebis danawesTa Sesabamisad, Tumca rac
Seexeba uSualod nivTze gaweul danaxarjebs da am nivTis gaumjobesebebs, gaugebaria,
Tu ratom unda moiTxovos maTi anazRaureba pirvel SemTxvevaSi 163-e muxlis mixed-
viT (radgan magida gadavida mis mflobelobaSi), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi imis gamo, rom
magida ar gadasula mis mflobelobaSi, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis danawesTa safuZvel-
ze. Zneli dasasabuTebeli iqneboda am variantebis gansxvavebulad gadawyveta, radgan
orive SemTxvevaSi wina planze aranamdvili saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaa, romlidan
130
Staudinger Eckpfeiler/Martinek M., 2009, § 818 BGB Rn. 68.
222
miRebuli Sesrulebebic mxareebma unda daubrunon erTmaneTs da ara urTierToba me-

sakuTresa da arauflebamosil mflobels Soris.
ssk-is 980-e muxlis pirveli nawilis me-2 winadadebis mixedviT, keTilsindisier
mimRebs aqvs gaweuli xarjebisa da sxva qonebrivi danaklisis anazRaurebis moTxovna,
romelic mas warmoeSva imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom nivTi miaCnda samudamod SeZenilad.
Tumca, es wesi ar moqmedebs maSin, rodesac sagani ar iZleva imis safuZvels, rom is miC-
neul iqnes samudamod SeZenilad. am dros mimRebs ar SeuZlia moiTxovos arc xarje-
bis da arc sxva qonebrivi danaklisis anazRaureba. ssk-is 163-e muxli saerTod ar iT-
valiswinebs qonebrivi danaklisis anazRaurebas da ar Seicavs gansxvavebul danawess
imisda mixedviT, CaiTvleba Tu ara nivTi samudamod SeZenilad. qarTul literaturaSi
gamoTqmuli mosazrebis131 aramarTebuloba am SemTxvevaSic TvalsaCinoa. Tu konku-
renciisas nebismier SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba unda mieniWos vindikaciasa da mis Tan-
mdev moTxovnebs, maSin ssk-s 980-e muxli TiTqmis srulebiT kargavs Tavis gamoyenebis
sferos, radgan Zneli warmosadgenia SemTxveva, rodesac SemZeni ar aris mesakuTre da
amisda miuxedavad, mimRebs nivTi mainc samudamod SeZenilad miaCnda. da Tu mainc war-
movidgenT aseT SemTxvevas – magaliTad, lizings, ratom unda SeeZlos mimRebs arame-
sakuTre lizingis gamcemisagan xarjebisa da qonebrivi danaklisis moTxovna mxolod
am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, da ar gaaCndes igive uflebamosileba mesakuTris mimarT
yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi?
arsebobs kidev erTi argumenti, romlis gamoc upiratesoba unda mieniWos usa-
fuZvlo gamdidrebis danawesebs, romelic awesrigeben xarjebisa da sargeblis anazRa-
urebas da ara imave danawesebs vindikaciis institutidan.
ssk-is 980-e muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT, anazRaurebis movaleobani 979-e da 980-
e muxlebis mixedviT unda Sesruldes erTdroulad. anu mxareebma SesrulebiT miRebu-
li sagani, misgan miRebuli sargebeli da masze gaweuli xarjebi erTmaneTs unda daub-
runon erTdroulad da TiToeuli mxare uflebamosilia manamde daayovnos am movale-
obis Sesruleba, sanam meore mxare, Tavis mxriv, ar daabrunebs miRebuls. am danawesis
gareSe nebismieri ormxrivi valdebulebisas mxares daekisreboda yovlad gaumarTle-
beli riskebi.
marTalia msgavs danawess Seicavs, aseve, ssk-is 163-e muxlis me-3 nawilic – `ke-
Tilsindisier mflobels SeuZlia uari Tqvas nivTis dabrunebaze, vidre misi moTxov-
nebi ar dakmayofildeba” – magram maT samarTlebriv Sedegebs Soris gansxvaveba Tval-
saCinoa. arauflebamosil keTilsindisier mflobels, romlisganac mesakuTre vindi-
kaciis meSveobiT ibrunebs nivTs, SeuZlia manamde daayovnos nivTis dabruneba, sanam
131
CaCava s., moTxovnebis da moTxovnis safuZvlebis konkurencia kerZo samarTalSi, Tbi-
lisi 2010, 146. aseve ver daeTanxmebiT mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac, ssk-is 980-e mux-
lisagan gansxvavebiT, ssk-is 163-e muxli misi gamoyenebis sferos aviwroebs. keTilsin-
disier arauflebamosil mflobelze ssk-is 980-e muxlis danawesis moqmedebis sferoc
Tavdapirvelad SemozRudulia keTilsindisieri mflobeliT, iseve rogorc 818 I-III
gsk-c gamoiyeneba mxolod keTilsindisieri mimRebis mimarT. arakeTilsindisieri mim-
Rebis SemTxvevas awesrigebs ssk-is 981-e muxlis pirveli nawili, iseve rogorc germa-
niaSi gsk-s 818-s IV, 819-e paragrafebi. rac Seexeba ssk-is 984-e muxls, es danawesi exeba
mxolod sxvisi samarTlebrivi sikeTis miTvisebis Sedegad usafuZvlod gamdidrebuls
(ssk-is 982-e muxli) da araferi aqvs saerTo sxva kondiqciebis farglebSi keTilsindi-
sieri mflobelis arakeTilsindisierisagan gamijvnasTan.
223
mas mesakuTre ar aunazRaurebs nivTze gaweul xarjebs da mis gaumjobesebebs. rogorc

ki mas es ukanaskneli aunazRaurdeba, igi maSinve kargavs nivTis dabrunebis dayovnebis
uflebas. 163-e muxlis me-3 nawili ar iTvaliswinebs da verc gaiTvaliswinebs piris in-
teress, ar daabrunos usafuZvlod miRebuli nivTi ara marto manamde, sanam ar miiRebs
gaweuli xarjebis anazRaurebas, aramed manam, sanam mas ar daubrundeba mis mier Sesas-
ruleblad gadacemuli nivTic. vindikacia emsaxureba nivTis calmxrivad ukan gamoTx-
ovas da, misgan gamomdinare damatebiTi moTxovnebis farglebSi, SeuZlebelia mxareTa
im interesebis gaTvaliswineba, romelic maT warmoeSobaT aranamdvili ormxrivi xel-
Sekrulebidan. rodesac ormxrivi xelSekruleba aranamdvilia da mxareebma erTmaneTs
unda daubrunon miRebuli, am SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli mxaris interesi mimarTulia imi-
saken, rom manamde ar daabrunos miRebuli, sanam meore mxare ar daubrunebs mas Tavis
mxriv miRebuls. am interesis dacva ssk-is 163-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT SeuZlebelia. mxo-
lod ssk-is 980-e muxlis me-2 nawili iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom arauflebamosil-
ma mflobelma daayovnos nivTis dabruneba ara marto gaweuli xarjebis, aramed aseve
sakuTari Sesrulebis dabrunebamde.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan calsaxad gamomdinareobs, rom konkurenciisas ara
mxolod Sesrulebis kondiqcia unda gamoricxavdes vindikacias, aramed aseve Sesru-
lebis kondiqciis Tanmdevi moTxovnebic unda gamoricxavdnen vindikaciis Tanmdev
moTxovnebs.
IV. Sejameba
1. vindikacia da kondiqcia
Cven SevecadeT gveCvenebina, rom yvela ganxiluli ucxo samarTlis sistema, ma-
Ti konkurenciis gamo, awydeba vindikaciisa da kondiqciis urTierTmimarTebis prob-
lemas da sirTules, Tu rogor unda moxdes saxelSekrulebo sinalagmis kondiqciur
urTierTobaSi gadmotana. vindikaciisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebas mivyavarT Sveica-
riul samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebel problemebTan, romlis gadaWrac qarTul samo-
qalaqo kodeqsSi arsebuli instrumentebiT SeuZlebelia. dogmaturad yvelaze gamo-
ukveTavia avstriuli sasamarTlo praqtika da iuridiul literaturaSi gamoTqmuli
mosazrebani.
rogorc erTxmadaa aRiarebuli,132 abstraqciis principi emsaxureba samoqalaqo
brunvis dacvasa da mesame pirebis interesebs, magram mis mizans ar warmoadgens xel-
Sekrulebis farglebSi erT-erTi mxaris privilegireba. Sesabamisad, am principis ar-
seboba germanul da ararseboba qarTul samarTalSi ver iqneba ganxeTqilebis vaSli am
or samarTlis sistemas Soris da imis mtkicebis safuZveli, rom germanuli iuridiuli
mecnierebis mier SemuSavebeli daskvnebis gadmotana qarTul doqtrinaSi SeuZlebe-
lia. piriqiT, am Sedegebis gadmotanis aucilebloba gamomdinareobs rogorc kanonis
calsaxa danawesidan (ssk-is 979-e muxlis me-4 nawili), aseve im samarTlebrivi intere-
sebis Sewonasworebidan, romlebic udevs safuZvlad am danawesebs. miuxedavad imisa,
132
v. Caemmerer E., Bereicherung und unerlaubte Handlung, FS Rabel (Tübingen 1954), 387 da Semdgomi;
Flessner A., Wegfall der Bereicherung, 1970, 148.
224
rom qarTul samarTalSi abstraqciis principi ar moqmedebs, vindikaciuri moTxovna

mainc warmoadgens moTxovnas, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia ara Semsrulebel mesakuT-
resa da am Sesrulebis mimReb arauflebamosil mflobels, aramed mesakuTresa da im
arauflebamosil mflobels Soris urTierTobisaTvis, romelsac nivTi ar miuRia am
mesakuTris SesrulebiT.
vilburgi133 avstriul samarTalSi uaryofda sinalagmatur kavSirs urTierTda-
pirispirebul kondiqciur moTxovnebs Soris im argumentiT, rom amgvari kavSiri ar
arsebobs, maSin rodesac vindikaciis meSveobiT xdeba nivTis ukan moTxovna. Tumca,
zemoT moyvanili argumentebis gamo, sakmaod saeWvoa, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba, Tundac
kauzaluri sanivTo garigebis pirobebSi, am sinalagmaturi kavSiris uaryofa.134 calsa-
xaa, rom qarTuli usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTali gansxvavebul gzas daadga. saka-
nonmdeblo an sasamarTlo praqtikis doneze, ama Tu im formiT, vindikaciisa da Sesru-
lebis kondiqciis samarTlebrivi institutebis erTmaneTTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana135
ar warmoadgens problemis gadawyvetas, radgan isini gansxvavebul mizans emsaxurebian
da gansxvavebuli dogmaturi wanamZRvrebi aqvT. flumes mixedviT, vindikaciis sagania
konkretuli nivTis dabruneba, xolo kondiqcia mimarTulia qonebis usafuZvlo moZ-
raobis aRmosafxvrelad,136 romlisaTvisac mniSvnelovania ara konkretuli nivTis,
aramed misi Rirebulebis dabruneba. amitomac, germaneli mecnieri midis daskvnamde,137
rom konkurenciisas gamosavali ara vindikaciisa da kondiqciis samarTlebrivi Sede-
gebis erTmaneTTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanaa, aramed kondiqciisaTvis upiratesobis mi-
niWeba. mxolod am ukanasknelis farglebSia SesaZlebeli mxareTa qonebrivi interese-
bis Sewonasworebis safuZvelze samarTliani gadawyvetilebis miReba. miuxedavad am
daSvebis calkeuli wanamZRvrebis mimarT gamoTqmuli kritikisa,138 germanuli litera-
turisaTvis sakmaod calsaxaa, rom vindikaciuri moTxovna ar aris Seqmnili aranamdvi-
li ormxrivi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobiT gamowveuli qonebis moZraobis ukuqcevis
instrumenti da, Sesabamisad, arc mxareTa qonebrivi interesebis gaTvaliswinebis Se-
saZleblobas iZleva.
2. `saldos Teoria~ qarTul samarTalSi
qarTvelma kanonmdebelma sakmaod gonivrulad gadawyvita is problema, rac ger-

manul samarTalSia da ris gamosworebasac cdilobs sasamarTlo praqtika da iuridi-
uli literatura. gsk-is §818 III (ssk-is 979-e muxlis me-3 nawili), romlis mixedviTac
pirs ar ekisreba pasuxismgebloba, Tu is aRar aris gamdidrebuli, SeiZleba gamoyene-
133
Wilburg W., Zusammenspiel der Kräfte im Aufbau des Schuldrechts, AcP 163 (1964), 346 da Semdgomni,
353.
134
135
iqve.
136
Flume W., Der Wegfall der Bereicherung in der Entwicklung vom römischen zum geltenden Recht, FS Nie-
dermeyer (Göttingen 1953), 164, 169.
137
iqve, 171.
138
SeadareT amasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli kritika: v. Caemmerer E., Bereicherung und uner-
laubte Handlung, FS Rabel (Tübingen 1954), 333 da Semdgomni, 368; Larenz K., Canaris C. W., Lehrbuch
des Schuldrechts, II/2, München 1994, § 72 III 1; Reuter D., Martinek M., Ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung,
Tübingen 1983, 518.
225
bul iqnes mxolod calmxrivad, mxolod erTi piris kondiqciis gasabaTileblad, rasac
ormxriv aranamdvil xelSekrulebebSi Sesrulebebs Soris faqtobrivi sinalagmaturi
kavSiris moSlamde mivyavarT. am sinalagmaturi kavSiris SenarCunebisaTvis germanul-
ma doqtrinam zemoT xsenebuli ori Teoria ganaviTara, rac qarTvelma kanonmdebel-
ma gamokveTilad daafiqsira kidec kanonSi. Sesabamisad, miuxedavad imisa, rom saldos
Teoria warmoadgens koncefcias, romelic davaxasiaTeT germanul doqtrinaSi, sadac
moqmedebs abstraqciis principi, am Teoriis gamotana SeiZleba da aucilebelic ki aris
qarTul samarTalSi, radgan sakanonmdeblo doneze is ukve gadmotanilia da axla jeri
sasamarTlo praqtikasa da iuridiul literaturazea, Tu ramdenad sworad moaxerxebs
mis gagebasa da ganmartebas.
3. daskvna
rogorc zemoT SevecadeT gveCvenebina, aranamdvili ormxrivi xelSekrulebis

farglebSi Sesrulebebis ukuqcevisas usafuZvlo gamdidrebis normebis gamoyene-
ba gardauvalia. mxolod vindikaciuri normebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi wamoiWreba
problema, rom 979-e muxlis me-4 nawili TamaSgare rCeba, rasac sabolood usamarTlo
Sedegebamde mivyavarT. rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, germanul samarTalSi vindika-
cia da kondiqcia gamoiyeneba paralelurad, anu mesakuTres usafuZvlo mflobelisa-
gan mflobelobis gamoTxova SeuZlia rogor vindikaciis, ise kondiqciis meSveobiT.
aranamdvili ormxrivi xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi am daSvebis gadmotana qarTul sa-
marTlSi dauSvebelia. dauSvebelia, radgan saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ar moi-
Zebneba danawesi, romelic gsk-s 273-e paragrafs Seesatyviseba. qarTul samarTalSi ar
arsebobs norma, romelic a-s uflebas miscemda manamde daeyovnebina b-s vindikaciu-
ri moTxovnis Sesruleba nivTis dabrunebasTan dakavSirebiT, vidre b, Tavis mxriv, ar
daakmayofilebda mis kondiqcias.139 eseTi danawesis ararsebobam praqtikaSi SeiZleba
iseT Sedegamde migviyvanos, rom mxolod im pirs mieces Tavisi moTxovnis dakmayofi-
lebis SesaZlebloba, romelic pirveli ganacxadebs moTxovnas. magaliTad, erTi mxare
SeiZleba iyos gakotrebuli da mis qonebaze gamocxadebuli iyos auqcioni, magram kon-
trahenti mainc iZulebuli iqneba pirvelma Seasrulos Tavisi valdebuleba, miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom sapirispiro valdebulebis miRebis saSualeba mas ukve aRar eqneba.
dabolos, SeiZleba gamovkveToT is argumentebi, romelTa gamoc aranamdvili
ormxrivi xelSekrululebisas gamoyenebul unda iqnes mxolod Sesrulebis kondiqcia
da ara vindikacia.
139
ssk-is 163-e muxlis me-3 nawili iTvaliswinebs mxolod vindikaciuri urTierTobis
farglebSi nivTis dabrunebis dayovnebas, anu im SemTxvevas, rodesac mxareebi erTma-
neTs upirispireben vindikaciur moTxovnebs. am funqcias ver ikisrebs verc ssk-is 369-e
muxli, romelic gsk-s 320-e muxls Seesatyviseba da moqmedebs mxolod sinalagmatur
xelSekrulebebidan warmoSobili urTierTdapirispirebuli moTxovnebis mimarT. ze-
moT Cven mier daxasiaTebuli diskusis sagans warmoadgens swored am sinalagmaturi
kavSiris gabma aranamdvili xelSekrulebidan warmoSobil moTxovnebs Soris, romelTa
Sorisac apriori sinalagmaturi kavSiri ar arsebobs. am problemis imgvari gadawyveta
rom moxdes im normis analogiiT, romlis gamoyenebis winapirobac, Tavis mxriv, swored
rom sinalagmaturi kavSiria, yovelgvar dogmatur CarCoebs scdeba.
226
1. mxolod usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTali iZleva SesaZleblobas, `saldos

Teoriis~ meSveobiT Tavidan aviciloT yovlad gaumarTlebeli Sedegebi. marTalia,
egreT wodebuli `sapirispiro Sesrulebis kondiqciis Teoriis~ meSveobiT SesaZlebe-
lia sakiTxis amgvari dagawyvetis gadatana aseve vindikaciur moTxovnazec, magram am
aucileblobiT nakarnaxeb gamosavals, damatebiTi sirTuleebis garda, sxva Sedegi ar
moaqvs.
2. `saldos Teoria~ da misgan gamomdinare principi qarTvelma kanonmdebelma asa-
xa ssk-is 979-e muxlis me-4 punqtSi, riTac gaiTvaliswina germanuli sasamarTlo praq-
tikis gamocdileba da Tavidan agvaSora is sirTuleebi, romelsac awydeba avstriuli
samarTali, rodesac cdilobs am Teoriis sakuTar samarTlis sistemaSi integrire-
bas.140 am danawesis (iseve rogorc ssk-is 979-e muxlis me-5 nawilis arsebobis) gamo cal-
saxaa, rom principi casum sentit dominus ar moqmedebs im gamonaklisebis garda, rodesac
SemTxveviT daRupvis riskis amgvari ganawileba swored im samarTlis normis arsidan
gamomdinareobs, romlis safuZvelzedac xelSekruleba baTilad iqna cnobili. Sesa-
bamisad, gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis garda, miuxedavad nivTis daRupvisa da miuxedavad
imisa, rom es miRebuli gamdidreba aRar aris mis qonebaSi, arauflebamosil mflobels
mainc ekisreba misi Rirebulebis anazRaureba. qarTveli kanonmdeblis gadawyvetileba
calsaxaa – ormxrivi xelSekrulebis baTilobisas, usafuZvlo gamdidebis normebi da
ara vindikaciuri moTxovna warmoadgenen im specialur danawesebs, romlebiTac unda
moxdes am xelSekrulebis baTilobis Sedegebis aRmofxvra. aseT SemTxvevebSi gamoyene-
bul unda iqnes mxolod usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTali, raTa ar moxdes 979-e mux-
lis me-4 nawilis gverdis avla. Tu ra formiT da ra pirobebSi unda moxdes am danawesis
vindikaciur moTxovnaze gadatana da saerTod ra sargebels iZleva am normis ssk-is
172-e muxlze analogiiT gamoyeneba, jerjerobiT srulebiT bundovania da saerTodac
ar aris aucilebeli.
3. zemoT moyvanili argumentaciis mixedviT, kondiqciidan da vindikaciidan war-
moSobili damatebiTi moTxovnebis konkurenciis drosac, upiratesoba unda mieniWos
usafuZvlo gamdidrebis danawesebs. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom usafuZvlo gamdidre-
bis momwesrigebeli normebi qarTul samarTalSi amomwuravad awesrigeben sargeblisa
da nivTze gaweuli xarjebis anazRaurebas, ar arsebobs vindikaciuri urTierTobidan
Sesabamisi normebis gamoyenebis aucilebloba. piriqiT, maTi gamoyeneba, zemoT moyva-
nil situaciebSi damatebiT sirTuleebs Seqmnis.
germanuli samarTali mxolod imitom aris iZulebuli gamoiyenos am ori insti-
tutis normebi erTmaneTis paralelurad, rom usafuZvlo gamdidrebis instituti,
qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT, zog SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, mimRebis mier gaweuli xar-
jebis anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebiT, ar Seicavs maT momwesrigebel detalur dana-
wesebs. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 980-e muxlis pirveli nawili ki usafuZvlo
gamdidrebis samarTalSive iTvaliswinebs am xarjebis anazRaurebis moTxovnas da amave
normis meore nawiliT mohyavs meore mxaris moTxovnasTan urTierTkavSirSi, ise rom
faqtobrivi sinalagmis gamoyeneba arc aris aucilebeli. igive SeiZleba iTqvas zianis
anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisad, damatebiTi moTxovnebisTvisac usafuZ-
vlo gamdidrebis samarTali Seicavs amomwurav danawesebs.
140
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, Sveicaria erTaderTi qveyanaa, romelSic aRiarebulia vindi-
kaciis upiratesoba kondiqciis mimarT.
227
4. bolo argumenti, ris gamoc unda gamoviyenoT mxolod usafuZvlo gamdidre-

bis danawesebi qarTul samarTalSi (rodesac baTili ormxrivi xelSekrulebidan unda
moxdes Sesrulebebis ukan moTxovna), Semdegia: Tu miviCnevT, rom aranamdvili nasyi-
dobidan gamyidvels SeuZlia moiTxovos nivTi rogorc vindikaciiT, aseve kondiqciiT
(an mxolod vindikaciiT), myidvels ki SeuZlia moiTxovos Tavisi Sesruleba mxolod
kondiqciiT (radgan realurTan miaxloebul nebismier SemTxvevaSi gamyidveli miRe-
bul fuls Seurevs sakuTar fuls), mivyavarT im Sedegamde, rom gamyidvelis vindika-
ciisa da myidvelis kondiqciis urTierTkavSirSi moyvana SeuZlebelia.
yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze, ra daskvnebi SeiZleba iqnes gamotanili vin-
dikaciuri da kondiqciuri moTxovnis urTierTmimarTebasTan dakavSirebiT? vindi-
kacia iZleva SesaZleblobas, mxarem ukan moTxovos nivTi da sanacvlod ar daabrunos
araferi (an aanzRauros mxolod am nivTTan dakavSirebuli gaumjobesebebi). swored am
Sedegis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli egreT wodebuli „saldos Teoria“, romlis gaTvalis-
wineba mxolod usafuZvlo gamdidrebis farglebSi SeiZleba. honzeli im Seusabamobis
Tavidan asacileblad, rodesac aranamdvili nasyidobis xelSekrulebidan gamyidvels
SeuZlia sakuTari nivTis vindicireba, xolo myidvels gadaxdili safasuris mxolod
kondiqciiT moTxovna da imis gamo, rom vindikaciidan warmoSobili damatebiTi moTx-
ovnebi aranamdvili xelSekrulebidan qonebis moZraobis ukuqcevas ar miesadageba,141
Sveicariul samarTalSi abstraqciis principis Semotanis momxrea. am SemTxvevaSi, ro-
gorc myidvels, ise gamyidvels eqneba aranamdvili nasyidobidan sakuTari Sesrulebis
kondiqciiT ukan moTxovnis SesaZlebloba, rac yvela zemoT xsenebuli aspeqtis gaTva-
liswinebis SesaZleblobas mogvcemda. qarTul samarTalSi abstraqciis principis Se-
motana jerjerobiT SeuZlebelia, radgan kauzalobis principi, gansxvavebiT Sveica-
riuli Obligationsrecht-isagan, gamyarebulia ssk-is 186-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi.
Tumca, qarTul iuridiul doqtrinas SeuZlia airCios usafuZvlo gamdidreba
aranamdvili ormxrivi xelSekrulebis Sedegebis aRmofxvris specialur instrumen-
tad, romelic konkurenciisas gamoricxavda vindikacias, rac, erTi mxriv, mogvcemda
faqtobrivi sinalagmis, rogorc mxareTa Sesrulebebis mTavari mamoZraveblis, dog-
maturad gamarTuli formiT kondiqciur urTierTobaSi gadmotanisa da aseve yvela im
problemis Tavidan acilebis saSualebas, rac vindikaciisa da kondiqciis samarTleb-
rivi Sedegebis erTmaneTisagan acdenam SeiZleba gamoiwvios.
141
228
lika sajaia*
avtorobisa da saxelis ufleba – qarTuli saavtoro samarTali

da Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi tendenciebi
1. Sesavali
literaturul, mxatvrul da mecnierul nawarmoebebze avtoris piradi araqoneb-

rivi uflebebi aRiarebulia 1886 wlis 9 seqtembris literaturuli da mxatvruli na-
warmoebebis dacvis bernis konvenciis me-6bis muxliT.1 bernis konvencia pirad araqoneb-
riv uflebaTa mxolod im minimums gansazRvravs, romelTa dacvac savaldebuloa wevri
qveynebisaTvis. am uflebaTa Sorisaa avtorad aRiarebis ufleba, nawarmoebis xelSeu-
xeblobis uflebasTan erTad.
avtoris piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis, rogorc adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis
dacva, saerTaSoriso doneze garantirebulia 1948 wlis 10 dekembris adamianis uf-
lebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciiT, romlis 27.2. muxlis mixedviT: yvela adamians aqvs
ufleba daculi iyos misi moraluri da materialuri interesebi, rogorc Sedegi im
mecnieruli, literaturuli da mxatvruli naSromebisa, romelTa avtorsac igi war-
moadgens.2
1966 wlis 16 dekembris ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesa-
xeb saerTaSoriso paqtis me-15 muxlSic miTiTebulia, rom adamians ufleba aqvs isar-
geblos moraluri da materialuri uflebebis dacviT misi avtorobiT Seqmnili nawar-
moebis kvlavwarmoebis SemTxvevaSi.3
avtorobis ufleba agreTve daculia 1946 wlis 22 ivnisis avtorTa uflebebis sa-
erTaSoriso amerikuli konvenciiT, romlis mixedviTac, saavtoro samarTliT daculi
nawarmoebis avtors Tavisi saavtoro uflebebis gankargvis, gasxvisebis an sxvagvarad
daTmobis Semdegac unarCundeba ufleba, iyos nawarmoebis avtori.4
bernis konvencia, sxva saerTaSoriso aqtebis msgavsad, saxelis uflebas calke
uflebad ar gamoyofs da mas avtorad aRiarebis uflebis komponentad ganixilavs. ase-
Tive midgomaa kontinenturi evropisa da saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi.
avtorad aRiarebisa da saxelis ufleba, bernis konvenciis msgavsad, erTi uf-
lebis qveSaa gaerTianebuli kontinenturi evropis qveynebis saavtoro samarTalSic.
safrangeTis kanonmdeblobaSi aRniSnuli ufleba Semdegnairadaa formulirebuli: av-

1
literaturuli da mxatvruli nawarmoebebis dacvis bernis konvencia. ix. <http://www.
wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs– wo001.html>, [20.04.2013].
2
1948 wlis 10 dekembris adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia. ix. <http://www.
un.org/en/documents/udhr/>, [20.04.2013].
3
1966 wlis 16 dekembris saerTaSoriso paqti „ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturu-
li uflebebis Sesaxeb~ ix. <http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CESCR.aspx>,
[20.04.2013].
4
<http://www.wipo.int/edocs/trtdocs/en/iac/trt– iac.pdf>[20.04.2013].
229
tors aqvs misi saxelisa da avtorobis pativiscemis ufleba.5 germanulad am uflebas

ewodeba Anerennung der Urheberschaft, rac avtorad aRiarebas niSnavs da moicavs rogorc
avtorad aRiarebas, aseve saxelis uflebasac.
avtorobisa da saxelis uflebas erT terminSi aerTianeben saerTo samarTlis
qveynebic. aRniSnul uflebas inglisurenovan qveynebSi uwodeben “Right of Paternity“ .
termins safuZvlad udevs laTinuri sityva Pater, mama. am terminis ganzogadebi-
sas iuristebi miuTiTeben, rom rogorc mSobel mamas aqvs piradi (araqonebrivi) ufle-
bebi sakuTari Svilze, ise avtors aqvs piradi (araqonebrivi) uflebebi mis mier „Sobi-
li“ nawarmoebze.6
kanadis 1985 wlis saavtoro uflebaTa dacvis aqtis 14.1(1) da 28.2 muxlebis mixed-
viT nawarmoebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebasTan erTad, avtors aqvs ufleba, asocirebu-
li iyos nawarmoebTan, rogorc avtori saxeliT, fsevdonimiT an darCes anonimad.7
saerTo samarTlis qveynebis, kerZod, inglisis 1988 wlis saavtoro samarTlis,
dizainisa da sapatento aqtisa da avstraliis 1968 wlis saavtoro uflebaTa aqtis ko-
mentirebisas saerTo samarTlis iuristebi avtorad aRiarebis uflebis Sinaarss Sem-
degnairad ganmartaven: avtorobis ufleba, maT Soris avtoris ufleba, nawarmoebze
mieTiTos namdvili avtoris saxeli mas Semdeg, rac es nawarmoebi gadakeTda da aRar
aris avtoris xelSi.8
saqarTvelos saavtoro samarTali ar iziarebs bernis konvenciisa da evropuli
samarTlis midgomas da avtorobisa da saxelis uflebas erT uflebaSi ar aerTianebs.
„saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis~ Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniს me-17 muxli, ro-
melic Seexeba avtoris pirad araqonebriv uflebebs, cal-calke punqtebad awesrigebs
avtorobisa da saxelis uflebas.9 kanoni me-17 muxlis pirveli punqtis a qvepunqtis
Tanaxmad, avtors aqvs ufleba, aRiarebul iqnes nawarmoebis avtorad da moiTxovos
aseTi aRiareba nawarmoebis yovel egzemplarze an/da nebismieri saxiT gamoyenebisas,
saTanado wesiT, avtoris saxelis miTiTebis moTxovnis uflebis CaTvliT (avtorobis
ufleba).
miuxedavad imisa, rom „saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-17
muxlis pirveli punqti „a~ qvepunqtSi saxelis ufleba avtorobis uflebis Semadgenel
nawiladaa miCneuli, amave muxlis pirveli punqtis „b~ qvepunqtiT, calke uflebadaa
gamoyofili saxelis ufleba. saxelis ufleba moicavs fsevdonimis miTiTebis moTxov-
nas nawarmoebis egzemplarze an/da am nawarmoebis nebismieri saxiT gamoyenebaze, ag-
reTve uaris Tqmas ara marto fsevdonimis, aramed nebismieri saxelis aRniSvnaze.
saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb kanonis komentarSi aRniSnulia, rom av-
torobisa da saxelis ufleba erTad unda iqnes ganxiluli, radgan, swored avtorobis
ufleba warmoSobs saxelis uflebas, rac naTelia me-17 muxlis pirveli punqtidan.10
5
Code de la propriété intellectuelle. Art. L 121-1 ix. <http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=5563>,
[20.04.2013].
6
ZamukaSvili d., inteleqtualuri uflebebi, Tb., 2006, 200.
7
Copyright Act of Canada ix. <http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/page-1.html>, [20.04.2013].
8
Adeney E., The Moral Rights of Authors and Performers, an International and Comparative Analysis, Oxford,
New York, 2006, 328.
9
saqarTvelos kanoni „saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb“. ix. <https://www.matsne.
gov.ge/index.php?option=com– ldmssearch&view=docView&id=16198&lang=ge>, [20.04.2013].
10
ZamukaSvili d., Sengelia r., gabunia d., xrustali v., jorbenaZe s., saavtoro da momij-
nave uflebebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis komentari, Tb., 2003, 112.
230
lika sajaia, avtorobisa da saxelis ufleba – qarTuli saavtoro samarTali da
Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi tendenciebi
ramdenad marTebulia saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos ka-

nonis midgoma da am ori uflebis cal-calke gamoyofa? ra aris ZiriTadi gansxvaveba am
ori uflebas Soris da rogoria am uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmebi? ra gansxvavebaa avto-
ris saxelis uflebasa da saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis (SemdgomSi ssk) me-17, me-18
muxlebiT dacul saxelis uflebas Soris? warmodgenili statia aRniSnul problemebs
Seexeba. vinaidan saqarTvelos saavtoro samarTali viTardeba evropul saavtoro sa-
marTalTan harmonizaciis kuTxiT, saxelisa da avtorobis ufleba warmodgenil sta-
tiaSi ganxiluli iqneba evropuli sasamarTlo praqtikis magaliTze.
2. avtorobis ufleba
saqarTvelos kanoniT, „saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb~ me-17 muxlis

pirveli punqtis „a~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, avtoris piradi araqonebrivi uflebaa, aRia-
rebul iqnes nawarmoebis avtorad da moiTxovos aseTi aRiareba nawarmoebis yovel eg-
zemplarze an/da nebismieri saxiT gamoyenebisas, saTanado wesiT avtoris saxelis mi-
TiTebis moTxovnis uflebis CaTvliT (avtorobis ufleba).
avtorobis ufleba, rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos kanonSi „saavtoro da momij-
nave uflebebis Sesaxeb~ or nawiladaa gayofili: aRiarebul iqnes nawarmoebis avtorad
da moiTxovos aseTi aRiarebis aRniSvna.
iuridiul mecnierebaSi avtorobis uflebas sam Semadgenel nawiladac yofen:
ufleba, moiTxovos avtorad aRiareba, aukrZalos mesame pirebs misi saxelis gamoye-
neba sxvis nawarmoebze da akrZalos sakuTar nawarmoebze sxvisi avtorobis miTiTeba.11
ramdenad marTebulia „saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
kanonSi formulirebuli termini „avtorobis ufleba”? iuridiul literaturaSi ar-
sebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac termini avtorobis ufleba iuridiul sizustes
moklebulia, vinaidan avtorad gaxdoma ufleba ar aris, aramed faqtia. aRniSnulis
gaTvaliswinebiT, mecnierebaSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom kanonSi avtorobis ufleba
umjobesia Seicvalos terminiT „avtorobis dacvis ufleba“. 12
avtorobis ufleba avtorobis aRiarebis uflebadaa cnobili literaturuli da
mxatvruli nawarmoebebis dacvis bernis konvenciis me-6bis muxlSic.
saerTaSoriso aqtebis mixedviTac avtoroba warmoSobs avtorad aRiarebis an av-
torobis dacvis da ara Tavad avtorobis uflebas. Tumca ufro zust terminad mig-
vaCnia avtorobis pativiscemis ufleba, safrangeTis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis ko-
deqsis msgavsad, vinaidan uflebis ganmartebisas ZiriTadad avtorobis uflebis dacva
swored avtorobis uflebis pativiscemiT xorcieldeba.
2.1. avtorobis ufleba rogorc piradi araqonebrivi ufleba
„saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-17 muxlSi

aRniSnulia, rom avtors aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos aRiareba nawarmoebis yovel egzem-
plarze an/da nebismieri saxiT gamoyenebisas, saTanado wesiT avtoris saxelis miTi-
11
Subbian A., Intellectual Property Rights, Heritage Science and Society under International Treaties, New
Delhi, 2007, 164.
12
ZamukaSvili d., inteleqtualuri uflebebi, Tb., 2006, 201-202.
231
Tebis moTxovnis uflebis CaTvliT. maSasadame, saxelis uflebis aRniSvna avtorobis

dacvis uflebis mxolod erT-erT Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens da avtorobis uf-
leba ufro farTo cnebaa. ras moicavs avtorobis dacvis/pativiscemis ufleba saxelis
dacvis garda? risi aRiarebisa da aRniSvnis moTxovnis ufleba aqvs avtors?
avtorobis uflebas iuridiul literaturaSi Semdegnairad ganmartaven: avtors
aqvs ufleba pativi scen mis unarsa da kvalifikacias. avtorobis ufleba moicavs uf-
lebas, saxelis garda aRniSnuli iyos avtoris tituli, akademiuri wodeba, aseve mis
uflebas, aRniSnuli iyos, rogorc avtori da ara rogorc sxva monawile nawarmoebis
SeqmnaSi, aRniSnuli iyos, rogorc erTaderTi avtori da ara Tanaavtori.13
avtorobis ufleba moicavs uflebas, avtorma daicvas sakuTari saxeli, rodesac
igi gamotovebulia an sxvisi saxeli da fsevdonimia aRniSnuli misi saxelis nacvlad;
airCios specialuri xerxi da saSualeba sakuTari saxelis aRniSvnisaTvis, magaliTad,
mxolod inicialebi an sxva damatebiTi aRniSvna; gamoiyenos fsevdonimi, darCes ano-
nimurad da gaamJRavnos sakuTari saxeli. meore mxriv, es aris ufleba, daicvas Tavisi
avtoroba, rodesac igi darRveulia. 14
safrangeTis kanonmdebloba Seicavs specialur debulebas gamomcemlebisaTvis,
raTa maT pativi scen avtoris moralur uflebebs, maT Soris avtoris uflebas nawar-
moebis mikuTvnebaze.15
saxelisa da avtorobis uflebac absoluturi uflebebia da nebismieri piri val-
debulia, pativi sces rogorc avtoris saxels, aseve mis avtorobas. avtorobis ufleba
gadajaWvulia rogorc saxelis uflebasTan, aseve sxva pirovnul uflebebTan.
avtorobis uflebasa da adamianis sxva pirovnul uflebebs Soris urTierTkav-
Sirs araerT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi gaesva xazi. magaliTad, avtorobis ufle-
bis ganmartebisas kvebekis saapelacio sasamarTlom aRniSna: ufleba, rom nawarmoebi
frTxilad iqnes mikuTvnebuli vinmeze, hgavs uflebas, pativi vceT adamianis saxels da
iseT moralur Rirebulebebs, rogoric aris Semoqmedis pativi da Rirseba.16
avtorobisa da saxelis uflebas aqvs rogorc pozitiuri, aseve negatiuri gageba.
saxelis ufleba irRveva rogorc avtoris saxelis araRniSvniT, aseve saxelis aras-
wori mikuTvnebiTac. saxelis araswori mikuTvnebisas, saxelis uflebis darRvevasTan
erTad avtorobis dacvis uflebac irRveva. sasamarTlo icnobs aseT saqmeebs, rode-
sac, magaliTad, cnobili poeti j. baironi, aseve cnobili mwerali mark tveni aprotes-
tebdnen im nawarmoebebis maTTvis mikuTvnebas, romelic ar SeuqmniaT.17
avtoris saxelis unebarTvo, araswori gamoyeneba SesaZloa misi pativisa da re-
putaciisaTvis ufro meti zianis momtani iyos, vidre misi saxelis armiTiTeba. saxe-
13
New York, 2006, 180.
14
Lipszyc D., Copyright and Neigbouring Rights, France, 1999, 171.
15
Code de la propriété intellectuelle. Art. 1 132-11. ix. <http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=5563> .
16
Adeney E., The Moral Rights of Authors and Performers, an international and comparative analysis, Oxford,
New York, 2006, 232.
17
ix. Lord Byron v. Johnson [1816] 2 Mer.29; 35E.R.851. International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, V.
11, Part 1, 1983, 59. Aix. Samuel L. Clemens vs. Belford, Clarce & Company, ix. <http://www.twainquotes.
com/CourtDecision.html>, [20.04.2013].
232
lis arasworad miTiTebas ganixilaven aseve, rogorc avtoris prestiJis upiratesobis

uzurpacias – es xSirad xdeba, rodesac cnobili mxatvris saxels aRniSnaven ferwerul
tiloze.18
avtorobis araswori mikuTvnebis SemTxvevaSi saerTo samarTlis qveynebi iyene-
ben aseve arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis maregulirebel normebs. vinaidan aseT
SemTxvevaSi avtoris reputacia gamoiyeneba wignis gavrcelebis da ekonomikuri moge-
bis moRebis mizniT da avtors aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos im Tanxis misTvis gadacema, rac
uflebis damrRvevma gamoiyena misi saxelisa da reputaciis unebarTvo sargeblobiT.19
iyos identificirebuli sakuTar nawarmoebTan – es aris avtoris ufleba da ara
movaleoba. Sesabamisad, avtori Tavisufalia arCevanSi – gamoiyenos saxeli, iniciale-
bi, fsevdonimi, Tu darCes anonimad.
avtori, im SemTxvevaSic, Tu sxva pirs gadascems Tavisi nawarmoebis gamocemis
uflebas, inarCunebs uflebas, ar gaamJRavnos sakuTari vinaoba. aseT SemTxvevaSi ga-
momcemeli icavs mis uflebebs. xolo Tuki gamomcemeli unebarTvod gaamJRavnebs av-
toris vinaobas, igi amiT avtoris avtorobisa da saxelis uflebas daarRvevs.
avtorobis ufleba dacviTi xasiaTis, anu e.w. negatiur uflebaTa jgufs miekuT-
vneba. nawarmoebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebis msgavsad, avtoris ufleba SeiZleba da-
cul iqnes sxva pirebis, kerZod memkvidreebis an kanoniT uflebamosili pirebis, maga-
liTad, saqarTvelos inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis erovnuli centris mier. avtorma
negatiuri uflebebis, maT Soris avtorobis dacvis ufleba SesaZlebelia sicocxle-
Sive miandos sxva pirs (saqarTvelos kanoni saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb,
35-e muxlis me-5 da me-6 punqtebi).
SesaZlebelia Tu ara avtorobis ufleba, gaxdes xelSekrulebis Semadgeneli na-
wili? avtoris piradi araqonebrivi uflebebi da maT Soris avtorobis ufleba gadau-
cemadi uflebebia da, Sesabamisad, igi ar SeiZleba gaxdes xelSekrulebis Semadgeneli
nawili. kontinenturi evropis samarTlis qveynebSi avtorad aRiareba mxolod kanonis
ZaliT xdeba. avtors SeuZlia mxolod uaris Tqma avtoris saxelis uflebis miTiTebis
uflebis gamoyenebaze. saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi ki avtoroba kontraqtzea damoki-
debuli da xSirad gamomcemelTan dadebuli xelSekrulebiT wesrigdeba.20
2.2. avtorobisa da Tanaavtorobis ufleba
avtorobis uflebaze msjelobisas aucilebelia ganvixiloT, Tu vin SeiZleba

iyos avtori. saqarTvelos saavtoro samarTali misdevs kontinenturi evropis samar-
Tlis principebs, romlis mixedviTac mxolod fizikuri piri SeiZleba iyos avtori
(saqarTvelos kanoni „saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~, muxli 4.a). saerTo
samarTlis qveynebSi avtori SeiZleba iyos iuridiuli piri, „kofiraiTis“ mflobeli.
es gansxvaveba yvelaze ufro naTlad vlindeba, rodesac saqme exeba audiovizualur
nawarmoebs.
18
Lipszyc D., Copyright and Neigbouring Rights, France, 1999, 172.
19
Jeremy Ph., Introduction to Intellectual Property Law, Butterworth, London 1986; Howell R.G., The Common
Law Appropriation of Personality Tort , 2 I.P.J.1986, 149, 151.
20
Dworkin G.,The Moral Rights and English Copyright Law, in IIC NO04/1981, 481.
233
germaniaSi avtori aucileblad unda iyos fizikuri piri, romelmac Seasrula

inteleqtualuri samuSao, Sesabamisad, germanuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, avtorad
ar iTvleba prodiuseri, vinaidan mis mier gaweuli ar aris inteleqtualur-Semoqmede-
biTi Sroma.21
safrangeTis saavtoro samarTlis mixedviT, avtori SeiZleba iyos mxolod fizi-
kuri piri, romelmac Tavisi pirovnuloba da originaloba Cado nawarmoebSi, garda ami-
sa, saWiroa adamians garkveuli dro da energiac hqondes daxarjuli naSromze. amitom
adamiani, romelmac mxolod idea gamoxata, ar SeiZleba miviCnioT avtorad.22 analogi-
ur midgomas iziarebs samxreT amerikis qveynebic, sadac miCneulia, rom filmis avtori
aucileblad aris reJisori da ara prodiuseri (magaliTad,braziliis 1998 wlis 19 Te-
bervlis saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa aqtis 26-e muxli 23).
sainteresodaa avtorobis sakiTxi gadawyvetili samxreT afrikis saavtoro sa-
marTalSi, sadac avtoroba ukavSirdeba ara mxolod inteleqtualur-SemoqmedebiT
saqmianobas, aramed xelSekrulebis pirobebsac da imasac, Tu vin axorcielebs kon-
trols nawarmoebis Seqmnaze. magaliTad, literaturis, musikaluri da xelovnebis
nawarmoebis avtorad iTvleba piri, romelmac pirvelad Seqmna nawarmoebi; fotogra-
fiuli nawarmoebis avtorad iTvleba piri, romelic pasuxismgebelia fotos kompozi-
ciaze, kinematografiuli nawarmoebis avtorad iTvleba piri, romelTanac dadebulia
SeTanxmeba filmis gadaRebis Sesaxeb, xolo kompiuteruli nawarmoebis avtorad iT-
vleba piri, romelic axorcielebs kontrols kompiuteruli programis Seqmnaze. 24
saavtoro samarTliT, dacvadi nawarmoebi warmoadgens „gonebis produqts“, ase-
Ti produqti ki mxolod individis gonebam SeiZleba Seqmnas. am mosazrebaze dayrdo-
niT, iuristebi aRniSnaven, rom Tuki iuridiuli piri SeiZleba ganvixiloT avtorad,
maSin SesaZlebelia im mowyobilobis avtorobazec vimsjeloT, romelic qmnis nawar-
moebs.25 Sesabamisad, rogorc kompiuteri ver iqneba mis mier Targmnil nawarmoebis av-
tori aseve, iuridiuli piric ver iqneba avtoris piradi araqonebrivi uflebis mflo-
beli. kompiuteruli Targmanis ukan yovelTvis dgas adamiani, romelmac Seqmna prog-
rama iseve, rogorc iuridiul piris saxeliT Seqmnili produqti individebis saqmia-
nobis Sedegad iqmneba.
kontinenturi evropis saavtoro samarTali dafuZnebulia principze, rom av-
toroba yoveli individis mier gaweul SemoqmedebiT wvlilamde daiyvanos. aRniSnul
princips iziarebs saqarTvelos kanonic „saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~,
romlis me-15 muxlis Tanaxmad, audiovizualuri nawarmoebis avtorebi (Tanaavtorebi)
arian: damdgmeli reJisori, scenaris avtori, dialogebis avtori, avtori teqstiani an
uteqsto musikaluri nawarmoebisa, romelic Seqmnilia specialurad am audiovizua-
luri nawarmoebisaTvis.
21
New York, 2006, 230.
22
iqve, 117.
23
braziliis 1998 wlis 19 Tebervlis saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa aqti. ix. <http://www.
wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=514> [20.04.2013].
24
Owen H., Moral Rights Reports Presented at the Meeting of the International Association of Entertainment
Lawyers MIDEM 1995, Netherland-Belgium, 1995,133.
25
Subbian A., Intellectual Property Rights, Heritage Science and Society under International Treaties, New
Delhi, 2007, 164.
234
saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi, inglissa da amerikaSi ki audioCanaweris avtorad

iTvleba piri, romelmac miiRo aucilebeli zomebi Canaweris gasakeTeblad. igive wesi
vrceldeba filmebzec. aqedan gamomdinare, filmis avtorad iTvleboda prodiuseri,
vinaidan igi iRebda aucilebel zomebs filmis Sesaqmnelad.26
kontinenturi evropisa da saerTo samarTlis saavtoro samarTals Soris es mniS-
vnelovani gansxvaveba avtoris piradi araqonebrivi uflebebisadmi damokidebule-
biTaa gamowveuli: saerTo samarTlis qveynebi avtoris pirad araqonebriv uflebebs
mxolod SezRuduli saxiT aRiareben. magaliTad, inglisSi avtoris piradi araqonebi-
rivi uflebebis dacva saerTo samarTliT da ara saavtoro samarTliT xorcieldeba,
xolo amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kanonmdebloba avtoris pirad araqonebriv uf-
lebebs mxolod saxviTi xelovnebis nawarmoebebze aRiarebs. saerTo samarTlis qvey-
nebisaTvis saavtoro uflebebi, upirveles yovlisa, qonebrivi uflebebia da, Sesaba-
misad, iuridiuli piric SeiZleba iyos misi mflobeli. xolo kontinenturi evropis
samarTlis qveynebSi avtoris piradi araqonebrivi uflebebi pirovnuli uflebebia,
igi ganuyofelia fizikuri pirisagan. amitom samsaxurebriv nawarmoebzec, miuxedavad
imisa, damsaqmebeli fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piria, igi mainc ver iqneba avtoris pira-
di araqonebrivi (moraluri) uflebebis mflobeli.27
„saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa~ Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-11 muxli Tana-
avtorobas Seexeba. kanonis mixedviT, saavtoro ufleba nawarmoebze, romelic erTob-
livi Sromis Sedegad Seqmna orma an metma pirma, erToblivad ekuTvnis Tanaavtorebs.
1999 wlamde ganxorcielebul cvlilebebamde samoqalaqo kodeqsic awesrigebda saav-
toro uflebebs. kodeqsis 1033-e muxlSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom Tanaavtoroba ekuTvnoda
or an met pirs erToblivi SemoqmedebiTi Sromis Sedegad Seqmnil nawarmoebze. kanonSi
„saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~ aRniSnuli muxli TiTqmis ucvleli saxiT
gadmovida, mxolod sityva SemoqmedebiTi iqna amoRebuli. kanonSi cvlilebas uaryo-
fiTad afasebdnen qarTveli iuristebic. kanonis komentarSi aRniSnulia, rom cvli-
leba mniSvnelovnad auaresebs normis Sinaarss. msoflios arc erTi qveynis analogiur
kanonebSi ar gvxvdeba Tanaavtorobis ganmartebaSi mxolod erToblivi Sroma, radgan
erToblivi Sroma Tu SemoqmedebiTi ar aris, ar CaiTvleba Tanaavtorobad.28 2005 wels
kvlav Sevida kanonSi cvlileba da sityva Sroma inteleqtualuri SemoqmedebiTi saqmi-
anobiT Seicvala.
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba icnobs ganuyofel da gayofad Tanaavtorobas. ga-
nuyofeli Tanaavtorobis dros nawarmoebi erTi ganuyofeli mTlianobaa, romlidanac
SeuZlebelia calkeuli nawilebis gamoyofa. xolo gayofadi Tanaavtorobis dros na-
warmoebi warmoadgens erT mTlianobas, magram SesaZlebelia misi dayofa avtorebis mi-
xedviT. orive SemTxvevaSi Tanaavtorebs SemoqmedebiTi da ara sxva tipis meqanikuri an
teqnikuri Sroma unda hqondeT gaweuli nawarmoebis Sesaqmnelad. ar aris aucilebeli,
rom TanaavtorobiT Seqmnil nawarmoebze xarisxobrivad an raodenobrivad Tanabari
26
Torremans P., Hopyoak and Torremans Intellectual Property Law, 4th ed., USA, 2010, 110.
27
New York, 2006, 231.
28
nave uflebebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis komentari, Tb., 2003, 67-68.
235
wvlili iyos Setanili. minimaluri moTxovnaa, pirma miiRos monawileoba nawarmoebis

SeqmnaSi, sanam nawarmoebi dasruldeba. magaliTad, koreqturis gakeTeba, rodesac wig-
ni dasrulebulia, ar SeiZleba miviCnioT Tanaavtorobad.29
3. saxelis ufleba
saxelis ufleba, avtorobis uflebasTan erTad, avtoris pirad araqonebriv uf-

lebaTa Soris umniSvnelovanesi uflebaa. igi ar eqvemdebareba SezRudvebs da unar-
Cundeba avtors im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac sxva saavtoro ufleba ar gaaCnia.
„saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-8 muxli Se-
icavs danawess im uflebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebzec ar vrceldeba saavtoro uflebebi.
Tumca amave muxlis meore nawilis mixedviT, saxelmwifos oficialur simboloebze
(droSa, gerbi, himni, jildoebi, fulis niSnebi, saxelmwifos sxva oficialuri niSnebi
da simboloebi) vrceldeba mxolod saxelis ufleba, kerZod aRniSnul nawarmoebTa
sxvisi saxeliT gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia avtoris saxelis uflebis dacva.
ufro marTebuli iqneba am SemTxvevaSi ara mxolod saxelis uflebis, aramed avtoro-
bis uflebis dacvac ganxorcieldes, vinaidan droSis, gerbis, himnis da sxva oficia-
luri somboloebis avtorebs aqvT ara mxolod saxelis aRniSvnis, aramed avtorobis
pativiscemis dacvis uflebac.
saxelis uflebas, saavtoro samarTalTan erTad, icavs samoqalaqo samarTalic,
rogorc piris pirad araqonebriv uflebas. saxelis ufleba daculia ssk-is me-17 da
me-18 muxlebiT. aRniSnuli muxlebi aseve SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes avtoris saxelis
uflebis dasacavad. swored amitom sanam konkretulad avtoris saxelis ufleba iq-
neba ganxiluli, zogadad davaxasiaTebT saxelis uflebas, rogorc samoqalaqo kodeq-
siT dacul sikeTes.
3.1. avtoris saxelis ufleba da samoqalaqo kodeqsiT daculi

saxelis ufleba
Tanamedrove samoqalaqo samarTalSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, saxe-
lis ufleba piradi da absoluturi uflebaa. 30
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-17 muxli ganamtkicebs saxelis uflebis
dacvas. me-17 muxlSi adamianis saxeli da gvari igulisxmeba. arsebobs dava imis Sesaxe-
bac, saxeli miekuTvneba Tu ara piris araqonebriv sikeTeTa ricxvs da unda iyos Tu ara
igi daculi samoqalaqo samarTliT. saxeli socialuri ugulebelyofisagan dacvis er-
Tgvari saSualebacaa.31
saxeli, rogorc dacvis obieqti, gamoiyeneba sajaro samarTalSic, Tumca samoqa-
laqo samarTali icavs saxels rogorc pirovnulobis ganuyofel elements. saxels yo-
veli uflebaunariani adamiani atarebs samoqalaqo, samarTlebriv da sazogadoebriv
urTierTobaSi Tavisi individualurobis (identurobis, aRsaniSnavad. 32
29
Fishman S., The Copyright Handbook, How to Protect and Use Written Works, 7th ed., USA, 2003, 8/27.
30
jorbenaZe s., axvlediani z., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Wanturia l., niniZe T., saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, w. I, Tb., 2002, 52.
31
iqve.
32
236
samoqalaqo saxeli SeiZleba iuridiuli piris saxelsac emTxveodes. magaliTad,

saqarTvelos mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis 6.2 muxlis Tanaxmad, rodesac piri individua-
lur mewarmes atarebs registraciaSi safirmo saxelwodebad iyenebs Tavis saxelsa da
gvars.
Tanamedrove iuridiul literaturaSi saxelis uflebis komerciul Rirebule-
bazec saubroben, gansakuTrebiT ki komerciuli urTierTobebis sferoSi. amgvarad,
arsebobs saxelis uflebis diferencirebis mcdeloba. kerZod erT SemTxvevaSi saxe-
lis ufleba aris wminda piradi araqonebrivi ufleba, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
igi saqmian urTierTobaSi gamoiyeneba, aramaterialuri qonebrivi ufleba.33
saxelis uflebis komercializaciaze mianiSnebs is faqtic, rom sakuTari saxelis
gamoyenebis uflebas piri xSir SemTxvevaSi anazRaurebis sanacvlod uTmobs sxva pi-
rebs saqonlis aRniSvnisaTvis an produqciis gavrcelebisaTvis. magaliTad, cnobili
avtomatis kalaSnikovis gamomgonebelma barnaulis alkoholuri sasmelebis kompani-
as, anazRaurebis sanacvlod aryis produqciis axal saxeobaze misi saxelis gamoyenebis
neba darTo. 34
Tumca, miuxedavad rig SemTxvevebSi saxelis uflebis komerciuli Rirebulebisa,
saxelis ufleba pirad araqonebriv uflebas miekuTvneba. igi ssk-is me-18 muxlSi sxva
pirad araqonebriv uflebebTan erTad aris moqceuli.
me-17 muxliT daculi saxelis ufleba, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mxolod fizikur
pirs Seexeba. me-18 muxlSi ar aris xazgasma, saxelis tarebis ufleba Seexeba mxolod
fizikur Tu iuridiul pirebsac. kontinenturi evropis samarTlis qveynebSi saxelis
cnebas gacilebiT farTo mniSvneloba aqvs. germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis ganxilvi-
sas iuristebi aRniSnaven, rom nebismieri sityva an aRniSvna, romelic ganasxvavebs erT
pirs meorisagan, maT Soris gvari, naTlobis saxeli da fsevdonimi, daculia samoqala-
qo kodeqsiT. aseve arsebobs mosazreba, rom dacva vrceldeba vizualur aRniSvnebzec,
magaliTad, samxedro gerbze.35
germaneli iuristebi aseve aRniSnaven, rom saxelis ufleba exeba rogorc fizi-
kur, aseve iuridiul pirs, magaliTad, kompanias, politikur partias, profesiul aso-
ciacias da qalaqs.36 amgvarad germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-12 paragrafi icavs ara
mxolod personalur saxelebs, aramed ganmasxvavebel niSnebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba
biznesSi da Seexeba saqonelsa da momsaxurebas. ukanasknel wlebSi germaniis samoqa-
laqo kodeqsis me-12 paragrafi aseve gavrcelda pirTa da sawarmoTa saxelebis regis-
traciaze internetdomeinis saxelebad.37 sainteresoa aseve erT-erTi saqme, romlis
mixedviTac germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-12 paragrafi gavrcelda qalaqis saxel-
zec. germaniis rkinigzam qalaqis saxeli daarqva erT-erT adgilobriv rkinigzis sad-
gurs da miCneul iqna, rom man daarRvia me-12 paragrafis mixedviT daculi saxelis uf-
leba.38
33
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 199.
34
Малеина М.Н., Личные неимущественные права граждан, М., 2001, 117.
35
Beverley-Smith H., Lucas-Schloetter O., A.,. Privacy, Property and Personality, Civil Law Perspectives on
Commercial Appropriation, Cambridge, 2005, 109.
36
Klipper, Schutz des Namens, 546 et sec. ix. Beverley-Smith H., Lucas-Schloetter O.A., Privacy, Property and
Personality, Civil Law Perspectives on Commercial Appropriation, Cambridge, 2005, 109.
37
iqve.
38
iqve.
237
ssk-iT daculi saxelis ufleba yovelTvis aris piradi araqonebrivi, romlis gas-
xviseba da sxva pirebze gadacema dauSvebelia. amiT igi saavtoro uflebiT daculi sa-
xelis uflebis msgavsia.
ssk-is me-18 muxlis 1 nawilis Tanaxmad, visac saxelis tarebis uflebas Seecile-
bian, an visi interesebic ilaxeba misi saxelis unebarTvo sargeblobiT, ufleba aqvs
xelmyofs mosTxovos moqmedebis Sewyveta an uaris Tqma masze. es muxli avtoris saxe-
lis uflebis dasacavadac gamoiyeneba.
saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi, sadac avtoris piradi araqonebrivi uflebebi saav-
toro uflebaTa dacvis specialuri aqtebiT ar aris mowesrigebuli, avtoris saxelis
uflebis dasacavad saerTo samarTlis normebs gamoiyeneben. saerTo samarTlis Tanax-
mad, nebismier pirs, maT Soris xelovnebis, literaturis Tu mecnierebis nawarmoebis
avtorsa da Semsrulebel.s ufleba aqvs aukrZalos sxvas Tavisi saxelis gamoyeneba.
ramdenad marTebulia saqarTvelos saavtoro samarTlis midgoma da saxelis uflebis
regulireba calke samoqalaqo kodeqsiTa da calke saavtoro samarTlis normebiT?
mecnierTa nawils marTebulad miaCnia kontinenturi evropis samarTlis da maT
Soris saqarTvelos saavtoro samarTalSi damkvidrebuli midgoma, romelic saSuale-
bas iZleva, gaZlierdes saxelis uflebis dacva da sruliad ar ikrZaleba saavtoro sa-
marTlis normebTan erTad an mis paralelurad samoqalaqo samarTlis sxva Sesabamisi
normebis gamoyeneba.39
Tumca saavtoro samarTliT dacul saxelis uflebasa da ssk-is me-17, me-18 mux-
lebiT dacul saxelis uflebas Soris arsebobs ramdenime mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba.
umTavresi gansxvaveba SeZenis safuZvlebia. samoqalaqo saxelis SeZenis safuZ-
vlebs ssk amomwuravad gansazRvravs. maT ganekuTvneba: dabadeba, daqorwineba da sa-
xelis Secvla nebayoflobiT. dabadebiT saxelis mopoveba yvelaze ufro xSir safuZ-
vels warmoadgens. ssk-is 1194-e muxlis Tanaxmad, bavSvis saxels mSoblebi urTierTSe-
TanxmebiT gansazRvraven. Svilis gvari mSoblebis gvaris mixedviT ganisazRvreba. Tu
mSoblebs saerTo gvari ara aqvT, Svils miekuTvneba dedis an mamis gvari mSoblebis Se-
TanxmebiT (1995-e muxli). saxelis SeZenis meore mniSvnelovan safuZvels warmoadgens
daqorwineba. saxelis SeZenis erT-erTi safuZvelia aseve saxelis nebayoflobiT Sec-
vla. saxelis Secvla SeiZleba ganapirobos araerTma mizezma, magaliTad, arakeTil-
xmovanebam, moqalaqeobis Secvlam da sxva.40
samoqalaqo kodeqsi am SemTxvevaSi Semoifargleba mxolod dadgenil wesze mi-
TiTebiT, romelmac unda moawesrigos saxelis Secvlis sakiTxebi (me-17 muxlis me-2
punqti). saxelis Secvlis safuZvlianoba, Tuki saxelis Secvlis safuZveli pirdapir
kanonidan ar gamomdinareobs, dadasturebuli unda iqnes kompetenturi saxelmwifo
organos – iusticiis saministros mier.41 saxelis Secvlis ufleba aqvT rogorc srul-
wlovan, aseve arasrulwlovan pirebs. arasrulwlovnebi am uflebiT sargebloben mxo-
lod mSoblebis an meurvis TanxmobiT.42
39
ZamukaSvili d., inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTali, Tb., 2003, 53.
40
41
42
iqve.
238
saavtoro samarTalSi ki saxelis uflebis mopoveba nawarmoebis SeqmniT xdeba.

iseve rogorc sxva saavtoro uflebaTa mosapoveblad, arc saxelis uflebis SesaZena-
daa saWiro nawarmoebis registracia an sxva tipis formalobaTa Sesruleba. avtori,
miuxedavad misi asakisa da qmedunarianobisa, Tavad wyvets romeli saxeliT, fsevdo-
nimiT Tu anonimurad gamoaqveynos nawarmoebi. „saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis Se-
saxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad, saavtoro uflebis warmoSobisa da
ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli ar aris nawarmoebis registracia, gaformeba an sxva
formalobaTa dacva.
saavtoro samarTliT dacul saxelis uflebasa da samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-17, me-
18 muxlebiT dacul saxelis uflebas Soris meore mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa uflebis
mflobeli subieqtebi. Tuki pirvel SemTxvevaSi subieqti aris fizikuri piri, rome-
lic ssk-iT dadgenili normebis Sesabamisad registraciis wesiT iZens an icvlis sa-
xels, meore SemTxvevaSi subieqti aris avtori da igi yovelive formalobebis gareSe,
mxolod nawarmoebis SeqmniT moipovebs saxelis uflebas.
garkveulwilad, gansxvavebulia am uflebaTa Sinaarsic. Tuki ssk-is me-17 muxli
moicavs fizikuri piris saxelsa da gvars, saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb ka-
nonis me-17 muxli moicavs avtoris uflebas, gamoiyenos saxeli, fsevdonimi an nawar-
moebi anonimurad. anu saavtoro samarTliT daculi saxelis ufleba aseve moicavs uf-
lebas, pirma uari Tqvas sakuTari saxelis gamoyenebaze.
ssk-iT ganmtkicebul saxelis uflebasa da saavtoro samarTliT dacul saxelis
uflebas Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa dacvis TvalsazrisiTac. kerZod, ssk-is me-
18 muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, im pirs aqvs saxelis dacvis ufleba, visac mis
tarebas Seecilebian. xolo ssk-is me-19 muxlis Tanaxmad, piris piradi uflebebis, maT
Soris saxelis tarebis uflebis, dacva gardacvalebis Semdeg SeiZleba ganaxorcie-
los im pirmac, romelic, Tumca TviTon ar aris saxelis an piradi Rirsebis uflebis
matarebeli, magram saamisod aqvs dacvis Rirsi interesi.
„saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT ganmtkicebuli
avtoris saxelis ufleba ki avtoris sicocxleSive SeiZleba daicvas sxva pirma. kano-
nis 35-e muxlis me-5 punqtis Tanaxmad, avtors ufleba aqvs, miuTiTos piri, romelsac
is niSnavs avtorobis, saxelisa da nawarmoebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebis damcvelad. es
piri Tavis movaleobas asrulebs avtoris gardacvalebamde. xolo saqarTvelos „saav-
toro an momijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-10 muxlis Tanaxmad, fsevdonimiT an
anonimurad gamoqveynebul nawarmoebze gamomcemeli iTvleba avtoris warmomadgen-
lad da mas aqvs ufleba, daicvas avtoris uflebebi. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba ro-
gorc qonebrivi, aseve piradi araqonebrivi uflebebi da maT Soris avtoris saxelis
uflebac.
3.2. saxelis ufleba da fsevdonimi
„saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-17 muxlis

Tanaxmad, saxelis ufleba moicavs fsevdonimis tarebis uflebas da aseve avtoris uf-
lebas, ar miuTiTos Tavisi saxeli da darCes anonimad.
saxelis ufleba erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi uflebaa da misi dacva evropul sa-
avtoro samarTalSi gacilebiT adre ganxorcielda, vidre avtoris sxva piradi araqo-
239
nebrivi uflebebis. magaliTad, germaniis 1870 wlis kanonSi aucilebeli iyo saxelis
aRniSvna literaturuli nawarmoebis citirebisas an musikaluri nawarmoebis nawilis
gamoyenebisas. am uflebis dacvas hqonda ori mizani: Tavidan aeridebina sazogadoebis
SecdomaSi Seyvana da daecva avtorTa uflebebi.43 mogvianebiT, 1976 wels, saxviTi xe-
lovnebis nawarmoebebzec gavrcelda igive sakanonmdeblo dacva.44
saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi saavtoro samarTlis specialuri aqtebiT ar aris da-
culi avtoris saxelis ufleba. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom avtoris saxelis ufleba ara-
saTanado doneze aris daculi. avtoris saxelis uflebis dacva inglisSi XIX saukunis
dasawyisSi daiwyo. 1816 wels saqmeze lordi baironi jonsinis winaaRmdeg sasamarTlom
akrZala lordi baironis saxelis gamoyeneba im leqsebze, romelic mas ar Seuqmnia.45
inglisSi, iseve rogorc saerTo samarTlis sxva qveynebSi, saxelis uflebis dacva
xorcieldeba difamaciisa da deliqturi samarTlis im normebis meSveobiT, romelsac
inglisurenovan qveynebSi ewodeba passing-off. Passing-off aris saerTo samarTlis deliq-
ti, romelic inglisur-qarTul iuridiul leqsikonSi Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli:
Sarlatanoba, gasayidi saqonlis gasasaReblad mis patronad sxva piris dasaxeleba da
am piris reputaciis gamoyeneba.46
Passing-off ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba sasaqonlo niSnebze uflebis dasacavad. igi
icavs sasaqonlo niSnis mflobelis gudvils, reputacias xelyofisagan da aseve krZa-
lavs misi saxeliT im saqonliT vaWrobas an momsaxurebis gawevas, romelic mas ar ekuT-
vnis. Passing-off-is principebi gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac xdeba piris biznesis, produq-
tis an personaluri atributebis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebis SeuTanxmebeli
gamoyeneba, rac iwvevs sazogadoebaSi aRrevas da aSkara asocirebas mosarCelisa da
mopasuxis da sabolood iwvevs piris gudvilis Selaxvas.47
saxelis uflebis dacva zogierT SemTxvevaSi ara avtoris, aramed sazogadoebis
interesebis dacvisTvisac xdeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa saqme, romelic
Seexeboda mweral stefan kingis saxelis gamoyenebas filmis saTaurSi. kinokompaniam,
romelsac aranairi kavSiri ar hqonda mweral stefan kingTan, daamzada filmi saTa-
uriT „stefan kingis gazonis mkreWavi kaci~. sasamarTlom gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna,
rom filmis amgvari saTauri momxmarebels Seiyvanda SecdomaSi, rom stefan kings ra-
ime kavSiri hqonda filmTan, an iwonebda mas. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom kinokompanias
mxolod Semdegi miTiTebis ufleba hqonda – filmi dafuZnebulia stefan kingis nawar-
moebze.48
43
New York, 2006, 50.
44
Gezetz betreffend das Urheberrecht an Werken der Bildenden Künste. 9.01.1876 § 6. Line 4 ix.
<http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesetz,–betreffend–das–Urheberrecht–an–Werken–der–bildenden–
K%C3%BCnste>, [20.04.2013].
45
Lord Byron v. Johnson (1816) 2 Mer.29; 35E.R.851. International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, Vol. 11,
Part 1, 1983, 59.
46
47
Jeremy Ph., Introduction to Intellectual Property Law, Butterworth, London 1986; Howell R.G., The Common
Law Appropriation of Personality Tort , 2 I.P.J., 1986, 149, 151.
48
Nemschoff L., United States of America, A rose by any other Name the US. And Moral Rights. Moral Rights
Reports Presented at the Meeting of the Internationla Assiciation of Entertainment Lawyers MIDEM 1995,
Cannes, Netherland-Belgium , 1995, 169.
240
saavtoro samarTliT daculi saxelis uflebis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawi-

lia fsevdonimi. ssk fsevdonimTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs calke ar awesrigebs.
iuridiul literaturaSi aRiniSneba, rom fsevdonims saavtoro samarTalis normebi
awesrigebs da, amdenad, igi ar rCeba samarTlebrivi regulirebis sferos miRma.49
unda aRiniSnos, rom amgvari regulireba ar aris sakmarisi. saqarTvelos kanoni
„saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~ ganamtkicebs mxolod avtorisa da Semsru-
leblis uflebas fsevdonimze. fsevdonimiT ki mxolod literaturisa da xelovnebis
dargebSi ar sargebloben. fsevdonimi SeiZleba gaaCndes, magaliTad, cnobil spor-
tsmens an nebismieri pirs Tavis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT. ssk-is me-17 muxlis Ta-
naxmad, saxelis ufleba saxelsa da gvars moicavs, anu am SemTxvevaSi es normebi ar SeiZ-
leba gavrceldes fsevdonimzec. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18
muxls, romelic pirad araqonebriv uflebaTa Soris saxelis uflebasac icavs, am Sem-
TxvevaSi ar aris dakonkretebuli, saxelis tarebaSi mxolod saxeli da gvari igulis-
xmeba Tu fsevdonimic. fsevdonimic saxelia, oRond gamogonili. samoqalaqo kodeqsis
komentarSi ganmartebulia, rom fsevdonimi niSnavs gamogonili da ara sxvisi saxeliT
sargeblobas.50 samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom pirs maSin aqvs dac-
vis ufleba, Tuki misi interesebi ilaxeba misi saxeliT unebarTvo sargeblobiT. fsev-
donimis miTvisebam ki SesaZloa ufro metad Selaxos piris interesi, vidre saxelisa da
gvaris unebarTvo miTvisebam. yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, literaturuli,
mecnieruli, mxatvruli nawarmoebis avtoris da aseve Semsruleblis fsevdonimi da-
culia kanoniT saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb, xolo sxva SemTxvevebSi mis
dasacavad gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxli.
samoqalaqo kodeqsiT daculi saxelis uflebisagan gansxvavebiT, fsevdonimis
mosapoveblad ar aris saWiro registracia an sxva formalobis Sesruleba. am uflebis
ganxorcieleba SeuZlia Tavad avtors, amasTan, mas ufleba aqvs sxva pirs mosTxovos
fsevdonimis miTiTeba misi samoqalaqo saxelis nacvlad.
iuridiul literaturaSi ganixileba fsevdonimis mopovebis sxvadasxva xerxi:
erTjeradi gamoyenebiT, xangrZlivi gamoyenebiT, registraciis gziT. sabWoTa mecni-
erebis mier SemoTavazebuli iyo mosazreba, rom amgvari registracia dawyebuliyo.51
Tumca, ra Tqma unda, es idea ar ganxorcielda da igi misaRebi verc qarTuli saavtoro
samarTlisaTvis iqneba, vinaidan Cveni qveyana bernis konvenciis wevri qveyanaa da, Sesa-
bamisad, nawarmoebi daculia yovelgvari formalobebis gareSe.
marTalia, fsevdonimis gamoyeneba ar aris dakavSirebuli formalobebTan, Tumca
misi SerCevis dros arsebobs garkveuli SezRudvebi: magaliTad, Sveicariis 1992 wlis 9
oqtombris saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb federaluri kanonis 50-e muxlis
Tanaxmad, literaturisa da xelovnebis nawarmoebi ar SeiZleba gaxdes publikisaTvis
xelmisawvdomi fsevdonimiT an xelmoweriT, Tuki iolia misi avtoris areva adre ga-
moqveynebuli nawarmoebis avtorSi.52
49
50
51
Ромоновская З. В., Личные неимушественные права граждан СССР, Автореф. дис. канд. юрид. наук.,
14. ix. Малеина М.Н., Личные неимущественные права граждан, М., 2001, 209.
52
Sveicariis 1992 wlis 9 oqtombris federaluri kanoni saavtoro da momijnave ufle-
baTa Sesaxeb, ix. <http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=5223>, [20.04.2013].
241
fsevdonimis arCevasTan dakavSirebuli sakanonmdeblo SezRudva imiTaa ganpi-

robebuli, rom fsevdonimis ukan yovelTvis dgas ukve Seqmnili reputacia, romelic,
moralurTan erTad, garkveuli komerciuli Rirebulebis matarebelicaa. Sesabamisad
avtors, cxadia, ufleba aqvs, aukrZalos sxva pirebs misi fsevdonimis gamoyeneba.
fsevdonimis „miTvisebasTan~ dakavSirebiT sasamarTlos mimarTa cnobilma ame-
rikelma mweralma mark tvenma, rodesac misi fsevdonimiT sxva literatormac daiwyo
nawarmoebebis beWdva. saqmeze samuel klemensi belfordi, kralki da kompaniis winaaR-
mdeg, romelic 1882 wels ganixila aSS-is ilinoisis sasamarTlom, mosarCele aRniSnav-
da, rom ocwliani moRvaweobis Sedegad fsevdonimi mark tveni avtoris savaWro niS-
nadac ki iqca. sxva piris mier werilebis, sketCebis, wignebis an sxva literaturuli
nawarmoebebis aRniSnuli fsevdonimiT beWdva iqneba tolfasi misi qonebiT unebarTvo
sargeblobisa. sasamarTlom sarCeli ar daakmayofila im motiviT, rom fsevdonimi ar
aris ufro metad daculi, vidre piris samoqalaqo an naTlobis saxeli da misi gamoye-
neba veravis aekrZaleba, xolo normebi savaWro niSnebis Sesaxeb ar vrceldeba litera-
turul sakuTrebaze.53
am gadawyvetilebis miRebidan erTi saukunis Semdeg sakiTxi radikalurad gan-
sxvavebulad wydeba, maT Soris saerTo samarTlis qveynebSic. magaliTad, avstralia-
Si samxreT uelsis umaRlesma sasamarTlom daakmayofila erT-erTi gazeTis yofili
Jurnalistis moTxovna, aRniSnuli gazeTis sxva Jurnalists Seewyvita misi fsevdoni-
miT statiebis gamoqveyneba. sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina, rom Jurnalistma moaswro am
fsevdonimiT saqmiani reputaciis SeZena. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu am fsevdonimiT sxva
piri ganagrZobda saqmianobas, is aramarTlzomierad isargeblebda fsevdonimiT dam-
kvidrebuli reputaciiT.54
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobac iziarebs aRniSnul midgomas. ara aqvs mniSvnelo-
ba, piri ra motiviT irCevs fsevdonims. fsevdonimTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos saav-
toro samarTalSi mxolod erTi SezRudva arsebobs: „saavtoro da momijnave uflebe-
bis Sesaxeb~ kanonis 33-e muxlis Tanaxmad, akrZalulia nawarmoebis gamocema an sajaro
gacnoba iseTi fsevdonimiT, romelmac SeiZleba gamoiwvios gamocemis an sajaro gac-
nobis gziT sazogadoebisaTvis adre xelmisawvdomi nawarmoebis avtorTan gaigiveba,
ramac SesaZloa SecdomaSi Seiyvanos sazogadoeba.
zogierTi qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi arsebobs sxva tipis SezRudvebic, magaliTad,
ruseTis saavtoro samarTlis mixedviT, fsevdonimi ar unda arRvevdes moralis nor-
mebs da ar unda hqondes Seuracxmyofeli xasiaTi da ar unda iwvevdes sazogadoebis
SecdomaSi Seyvanas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi avtors SeiZleba uari eTqvas misi fsevdo-
nimis dacvaze. ruseTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-10 muxlis mixedviT es ganixileba, ro-
gor samoqalaqo uflebiT borotad sargebloba.55
fsevdonimiT SeiZleba ramdenime piri eweodes literaturul da saxelovnebo
saqmianobas. magaliTad, fsevdonimiT kozma prutkova nawarmoebebs gamoscemdnen Zme-
bi JemCuJnikovebi da poeti a.k. tolstoi. aqve sainteresoa ganvixiloT ara konkretu-
li fsevdonimis, aramed literaturuli jgufis saxeli, romelSic gaerTianebulia
53
Samuel L. Clemens vs. Belford, Clarce & Company, ix. <http://www.twainquotes.com/CourtDecision.html>,
[20.04.2013].
54
ZamukaSvili d., inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTali, Tb., 2003, 53.
55
Соловьев Р.В., Авторское право, М., 2001, 23.
242
xelovanTa, literatorTa jgufi, magaliTad, cnobil qarTvel poetTa gaerTianeba

„cisferyanwelebi~. saavtoro samarTlis mixedviT, „cisferyanwelebi~ ar SeiZleba
ganxiluli iyos rogorc fsevdonimi, vinaidan igi konkretul fizikur pirs ar ekuT-
vnis, Tumca dacvas mainc saWiroebs. fsevdonimis dacvis erT-erTi mTavari mizania,
ar moxdes avtorTa aRreva. amave mizans SeiZleba exmianebodes literaturuli, mxat-
vruli gaerTianebis saxelis dacva. literaturuli gaerTianebis saxeli samrewvelo
sakuTrebis samarTliT dacul koleqtiur niSanTan avlens msgavsebas, romlis qveSac
mewarmeeebi erTiandebian da saerTo samewarmeo saqmianobas ewevian. Tumca literatu-
ruli gaerTianebis saxelis dacva ver moxdeba am normebiT, vinaidan adgili ara aqvs
aranair samewarmeo saqmianobas. literaturuli gaerTianebis saxelis dacvisaTvis Se-
saZlebelia ssk-is me-18 muxlis gamoyeneba. Tumca umjobesi iqneba kanoni saavtoro da
momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb iTvaliswinebdes Sesabamis normas.
ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba dairRves saxelis ufleba? am SemTxvevaSi umjobesi iq-
neba, Tuki terminsac davazustebT da vityviT, rom ara saxelis ufleba, aramed saxelis
dacvis ufleba SeiZleba iyos darRveuli. saxelis uflebas, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
gaaCnia pozitiuri da negatiuri gageba, anu saxelis ufleba SeiZleba dairRves ro-
gorc avtoris saxelis armiTiTebiT, aseve avtorobisa da saxelis araswori mikuTvne-
biTac.
saxelis uflebis yvelaze xSir darRvevas warmoadgens plagiati. nawarmoebis
miTvisebisa da sxvisi saxeliT gamoqveynebis SemTxvevaSi irRveva rogorc avtorobis,
aseve saxelis uflebac.
saxelis ufleba moicavs avtoris uflebasac, ar miuTiTos nawarmoebze saku-
Tari saxeli, aqedan gamomdinare, saxelis uflebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan darRvevas
warmoadgens avtoris vinaobis gamxela Tavad avtoris Tanxmobis gareSe. iuridiul
literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, avtoris fsevdonimi sasamarTlos
mier SeiZleba gamJRavndes mxolod ciliswamebasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebze sasa-
marTlo ganxilvis dros. sxva SemTxvevaSi redaqcia valdebulia ar gaamxilos avtoris
fsevdonimi.56 Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs
msgavs SezRudvas. „sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kano-
nis me-7 muxlis mixedviTac ar SeiZleba piris iZuleba, gaamxilos anonimuri wyaro. rac
Seexeba fsevdonimis gamxelis valdebulebas, amis Sesaxeb specialuri danawesi ar ar-
sebobs. aqve isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom ciliswamebisas avtoris vinaobis gamxelis au-
cilebloba arc dadgeba, radgan sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonis
me-6 muxlis mixedviT, mediaSi ciliswamebis saqmeebis ganxilvisas mopasuxea mediasaSu-
alebis mesakuTre.
saxelis uflebis dacvis saSualebebi erTi da igivea samoqalaqo saxelis dar-
Rvevisa da saavtoro samarTliT daculi piradi araqonebrivi uflebis saxelis uf-
lebis darRvevisaTvis. me-18 muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, pirs ufleba aqvs, xel-
myofs mosTxovos moqmedebis Sewyveta an uaris Tqma masze. maTi darRvevis Sedegad war-
moSobili moTxovna SeiZleba qonebrivi xasiaTisa iyos: me-18 muxlis me-6 nawilis Ta-
naxmad, „Tu darRveva gamowveulia braleuli moqmedebiT, pirs SeuZlia moiTxovos zi-
56
243
anis anazRaurebac~. saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb kanonis 59-e muxlSi aseve
miTiTebulia, Tu ra SeiZleba pirma moiTxovos saavtoro uflebaTa darRvevisaTvis. es
saSualebebi aseve SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes saxelis dacvis uflebis darRvevis dro-
sac, kerZod: uflebis aRiareba; uflebis darRvevamde arsebuli mdgomareobis aRdgena
da im moqmedebis aRkveTa, romelic arRvevs uflebas, an qmnis misi darRvevis safrTxes;
zianis anazRaureba, miuRebeli Semosavlis CaTvliT; zianis anazRaurebis nacvlad im
Semosavlis CamorTmeva, romelic damrRvevma miiRo maTi uflebebis darRvevis Sede-
gad; zianis anazRaurebisa da Semosavlis CamorTmevis nacvlad kompensaciis gadaxda,
romlis odenobasac gansazRvravs sasamarTlo; uflebis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli
sxva zomebis miReba, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT.
3. saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi saxelis uflebasa da avtorobis

uflebas Soris
avtorobisa da saxelis ufleba, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erT uflebaSia gaer-

Tianebuli kontinenturi evropis qveynebis saavtoro samarTalSi. saerTo samarTlis
qveynebi avtoris pirad araqonebriv uflebebs mxolod saxviTi xelovnebis nawarmoe-
bebze cnoben da am or uflebas erTi terminSi aerTianeben Right of Attribution nawarmoe-
bis mikuTvnebis ufleba. saerTo samarTlis qveynebis iuristebis ganmartebiT, aRniS-
nuli ufleba icavs avtoris interess, nawarmoebis Sesaxeb arsebobdes sruli da zusti
informacia. igi aerTianebs Semdeg uflebebs: nawarmoebis avtoroba; avtoris ufleba,
akrZalos Tavisi saxelis gamoyeneba nebismieri saxviTi xelovnebis nawarmoebze, rome-
lic mas ar Seuqmnia; akrZalos Tavisi saxelis miTiTeba mis mier Seqmnil im nawarmoebze,
romelic aris modificirebuli, Secvlili, xelyofili, Tu amiT ilaxeba avtoris pa-
tivi da reputacia.57
„saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-17 muxlis
pirveli punqtis „a~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, avtorobis ufleba gulisxmobs avtorad aRi-
arebasa da aseTi aRiarebis aRniSvnas nawarmoebis yovel egzemplarze an nebismieri sa-
xiT gamoyenebisas, saxelis miTiTebis moTxovnis uflebis CaTvliT. xolo saxelis uf-
leba fsevdominis aRniSvnasa da saxelis gamoyenebaze uaris Tqmas moicavs (me-17 mux-
lis pirveli punqtis „b~ qvepunqti). me-17 muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba
gamovitanoT daskvna, rom saxelis ufleba avtorobis uflebis Semadgeneli nawilebia.
qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom avtorobisa da saxe-
lis uflebis erTmaneTisagan daSoriSoreba Teoriuladac ki xelovnur xasiaTs ata-
rebs. Tu saxelis ufleba gamosacalkevebeli iyo, maSin avtoris samoqalaqo saxelis
miTiTebac unda Sesuliyo am uflebis farglebSi.58
miuxedavad imisa, rom me-17 muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, rogorc ukve aR-
vniSneT, saxelis ufleba avtorobis uflebis Semadgenel nawilad ganixileba, SesaZle-
belia saxelis ufleba maSin iyos darRveuli, rodesac sadavo ar aris avtoroba da, pi-
57
Leaffer M., Understanding Copyright Law, 4th ed., LexisNexis Group, 2005, 382.
58
ZamukaSvili d., inteleqtualuri uflebebi, Tb., 2006, 201.
244
riqiT, avtorobis ufleba iyos darRveuli, maSin rodesac saxeli sworadaa miTiTebu-
li. aRniSnulis sailustraciod moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs: SesaZloa avtoroba sa-
davo ar iyos, magram saxelis aRniSvnis garkveuli wesis gamoyenebaze ver Tanxmdebian
nawarmoebze qonebrivi uflebis mflobeli an misi mesakuTre da avtori. am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT sainteresoa saqme, romelic 1969 wels ganixila miunxenis sasamarTlom.
mosarCele iyo arqiteqtori, romelmac municipaluri biblioTekisaTvis aaSena Seno-
ba. misi moTxovna iyo, rom Senobaze yofiliyo stendi (35smX70sm), sadac ewereboda misi
saxeli. qalaqis municipaliteti am moTxovnas ar akmayofilebda Semdegi argumentiT:
jer erTi, Senoba ar akmayofilebs xelovnebis nimuSis im kriteriums, rom masze auci-
leblad miTiTebuli iyos avtoris vinaoba da meorec, industriul praqtikaSi ar aris
miRebuli arqiteqtoris saxeli miTiTebuli iyos Senobaze. maTi pirveli argumenti
moqandakis sasargeblod gadawyda, radgan miCneul iqna, rom sasamarTlo am SemTxve-
vaSi ver gadawyvets, aris Tu ara Senoba xelovnebis nimuSi, vinaidan igi akmayofilebs
kanonis mier saavtoro samarTliT daculi obieqtis kriteriumebs. rac Seexeba me-
ore arguments, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom saindustrio praqtikiT ver SeizRudeboda
saavtoro ufleba, nawarmoebze aRiniSnos avtoris saxeli. es ufleba SeiZleba mxo-
lod SeizRudos da daTmobil iqnes kontraqtis safuZvelze. Tumca sasamarTlom isic
aRniSna, rom avtoris ufleba, gansazRvros misi saxelis mikuTvnebis forma, ar aris
SeuzRudavi. amitom sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi miiRo municipalitetis interesic,
rom SesaZlebeli iyo avtoris saxeli dafiqsirebuli ufro Tanamedrove da naklebad
TvalSi sacemi saxiT.59
saxelis ufleba SeiZleba davides iqamde, Tu avtori ra saxiT gamosaxavs nawarmoe-
bis misdami kuTvnilebas. avtorma SeiZleba nawarmoebze miuTiTos saxeli da gvari sru-
lad, mxolod saxeli an inicialebi. Tumca Tuki mxolod inicialebia miTiTebuli, am
SemTxvevaSi aRniSnaven, rom es nawarmoebi anonimur nawarmoebTa ricxvs miekuTvneba.60
ras moicavs avtorobis ufleba saxelis uflebis garda da ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZle-
ba dairRves avtorobis ufleba, rodesac saxeli sworadaa miTiTebuli?
amis magaliTia kanadis sasamarTlos erT-erTi gadawyvetileba, romelic Seexe-
boda avtorobis uflebis pativiscemas. 2003 wels kanadis sasamarTlom ganixala saqme
dolmagi erskinis winaaRmdeg, romelSic mosarCele iyo universitetis leqtori, ro-
melmac moamzada Tavisi studentebisaTvis praqtikuli swavlebis saxelmZRvanelo da
gamosca wignad. gamomcemelma wignze daawera, rom wigni momzadebulia avtoris mier.
sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom sityvebi „momzadebulia avtoris mier“ da „avtoria“ ar aris
Tanabari mniSvnelobisa. fraza, rom naSromi momzadebulia ama da am pirovnebis mier ar
moicavs mis avtorobas da SesaZloa igi misi Rvawlis damcirebasac niSnavdes. adamians
aqvs ufleba, swored rom avtorad dafiqsirdes. es saqme moigo mosarCelem da aseve
mas mieca kompensacia, 3000 dolari, imisaTvs, rom damcirebul iqna mis mier Setanili
wvlili nawarmoebSi.61
59
Namensnennungsrecht des Architekten, (OLG Munich, 1969) GRUR 146– Signum auf Werkexemplaren . ix.
New York, 2006, 50.
60
61
New York, 2006, 323.
245
am SemTxvevaSi saxelis ufleba ar darRveula da arc plagiats hqonia adgili. na-

warmoebze sworad iyo aRniSnuli im adamianis saxeli, vinc Seqmna nawarmoebi, Tumca
dakninebuli iyo misi, rogorc avtoris, wvlili.
avtorobisa da saxelis uflebas Soris gansxvavebas Semdegnairad gamoxatavs ger-
maneli mecnieri adolf dici: avtorobis uflebis, avtoris kvalifikaciis pativicemas
adgili aqvs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac avtori rCeba anonimad, an sargeblobs fsevdoni-
miT da mainc inarCunebs avtorobis pativiscemis uflebas.62
Tumca am SemTxvevaSi isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom marTalia avtori rCeba anonimad,
magram iyenebs saxelis uflebas, vinaidan darCe anonimad esec saxelis uflebis erT-
erTi Semadgeneli elementia. avtorobis ufleba ufro farToa Tavisi masStabebiT
da moicavs avtoris wvlilis, kvalifikaciis, titulebis zust aRniSvnasa da avtoris
survilisamebr miTiTebas.
avtrobis ufleba, pirvel rigSi, avtorobis pativiscemis uflebas moicavs. es
ufleba ar SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros raime tipis SezRudvas. rac Seexeba saxelis aR-
niSvnis uflebas, igi SeiZleba garkveuli tipis SezRudvas daeqvemdebaros, magaliTad,
rogorc zemoT aRniSnul miunxenis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi, rodesac sasa-
marTlom ar daakmayofila mosarCelis moTxovna da aRniSna, rom saxeli unda dafiq-
sirebuliyo Tanamedrove da naklebad TvalSi sacemi saxiT. saerTo samarTlis qveyne-
bis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs saxelis uflebis SezRudvas. amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis saxviTi xelovnebis nawarmoebis avtorTa aqtis mixedviT (nawili 106 (c)(3), es
ufleba ar vrceldeba saxviTi xelovnebis im nawarmoebebze, romlebic warmodgenilia
komerciuli mediis mier, magaliTad, kinosa da JurnalebSi.63 komerciul mediasTan,
kerZod, reklamasTan dakavSirebiT, es SezRudva Semdegi faqtoriT aris ganpirobebu-
li: yoveli reklamis gaSvebisas rom dafiqsirdes reklamis damamzadeblis saxeli, es
Tavad reklamis damamzadebeli pirisa Tu kompaniis reklamadac CaiTvleba. am SemTxve-
vaSi saxelis aRniSvnis ufleba ewinaaRmdegeba sxva piris (am SemTxvevaSi im mediasaSu-
alebis) komerciul interesebs. am sakiTxs marTalia kanonmdebloba ar aregulirebs,
Tumca saxelis aRniSvnis forma, perioduloba da saSualeba SesaZloa gaxdes xelSek-
rulebis sagani, Tuki produqciis gamoiyeneba komerciuli mizniT. qarTveli iuris-
tebi miiCneven, rom mizanSewonilia saxelis miTiTebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebaSi specia-
lurad iqnes aRniSnuli. Tu es piroba Sesruldeba, maSin mxareebs aRar eqnebaT ufleba,
sxvagvarad moiTxovon avtoris saxelis aRniSvna.64
62
Diets A., Das Droit Moral des arhebert im neuen französichen und deutsch urheberrecht, Munich, 1968, 117.
63
Leaffer M., Understanding Copyright Law, 4th ed., LexisNexis Group, 2005, 382.
64
nave uflebebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis komentari, Tb., 2003, 113.
246
4. daskvna
avtorobis ufleba moicavs saxelis uflebas da maTi gamijvna qarTuli kanon-

mdeblobiT xelovnuri elferis matarebelia. marTebuli iqneboda saqarTvelos saav-
toro samarTali iTvaliswinebdes bernis konvenciisa da kontinenturi evropis sa-
marTlis qveynebis midgomas da saxelis uflebis dacva avtorobis uflebasTan erTad
unda xdebodes, vinaidan saavtorosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi subieqti, avtori,
icavs ara samoqalaqo saxels, aramed rogorc Semoqmedis saxels, rogorc Tavisi avto-
robis Semadgenel elements. mizanSewonilia, safrangeTis inteleqtualuri sakuTre-
bis kodeqsis msgavsad, es ori ufleba erTi terminis „avtorobis pativiscemis ufle-
baSi“ erTiandebodes, vinaidan avtorobis uflebis dacva swored avtorobis pativis-
cemiT xorcieldeba.
„saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-8 muxli Se-
icavs danawess im uflebaTa Sesaxeb, romelzec ar vrceldeba saavtoro uflebebi.
Tumca, amave muxlis meore nawilis mixedviT, saxelmwifos oficialur simboloebze
(droSa, gerbi, himni, jildoebi, fulis niSnebi, saxelmwifos sxva oficialuri niSnebi
da simboloebi) vrceldeba mxolod saxelis ufleba, kerZod aRniSnul nawarmoebTa
sxvisi saxeliT gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia avtoris saxelis uflebis dac-
va. upriania am SemTxvevaSi ara mxolod saxelis uflebis, aramed avtorobis uflebis
dacvac xorcieldebodes, vinaidan droSis, gerbis, himnis da sxva oficialuri sombo-
loebis avtorebs aqvT ara mxolod saxelis aRniSvnis, aramed avtorobis pativiscemis
dacvis uflebac.
saqarTvelos kanoni „saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb~ icavs avtoris
uflebas, miuTiTos fsevdonimi saxelis nacvlad nawarmoebis yoveli gamoyenebisas
(muxli17.1.a), Tumca aRniSnuli ufleba exeba mxolod fizikur pirebs da ara literatu-
rul gaerTianebaTa saxelwodebas, magaliTad, cisferyanwelebi. fsevdonimis dacvis
erT-erTi mTavari mizania, ar moxdes avtorTa aRreva. amave mizans SeiZleba exmianebo-
des literaturuli, mxatvruli gaerTianebis saxelis dacva. literaturuli gaerTia-
nebis saxelis dacvisaTvis SesaZlebelia ssk-is me-18 muxlze apelireba, magram litera-
turisa da xelovnebis nawarmoebTa avtorebis uflebis dacva „saavtoro da momijnave
uflebebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis prerogativaa da iq unda aisaxos.
saqarTvelos kanoni „saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb~ pasuxobs saavto-
ro samarTlis saerTaSorisod aRiarebul tendenciebs, Tumca, evropul samarTalTan
harmonizaciis mizniT saWiroa sakiTxis Semdgomi kvleva da kanonmdeblobis daxvewa.
247
laSa cercvaZe*
direqtoratis (direqtoris) movaleobebi kompaniis marTvisas

(SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi analizi aSS-is, upiratesad delaveris
Statis, da qarTuli samarTlis magaliTze)
1. Sesavali
kompaniis marTvis procesSi direqtoratis movaleobebis ganxilvisas, SeuZlebe-

lia gverdi auaro saerTo samarTlis qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikasa da gamocdile-
bas, vinaidan direqtorTa iseTi ZiriTadi movaleobebi, rogoricaa zrunvisa (Duty of
Care) da erTgulebis (Duty of Loyalty) movaleobebi, swored maTgan iRebs saTaves.1
gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom delaveris StatSi (aSS) ganviTarebul-
ma samewarmeo samarTalma udidesi gavlena iqonia zogadad samarTlis am dargze da
es gavlena aSS-is farglebs gascda. ufro metic, delaveris StatSi Camoyalibda Sesa-
niSnavi praqtika direqtoratis movaleobebTan dakavSirebiT, romelic Semdgom mTel
msoflioSi gavrcelda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ramdenime wlis win (2008 wels) saqarTvelos kanoni mewarmeTa
Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis sagani gaxda. magaliTad, manamde samewarmeo ka-
nonmdeblobiT mkacrad dadgenili da savaldebulo orsafexuriani sistema kompaniis
marTvisa warsuls Cabarda. sameTvalyureo sabWos arseboba, garda gamonaklisi Sem-
Txvevebisa, romelzec qvemoT gveqneba saubari, savaldebulo aRar aris.2 aRniSnuli
magaliTi cxadyofs, rom ganxorcielebuli cvlileba aucileblad gamoiwvevs direq-
torTa movaleobebis axleburad ganviTarebas da daadgens axal standartebs da moTx-
ovnebs maT mimarT.
winamdebare naSromi aCvenebs, rom mniSvnelovani cvlileba `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos kanonSi (romelic misi germanuli analogis safuZvelze iyo Seqmnili)
saerTo samarTlis, umetesad aSS-is da inglisis samarTlis gavlenis Sedegad ganxor-
cielda. Tumca aqve aucileblad unda iTqvas, rom dRes saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanoni
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb ar warmoadgens amerikaSi, inglissa da germaniaSi moqmedi Sesabamisi
normebis kopirebas, piriqiT igi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba am qveynebSi moqmedi nor-
mebisgan da swored es gansxvavebebi aniWebs mas originalurobas da metad sainteresos
xdis.
winamdebare statia, misi formatis gaTvaliswinebiT, Seexeba saqarTvelosa da
aSS-Si, kerZod delaveris StatSi moqmed sakorporacio kanonmdeblobas da maT Seda-
rebiT analizs.
samarTlis normis erTi samarTlis sistemidan meoreSi kopirebam SesaZloa uar-
yofiTi gavlena moaxdinos transplantis mimRebi samarTlis ganviTarebaze.3 es metad
1
Hamilton R. W., The Law of Corporations, 5th ed., St. Paul, 2000, 446.
2
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, 55-e muxli, pirveli punqti.
3
zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recefcia saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005, 5.
248
laSa cercvaZe, direqtoratis movaleobebi kompaniis marTvisas (SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi
analizi aSS-is, upiratesad delaveris Statis, da qarTuli samarTlis magaliTze)
mniSvnelovani da sayuradRebo mosazrebaa, vinaidan ucxo qveynis samarTlidan kopi-

rebul samarTlis normas damoukideblad, samarTlis sistemis sxva normebTan kavSi-
ris gareSe, arseboba ar SeuZlia. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, winamdebare naSromis
mizania, naTeli gaxados ramdenad efeqturad da bunebrivad moxda samarTlis axali
normebis gadmoReba da Serwyma saqarTveloSi moqmed kanonmdeblobasTan.
meTodologiuri principi komparativistikisa swored mis fuqcionalurobaSi
vlindeba, rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs imas, rom unda moxdes iseTi normebis Sedare-
ba erTmaneTTan, romlebic msgavs funqciebs asruleben. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Seda-
rebiTi analizi sasurvel Sedegs ver gamoiRebs.4 aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, winam-
debare naSromis mizania, SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi kvlevis safuZvelze pasuxi gasces
mniSvnelovan kiTxvebs direqtoratis movaleobebTan dakavSirebiT. naTeli gaxados
mkiTxvelisaTvis, Tu ra ZiriTadi movaleobebi (valdebulebebi) ekisreba direqtors
sawarmos marTvis procesSi, am mxriv rogoria praqtika aSS-Si. miuTiTos im dadebiT Tu
uaryofiT mxareebze, rac SesaZloa arsebobdes qarTuli sakanonmdeblo regulirebis
TvalsazrisiT da moaxdinos maTi Sedareba aSS-Si, kerZod delaveris StatSi, moqmed
met-naklebad Sesatyvis normebTan.
vinaidan sasamarTlo praqtikas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs samarTlebrivi kultu-
ris ganviTarebisaTvis, naSromSi warmodgenili iqneba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebe-
bis analizi. sasamarTlo praqtika Zlier zegavlenas axdens kanonmdebelze, vinaidan
swored mosamarTle awydeba yvela im problemas, romelic SesaZloa kanonmdeblis mier
normis miRebisas ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, im martivi mizezis gamo, rom SeuZlebelia
yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevis winaswar ganWvreta da maTi daregulireba Sesabamisi norme-
bis meSveobiT.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, sasamarTlos daniSnulebas ar war-
moadgens mxolod arsebuli normebis gamoyeneba. sasamarTloSi cocxldeba TiToeuli
norma. mosamarTles uxdeba am normebis misadageba arsebuli SemTxvevebis mimarT da,
Sesabamisad, didad aris masze damokidebuli, Tu rogor ganmartavs normas da ra saxiT
gaacocxlebs mas.
nebismieri sagnis, nivTis, uflebis, movaleobis da a.S. nakli vlindeba misi aqtiu-
rad gamoyenebisas. magaliTad, Tu ar iyeneb axlad SeZenil televizors, verasodes mix-
vdebi, nakliani aRmoCnda igi Tu ara. Tu ar iyeneb sakuTar uflebas (nebismieri saxis,
magaliTad, sakuTrebis ufleba) verasodes mixvdebi, rom am uflebas SeiZleba raRac
nakli hqondes an SezRuduli iyos sxva uflebiT.
asevea sasamarTloc samarTlis normebis mimarT, Tu maT gamoyenebaze ar midga
saqme, verasodes dadgindeba, arsebobs Tu ara raime xarvezi, sworad daaregulira Tu
ara kanonmdebelma esa Tu is urTierToba, exmianeba Tu ara da gamodgeba Tu ara samar-
Tlis normebi realuri, sasamarTlos winaSe mdgomi SemTxvevebis gadasaWrelad.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, cxadia, rom sasamarTlo praqtikas
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. swored amitom mizanSewonilia, ganxilul iqnes saqarTve-
los uzenaesi sasamarTlos da delaveris StatSi moqmedi sasamarTloebis ramdenime
gadawyvetileba, romelic winamdebare statiaSi dasmul sakiTxebs exeba.
direqtorTa movaleobebze saubrisas gverds ver avuvliT korporaciuli mar-
Tvis principebze saubars. korporaciuli marTva da masSi Semavali calkeuli sakiTx-
4
Zweigert K., Kötz H., Introduction to Comparative Law, Clerendon Press, Oxford, 1998, 34.
249
ebi Tanamedrove kerZo samarTlis erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuri sferoa. korporaci-

ul marTvasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi danarCen msoflioze aranaklebi simZafriT
ukve saqarTveloSic igrZnoba. sabanko da sadazRvevo infrastruqturis ganviTareba
da msxvili ucxouri kapitaldabandebebi qarTul biznesSi dRis wesrigSi ayenebs kor-
poraciebis menejmentis saqmianobis kontrolis aucileblobas. udidesi mniSvneloba
aqvs, Tu ramdenad kargad xorcieldeba korporaciuli marTva, marTvis rogor sistemas
irCevs esa Tu is kompania da ramdenad efeqturi da mimzidvelia investorebisaTvis igi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kompaniebis marTvis done gasul wlebTan SedarebiT met-
naklebad amaRlda, ver vityviT, rom saqarTveloSi korporaciuli marTva Seesabame-
ba saerTaSoriso standartebsa da saerTaSoriso praqtikas. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic,
rom ar arsebobs korporaciuli marTvis erTi saukeTeso modeli. korporaciuli mar-
Tvis sistema damokidebulia sabazro struqturaze, maregulirebel normebze, tradi-
ciebze, konkretul sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul kulturul da socialur faseulo-
bebze.5 swored amitom, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis reformirebisas saqarTveloSi ar
unda daveyrdnoT ama Tu im modelis warmatebul funqcionirebas – Tundac yvelaze
ganviTarebuli marTlwesrigis pirobebSic ki. norma, romelic misaRebia erTi sazoga-
doebisaTvis da morgebulia konkretul realiebs, SeiZleba absoluturad usargeblo
aRmoCndes sxva samarTlebriv sistemaSi misi kopirebis SemTxvevaSi.
korporaciuli marTvis definiciasTan dakavSirebuli azrTa sxvadasxvaobis mi-
uxedavad, aSkaraa, rom ukanasknel wlebSi is gaxda intensiuri gansjis sagani rogorc
praqtikos iuristebSi, aseve akademiur wreebSi da miCneulia, rom qveyanaSi korpora-
ciuli marTvis srulyofili meqanizmebis arseboba mniSvnelovnad zrdis mis mimzidve-
lobas potenciuri investorebisaTvis.6
visac ukeTesi korporaciuli marTvis sistema aqvs, mTeli Tavisi finansuri, eko-
nomikuri da politikur-socialuri SedegebiT, ceteris paribus (Tanabar pirobebSi) warma-
tebas aRwev regionalur, evropul Tu globalur konkurenciaSi.7
IFC-is ganmartebiT, korporaciuli marTva marTvisa da kontrolis erTiani sis-
temaa, romelic gansazRvravs uflebebisa da pasuxismgeblobebis ganawilebas mmar-
Tvel organoebs, aRmasrulebel organoebs, aqcionerebsa da kompaniiT dainteresebul
sxva mxareebs Soris. korporaciuli marTva aseve moicavs gadawyvetilebisa da kompa-
niis saqmianobis ganxorcielebis efeqturobaze monitoringTan dakavSirebul wesebsa
da procedurebs.8
didi britaneTis korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, korporaciuli mar-
Tva aris kompaniis marTvisa da kontrolis erTiani sistema. direqtorati pasuxismge-
5
kuWava k., korporaciul marTvasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi saqarTveloSi, IFC/In-
ternational Finance Corporation, korporatiuli marTva, yovelkvartaluri biuleteni, №12,
ianvari-marti, 2008, 4-5.
6
Lazarev N., On Cartain Issues of the Modern Corporate Governance Reform In Russia,I.C.C.L.R Vol., 17,
№5, 2006, 143, miTiTebulia: janjalia b., IFC/IntenationalFinance Corporation, korporatiuli
marTva, yovelkvartaluri biuleteni, №11 oqtomberi-dekemberi, 2007, 16-17.
7
Hopt K. J.,Corporate Governance in Europa: neue regelungsaufgaben und Soft Law (in:DoraltP.,Kalss
S.,(Hrsg); Corparate Governance, Der Gesellschafter (GesRZ) Sonderheft, Wien (Linde) 2002, 4-13.
8
korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi komerciuli bankebisaTvis, IFC - International Financial Cor-
poration, Tb., 2009.
250
belia kompaniis marTvaze. aqcionerTa funqciaa direqtorebisa da auditis wevrebis

daniSvna. direqtorati valdebulia uzrunvelyos kompaniis efeqturi marTva, zedam-
xedveloba gauwios dasaxuli biznesgegmebis Sesrulebas da, saqmis garemoebis srul-
yofilad codnis safuZvelze, warmoadginos sruli informacia aqcionerTa krebaze.9
zemomoyvanili ganmartebebidanac cxadi xdeba, rom korporaciuli marTvis pro-
cesSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs direqtorTa mier gulisxmierebisa da keTilsindisiere-
bis valdebulebis/ movaleobis dacvas/Sesrulebas da damrRvevTa saTanado pasuxis-
mgeblobas.10
direqtoris umTavresi movaleobaa keTilsindisierad marTos sawarmo. sawarmos
xelmZRvaneloba gulisxmobs kompetenturi menejmentis gonivrul Seqmnas, romelic
SeimuSavebs sawarmos politikas da xelmZRvanelobis umaRlesi rgolia.11 Sesabamisad,
xelmZRvanelTa niWsa da SesaZleblobebzea damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad rentabeluri
iqneba konkretuli sawarmo.12
sawarmos marTvis organoTa struqtura, Semadgenloba da formirebis wesi did
gavlenas axdens maT saqmianobaze, amitom marTvis organoebma (sadac, pirvel rigSi, ra
Tqma unda, direqtorati moiazreba) unda uzrunvelyon maqsimaluri demokratizmi,
partniorTa interesebis dacva da mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis ganuxreli Ses-
rulebis realizacia.13
naSromSi direqtoratis movaleobebi sawarmos marTvisas ganxiluli iqneba saaq-
cio sazogadoebis da SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis magaliTze. vinaidan
isini warmoadgenen klasikuri tipis kapitalur sawarmoebs, sadac yvelaze mkafiod
vlindeba direqtoratis movaleobebi da funqciebi.
korporacia, rogorc kerZo samarTlis subieqti, erT-erTi ZiriTadi konstitu-
ciuri uflebis – materialuri sargeblis miRebis mizniT, pirTa gaerTianebis uflebis
praqtikul realizacias warmoadgens.14 am gaerTianebaSi wevrTa (aqcionerTa, partni-
orTa) interesebisa da korporaciis xelmZRvanelTa interesebi yovelTvis ar emTxveva
erTmaneTs.
Sesabamisad, direqtorats evaleba ipovos oqros Sualedi da ise marTos sawarmo,
rom ar dazaraldes aqcionerTa, sawarmoSi dasaqmebul pirTa da sakuTari interesebi,
rac sakmaod rTuli amocanaa.
9
The UK Corporate Governance Code (britaneTis korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi), ix.<www.frc.
org.uk.-The UK Corporate Governance Code>.
10
11
qoqraSvili q., samewarmeo samarTali, Tb., 2005, 103.
12
iqve.
13
iqve, 101-102.
14
Srami h.i., sazogadoebis organoTa kontroli saxelmwifos mier, keTilsindisieri xe-
lmZRvanelobis valdebuleba da pasuxismgebloba saaqcio sazogadoebaSi qarTuli da
germanuli samarTlis mixedviT, simpoziumis masalebi, II germanul-qarTuli simpoziu-
mi sakorporacio samarTalSi, Tb., 2003, 167.
251
2. sawarmoTa marTvis saqarTveloSi moqmedi sistema
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Semdeg,

Zneli saTqmelia, Tu sawarmos mmarTvelobis romeli forma da sistema iqna arCeuli
kanonmdeblis mier. ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Sesabamisad, sameTvalyureo sab-
Wos arseboba savaldebulo aRar aris, garda kanonmdeblobiT zustad gansazRvruli
SemTxvevebisa. swored amitom mniSvnelovania, ramdenime sityviT aRiniSnos, zogadad,
sawarmos marTvis rogori sistema moqmedebs saqarTveloSi, im pirobebSi, rodesac igi
daSorda germanul regulirebas da amerikuli modelisaken gadaixara.
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqar-
Tvelos kanonSi 2008 wels ganxorcielda.
2008 wlamde ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis drosac kanonmdebeli cdilobda
maqsimalurad gaeTvaliswinebina sakorporacio samarTlis ganviTarebis Tanamedro-
ve tendenciebi. magaliTad SeiZleba dasaxeldes mankieri praqtika, rodesac direqto-
ris gaTavisuflebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs qarTuli sasamarTloebi Sromis ko-
deqsis mixedviT wyvetdnen. 2005 wels Setanilma cvlilebam imperatiulad gamoricxa
korporaciis xelmZRvanelobis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebis gansazRvrisas Sromis ka-
nonmdeblobis gamoyeneba da amiT calsaxad gausva xazi am urTierTobebis specifikur
samarTlebriv bunebas.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi 2008 wlis
14 marts Setanili cvlilebebi, romelmac, SeiZleba iTqvas, kardinalurad Secvala
qarTuli korporaciebis regulirebis samarTlebrivi reJimi. kanonis manamde arsebu-
li redaqcia saaqcio sazogadoebaSi sameTvalyureo sabWos arsebobas savaldebulod
Tvlida, Sps-ebisaTvis es organo fakultatiuri iyo. cvlilebebis Semdeg Sps-is mom-
wesrigebeli normebis moculoba mkveTrad Semcirda. kanonmdebelma mewarme subieq-
tebs misca Sesabamisi sakiTxebis wesdebiT regulirebis farTo uflebamosileba, ris
Sedegadac sameTvalyureo sabWoze miTiTeba Sps-sTan mimarTebaSi saerTod gaqra. sa-
meTvalyureo sabWos arseboba fakultatiuria saaqcio sazogadoebisaTvisac – garda
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa. kerZod, sameTvalyureo sabWos arseboba sa-
valdebuloa im saaqcio sazogadoebebisaTvis, romelic ,,fasiani qaRaldebis bazris
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis mixedviT, angariSvaldebuli sawarmoa, romlis fasiani
qaRaldebi savaWrod aris daSvebuli fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze, an saaqcio sazoga-
doeba saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier aris licenzirebuli, an saaqcio sazogado-
ebis aqcionerTa raodenoba aRemateba ass.15 sxva SemTxvevaSi, sameTvalyureo sabWos
Seqmna savaldebulo ar aris.
rac Seexeba komerciul bankebs, romlebic, rogorc cnobilia, saaqcio sazogado-
ebis formiT iqmneba, sameTvalyureo sabWos Seqmnis wesebs aq „komerciuli bankebis saq-
mianobis Sesaxeb“ kanoni gansazRvravs.16
zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Sedegad impera-
tiuli normebi „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonSi sagrZnoblad Semcirebulia.
sazogadoebis dafuZnebis msurvels Tavisuflad SeuZlia wesdebaSi Setanis gziT daa-
15
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, 55-e muxli, pirveli nawili.
16
`komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, me-14 muxli.
252
reguliros da gaiTvaliswinos misTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi. magaliTad: „dividen-

debis odenoba da misi miRebis wesi, ganisazRvreba sazogadoebis wesdebiT“,17 „wesde-
biT SeiZleba dadgindes gansxvavebuli wesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs Cveulebrivi da
privilegirebuli aqciebis uflebaTa sxvagvarad gansazRvras“.18 kanonis Zveli versia
privilegirebuli da Cveulebrivi aqciebis uflebaTa sxvagvarad gansazRvris SesaZ-
leblobas, wesdebaSi gansxvavebuli wesis Setanis gziT, ar iTvaliswinebda.
amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom korporaciuli marTvis qarTuli modeli sul uf-
ro metad daSorda germanul variants, magaliTad, Tu adre ar SeiZleboda, rom sameT-
valyureo sabWos wevri amave dros sazogadoebis direqtoric yofiliyo, dReisaTvis
es nebadarTulia. `wesdebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rom sameTvalyureo sabWos wevri
(wevrebi) iyos am saaqcio sazogadoebis direqtori (direqtorebi)“.19 am axali normis
Sesabamisad gauqmda kidev erTi imperatiuli norma, romelsac „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ sa-
qarTvelos kanoni iTvaliswinebda: „sameTvalyureo sabWos wevri ar SeiZleba imavdro-
ulad iyos sazogadoebis direqtori an sxva pasuxismgebeli aRmasrulebeli piri“.20 ag-
reTve kanonis gauqmebuli redaqciis Tanaxmad, direqtoratis funqciebi ar SeiZleba
gadaeces sameTvalyureo sabWos. moqmedi redaqcia ki sapirispiros awesebs da arao-
razrovnad ganmartavs, rom direqtoratis funqciebi SeiZleba gadaeces sameTvalyu-
reo sabWos, Tuki es wesdebiT iqneba gansazRvruli.
sameTvalyureo sabWos ZiriTadi funqcia swored direqtoratis saqmianobaze
kontrolia. sameTvalyureo sabWos nebismier dros SeuZlia moiTxovos direqtorebi-
sagan saqmianobis angariSi, daniSnos da nebismier dros gamoiwvios direqtorebi, aseve
maTTan dados da Sewyvitos xelSekrulebebi. rogorc profesori lado Wanturia aR-
niSnavs, direqtorebis saqmianobaze zedamxedvelobis ganxorcieleba sameTvalyureo
sabWos mxridan ar niSnavs mxolod saqmianobis marTlzomierebaze zedamxedvelobas
da kontrols, aramed saqmianobis mizanSewonilobisa da ekonomiurobis (yairaTiano-
bis) gakontrolebas.21 amitom sameTvalyureo sabWo pasuxismgebeli araa mxolod di-
reqtoratis mier marTlzomier ganxorcielebaze, aramed mis efeqturobazec im per-
speqtiviT, rom sawarmom rac SeiZleba meti mogeba naxos.22 ismis kiTxva? Tu sazogado-
ebis direqtori imavdroulad sameTvalyureo sabWos wevric iqneba, xom ar gamoiwvevs
es sameTvalyureo sabWos mxridan direqtoratze kontrolis Semcirebas. aRniSnuli
kontrolis ararseboba ki, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba savalalod aisaxos sazogadoebis mo-
mavalze. dasmul kiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi unda gaeces: ra Tqma unda. direqtori, ro-
melic imavdroulad sameTvalyureo sabWos wevricaa, Tavis Tavs ver gaakontrolebs
efeqturad da xarisxianad, xolo kanonis danawesi, romlis Tanaxmadac direqtorebi ar
SeiZleba umravlesobas warmoadgendnen sameTvalyureo sabWoSi, martivad rom vTqvaT,
saTanado garantiebs ver iZleva.
17
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, 52-e muxli, me-3 winadadeba.
18
iqve, 52-e muxli, me-4 winadadeba.
19
iqve, 55-e muxli, me-2 punqti, me-2 winadadeba.
20
iqve, 55.3 muxli (gauqmebuli redaqcia).
21
Grunewald B., Geselschaftsrecht.2.Aufl., 1996, 254-255. miTiTebulia: Wanturia l., niniZe T.,
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis komentari, Tb., 2002, 411.
22
Wanturia l., niniZe T., mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis komentari, Tb., 2002, 411.
253
direqtorebis monawileobiT arsebuli sameTvalyureo sabWo sul ufro metad

emsgavseba amerikul bords (the board of directors), vidre germanul sameTvalyureo sabWos
(Aufsichtsrat). sayovelTaod aRiarebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, amerikuli bordi korpo-
raciis marTvis erTaderTi savaldebulo organoa.23 garda amisa, bords aqvs rogorc
sameTvalyureo sabWos, aseve gamgeobis (direqtoratis) uflebamosileba, rac mas aq-
cevs korporaciis yvelaze Zlier da gavlenian organod.24 swored aseT organos SeiZ-
leba warmoadgendes qarTuli sameTvalyureo sabWo, romlis SemadgenlobaSic direq-
tori Sedis.
2.1. direqtorati da sameTvalyureo sabWo
direqtori samewarmeo sazogadoebis marTvis aucilebeli organoa, romelsac

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba sazogadoebis saqmianobis sworad warmarTvaSi.25 au-
cileblad unda iTqvas, rom ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Semdeg ar iqna gaTvalis-
winebuli damoukidebeli direqtorebis arseboba, e.w `Non-management Directors”. im pi-
robebSi, rodesac sameTvalyureo sabWo savaldebulo organos aRar warmoadgens, al-
baT mniSvnelovania arsebobdes kontroli direqtoratis `Board~ saqmianobaze.
aqcionerTa saerTo kreba yoveldRiur biznesis warmoebas efeqtur kontrols
ver gauwevs. investorisaTvis, romelic apirebs fulis dabandebas, udidesi mniSvne-
loba eniWeba imas, Tu rogor xdeba gadawyvetilebebis miReba da xorcieldeba Tu ara
kontroli direqtoris gadawyvetilebebze. miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebaze
kontrols, ra Tqma unda, Tavad direqtorati axorcielebs. investorisaTvis sainte-
resoa, rogor iRebs es organo gadawyvetilebas da arsebobs Tu ara gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebis procesze efeqturi kontroli.
damoukidebeli direqtorebis arseboba bordSi mniSvnelovani signalia investo-
rebisaTvis, vinaidan aRniSnuli faqti cxadyofs, rom direqtorati yovelTvis mzadaa
,,Semowmeba~ gaiaros damoukidebeli profesionalebis mxridan. meore dadebiTi Tvise-
ba, rac damoukidebeli direqtorebis arsebobas SeiZleba hqondes, aris is, rom direq-
torebi ufro metad daculni arian aqcionerTa mier maT winaaRmdeg wardgenili sar-
Celebisgan.26
aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia mivideT daskvnamde, rom ganxorci-
elebuli cvlilebebis Semdeg mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT gaTvaliswine-
buli sawarmos marTvis sistema arcTu mimzidvelia investorebisaTvis. direqtoratis
uflebebi da funqciebi gazrdilia, kontroli ki Sesustebuli.
magaliTad, germaniis saaqcio kanonis 117-e paragrafis Sesabamisad, zianis moTx-
ovnis ufleba aqvs sazogadoebas direqtoratis meSveobiT da ara calkeul aqcioners.
23
24
iqve, 113.
25
lazaraSvili l., Tanamedrove sakorporacio samarTlis Teoriuli da praqtikuli
sakiTxebi, sasamsaxuro xelSekruleba sawarmos direqtorTan, partniori da direqto-
ri Sidasazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi, Tb., 2009, 309.
26
Clarke D.C., Three Concepts of the Independent Directors (73-111) in: Delaware Corporate law Journal, Vol.32,
Widener University School of Law, Delaware,,2007, 106, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.
journals/decor32&id=1&collection=journals&index=journals/decor>.
254
Tavad aqcioners damoukideblad ar aqvs ufleba, zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna wauye-

nos zianis mimyenebels. amisTvis man Tavdapirvelad unda mimarTos sazogadoebis di-
reqtorats, rogorc xelmZRvanelobiT da warmomadgenlobiT organos.27
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis me-8 punqti yuradRebas
amaxvilebs imaze, rom Tuki dominanti partniori an erTad moqmedi partniorTa jgu-
fi borotad gamoiyenebs Tavis dominantur mdgomareobas sazogadoebis interesebis
sawinaaRmdegod, maSin man danarCen partniorebs unda aunazRauros es ziani.28 aRniSnu-
lis gaTvaliswinebiT, cxadi xdeba, Tu raoden didia direqtoratis roli aqcionerTa
(partniorTa) mier sakuTari uflebebis dacvisa da realizaciis TvalsazrisiT. ro-
gorc zemoT aRiniSna, zianis anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebiT dazaralebuli aqcione-
ri mimarTavs direqtorats, xolo direqtorati, rogorc sawarmos warmomadgeneli da
mmarTveli organo, sawarmos saxeliT gvevlineba mosarCeled zianis mimyenebeli aqci-
oneris winaaRmdeg.
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis me-10 punqtis Tanaxmad,29 sa-
zogadoebis partniors ufleba aqvs miiRos informacia sazogadoebis saqmianobis Se-
saxeb, magaliTad, wliuri angariSis asli da a.S. xolo dasaxelebuli informaciis ga-
cemaze valdebuli piri aris sazogadoeba, anu direqtorati, rogorc sazogadoebis
xelmZRvanelobiTi da warmomadgenlobiTi organo. swored direqtoratia informaci-
is gacemaze valdebuli organo da ara sameTvalyureo sabWo.30 savaraudod, dasaxele-
buli normebi mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonSi germanuli analogis gavleniT iqna Setanili,
Tumca Semdgom ganxorcielda cvlilebebi qarTul sakorporacio kanonmdeblobaSi
da, germanuli analogisgan gansxvavebiT, aq ukve sameTvalyureo sabWos arseboba sa-
valdebulo aRar aris.
saqarTveloSi korporaciuli marTvis gamocdilebis da kulturis simciris ga-
mo, direqtorebi, sameTvalyureo sabWo (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) da aqcionerebi
`xidis~ erT mxares arian, xolo sawarmoSi dasaqmebuli muSakebi am `xidis~ meore mxa-
res. damkvidrebuli praqtikis Sesabamisad, direqtori unda asrulebdes aqcionerTa
da sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrTa miTiTebebs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi samsaxurs
dakargavs.31 aRniSnuli praqtika, ra Tqma unda, ar Seesabameba mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqar-
Tvelos kanonis danawess, romlis Tanaxmadac sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelebis valde-
buleba ar wydeba imis gamo, rom isini moqmedebdnen partniorTa gadawyvetilebis Se-
sasruleblad.32
27
burduli i., mcire aqcioneris uflebaTa borotad gamoyeneba, Tanamedrove sakorpora-
cio samarTlis Teoriuli da praqtikuli sakiTxebi, TinaTin wereTlis saxelmwifosa
da samarTlis instituti, Tb., 2009, 270-271.
28
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, me-3 muxli, me-8 punqti.
29
iqve, me-3 muxli, me-10 punqti.
30
burduli i., mcire aqcioneris uflebaTa borotad gamoyeneba, Tanamedrove sakorpora-
cio samarTlis Teoriuli da praqtikuli sakiTxebi, TinaTin wereTlis saxelmwifosa
da samarTlis instituti, Tb., 2009, 276.
31
ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2003 wlis 26 ivnisis ganCineba (saqme №as 68-767-
03). uzenaesma sasamarTlom saqme daabruna xelaxla gansaxilvelad, saqme Seexeboda di-
reqtoris Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebas, xolo gaTavisuflebis mizezad direqtor-
sa da aqcionerebs Soris arsebuli uTanxmoeba saxeldeboda.
32
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, 9.6 muxli.
255
direqtori (menejeri) unda iyos kargi mediatori da moqmedebdes rogorc aqci-

onerTa, aseve kompaniaSi dasaqmebul TanamSromelTa sasargeblod. direqtori, rome-
lic `xidis~ erT mxares dgas, pirnaTlad ver Seasrulebs kanonmdeblobiT masze dakis-
rebul movaleobebs, miuxedavad imisa, Tu am xidis romel mxares dgas igi.
3. direqtorTa uflebebi
a. direqtoris ufleba, hqondes wvdoma direqtoratis mier warmoebul

saqmeebze da Sesabamisad, srulyofilad monawileobdes
direqtoratis saqmianobaSi
direqtoratis roli sawarmos marTvis procesSi ganuzomlad didia. direqtore-

bi ar moqmedeben mecnierebis, iuristebis, arqiteqtorebis da a.S. msgavsad. maTi val-
debuleba ZiriTadad gulisxmobs biznesis zedamxedvelobas, korporatiuli politi-
kis gansazRvras da gadawyvetilebis miRebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli biznes-
tranzaqcia iqneba ufro momgebiani sawarmosaTvis.33 Sesabamisad, diretoris ufleba,
flobdes srul informacias gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, Zalze mniSvnelovania.
saqarTvelos kanoni mewarmeTa Sesaxeb raime specialur danawess miTiTebul uf-
lebasTan dakavSirebiT ar icnobs. aqve unda iTqvas, rom am uflebis realizaciis gare-
Se direqtori (direqtorati) ver SeZlebs Tavis valdebulebebis srulyofilad Ses-
rulebas sawarmos mimarT.
Sesabamisi informaciis flobis gareSe gadawyvetilebis miReba yovelgvari go-
nierebis farglebs cdeba, maSin rodesac mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni direq-
torebs avaldebulebs gamoiCinon windaxeduleba da gadawyvetilebis miRebisas moiq-
cnen ise, rogorc gonieri adamiani moiqceoda msgavs situaciaSi.34
delaveris StatSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, direqtors aqvs ufleba,
flobdes srul informacias bordis mier gansaxorcielebel operaciebTan dakavSire-
biT, Tumca arsebobs SemTxvevebi, roca aqcioners SesaZlebloba aqvs, ar dauSvas direq-
tori raime informaciasTan. garda aseTi gamonaklisisa, direqtori yvela SemTxvevaSi
uflebamosilia flobdes srul informacias kompaniis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT.35
mmarTvelobis kolegiuri organos wevri valdebulia danarCen wevrebs gaacnos
informacia, romelic mniSvnelovania maT mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis an zedamxedve-
lobis gansaxorcieleblad.36
bunebrivia, direqtori yvela sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT amomwurav codnas da in-
formacias ar flobs. mas SeuZlia daeyrdnos TanamSromelTa mier miwodebul cnobebsa
33
Hanks J. Jr., Evaluating Recent State Legislation on Director and Officer Liability Limitation and Indenifica-
tion in: Reprinted from the Business Lawyer, a Publication of the Section of Business Law (Formerly section
Section of Corporation, Banking and Business Law) American Bar Association. Copyright 1988 American
Bar Association, Vol. 43, No.4, August 1988, 1232.
34
35
Welch E.P.,Turezyn A.J., Folk on the Delaware General Corporation Law, Fundaments, Aspen Publishers”,
,New York, 2005, 94.
36
165
256
da moxsenebebs, bordis komitetis daskvnebs, iuristis, sagadasaxado mrCevlis an sxva

eqspertis rekomendaciebs. gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas igi aseve uflebamosilia ko-
mitetis an Tanamdebobis pirTa mier delegirebuli uflebamosilebis Sesrulebis Se-
degebi gaiTvaliswinos.37
b. iuridiuli konsultaciis miRebis ufleba
direqtorati sazogadoebis marTvis umTavresi rgolia. direqtoris profesio-

nalizmi da unarianoba mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs sawarmos warmatebas, Sesabamisad,
direqtoris ufleba, miiRos iuridiuli rCeva, gaiaros konsultacia Sesabamis Tanam-
SromelTan an Tundac komitetTan, Zalze mniSvnelovania.
delaveris kanonmdebloba am uflebas sasicocxlo uflebas uwodebs. saqarTve-
los kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ msgavsi saxis danawess ar icnobs, Tumca, mewarmeTa Se-
saxeb saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisi muxlebis ganmartebis safuZvelze,38 SesaZlebe-
lia, mivideT daskvnamde, rom qarTuli kompaniis direqtors ufleba aqvs moiTxovos
iuridiuli konsultacia misaReb gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT. ufro metic, Tu
direqtori miiRebs gadawyvetilebas Sesabamisi informaciis gareSe, SesaZlebelia mas
pasuxi moeTxovos zianisaTvis, Tuki gadawyvetilebas msgavsi Sedegi mohyveba.
direqtorebis movaleobaa, ufro metic, isini waxalisebul unda iyvnen imisaT-
vis, rom miiRon sarisko gadawyvetilebebi, raTa gazardon mogeba da Semosavali sawar-
mosaTvis da, Sesabamisad, aqcionerTaTvis.39 ra Tqma unda, aq ar igulisxmeba gadawyve-
tilebis brmad miReba. sarisko gadawyvetileba aucileblad saTanado, srulyofili
informaciis safuZvelze unda iqnes miRebuli, rom direqtoris pasuxismgeblobis sa-
kiTxi ar dadges.
4. direqtorTa movaleobebi – Director’s duties
4.1. konceptualuri msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi
direqtorTa movaleoba Zalian farTo cnebaa.unda aRiniSnos, rom direqtorebi

warmoadgenen aucilebel (SeiZleba iTqvas, savaldebulo) personebs kompaniaTa mar-
Tvisa da maTi mesame pirebTan warmomadgenlobis procesSi.40 mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqar-
Tvelos kanonis 56-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebis xelmZRvaneloba
da warmomadgenloba evalebaT direqtorebs. ufro metic, rogorc profesori lado
Wanturia aRniSnavs, direqtoratis movaleobebi da funqciebi imdenad specifikuria,
rom ar SeiZleba isini gadacemul iqnes kompaniis sxva nebismier organoze.41 aRniSnuli
mosazreba srulad iziarebs samewarmeo samarTlis ganviTarebis amerikul mimarTule-
bas, romlis Tanaxmadac direqtorebi is personebi arian, romlebsac ekisrebaT sawar-
37
38
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelo kanoni, me-9 muxli.
39
iqve.
40
Wanturia l., niniZe T., mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis komentari, Tb., 2002, 119.
41
iqve.
257
mos marTvis valdebuleba. is, rom swored maT (da ara aqcionerebs) aqvT Zalaufleba
kompaniis marTvisa, warmoSobs direqtorTa mzrunvelobiT (Fiduciary) valdebulebas
rogorc aqcionerebis, aseve Tavad sawarmos mimarT.42
direqtorTa valdebuleba SesaZloa or farTo kategoriad daiyos, kerZod,
zrunvis valdebulebad (Duty of Care) da erTgulebis valdebulebad (Duty of Loyalty), xo-
lo, zogadad, maT direqtorTa mzrunvelobiTi valdebuleba SeiZleba vuwodoT. swo-
red amitom, xSirad direqtorebs moixsenieben rogorc sawarmoze mzrunvel pirebs (Fi-
duciaries).43
miuxedavad kanonis normaTa msgavsebisa, qarTuli sakorporacio samarTali ar
gamoirCeva direqtorTa movaleobebis zusti formulirebiT. magaliTad, erT-erT
cnobil saqmeze Smith vs Van Gorkom44 delaveris umaRlesma sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom
direqtorTa mzrunvelobiTi (Fiduciary) movaleoba sawarmos mimarT moicavs zrunvis
(Duty of Care) da erTgulebis (Duty of Loyalty) valdebulebas,45 maSin rodesac msgavsi cal-
saxa miTiTeba qarTul samarTalSi ar aris.
delaveris StatSi zrunvisa da erTgulebis valdebuleba direqtorebs gaaCniaT
Tavad sawarmos (kompaniis) da ara misi kreditorebis mimarT. isini valdebuli arian,
marTon sawarmo keTilsindisierad (act in good faith) da gulwrfeli rwmeniT imisa, rom
maT mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba, upirvelesad, kompaniis interesebs emsaxureba da
mimarTulia imisken, rom gazardos aqcionerTa Semosavlebi.46
delaveris sakorporacio samarTlisa da samewarmeo korporaciebis Sesaxeb mo-
deluri aqtis (Model Business Corporation Act, (MBCA) Tanaxmad, direqtorTa valdebulebe-
bi sawarmos mimarT ganxilulia individualurad TiToeul direqtorTan mimarTebaSi
da ara direqtoratis, rogorc organos, mimarT. gansxvavebul viTarebaSi direqtors
SesaZloa sxvadasxva movaleoba gaaCndes. direqtoris valdebuleba sawarmos mimarT
arsebobs ucvlelad, mudmivad, magram Tu ra saxis valdebuleba gaaCnda direqtors
konkretuli saqmidan gamomdinare, swored am konkretuli sakiTxis ganxilvis Sedegad
unda gairkves. magaliTad, direqtoris valdebuleba sawarmosTan mimarTebaSi, rome-
lic finansuri problemebis winaSe dgas da direqtoris valdebuleba iseTi sawarmos
mimarT, romlis gayidvac aris gansazRvruli, gansxvavebuli iqneba da TiToeuli gare-
moebis damoukideblad ganxilvis Sedegad unda dadgindes.
direqtoris movaleobebze saubrisas saqarTvelos sakorporacio samarTali aR-
niSnavs, rom direqtori unda moqmedebdes keTilsindisierad da maqsimaluri infor-
maciis flobis safuZvelze im rwmeniT, rom misi es qmedeba yvelaze xelsayrelia sa-
warmosaTvis. aRniSnuli valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi direqtori valdebuli
iqneba aunazRauros kompanias ziani (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi). zianis SemTxvevaSi
42
Smith J.A., Morreale M., Global Climate Change and U.S. Law, Chicago, “Illinois“, American Bar Associa-
tion, 2007, 498.
43
Hamilto R. W., TheLaw of Corporations, 5th, St. Paul , MINN 2000, 444-445.
44
Supreme Court of Delaware, Smith v Van Gorkom, 488A. 2d 858 Delaware1985, <http://international.west-
law.com/find/default.wl?sp=intbucrs-000&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLIN11.04&cite=488A
.2d+858+&fn=_top&mt=314&vr=2.0&findjuris=00001>.
45
Welch E. P., Turezyn A. J., Folk on the Delaware General Corporation Law, Fundaments, Aspen publishers,
New York,2005, 82.
46
Hamilton R. W.,The Law of Corporations, 5th ed., West Group, St. Paul, 2000, 497.
258
direqtori pasuxs agebs solidarulad mTeli Tavisi qonebiT.47 Tuki ziani dadga, di-
reqtorma unda daadasturos, rom is moqmedebda mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos ka-
nonis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. sawarmos, Tavis mxriv, ufleba ar aqvs, uari Tqvas di-
reqtoris mxridan zianis anazRaurebis miRebaze. aseve zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis
ufleba aqvT kompaniis kreditorebs, Tuki kompania maTi kanonieri moTxovnis dakmayo-
filebas ver axorcielebs.48
sainteresoa `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis danawesi, romelic adgens,
rom direqtorebi sawarmosaTvis miyenebuli zianisaTvis pasuxs ageben solidarulad
mTeli Tavisi qonebiT pirdapir da uSualod.49 yuradRebas iqcevs da ganmartebas sa-
Wiroebs direqtorebis solidarulad pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, kerZod, gamoricxavs
Tu ara kanonis normis msgavsi formulireba individualurad TiToeuli direqtoris
pasuxismgeblobas? am normas farTo ganmarteba unda mieces da imgvarad unda iqnes
gagebuli, rogorc es aSS-sa da inglisSi xdeba. qarTuli samewarmeo kanonmdeblobac
iZleva imis saSualebas, rom individualurad dadges TiToeuli direqtoris pasuxis-
mgeblobis sakiTxi. sxvagvarad mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis es danawesi Tavis mniSvnelo-
bas dakargavda.
sayovelTaod damkvidrebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, direqtori valdebulia
imoqmedos sawarmos interesebisa da ara romelime aqcioneris interesebis sasikeTod.
ufro metic, sawarmos da aqcionerTa jgufs Soris interesTa gadakveTisas direqtori
valdebulia daikavos pozicia, romelic, misi rwmeniT, sawarmosTvis iqneba xelsayre-
li. am SemTxvevaSi umoqmedobac ki direqtoris mxridan sawarmos mimarT erTgulebis
da zrunvis valdebulebis darRvevad CaiTvleba.50
am mxriv, saqarTveloSi gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa. praqtika gviCvenebs, rom
qarTul kompaniaSi direqtorebad iniSnebian pirebi, romlebic aqcionerTan daaxlo-
ebulni arian piradi nacnobobisa da megobrobis da ara profesionalizmis gaTvalis-
winebiT (es ar exeba saqarTveloSi moqmed kompaniaTa 100%-s, Tumca, samwuxarod, Ziri-
Tadi tendencia aseTia). aqcionerebi cdiloben uSualo gavlena hqondeT direqtorze
da, Sesabamisad, im gadawyvetilebebze, romlebsac direqtorati iRebs. cxadia, msgav-
si praqtika dadebiT zegavlenas ver moaxdens korporaciuli marTvis sistemis ganvi-
Tarebaze. ufro metic, igi damabrkolebel garemoebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, vinaidan
aseT SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas ar aris daculi is mTavari principebi,
romlebsac efuZneba iseTi ganviTarebuli qveynebis korporaciuli marTvis sisteme-
bi, rogorebicaa amerika, inglisi da germania. xolo sadavo faqts ar warmoadgens is ga-
remoeba, rom dasaxelebuli qveynebis sakorporacio kanonmdebloba samagaliTo gaxda
araerTi saxelmwifosaTvis.
konkretul garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, kerZod, Tu ra viTarebaSi moxda di-
reqtoris arCeva, zogierTi maTgani miiCnevs, rom warmoadgens e.w. `sapatio direq-
tors~ raime realuri valdebulebis gareSe sawarmos winaSe. zog maTgans, mcdari mo-
sazrebis safuZvelze, sjera, rom vinaidan bordSi warmoadgens umciresobas, mas ar
47
48
iqve, 56-e muxli, me-4 punqti.
49
iqve, me-9 muxli, me-6 punqti, 56-e muxli, me-4 punqti.
50
Welch E. P., Turezyn A. J., Folk on the Delaware General Corporation Law, Fundaments, Aspen Publishers,
New York, 2005, 88.
259
aqvs valdebulebebi sawarmos mimarT da ar iRebs pasuxismgeblobas imaze, Tu ra xdeba.

unda iTqvas, rom nebismieri saxis darRveva sawarmos marTvis procesSi zrunvis mova-
leobis darRvevaa. zemoaRniSnul garemoebaTa gamo, direqtoris pasuxismgebloba am
darRvevisaTvis ar gamoiricxeba.51
cxadia, direqtoris mxridan valdebulebis darRvevas SeiZleba adgili hqondes
rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve amerikaSi. mTavari gansxvaveba qveynebs Soris warmoiSoba,
rodesac kanonmdebloba ver qmnis imgvar sistemas, romelic Tavidan agvaridebs val-
debulebis arasrulyofil Sesrulebas an, sul mcire, Seamcirebs mainc msgavs faqtebs.
cxadia, am mxriv saqarTvelo ufro didi riskis qveS dgas, vidre inglisi, aSS da germa-
nia. msgavsi problemis warmoSoba gansakuTrebiT naklebad aris mosalodneli aSS-Si
(delaveris Stati), sadac sasamarTlo praqtikis gavlena sakorporacio samarTalze
ganuzomlad didia.52
4.2. zrunvis movaleoba – Duty of Care
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni adgens direqtorebis da sameTvalyureo

sabWos wevrebis valdebulebas, marTon sawarmo keTilsindisierad da zrunavdnen ise,
rogorc zrunavs analogiur Tanamdebobaze da analogiur pirobebSi myofi Cveuleb-
rivi saRad moazrovne piri da moqmedeben im rwmeniT, rom maTi es moqmedeba yvelaze
xelsayrelia sawarmosaTvis.53 miTiTebuli danawesi Zalian zogadia, kiTxvis niSnis
qveS rCeba, Tu vin miiCneva `msgavs situaciaSi da Tanamdebobaze myof Cveulebriv sa-
Rad moazrovne pirad~ da ra moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes igi. qarTuli sasamar-
Tlo praqtikis mier jerjerobiT mkafiod dadgenili da dazustebuli ar aris moce-
muli norma. delaveris sakorporacio samarTlis Tanaxmad, direqtori valdebulia,
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas hqondes sruli informacia da iTvaliswinebdes yvela Se-
saZlo Sedegs im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, razec mas gadawyvetilebis miReba uxdeba. de-
laveris sakorporacio samarTlis es danawesi SesaZloa kargi magaliTi iyos qarTuli
samarTlisaTvis da sasamarTlo praqtikisaTvis direqtorTa zrunvis valdebulebaze
saubrisas. marTalia arc es ukanaskneli iZleva absoluturi sizustiT direqtoris
moqmedebis Sefasebis SesaZleblobas, magram aq meti sicxadea Setanili, metad aris da-
konkretebuli, Tu ra moeTxoveba direqtors sawarmos marTvisas da zogadad gadawy-
vetilebis miRebisas.
delaveris sakorporacio samarTlis Tanaxmad, direqtors gaaCnia valdebuleba
sawarmos mimarT, marTavdes mas keTilsindisierad da zrunavdes masze. aSS-is State-
bis umravlesoba iziarebs samewarmeo korporaciebis Sesaxeb medeluri aqtis (Model
Business corporate act) danawess, romlis Tanaxmadac direqtori valdebulia: 1) keTilsin-
disierad 2) zrunavdes sawarmoze, rogorc analogiur poziciaze myofi saRad moaz-
rovne piri izrunebda msgavs situaciaSi 3) gulwrfeli, gonivruli rwmeniT, rom sa-
warmos saukeTeso interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedebs.54
51
Hamilton R.W., The Law of Corporations, 5th, West Group, St. Paul , 2000, 450-451.
52
Cox J. D., How Delaware Law Can Support Better Corporate Governance, 335-350 wignSi: ScottK. F., Pare-
des T. A., (eds.) Perspectives on Corporate Governance, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2010, 339.
53
54
Hamilton R. W., The Law of Corporations, 6th ed., West Group, St. Paul , 2000, 448.
260
direqtoris pasuxismgebloba SesaZloa dadges, Tuki dadgindeba, rom miRebul

iqna daufiqrebeli da gauazrebli gadawyvetileba, an Tuki gairkveva, rom araferi iq-
na gakeTebuli SesaZlo danakargis Tavidan asacileblad.55 ufro metic, Tundac ise-
Ti subieqturi garemoebebi, rogorebicaa direqtoris avadmyofoba, asaki da a.S. ver
gaxdeba misi pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis safuZveli. vinaidan kompaniis me-
nejmentis wevroba sul cota erT valdebulebas mainc akisrebs direqtors – gadadges
dakavebuli poziciidan, Tuki igi grZnobs, rom ver asrulebs im moTxovnebs da valde-
bulebebs, rac sakorporacio kanonmdeblobiT da kompaniis wesdebiT aris dadgenili.
direqtori ver iqneba Tavisufali Tavis valdebulebebisagan mxolod imitom,
rom es valdebulebebi misTvis mZime Sesasrulebelia56. dasaxelebuli principebi Se-
saZloa saerTod ver gamoricxavs direqtorTa pasuxismgeblobas valdebulebis dar-
Rvevis gamo, magram mniSvnelovnad amcirebs risks,57 vinaidan minimaluri standarti
mainc unda arsebobdes. es mxolod daexmareba direqtorebs da maT iuristebs, maTTvis
cnobili iyos, ra minimaluri valdebuleba ekisreba direqtors sawarmos mimarT. maga-
liTad, delaveris sakanclero sasamarTlos (Court of Chancery58) ganmartebis Tanaxmad,
Tuki direqtorisaTvis cnobili iyo sakiTxi, romelzec direqtoratma gadawyvetile-
ba miiRo, magram msjelobisas mas Tavis pozicia ar daufiqsirebia, iTvleba, rom es di-
reqtori direqtoratis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdegia. msgavsi midgoma
exmareba sasamarTlos da Tavad kompaniebs, gansazRvron, daarRvia Tu ara direqtor-
ma zrunvis valdebuleba sawarmos mimarT, rodesac misi pozicia romelime konkretul
tranzaqciasTan dakavSirebiT naTeli ar aris.59
miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, direqtorTa valdebulebis farglebi da buneba
erT-erTi yvelaze ufro xSirad ganxilvadi sakiTxia delaveris precedentul samar-
TalSi da doqtrinaSi. mosazrebebi gansxvavebulia imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra moTx-
ovna unda waeyenos direqtors, CaiTvleba direqtoris mxridan gaufrTxilebloba
(negligent) da windauxedaoba (imprudent) valdebulebis darRvevad, Tu mxolod uxeSi ga-
ufrTxileblobis (gross negligent) dros unda dadges pasuxismgebloba.60
uxeSi gaufrTxileblobad miiCneva direqtoris gulgrili damokidebuleba an
winaswar ganzraxulad usafuZvlo ignorireba aqcionerTa, sawarmos interesebisa da
gansaxorcielebeli, mniSvnelovani tranzaqciebis mimarT.61 SeuZlebelia praqtikosma
iuristma gverdi auaros zrunvis valdebulebis standartze saubars, direqtorisaT-
vis Sesabamisi rekomendaciebis micemisas, swored amitom delaveris saapelacio sasa-
55
Smith J.A., Morreale M., Global Climate Change and U.S. Law, Chicago, “Illinois”, American Bar Associa-
tion, 2007, 498.
56
Hamilton R. W., The Law of Corporations, 5th ed., West Group, St. Paul, 2000, 451-452.
57
iqve, 453.
58
<http://courts.delaware.gov/chancery/>.
59
New York2005, 119.
60
Drexler D.A., Black L.S.,Gilchrist Sparks A., Delaware Corporation Law and Practice, ‘’bender,’’ New York,
2010, 15-40
61
Smith J. A., Morreale M., Global Climate Change and U.S. Law, qalaqi, 2007, 500.-Smith J.A., Morreale M.,
Global Climate Change and U.S. Law, Chicago, “ Illinois “, American Bar Association 2007, 500
261
marTlo cdilobs daadginos ZiriTadi direqtivebi direqtoris zrunvis movaleobas-

Tan dakavSirebiT.62
zrunvis movaleobis darRveva iTvleba direqtoris mxridan valdebulebis dar-
Rvevad. igi valdebulia marTavdes da akontrolebdes sawarmos, mis saqmianobas.63 aSS-
Si damkvidrebuli praqtikis Tanaxmad, direqtori valdebulia gadawyvetileba miiRos
da endobodes mxolod srulyofil da gadamowmebul informacias. Tumca direqtoris
pasuxismgebloba ar vrceldeba informaciis xarisxze, romelic man daqvemdebarebul
pasuxismgebel pirTagan miiRo. zrunvis valdebuleba adgens imas, rom direqtori unda
moqmedebdes keTilsindisierad (Acting in good faith) im informaciis safuZvelze, rac mas
xelT aqvs da ar exeba am informaciis warmomavlobas, wyaros. Sesabamisad, direqtore-
bis mxridan zrunvis valdebuleba darRveulad ar iTvleba, rodesac isini gadawyve-
tilebas iReben zemodasaxelebul pirTagan miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze.64 de-
laveris sakorporacio samarTali adgens direqtoris absolutur daculobas (Director
should be fully protected), Tuki igi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas moqmedebda keTilsindisie-
rad, daqvemdebarebuli menejerebis an daqiravebuli eqspertis mier miRebuli infor-
maciis safuZvelze.65
miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, aucilebelia dadgenil iqnes minimaluri standar-
ti direqtoris mier mopovebul informaciasTan mimarTebaSi. direqtori valdebulia
gaaanalizos yvela SesaZlo alternatiuli gadawyvetileba konkretul korporaci-
ul tranzaqciasTan dakavSirebiT, sadac aseve mis mier gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes
tranzaqciis mniSvneloba kompaniisaTvis, misi Rirebuleba da a.S. magaliTad, rodesac
gadawyvetileba exeba kompaniis gasxvisebas an rekapitalizacias, rasac SesaZloa moh-
yves kompaniaze kontrolis cvlileba, msgavsi tranzaqciebis mniSvnelobidan gamomdi-
nare, direqtors gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba da mtkicebis tvirTi warmoeSoba,
raTa daadasturos, rom msgavsi gadawyvetileba Sesabamisi srulyofili informaciis
safuZvelze iqna miRebuli.66
unda iTqvas, rom direqtoris keTilsindisiereba informaciis mopovebisas da
Sefasebisas warmoadgens damabrkolebel garemoebas direqtoris pasuxismgeblobis
kvalifikaciasTan mimarTebaSi.67 rogorc erT-erTi cnobili saqmis Smith v Van Gorkom
ganxilvisas gairkva, funansuri interesis armqone direqtoric ki SeiZleba iyos per-
sonalurad pasuxismgebeli biznesgadawyvetilebis gamo, Tuki mis mier darRveul iqna
62
Drexler D. A,. Black L. S., Sparks, Gilchrist, A.-Drexler D.A., Black L.S., Sparks A.G., Delaware Corporation
Law and Practice, “bender,’’ New York , 2010, 15-41.
63
Welch E. P., Turezyn A. J., Folk on the Delaware General Corporation Law, Fundaments, Aspen publishers,
2005, 79.
64
iqve, 104.
65
Delaware General Corporate Law, Section 141(e)od provides that members of the board of directors or com-
mittees of the board shall, in the performance of their duties, be “fully protected “ in relying in good faith
upon the records of the corporation and upon such information, opinions, reports, or statements presented to
the corporation by any of the corporation’s officers or employees or committees of the board or by reasonably
selected outside experts or consultants. ix. aseve, Drexler D.A., Black L.S.,SparksG.A., Delaware Corpora-
tion Law and Practice, “bender’’, New York, 2010, 15-45.
66
NewYork, 2005, 82.
67
iqve.
262
zrunvis valdebulebis aucilebeli standarti.68 Sesabamisad, mxolod is faqti, rom

direqtors tranzaqciis mimarT finansuri interesi ar hqonia, ar niSnavs, rom igi au-
cileblad keTilsindisierad iRebda gadawyvetilebas.
zrunvis valdebuleba da masTan dakavSirebuli zemoaRniSnuli aspeqtebi ganvi-
Tarebis gzas adgas saqarTveloSi. ZiriTadi principebi da standartebi mocemul sa-
kiTxTan dakavSirebiT jerjerobiT dadgenili ar aris sasamarTlo praqtikis mier, ise
rogorc es delaveris StatSia. Sesabamisad, delaveris sakorporacio samarTlisa da
mdidari sasamarTlo praqtikis gamocdileba direqtoris mier sawarmos mimarT gamo-
Cenil zrunvis movaleobasTan dakavSirebiT, SesaZloa gaxdes magaliTi da damxmare sa-
Sualeba qarTuli sakorporacio samarTlisaTvis zrunvis movaleobis gansazRvrasTan
mimarTebaSi.
4.3. erTgulebis movaleoba – Duty of Loyalty
direqtors, romelic mniSvnelovani figura sawarmoSi, SesaZloa hqondes piradi

biznesinteresebic. Sesabamisad, riski valdebulebisaTvis gverdis avlisa, im mizniT,
rom miiRos piradi sargebeli, ra Tqma unda, arsebobs da yovelTvis iarsebebs. direq-
toris movaleobas, Tavi aaridos msgavs saSiSroebas, xSirad erTgulebis movaleobas
uwodeben (Duty of Loyalty).69 erTgulebis movaleoba avaldebulebs direqtors, gamo-
ricxos konkurencia kompaniasTan piradi dainteresebis gamo. direqtori valdebulia
moqmedebdes keTilsindisierad, raTa wvlili Seitanos kompaniis warmatebaSi. piradi
gamorCenis mizniT man ar unda gamoiyenos resursebi da SesaZleblobebi, romelic kom-
panias ekuTvnis.70
amerikuli sakorporacio samarTlis mixedviT, direqtori valdebulia ar gaam-
JRavnos konfidencialuri informacia, romelic man Tavis saqmianobis ganxorciele-
bisas miiRo. aseve mas ekrZaleba gamoiyenos es informacia sakuTari miznebisaTvis.71
imave danawess Seicavs mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis 9.6 punqtic,72 rac kidev
erTi naTeli dadasturebaa qarTuli samewarmeo samarTlis da misi amerikuli analo-
gis msgavsebisa.
nebismieri korporaciuli marTvis sistema Seqmnilia imisTvis, rom Semcirebul
iqnes sawarmos marTvis xarjebi da gaizardos sawarmos momgebianoba efeqturi mar-
Tvis safuZvelze. Semcirebuli xarjebi gazrdili efeqturobis sapirispirod – es
konstruqcia ukve cxadyofs, Tu raoden rTul problemasTan gvaqvs saqme.
korporaciuli marTvis sferoSi momuSave avtorebi problemis gadaWris erT-
erT gzad asaxeleben direqtoratis saqmianobis samarTlebriv regulirebas. Tumca am
mimarTulebiT didi sifrTxilea saWiro, vinaidan, direqtoris mier gadawyvetilebis
68
Allen W., Kraakman R., Subramanian G., Commentary and Cases on The Law of Business Organization, 2nd
ed., Aspen publishers, NewYork, 2007, 257.
69
Smith J.A., Morreale M., Global Climate Change and U.S. Law, Chicago, “Illinois”, American Bar Associa-
tion, 2007, 504
70
Allen W., Kraakman R., Subramanian G., Commentary and Cases on The Law of Business Organization, 2nd
ed., , Aspen publishers, NewYork, 2007, 241.
71
KleinbergerD. S., Agency, Partnerships and LLCs,2nd ed., Aspen Publishers, New York, 119.
72
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, me-9 muxli, me-6 punqti, me-2 abzaci.
263
miReba cocxali procesia, sadac SeuZlebelia yvela niuansi winaswar iyos dagegmili
da samarTlebrivi gziT daregulirebuli, Sesabamisad, direqtoris SezRudva gadawy-
vetilebebSi da nebismier yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi sxva zemdgomi organoebisgan Tan-
xmobis miRebis aucilebloba SeiZleba damRupveli aRmoCndes sawarmosaTvis. gadawy-
vetilebis miRebis siswrafe erT-erTi mTavari faqtoria warmatebisa. `dro fulia~
– Sesabamisad, Tu gadawyvetileba droulad ar iqna miRebuli, sawarmo Semosavals da-
kargavs, rac pirdapir aisaxeba aqcionerTa, mesakuTreTa mdgomareobaze. Tavis mxriv,
direqtorisaTvis absoluturi damoukideblobis miniWeba risks Seicavs.
swored amitom damkvidrebuli praqtikis Tanaxmad, iseTi korporaciuli marTvis
tradiciis mqone qveyanaSi, rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, direqtors ara-
sodes sTxoven pasuxs mxolod imitom, rom misma gadawyvetilebam mogeba ar moutana sa-
warmos. igi, pirvel rigSi, pasuxs agebs imitom, rom arasruli informaciis safuZvelze
miiRo araswori gadawyvetileba.
aseve mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba, sawarmos direqtoris saxeliT sakuTar Tav-
Tan dadebul garigebebs. direqtors aseTi garigebis dadeba ar ekrZaleba, Tumca mas
nebismier SemTxvevaSi unda SeeZlos damtkiceba imisa, rom es garigeba sawarmosaTvis
absoluturad momgebiani da samarTliani iyo,73 rom msgavs viTarebaSi sxva pirTanac
imave pirobebiT daideboda garigeba.
msgavs danawess mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonic Seicavs:direqtorati-
sa da sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebs, aseTis arsebobisas, partniorTa krebis winaswa-
ri Tanxmobis gareSe ufleba ar aqvT, piradi sargeblobis miRebis mizniT, gamoiyenon
sazogadoebis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli informacia, romelic maTTvis cnobili
gaxda TavianTi movaleobebis Sesrulebisas an Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareobis gamo.74
direqtori, romelsac garigebisadmi piradi finansuri interesi aqvs, SeiZleba
mikerZoebuli aRmoCndes. Sesabamisad, SesaZloa xelmZRvanelebis interesTa konfliq-
ti korporaciisaTvis zianis momtanad iqces. meore mxriv, sawarmosTvis aseTi garige-
bebi xSirad ufro xelsayrelia, vidre mesame pirTan samarTlebrivi urTierToba, ga-
momdinare mxareTa urTierTobidan.75
delaveris Statis samewarmeo samarTlis Tanaxmad, sawarmos xelmZRvaneli val-
debulia misTvis cnobili samewarmeo Sansebi Tavdapirvelad korporacias acnobos.
maTze sawarmos mxridan uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, direqtors SeuZlia samewarmeo SesaZ-
leblobiT Tavad isargeblos.76
korporaciuli SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT, direqtors SeuZ-
lia winaswar gamoiTxovos Tanxmoba maT gamoyenebaze, riTac Tavidan aiSorebs pasu-
xismgeblobas. direqtoris pasuxismgebloba aseve ar dadgeba, Tuki ganxorcielebul
tranzaqciasTan dakavSirebiT igi daasabuTebs, rom, pirvel rigSi, sawarmos interese-
bis Sesabamisad moqmedebda.
73
Kraakman R., Davies P., Hansmann H., Hertig G., Hopt K., Kanda H., Rock E.,The Anatomy of Corporate
Law, Oxford University Press, New York, 2003, 24.
74
75
Enriques L., Hertig G., Kanda H., Related-Party Transactions, The Anatomy of Corporate Law, ed. by Kraak-
man R., Klaus H., J. et al.,2nd ed., 2009, 154-155 ,miTiTebulia: juReli g., kapitalis dacva saaq-
cio sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2010, 169.
76
juReli g., kapitalis dacva saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, 2010, Tb., 171.
264
analogiur Canawers mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni ar icnobs, Tumca Se-

saZlebelia, am kanonis 9.5 punqtis farTo ganmartebis safuZvelze imave daskvnamde mi-
videT. magram gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi problema – direqtoris keTilsindisierebis
kontrolis TvalsazrisiT, qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi msgavsi saxis makontrolebeli
norma ar arsebobs.
amdenad, mosalodneli riskebisa da sargebelis Soris wonasworobis gamoZebna
ufro gamarTlebulia, vidre amave garigebaTa sacilod an baTilad gamocxadeba.77 ame-
rikis SeerTebul StatebSi gadawyvetilebas garigebis dasaSvebobis Sesaxeb damouki-
debeli direqtorebisgan Semdgari direqtorati iRebs.78
saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, msgavsi saxis gadawyvetile-
bebi sameTvalyureo sabWom unda miiRos (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi). Tumca, ro-
gorc ukve aRiniSna, sameTvalyureo sabWos arseboba savaldebulo aRar aris, Sesabami-
sad, sawarmoSi, romelsac es organo ar hyavs, direqtoris gadawyvetileba kontrolis
gareSe rCeba, vinaidan SeuZlebelia aqcionerTa saerTo krebam yoveldRiuri saqmiano-
bis kontroli ganaxorcielos.
nebismieri saxis qmedeba, romelmac SesaZloa mogeba moutanos direqtors da amis
sapirispirod danakargi ganicados kompaniam, ganxilul unda iqnes direqtoris mxri-
dan erTgulebis valdebulebis darRvevad.79
daculi rom iqnes direqtoris mxridan erTgulebis movaleoba, igi valdebulia
gaakeTos yvelaferi imisaTvis, raTa Tavidan airidos danakargi, an Tavi Seikavos iseTi
qmedebisagan, ramac SeiZleba negatiuri Sedegebi moutanos kompanias. direqtori val-
debulia sawarmos interesi daayenos pirad interesebze maRla da ise miiRos gadawyve-
tileba. rogorc wesi, aseT SemTxvevebSi direqtori valdebulia, gansakuTrebuli win-
daxedulebisa da zrunvis safuZvelze, miiRos saboloo gadawyvetileba.80
zemoaRniSnuli imgvarad ar unda iqnes gagebuli, rom direqtori mudmivad ze-
damxedvelobis qveS aris da misi TiToeuli gadawyvetileba zemodasaxelebuli kri-
teriumebis mixedviT gadis kontrols. piriqiT, delaveris saapelacio sasamarTlom
erT-erT msoflioSi cnobil paramaunTis saqmeze (Paramaunt case) samarTalwarmoebi-
sas ganmarta: `Cveulebriv viTarebaSi arc sasamarTlos da arc TviT aqcionerebs aqvT
ufleba, Caerion direqtoratis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi~.81 zemodasa-
xelebuli kriteriumebiT direqtoris gadawyvetilebis Sefaseba mxolod maSin xdeba,
Tuki mosarCele mxare daadasturebs, rom direqtoris mier arakeTilsindisierad iqna
gadawyvetileba miRebuli.delaveris saapelacio sasamarTlos miTiTebuli gadawyve-
tileba kargi magaliTi SeiZleba iyos rogorc qarTuli sasamarTlosaTvis, aseve moq-
medi biznesmenebisaTvis, direqtorebisaTvis, aqcionerebisa da praqtikosi iuristebi-
77
juReli g., kapitalis dacva saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, 2010, Tb.,169.
78
iqve.
79
Welch E. P., Turezyn A. J., Folk on the Delaware General Corporation Law, Fundaments,Aspen publishers,
New York 2005, 83.
80
iqve.
81
Supreme Court of Delaware, Paramount Communications, Inc. v. QVC Network, 637 A.2d 34,February 04,
1994, <http://international.westlaw.com/find/default.wl?sp=intbucrs-000&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Sp
lit&rs=WLIN11.04&cite=637+A.2d+34&fn=_top&mt=114&vr=2.0&findjuris=00001>.
265
saTvis, vinaidan saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli samwuxaro praqtikis gamo, direqtoris

mier gadawyvetilebebis miRebaTa procesSi xSiria uxeSi Carevebi, ZiriTadad aqcio-
nerTa mxridan.
5. Business Judgment Rule
The Business Judgment rule, one of the remarkable institutes

of American law was created by courts trying to defend directors’ rights
when facing an unwanted takeover82
Business Judgment Rule – instituti amerikuli sasamarTlo praqtikis pirmSoa da

dResdReobiT igi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs sawarmos marTvaSi. Tavisi Sinaarsidan
gamomdinare, mas SesaZlebelia, direqtoris mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis mimarT
moqmedi, ùdanaSaulobis prezumfcia vuwodoT~.
igi direqtors pasuxismgeblobisagan icavs, Tuki misi moqmedeba gonivrulobis
moTxovnebs akmayofilebs.83
Business Judgment Rule amerikul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi sawarmos xelmZRvanelTa
dacvis prezumfciis xasiaTi aqvs, romlis `gadalaxvac~ mosarCeles moeTxoveba, rac
imas gulismobs, rom mosarCelem sarwmunod unda daasabuTos direqtoris mxridan fi-
ducialuri (mzrunvelobiTi) valdebulebebis darRvevis faqti, is, rom igi arakeTil-
sindisierad moqmedebda. sasamarTlo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi daiwyebs saqmis arsebiT
ganxilvas, Tuki mosarCele am yovelives dadasturebas SeZlebs. am SemTxvevaSi mtkice-
bis tvirTi direqtorze gadadis da valdebuli xdeba daasabuTos, rom sawarmos inte-
resebidan gamomdinare moqmedebda.
mxolod imitom, rom direqtoris mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba saziano aRmoC-
nda sawarmosaTvis, misi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ar dadgeba, Tu dadasturda, rom di-
reqtori Tavisi uflebamosilebis farglebSi keTilsindisierad moqmedebda gadawy-
vetilebis miRebisas, rac Business Judgment Rule-is erT-erTi dadebiTi maxasiaTebelia.
`mtkiceba imisa, rom sawarmos ziani miadga mmarTvelis mier uflebamosilebis far-
glebSi keTilsindisierad, sawarmos miznebis gaTvaliswinebiTa da kanonierad dadebu-
li garigebis Sedegad, pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlad ver iqceva, ramdenad aragonivru-
ladac ar unda mogveCvenos ganxorcielebuli investicia post factum~.84
amerikuli sasamarTlo praqtikis mier dauSvebel simkacred iqna miCneuli di-
reqtoris mimarT absoluturi Seumcdarobis moTxovna.
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, direqtorebi da sameTvalyu-
reo sabWos wevrebi sazogadoebis saqmianobas unda gauZRvnen keTilsindisierad, ker-
Zod zrunavdnen ise, rogorc zrunavs analogiur Tanamdebobaze da analogiur piro-
82
Hamilton R.W., The Law of Corporations, 5th ed., St. Paul , 2000, 460.
83
84
Gagliardi v. TriFoods Intern., Inc., 683 A.2d 1049, 1051. (Del. Ch., 1996): “to allege that a corporation has
suffered a loss as a result of a lawful transaction, within the corporation’s powers, authorized by a corporate
fiduciary acting in a good faith pursuit of corporate purposes, does not state a claim for relief against that
fiduciary no matter how foolish the investment may appear in retrospect”; ix. aseve, Cinerama, Inc. v. Tech-
nicolor, Inc., 1991 WL 111134, at *15 (Del. Ch., 1991). miTiTebulia: juReli g., kapitalis dacva
saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, 2010, Tb., 187.
266
bebSi myofi Cveulebrivi, saRad moazrovne piri, da moqmedebdnen im rwmeniT, rom maTi
es moqmedeba yvelaze xelsayrelia sazogadoebisaTvis.85
Tu isini ar Seasruleben am movaleobas, sazogadoebis winaSe warmoSobili ziani-
saTvis pasuxs ageben solidarulad, mTeli Tavisi qonebiT, pirdapir da uSualod.
Tu anazRaureba aucilebelia, sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelebis valdebuleba ar
wydeba imis gamo, isini moqmedebdnen partniorTa gadawyvetilebebis Sesasruleblad.86
qarTuli kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo praqtika ar icnobs Business Judgment Rule-
is msgavs danawess, Tumca, miTiTebuli normebis analizis safuZvelze, cxadi xdeba,
rom saqarTvelos kanoni mewarmeTa Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas garkveul stan-
darts adgens da direqtors ar sTxovs absoluturad Seumcdari gadawyvetilebebis
miRebas. mTavaria am ukanasknelis mier keTilsindisierad, gonierebis farglebSi iyos
gadawyvetileba miRebuli. am institutis kritikas iwvevs is, rom ar aris dadgenili,
sad gadis gonierebis zRvari, ar arsebobs konkretuli principebi, romlebic unda da-
icvas direqtorma gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, rom am wesis dacvis qveS aRmoCndes. sasa-
marTlom yoveli konkretuli SemTxveva damoukideblad unda ganixilos da Seafasos,
am kuTxiT delaveris sasamarTlo praqtika Zalze mdidari da moqnilia. iTvleba, rom
aq yvelaze metad aris garantirebuli direqtorTa uflebebis dacva.87
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebis Sede-
gad direqtoris roli gazrdilia sawarmos marTvaSi, aucilebeli xdeba, igi daculad
grZnobdes Tavs da hqondes gancda imisa, rom mas aravin dasjis araSemosavliani ga-
dawyvetilebis gamo, Tuki es gadawyvetileba keTilsindisierad, faqtebis Sefasebisa
da sawarmosaTvis saukeTeso gadawyvetilebis rwmenis safuZvelze iqneba miRebuli. am
SemTxvevaSi davis arsebobisas qarTulma sasamarTlom unda gaiTvaliswinos delave-
ris StatSi arsebuli gamocdileba da praqtika da mosarCeles daakisros Business Jud-
gment Rule-is gadalaxvis tvirTi. vinaidan direqtori saqmes uZRveba sakuTari pasuxis-
mgeblobisa da samewarmeo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis Tavisuflebis principis safuZ-
velze,88 xolo am wesis darRveva Seamcirebs direqtoris survils Tavis Tavze aiRos
garkveuli riski sawarmosaTvis warmatebis mosatanad.
6. daskvna
naSromi, formatis gaTvaliswinebiT, srulyofil da amomwurav suraTs ver mog-

vcems direqtorebis movaleobaTa Sesaxeb aSS-Si, kerZod, delaveris StatSi, da saqar-
TveloSi. Tumca garkveuli daskvnebis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia.
2008 wlis gazafxulze ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Sedegad, direqtoratis
roli sawarmos marTvaSi sagrZnoblad gazrdilia. sawarmos marTvis maregulirebeli
normebi cvlilebebamde germanuli samarTlis Zlier gavlenas ganicdida. cvlilebe-
bis Semdeg es gavlena Sesustda. qarTuli kanonmdebloba Seivso angloamerikuli sa-
85
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni, 9.6 muxli.
86
iqve.
87
Hamilton R. W., The Law of Corporations, 5th ed., St. Paul , 2000, 461.
88
lazaraSvili l., Tanamedrove sakorporacio samarTlis Teoriuli da praqtikuli
sakiTxebi, sasamsaxuro xelSekruleba sawarmos direqtorTan, partniori da direqto-
ri Sidasazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi, Tb., 2009, 339.
267
marTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli novaciebiT. dReisaTvis arsebuli qarTuli modeli

warmoadgens sakmaod originalur sinTezs, romlisaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia rogorc
germanuli, aseve angloamerikuli samarTlis calkeuli Taviseburebebi.
amerikis sakorporacio samarTalSi uamravi progresuli norma sasamarTlo praq-
tikis gaTvaliswinebiT warmoiSva, Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sasamarTlo praq-
tikas SeuZlia normis iseTi ganmarteba, rac momavalSi Tavidan agvaridebs uamrav da-
vas. xolo rac ufro srulyofilia kanoni, miT ufro naklebia davis warmoSobis Sansi.
qarTuli sakorporaco samarTali ki ganicdis im efeqturi meqanizmebis arar-
sebobas, romlebic xels uwyoben biznesis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi kanonis normebis
swraf da efeqtur gamoyenebas, maSin rodesac sasamarTloebi delaveris StatSi war-
moadgenen mniSvnelovan institutebs, romlebic xels uwyoben sakorporacio samar-
Tlis normebis aRsrulebas da korporaciuli marTvis axali, Tanamedrove regulaci-
ebis dadgenasa da ganviTarebas.
umTavresad direqtoris niWsa da unarze, gamocdilebasa da SesaZleblobeb-
zea damokidebuli, sawarmo rentabeluri iqneba Tu ara. amave dros direqtori pasuxs
agebs sawarmos winaSe.89
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom direqtoratis
roli sawarmos marTvis sistemaSi gadamwyvetia.
direqtors aqvs valdebuleba imoqmedos sakuTari uflebamosilebis farglebSi
(Duty to Act Within Authority). winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi misi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi dadge-
ba.90
sakorporacio samarTalSi ZiriTadad direqtorTa or valdebulebas gamoyofen,
romlebic maT sawarmos mimarT gaaCniaT – erTgulebis movaleobas (Duty of Loyalty) da
zrunvis movaleobas (Duty of Care). TiToeuli maTgani adgens direqtoris moqmedebis
zogad standarts.91 direqtorTa msgavsi saxis valdebulebebs mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqar-
Tvelos kanonic iTvaliswinebs, Tumca, rogorc zemoT araerTgzis aRiniSna, qarTuli
kanonmdebloba daxvewas da dazustebas saWiroebs am mimarTulebiT.
direqtoratis roli da, Sesabamisad, pasuxismgeblobac Zalian didia, amitom
aucilebelia sawarmos menejeris arCevisas arCevani gakeTdes kvalificiur, gamocdil
da mizandasaxul pirze da piradi nacnobobiT ar iqnes gadawyvetili es sakiTxi. `cu-
di~ menejeri, qarTuli kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli regulirebis pirobebSi,
srul kraxamde miiyvans kompanias, xolo kompaniis bedze damokidebulia ara mxolod
misi uSualo mesakuTris keTildReoba, aramed im adamianebisac, romlebic am sawarmo-
Si arian dasaqmebuli da pirnaTlad asruleben dakisrebul valdebulebebs.
direqtorati, gazrdili uflebebiT da Sesustebuli kontroliT, safrTxes war-
moadgens saqarTveloSi moqmedi kompaniebisaTvis, Tundac im mizezis gamo, rom aq ar
arsebobs korporaciuli marTvis gamocdileba da tradiciebi. Sesabamisad, daskvnis
saxiT unda iTqvas, rom samarTlis normebis implementacia erTi samarTlebrivi siste-
midan meoreSi, am ukanasknelis tradiciebisa da gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe,
SesaZloa damRupveli aRmoCndes, amitom samarTlis normaTa implementaciisas didi
89
Wanturia l., niniZe T., mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis komentari, Tb., 2002, 115.
90
KleinbergerD. S., Agency, Partnerships and LLCs,2nd ed., Aspen Publishers, New York, 2002,123.
91
PalmiterA. R.,Corporations, 5th ed., Aspen Publishers, New York, 2006, 193.
268
sifrTxilis gamoCenaa saWiro. saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli samwuxaro praqtikis ga-

mo, xSirad samarTlis normaTa gadmoReba xdeba usistemod, gaazrebis gareSe, naCqare-
vad da Zalian martivad mxolod Sesabamisi normis qarTul enaze Targmnis Sedegad. `me-
warmeTa kanonSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi imdeni usistemo da Znelad asaxsneli cvlileba
Sevida, rom didi xania dRis wesrigSi dgas axali kanonis SemuSavebis aucilebloba~.92
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, sasamarTlo praqtikasa da doqtri-
naze dayrdnobiT, SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi kvlevis safuZvelze Seqmnili naSromebi
saukeTeso saSualebaa axalgazrda da gamoucdel kanonmdeblobaTa ganviTarebisaT-
vis.
92
Wanturia l., evropis kerZo sazogadoeba – siaxle evropis sakorporacio samarTalSi,
`samarTlis Jurnali~, №1, 2009, 41.
269
nino xunaSvili*
xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis Sinaarsis kontroli da

SezRudva keTilsindisierebis principis safuZvelze
1. Sesavali
kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi efuZneba damoukideblobas, pirad inicia-

tivas da individis Tavisuflebas. samoqalaqo samarTalSi Tavisufleba gamoixateba,
pirvel yovlisa, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileTa TavisuflebiT,
dadon xelSekruleba, gansazRvron xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi da bedi. Tumca, xelSekru-
lebis Tavisufleba avtomaturad rodi uzrunvelyofs saxelSekrulebo samarTlia-
nobis dacvas Tanasworuflebian partniorebs Soris. Zlieri mxarisaTvis advilia Tavs
moaxvios meore mxares Tavisi pozicia. amitom xelSekrulebebi yovelTvis ver iqneba
ori paritetulad Tanmxvedri nebis Sedegi.1 paritetis darRvevis SesaZleblobas iT-
valiswinebs sk da adgens principebsa da SefasebiT kategoriebs, romlebiTac mosamar-
Tle unda xelmZRvnelobdes konkretuli davis gadawyvetis dros.
amgvari principebis gamoyeneba sul ufro aucilebeli xdeba. saqme isaa, rom sa-
mecniero-teqnikuri ganviTarebis, globaluri internacionalizaciis, standartuli
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis masobrivi warmoebisa da masobrivi moxmarebis pirobeb-
Si arsebiTad Seicvala saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaTa xasiaTi, rac gavlenas axdens
xelSekrulebaTa Sinaarsze. kerZod, xelSekrulebaTa pirobebi rTuli, detaluri da
standartuli gaxda, romelTa gansazRvrac xSirad winaswar da calmxrivad xorciel-
deba.
standartuli pirobebis Camoyalibebisas paritetis dacvas uzrunvelyofs sa-
qarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis (SemdgomSi – ssk) 346-e muxli, romelSic saubaria
kontrahentis uflebebis arsebiTad Semlaxavi pirobebis gamoyenebisagan susti mxaris
dacvis meqanizmze keTilsindisierebis principis safuZvelze. es norma moqmedebs ro-
gorc komerciul brunvaSi, ise momxmareblebTan urTierTobaSic. ssk-is 346-e muxlis
Tanaxmad, baTilia xelSekrulebaTa standartuli piroba, miuxedavad xelSekrulebaSi
misi CarTvisa, Tu igi ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principebis sawinaaRmdegod sa-
zianoa xelSekrulebis meore mxarisaTvis. `standartul pirobebSi, romlebic sazia-
noa xelSekrulebis meore mxarisaTvis“ igulisxmeba iseT pirobebi, romlebic araTana-
zomierad laxaven xelSekrulebis pirobebis mimRebi mxaris uflebebsa da interesebs.
mocemuli naSromis farglebSi ganxilulia saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi standar-
tuli pirobebis kontrolis Taviseburebebi swored keTilsindisierebis principis sa-
fuZvelze. zogadad unda iTqvas, rom xelSekruleba efeqtiani, Tavisufali sameur-

1
Eckl Ch., Treu und Glauben im spanischen Vertragsrechts, Studien zum ausländischen und internationalen
Privatrecht 183. Herausgegeben vom Max-Plank-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht,
Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 2007, 285.
270
nino xunaSvili, xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis Sinaarsis kontroli da SezRudva
keTilsindisierebis princi pis safuZvelze
neo wyobilebis `motori~, agreTve `fizikuri piris Tavisufali TviTgamorkvevis in-

strumentia~.2 Tanamedrove periodSi icvleba xelSekrulebis gamoyenebis ara mxolod
funqciebi da sfero, aramed xelSekrulebis safuZvelze urTierTobaTa mowesrigebis
xasiaTic. standartuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis masobrivi warmoeba da masobri-
vi moxmareba ganapirobebs im saxelSekrulebo pirobebis garTulebas, detalurad da
standartulad gansazRvras, ra pirobebiTac xdeba am saqonlis an momsaxurebis SeTa-
vazeba komerciul brunvaSi.3 standartuli pirobebi warmoiSva me-19 saukunis samoc-
daaTian wlebSi industriuli revoluciis Sedegad.4 standartul pirobebs dasavle-
Tis iuristebi me-20 saukunis 50-iani wlebis bolodan miakuTvnebdnen saxelSekrulebo
samarTlis umniSvnelovanesi Teoriuli da praqtikuli problemebis ricxvs.5 did bri-
taneTSi industriulma revoluciam, da amis Sedegad rkinigzisa da sxva monopolisti
sawarmoebis ganviTarebam, ganapiroba saxelSekrulebo pirobebis standartulad Ca-
moyalibeba. xSirad sawarmoebi mzad iyvnen swored standartuli pirobebis safuZvel-
ze daedoT garigebebi.6 am pirobebs Soris iyo iseTi pirobebic, romlebic zRudavdnen
an gamoricxavdnen kidec sawarmos pasuxismgeblobas. germaniaSi me-20 saukunis dasawy-
isSi kontroli Semoifargleboda mxolod iseTi SemTxvevebiT, roca adgili hqonda
monopoliuri mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas.7
qarTul sinamdvileSic TandaTan izrdeba standartuli pirobebis roli da mniS-
vneloba, Sesabamisi praqtikac Camoyalibebis procesSia. sasamarTlo praqtika mowmobs,
rom standartuli pirobebi kontroldeba keTilsindisierebis principis meSveobiT.8
standartuli pirobebi gamoiyeneba samarTlis im subieqtebTan urTierTobeb-
Si, romlebic deben iseT xelSekrulebebs, romlebSic urTierTobebi detalurad aris
mowesrigebuli. amgvari mowesrigebis saWiroeba aixsneba imiT, rom mravalricxovania
klientura da rTulia Tavad urTierTobebi. dasavleT evropis qveynebSi da Crdilo-
eT amerikaSi praqtikulad yvela sawarmo iyenebs standartul pirobebs (standard form of
contracts, Allgemeine GeschÄftsbedingungen) xelSekrulebaTa dadebisas. praqtikaSi gamoiye-
neba standartuli pirobebis Semcveli sxvadasxva formis dokumenti. es SeiZleba iyos
erTiani dokumenti, romelic standartul pirobebTan erTad Seicavs gamotovebul
adgilebs, romlebic mogvianebiT ivseba mxareTa mier (mieTiTeba mxareTa rekvizite-
bi da xelSekrulebis pirobebi, romlebic SeTanxmebuli iyo konkretul SemTxvevaSi).
2
Langenfeld G., Vertragsgestaltung: Methode-Verfahren-Vertragstypen, 2. Aufl., Beck, München,1997, Rn.,
417.
3
Heinrichs H., naSromSi: Palandt O., Kommentar zum BGB, 59. Auflage, Verlag C.H. Beck, München,
2000, 2176.
4
Rombach J., Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen Bei Freien Dienstverträgen: Rechtsanwalts-, Steuerberater-
Und Wirtschaftsprüferverträge, Arzt- Und Krankenhausbehandlungsverträge, Unterrichtsverträge, Verlag
Heymann, Köln [u.a.]1997, 5.
5
Atiyah P. S., An Introduction to the Law of Contract. 5th ed., Claredon Press, Oxford, 1995, 16.
6
Taylor R., Law of Contract, 6th ed., Blackstone Press Limited, 1998, 100.
7
germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos 1906 wlis gadawyvetileba, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal-Entschei-
dung des Rg. im jahre 1906. RGZ.Bd.62, 264(265).
8
uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2005
wlis 5 dekembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze: №as-722-1045-05, aseve uzenaesi sasamarTlos
samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2006 wlis 14 Tebervlis gadawy-
vetileba saqmeze: №as-992-1245-05.
271
SesaZloa dokumentis erT mxareze xeliT iyos dawerili an daibeWdos manqanaze is, ra-
zec individualurad SeTanxmdnen mxareebi, xolo dokumentis meore mxareze stamburi
wesiT daibeWdos standartuli pirobebi, ra pirobebiTac Cveulebriv erT-erTi mxare
debs xelSekrulebebs, Camoyalibdes iseTi saTauriT, rogoric aris `garigebis zoga-
di (anu standartuli) pirobebi~, `nasyidobis zogadi pirobebi~, `miwodebisa da gadax-
dis zogadi pirobebi~ da a.S. Zalze gavrcelebulia kompiuteris mexsierebaSi Senaxuli
teqstebis gamoyeneba. es saSualebas iZleva zogierT SemTxvevaSi moxdes standartuli
pirobebis Setana, CarTva uSualod xelSekrulebis teqstSi. zogjer xelSekrulebis
individualur nawilSi, romelSic ganisazRvreba arsebiTi pirobebi, mieTiTeba erT-
erTi kontrahentis mier SemoTavazebul standartul pirobebze, romlebic SeiZleba
daerTos xelSekrulebas calke furcelze. standartul pirobebs xSirad iyeneben ban-
kebi, sadazRvevo organizaciebi, satransporto sawarmoebi, eqspeditorebi, komuna-
luri sawarmoebi, saavadmyofoebi, aviakompaniebi. standartuli pirobebi gamoiyeneba
sacalo vaWrobaSic. saqarTveloSi xSiria bankebis Tu bazarze monopoliuri mdgoma-
reobis mqone sxva subieqtebis mier standartuli pirobebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi.9
germaniaSi sabanko da sakredito, turistuli momsaxurebis, avtomobilebiT vaWrobis,
nasyidobis komerciuli xelSekrulebebis sferoebSi standartuli pirobebiT xelSek-
rulebaTa TiTqmis 100% ideba. samSeneblo, samaklero momsaxurebis da avejiT vaWro-
bis sferoebSi standartuli xelSekrulebebis odenoba 90%-s Seadgens, xolo avtomom-
saxurebis, qimwmendis da sayofacxovrebo remontis momsaxurebis sferoebSi – 50%-s.10
xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis farTod gavrcelebis mizezia xelSekrulebis
dadebisa da Sesrulebis gaadvilebis aucilebloba. vaWroba, gansakuTrebiT masobri-
vi moxmarebis saqonliT vaWroba, standartuli pirobebis gareSe garTuldeboda. yve-
la momxmarebelsa da mewarmes yovelTvis specialuri molaparakeba rom gaemarTaT
xelSekrulebis TiToeuli punqtis Taobaze, SeejerebinaT erTmaneTis pirobebi, aseT
SemTxvevaSi, Semxvedri winadadebebis Camoyalibebisas da molaparakebaTa warmoebisas
uzarmazari xarjebi warmoiSoboda (saubaria zedmet xarjebze). magaliTad, aseTia iu-
ridiuli momsaxurebis xarji, radgan araspecialists gauWirdeba gaerkves rTuli da
didi moculobis standartul pirobebSi specialuri iuridiuli ganaTlebis gareSe
da sxva. SemTavazeblisaTvis11 standartuli pirobebis gamoyeneba amartivebs xelSek-
rulebebis gaformebas, aRricxvasa da Sesrulebas. xelSekrulebis teqstis udidesi
nawilis winaswari momzadeba saSualebas iZleva daizogos xelSekrulebis momzadebis
dro. amiT TanamSromlebis gamoTavisuflebac xdeba. aRar aris aucilebeli saxelSek-
rulebo pirobebis CamoyalibebaSi maTi monawileoba,12 radgan xSir SemTxvevaSi xelSek-
9
Todua m., vilemsi h., valdebulebiTi samarTali, saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa
asociacia, Tb., 2006, 43-44.
10
Müller H., Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen im internationalen Wirtschaftsverkehr, Verlag Luchterhand,
Neuwied, Kriftel, Berlin, 1994, 1.
11
es aris piri, romelic kontrahentTan xelSekrulebis dadebis dros iyenebs standar-
tul pirobebs. es termini gamoiyeneba niderlandebis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi (,,gebruiker”),
romelSic 6:331 b muxlSi mocemulia misi gansazRvreba. es termini, „Verwänder” gamoyene-
bulia „garigebaTa zogadi pirobebis samarTlis mowesrigebis Sesaxeb“ germaniis 1976
wlis kanonSi da sxva kanonebSi.
12
Yates D., Standard Business Contracts: Exclusions and Related Devices, Publisher Sweet & Maxwell, Lon-
don, 1986, 3.
272
rulebs, faqtobrivad, debs is personali, romelic iuridiulad ar aris momzadebuli

xelSekrulebis pirobebis Taobaze molaparakebebisTvis. standartuli pirobebis ga-
moyeneba mniSvnelovnad amcirebs xarjebs.13
yovelive es ganapirobebs kvlevis aqtualobas. standartuli pirobebis kontro-
lis problemis aqtualobidan da iqidan gamomdinare, rom qarTuli iuridiuli lite-
ratura mwiria am problemisadmi miZRvnili naSromebiT, xolo sasamarTlo praqtikac
axla yalibdeba, naSromSi qarTulTan erTad gamoyenebulia ucxouri doqtrina da sa-
samarTlo praqtikis magaliTebi.
2. SemTavazeblis mier standartuli pirobebis calmxrivad

gansazRvris uflebis arakeTilsindisierad gamoyeneba
xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis gansazRvris dros, SemTavazebeli ara

mxolod imas cdilobs, rom gaamartivos xelSekrulebis dadeba da Sesruleba, aramed
praqtikulad yovelTvis cdilobs kontrahentis interesebis sazianod gaiumjobesos
Tavisi mdgomareoba da ufro xelsayreli gaxados igi imasTan SedarebiT, vidre es gan-
sazRvrulia dipoziciuri normiT. Tumca ssk-is 325-e muxli imperatiulad moiTxovs,
rom Tu valdebulebis Sesrulebis pirobebi unda ganisazRvros xelSekrulebis erT-
erTi mxaris an mesame piris mier, maSin saeWvoobisas ivaraudeba, rom amgvari gansazRvra
unda moxdes samarTlianobis safuZvelze. mocemul normaSi saubaria samarTlianobis
dacvis aucileblobaze. samarTlianobis kategoria gansxvavdeba keTilsindisierebis
kategoriisagan, magram es norma erTgvarad avsebs standartuli pirobebis momwesri-
gebel normebs da, faqtobrivad, krZalavs rogorc usamarTlo, ise arakeTilsindisi-
eri pirobebis kontrahentisaTvis SeTavazebas, radgan samarTliani saxelSekrulebo
urTierTobis zogad wess adgens. kanoniT dadgenili akrZalvebis miuxedavad, xSiria
SemTxvevebi, rodesac SemTavazebels xelSekrulebaSi Seaqvs Tavisi pasuxismgeblobis
SemzRudavi an pasuxismgeblobis srulad gamomricxavi pirobebi. aseTi pirobebis Ta-
naxmad, yvela riski awevs meore mxares. magaliTad, did britaneTSi `samgzavro bileTe-
bis saqmeSi”14 mgzavrisa da tvriTis sarkinigzo da sazRvao gadayvanisa da gadazidvis
ganmaxorcielebelma sazogadoebebma pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis an pasuxsimgeblo-
bisagan gaTavisuflebis (pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis) mizniT pirvelad gamoiyenes
standartuli pirobebi. sazogadoebebi Tavdapirvelad standartuli pirobebis meSve-
obiT cdilobdnen gadamzidvelis mkacri (obieqturi, bralis gareSe) pasuxismgeblo-
bis SezRudvas. Semdeg ki daiwyes standartuli pirobebis imgvarad Camoyalibeba, rom
klientTan mimarTebaSi maqsimalurad xelsayrel mdgomareobas ikavebdnen. sabolood,
gadamzidvelis yovelgvari pasuxismgebloba gamoiricxa, xolo klientura, faqtobri-
vad, uuflebo gaxda.
formaluri TvalsazrisiT, standartuli pirobebi xelSekrulebis nawili xde-
ba, romelic boWavs mxolod im pirebs, romelTac dades standartuli pirobebi urTi-
13
Yates D., Standard Business Contracts: Exclusions and Related Devices, Publisher Sweet & Maxwell, Lon-
don, 1986, 3.
14
Richardson, Spence&Co.v. Rowntree (1994) AC 217; Parker v. South Eastern Railway Co. (1877)2C.P.D.
416; Thompson v. London, Midland &Scottish Railway Co. (1930) 1.K.B.41.
273
erTTanxmobiT. Tumca, praqtikaSi, standartuli pirobebis gansazRvra da SeTavazeba

erT-erTi mxaris mier xelSekrulebis dadebis dros ise xdeba, rom meore mxares ar aqvs
am pirobebis SinaarsSi raimes Secvlis SesaZlebloba. es niSnavs, rom orive mxarisaT-
vis Tanabrad miniWebul Tavisuflebas, gansazRvron xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi, iyenebs
mxolod erT-erTi mxare, xolo mis kontrahents ar SeuZlia xelSekrulebis pirobebis
gansazRvraSi monawileoba. es xdeba imitom, rom klienti, pirvel yovlisa, orientire-
bulia, SeTavazebis fassa da xarisxze da ara standartuli pirobebis `xarisxze~.15 am-
rigad, standartuli pirobebis gamoyenebiT xelSekrulebebi ideba principiT `take-it-or
-leave-it~ (miiRe, gaiziare, an uaryavi).
Tu kontrahenti moindomebs pirobebis Secvlas, maSin SemTavazebeli uars ityvis
xelSekrulebis dadebaze: `Tu ginda es saqoneli an momsaxureba, maSin gvaqvs mxolod
is pirobebi, ra pirobebiTac SeiZleba maTi SeZena. daTanxmdi am pirobebs, an uari Tqvi
xelSekrulebaze~.16
klients ar SeuZlia xelSekrulebis Tavisuflad dadeba, Tu mas sWirdeba saqo-
neli an momsaxureba, xolo SemTavazebels ukavia bazarze monopoliuri mdgomareoba.
frangma iuristebma pirvelebma daiwyes iseTi cnebis gamoyeneba, rogoric aris `contract
d’adhésion”17 – mierTebis gziT dadebuli xelSekruleba18 – iseTi xelSekrulebebisaT-
vis, romelTa pirobebic winaswar ganisazRvreba erT-erTi mxaris mier da ar SeiZleba
gaxdnen xelSekrulebaTa sagani da romlebic mxolod mTlianad SeiZleba iqnen miRebu-
li. rogorc literaturaSia aRniSnuli, Tanasworuflebian partniorebs Soris saxel-
Sekrulebo SeTanxmebis Tavisuflad da damoukideblad miRwevis winapirobebi mraval
sferoSi, romelSic ideba xelSekrulebebi, ar arsebobs.19 xSirad adgili aqvs mxareTa
uTanasworobas, roca samoqalaqo brunvis monawile imyofeba misTvis araxelsayrel
mdgomareobaSi da ar SeuZlia Tavisi interesebis ganxorcieleba molaparakebaTa war-
moebis dros. mxareTa Soris Tanasworobis darRvevis da, aqedan gamomdinare, xelSek-
rulebis dadebis dros gadawyvetilebis Tavisuflad da damoukideblad miRebis Se-
uZleblobis mizezad miiCneva ekonomikuri, informaciuli da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,
xelSekrulebis erT-erTi monawilis fsiqologiuri upiratesobac.20
aseT dros Zlier mxares SeuZlia calmxrivad ukarnaxos saxelSekrulebo piro-
bebi meore mxares. amiT ilaxeba susti mxaris ufleba, damoukideblad miiRos gadawy-
vetileba, rac ewinaaRmdegeba nebis avtonomiisa da xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis
principebs. bazarze araTanabari Zalis mqone kontrahentebs Soris urTierTobaSi
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi ver uzrunvelyofs imas, rom aseTi mxareebis
mier dadebuli xelSekrulebis pirobebi Camoyalibdes keTilsindisierebis principis
15
Heinrichs H., naSromSi: Palandt O., Kommentar zum BGB, 59. Auflage, Verlag C.H. Beck, München,
2000, Rn. 3.
16
es aris lord diplokis formulireba saqmeze: Schroder Music Publishing Co Ltd v. Macauly
(1974) 3 All ER 616 at 624, (1974) 1 WLR 1308 at 1316.
17
pirvelad gamoiyena r. saleilma naSromSi: Saleilles R., De la déclaration dé volonté. Contribution
á l’étude de l’acte juridique dans le code civil allemand, 1901, N 89, 229.
18
Май С. К., Очерки обшей части буржуазного обязательственного права, М., 1953, 40-44.
19
Basics Zivilrecht, Juristisches Repititorium Hemmer, Würzburg, 1997, 29, Rn. 66.
20
Wolf M., Rechtsgeschäftliche Entscheidungsfreiheit und Vertraglicher Interessenausgleich, Tübingen, 1970,
18.
274
moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad. amitom xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba unda SeizRudos aRniS-

nuli principiT. keTilsindisierebis principi rom saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis
princips zRudavs (maT Soris xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis gansazRvrisas),
aRiarebas povebs qarTul doqtrinaSic.21
Tanamedrove periodSi, standartuli pirobebi miiCneva momsaxurebis nawilad
anu gansakuTrebul produqtad, romlis SeTavazebac xdeba SemTavazeblis mier `paket-
Si~ ZiriTad momsaxurebasTan (saqonelTan) erTad.
Tavisi daniSnulebiT, xelSekruleba samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi brunvis monawi-
leTa individualuri interesebisa da moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad urTierTobaTa
mowesrigebis saSualebaa. mxareTa uTanasworobis pirobebSi ki SeuZlebelia visaub-
roT nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis Sesaxeb. xelSekrulebis pirobebis calmxrivad Tavs
moxveva meore mxarisaTvis SeuTavsebelia xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principTan.
usamarTloba iqneboda saxelSekrulebo boWva arsebobdes im mxaris mimarT, romelmac,
marTalia, formalurad dado SeTanxmeba (xelSekruleba), magram am xelSekrulebis da-
debisas mas, faqtobrivad, ar SeeZlo ganexorcielebina xelSekrulebis pirobaTa Tavi-
suflad gansazRvris ufleba.
aseT dros kanonmdebeli abalansebs mxareTa Soris arsebul urTierTobebs imiT,
rom xelSekrulebis Zlier mxares akisrebs gansazRvrul valdebulebebs da sust mxa-
res aniWebs specialur uflebebsa da upiratesobas. susti mxaris samarTliani inte-
resi isaa, rom misTvis ar unda iyos savaldebulo keTilsindisierebis principis sa-
winaaRmdego xelSekruleba an xelSekrulebis calkeuli piroba. Sesabamisad, mas unda
mieniWos amgvari xelSekrulebiT an romelime saxelSekrulebo pirobis safuZvelze
misTvis dakisrebuli valdebulebisagan gaTavisuflebis moTxovnis ufleba.
swored amitom aris aucilebeli SeezRudos SemTavazebels standartuli piro-
bebis Sinaarsis gansazRvris ufleba keTilsindisierebis principis safuZvelze. xel-
Sekrulebis Tu garigebis standartuli pirobebi SeiZleba miviCnioT Tavisebur sa-
marTlebriv produqtad, romelsac erTi mxare sTavazobs meore mxares ZiriTad saqo-
nelTan Tu ZiriTad momsaxurebasTan erTad. iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva produqti,
standartuli pirobebic saTanado xarisxisa unda iyos da ar unda gaaCndeT `faruli~
xarvezi, nakli. standartuli pirobebis Sinaarsi unda Seesabamebodes keTilsindisie-
rebis princips. es niSnavs, rom, keTilsindisierebis principis Sesabamisad, gaTvalis-
winebuli unda iqnes kontrahentis interesebi. germaniaSi aseT viTarebas yvelaze me-
tad adgili aqvs mSeneblobis sferoSi arsebul urTierTobebSi.22 keTilsindisierebis
principi standartuli pirobebis SemTavazebels avaldebulebs kontrahentis inte-
resebis gaTvaliswinebas, akisrebs mzrunvelobis valdebulebas. kontrahenti moelis,
rom standartuli pirobebi gonivrulad da keTilsindisierad awesrigeben mxareTa
Soris urTierTobebs. swored amitom kontrahenti daculi unda iyos aSkarad arake-
Tilsindisieri standartuli pirobebisgan.
21
Sengelia i., saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba, disertacia samarTlis doqtoris akademi-
uri xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb., 2010, 106-126.
22
Bunte H. J., Zehn Jahre Gesetz zur Regelung des rechts der Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen- Rückblick
und Ausblick, NJW, 1987, 921ff.
275
xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, uflebis borotad gamoyenebisagan gansxvavdeba

xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis borotad gamoyeneba.23 xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis
borotad gamoyenebis dros, formaluri TvalsazrisiT, saxezea xelSekrulebis safuZ-
velze miRweuli SeTanxmeba, romelsac, Pacta sunt servanda-s principidan gamomdinare, sa-
valdebulo xasiaTi gaaCnia, magram aseT dros ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom mxareTa Se-
Tanxmeba kerZo avtonomiaze dafuZnebuli TviTgamorkvevis Sedegia, radgan erT-erTi
mxare `borotad iyenebs“ bazarze Tavis monopolur mdgomareobas, Tavis Zalauflebas
xelSekrulebis formirebisas.24 keTilsindisierebis principis mixedviT, xelSekru-
lebis standartuli pirobebis Sinaarsis kontrolis sagans warmoadgens xelSekrule-
bis iseTi punqtebi, romlebic ar yofila calke molaparakebis sagani. xelSekrulebis
standartuli pirobebi, marTalia, Setanil iqna xelSekrulebaSi, magram, realurad,
erTi mxare (rogorc wesi, es aris momxmarebeli) ise daTanxmda meore mxaris (SemTava-
zeblis) mier gansazRvrul pirobebs, rom ar hqonia xelSekrulebis standartuli pi-
robebis Sinaarsze zegavlenis moxdenis SesaZlebloba.25
iseTi xelSekrulebebis mTlianad baTilad miCneva, romelTa SemTxvevaSic arse-
biTad erTi mxare meores saxelSekrulebo pirobebs karnaxobs, realobisa da Tanamed-
rove komerciuli brunvis moTxovnebis winaaRmdeg iqneboda mimarTuli. aqedan gamom-
dinare, sakamaTo ar aris, rom aseTnairad dadebuli xelSekrulebebi savaldebuloa.
rac Seexeba xelSekrulebis susti mxaris uflebebisa da interesebis dacvas, es xdeba
SemTavazeblis mxridan xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis borotad gamoyenebis
prevenciiT. kerZod, baTilad miiCneva saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis winaaRmdeg mi-
marTuli standartuli pirobebi an iseTi pirobebi, romlebic arRveven Sesrulebasa
da sapasuxo Sesrulebas Soris balanss.26 roca saxelSekrulebo pirobebi xelSekru-
lebis sust mxares gansakuTebiT mZime tvirTad awveba. xelSekrulebis standartuli
pirobebi usamarTlod da, maSasadame, baTilad CaiTvleba, Tu isini keTilsindisiere-
bis princips arRveven imiT, rom saxelSekrulebo uflebebisa da movaleobebis27 mniS-
vnelovan uTanabrobas iwveven.
momxmareblebTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis debulebebi unda Seesabamebodes
qcevis im models, romelsac keTilsindisiereba gulisxmobs. Tu saxelSekrulebo de-
bulebebi keTilsindisierebis princips ar Seesabamebian, maSin CaiTvleba, rom isini bo-
rotad iqna gamoyenebuli, usamarTloa, rasac samarTlebriv Sedegad maTi baTiloba
mohyveba. es niSnavs, rom kanonis norma, romlis normatiuli Sinaarsi keTilsindisie-
23
Eckl Ch., Treu und Glauben im spanischen Vertragsrecht,Studien zum ausländischen und internationalen Pri-
vatrecht 183. Herausgegeben vom Max-Plank-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht, Mohr
Siebeck, Tübingen, 2007, 284.
24
Lasarte C., Clausulas abusivas y nulidad parcial del contrato en el ordenamiento juridico espanöl contempor-
aneo, Revista de Derecho Comparado, 2001, 139 ff., 159.
25
Lasarte C, Clausulas abusivas y nulidad parcial del contrato en el ordenamiento juridico espanöl contempor-
aneo, Revista de Derecho Comparado, 2001, 144.
26
Lasarte C., Clausulas abusivas y nulidad parcial del contrato en el ordenamiento juridico espanöl
contemporaneo,Revisa de Derecho Comparado, 2001, 145.
27
Eckl Ch., Treu und Glauben im spanischen Vertragsrecht, Studien zum ausländischen und internationalen Pri-
vatrecht 183. Herausgegeben vom Max-Plank-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht, Mohr
Siebeck, Tübingen, 2007, 287.
276
rebis principSi gamoxatuli samodelo qcevidan gamomdinareobs, iZulebiT anu impe-

ratiul normad gadaiqceva (anu samarTlebriv standartad gadaiqceva), romelic ar
SeiZleba Seicvalos xelSekrulebaSi gamoxatuli nebis safuZvelze, Tanac momxmareb-
lis sazianod.28
3. standartuli pirobebis ganmarteba, rogorc standartuli

pirobebis Sinaarsis kontrolis meqanizmi
ssk-is 345-e muxlSi mocemulia bundovani pirobebis Sesaxeb wesi. imis gamo, rom
SemTavazebeli winaswar ayalibebs standartul pirobebs calmxrivad, xelSekrulebis
standartuli pirobebis bundovani teqsti ganimarteba klientis sasargeblod. amas-
Tan, standartuli pirobebi unda ganimartos obieqturad, mxareTa nebisa da miznebis
miuxedavad. sadavo SemTxvevebSi (mewarmeTa Sorisac) sakiTxi wydeba klientis sasar-
geblod.29 es wesi aixsneba imiT, rom xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis calmxrivad gansazRvris
SesaZleblobas Seesabameba gansazRvruli valdebuleba. SemTavazebelma unda izru-
nos, rom xelSekrulebis pirobebi gasagebi da mkafio, naTeli iyos.30 standartuli do-
kumentis SemmuSavebel mxares gaaCnia yvela SesaZlebloba samarTlebriv urTierToba-
Ta erTmniSvnelovnad da mkafiod mosawesrigeblad. Tu is am SesaZleblobas ar iyenebs,
maSin elementaruli samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom formulirebaTa bundovanebis nega-
tiurma Sedegebma, pirvel yovlisa, SemTavazebelze moaxdinos gavlena. praqtikulad,
es imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros bundovani debuleba (piroba) yovel-
Tvis unda ganimartos SemTavazeblis kontrahentis sasargeblod. magram martooden
345-e muxli ar aris sakmarisi mxareTa nebis dasadgenad da kontrahentis interesebis
dasacavad.
ssk germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis (SemdgomSi – gsk) 157-e muxlis analogiur spe-
cialur normas, romelic keTilsindisierebis principis safuZvelze xelSekrulebis
ganmartebis wess daadgenda, ar Seicavs. amasTan, sadavo ar unda iyos qarTul samar-
TalSi amgvari wesis arsebobis aucilebloba. SesaZloa samomavlod ssk-Si amgvari wesi
arc aisaxos specialuri normis saxiT. amitom mizanSewonilia da aucilebelia sasamar-
Tlo praqtikaSi farTod ganimartos ssk-is 52-e muxli da sxva faqtorebTan erTad zo-
gadad, nebismieri xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas keTilsindisierebis principis safuZ-
velze dadgindes mxareTa realuri neba. amasTan, gadawyvetilebis mimRebi mosamarTle
ar unda iyos valdebuli, mxareTa neba daadginos xelSekrulebis sityvasityviTi mniS-
vnelobidan da azridan gamomdinare. amgvari wesi mosamarTles saSualebas miscems iq,
sadac mxareebs aSkarad gamoxatuli formiT ar mouwesrigebiaT gansazRvruli piro-
bebi (radgan maT ubralod amis Sesaxeb ar ufiqriaT), xelSekrulebis ganmartebis meS-
veobiT gamoitanos daskvna mxareTa realuri nebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, iqidan gamomdi-
28
Garcià A.M., Consideraciones a la Buena fe contractual, Actualidad Civil 2000, 3 miTiTebulia naSromi-
dan Eckl Ch., Treu und Glauben im spanischen Vertragsrechts, Studien zum ausländischen und internationa-
len Privatrecht 183. Herausgeben vom Max Plank Institut für ausländisches und internationales Provatrecht.
Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 2007, 288.
29
Жалинский А., Рёрихт А., Введение в немецкое право, М., 2001, 393.
30
Lindacher W.F., Gesetz zur Regelung des rechts der Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen; Kommentar (VWolf
M., Horn N., Lindacher W.F.), 3. Aufl., Beck, München,1994, §5 Rn. 24.
277
nare, rom mxareebi SeTanxmdnen sxva analogiuri pirobebis Taobaze. amiT sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba erTgvarad Seavsebs mxareTa Soris dadebul xelSekrulebas. Sesabami-
sad, xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis ganmartebis mimarT mizanSewonilia gamo-
yenebul iqnes samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi normebi (ssk-is me-8 da 52-e muxlebi).
4. keTilsindisierebis sawinaaRmdego standartuli

pirobebis baTiloba
4.1. saerTo debulebebi
`ramdenadac standartuli pirobebi ganisazRvreba mxolod erTi mxaris mier, au-

cilebelia meore mxaris interesebis dacva, romelic pirobebis gansazRvraSi monawi-
leobas ar iRebs~.31 amitomacaa, rom, kanonis imperatiuli danawesis Tanaxmad, baTilia
keTilsindisierebis principis sawinaaRmdego standartuli pirobebi. Tumca garigebis
baTilad cnobis institutis gamoyenebisas, saWiroa sifrTxile, samoqalaqo brunvis
stabilurobas safrTxe rom ar Seeqmnas. Sesabamisad, am safuZvliT garigebis baTiloba
unda Semoifarglos iseTi SemTxvevebiT, rodesac es gardauvlad aucilebelia. gari-
gebis mTlianad an nawilobriv baTilad cnobis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia gaTvaliswine-
bul iqnes xelSekrulebis Zlieri mxaris kanonieri, gamarTlebuli interesebi. samoqa-
laqosamarTlebrivi brunvis stabilurobis uzrunvelsayofad, aucilebelia zustad
ganisazRvros im garemoebebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi, romelTa arsebobis drosac
ZalTa disbalansi aRwevs iseT xarisxs, roca ukve aRar SeiZleba visaubroT susti mxa-
ris mier xelSekrulebis pirobebze gacnobierebul da nebayofilobiT daTanxmebaze
(Tavisuflad miRebul gadawyvetilebaze), roca irRveva samoqalaqo samarTlis Ziri-
Tadi principebi. aseT dros kontrahenti (susti mxare) SeiZleba gaTavisufldes Tavis
mier gamovlenili nebis uaryofiTi Sedegebisagan. xelSekrulebis monawile mxareTa in-
teresebi SeiZleba dabalansdes imiT, rom mxares, romelic daTanxmdeba standartul
pirobebs, eniWeba garkveuli upiratesoba (magaliTad, fasis Semcirebis ufleba an sxva
SeRavaTi) araxelsayreli saxelSekrulebo pirobebis (maT Soris standartuli piro-
bebis) sapirwoned. amasTan, konkretuli xelSekrulebis pirobebis dabalansebaze SeiZ-
leba gavlena moaxdinos iseTma faqtorebma, rogoric aris garigebis dadebiT mxareTa
dainteresebis xarisxi, bazarze arsebuli koniunqtura da a.S. Tumca es ver wyvets xel-
Sekrulebis arakeTilsindisieri pirobebis problemas, radgan, saboloo jamSi, aseTi
saxelSekrulebo pirobebi SesaZloa negatiurad aisaxos mxareTa interesebze.
qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtika standartuli pirobebis baTilobis sakiTxis gan-
sazRvrisas yuradrebas aqcevs iseT faqtorebs, rogoric aris xelSekrulebis sasyid-
lianoba an usasyidloba. magaliTad, nivTis sasyidliani Senaxvisas Semnaxvels gaZli-
erebuli gulisxmiereba da pasuxismgebloba unda moeTxovebodes, vidre usasyidlo
Senaxvisas, miuxedavad imisa, mxareebi SeTanxmebuli arian Tu ara valdebulebis far-
glebze. praqtika baTilad miiCnevs kreditoris saziano standartul pirobebs ssk-is
346-e muxlis safuZvelze. didi mniSvneloba eniWeba imas, mewarmea Tu ara subieqti. ma-
galiTad, banki warmoadgens mewarme subieqts, romelsac sabanko saqmianobis ganxor-
31
axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, me-2 gamocema, Tb., 1999, 24-28.
278
cielebis ufleba saxelmwifosagan gacemuli specialuri nebarTvis safuZvelze aqvs

mopovebuli. masTan urTierTobaSi fizikur pirs eZleva saSualeba ivaraudos, rom
bankis saqmianoba saamisod arsebuli wesebis dacviT warimarTeba. e.i. bankisadmi ndoba
Tavidanve aris prezumirebuli kontrahentis saimedoobiTa da fizikuri piris qonebis
mometebulad dacvis varaudiT.32 erT-erT saqmeze ki, aRniSnulia rom ssk, agebulia ra
Tanasworobis principze, zog SemTxvevaSi gaTvaliswinebulia garkveuli kategoriis
subieqtTa – mewarmeTa mometebuli samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, rac
gansakuTrebulad vlindeba standartuli pirobebiT dadebul saxelSekrulebo urTi-
erTobebSi. am mxriv ssk adgens amkrZalav normebs, romlebic zRudavs mewarmeTa mcde-
lobas, samoqalaqo brunvis riski gadaitanon im subieqtebze, romlebic ar misdeven
samewarmeo saqmianobas. mocemul SemTxvevaSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis mxares
warmoadgenda bazarze dominirebuli mdgomareobis mqone subieqti da igi valdebuli
iyo, momxmareblisTvis SeeTavazebina samarTliani saxelSekrulebo pirobebi da bo-
rotad ar gamoeyenebina Tavisi Zalaufleba samewarmeo saqmianobis sferoSi, romelic
meore mxarisaTvis warmoadgens saarsebo moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis erTaderT
saSualebas. mewarme subieqti zog sakiTxSi SezRudulia da moqmedebs ra saxelmwifo
organos mier gansazRvruli wesebiT (mocemul SemTxvevaSi semekis dadgenilebebiT),
valdebulia, gaiTvaliswinos da Tavisi saqmianoba daafuZnos saxelmwifos damokide-
bulebaze momxmarebelTan mimarTebiT. es damokidebuleba naTlad gamoikveTa darRve-
vis aqtis Sedgenisas momxmareblis savaldebulo monawileobaSi. Sesabamisad, mewarme
valdebuli iyo, emoqmeda swored am aqtis farglebSi da amgvarad ganexorcielebina
Tavisi saqmianoba.33 ssk, mxareebisagan moiTxovs ra urTierTpativiscemasa da gulis-
xmierebas kontrahentTan mimarTebaSi, orive mxares am mxriv SeTanxmebulze ufro met
valdebulebas akisrebs. swored es valdebulebaa dawesebuli ssk-is 316-e muxlis meo-
re nawiliT, romlis ZaliTac Tavis Sinaarsisa da xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT valdebu-
leba SeiZleba yovel mxares akisrebdes meore mxaris uflebebisa da qonebisadmi gansa-
kuTrebul gulisxmierebas. swored amitom, sxva saqmeze, garda imisa, rom standartu-
li pirobebis ganmsazRvreli piri mewarme iyo, yuradReba gamaxvilda imazec, rom mas
dominirebuli mdgomareoba ekava bazarze, ris gamoc, ssk-is 319-e muxlis meore nawi-
lis Tanaxmad, mas ar SeeZlo kontrahentisTvis usafuZvlod SeeTavazebina xelSekru-
lebis araTanabari pirobebi.34
mosamarTle valdebulia miuTiTos, romeli interesebi da principebi gaiTvalis-
wina gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.
standartuli pirobebis SemTavazebeli mxaris qcevis Sefasebis kriteriumi, ssk-
is 346-e muxlis35 mixedviT aris keTilsindisierebis principi. aRniSnuli principis Se-
32
wlis 5 dekembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze: №as-722-1045-05, aseve uzenaesi sasamarTlos
samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2006 wlis 14 Tebervlis gadawy-
vetileba saqmeze: №as-992-1245-05.
33
wlis 25 noembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze: №as-611-837-08.
34
wlis 14 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba saqmeze: №as-992-1245-05.
35
normaSi saubaria ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principebis sawinaaRmdego standar-
tuli pirobebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb. STabeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos saubaria or sx-
279
sabamisad, Zlier mxares (am SemTxvevaSi standartuli pirobebis SemTavazebels) ekis-

reba pasuxismgebloba, Tu xelSekrulebis meore mxaris uflebebi da interesebi ila-
xeba (irRveva an ar xdeba maTi gaTvaliswineba Zlieri mxaris mier) mxareTa Zalebsa da
SesaZleblobebs Soris disbalansis arsebobis Sedegad da uflebaTa amgvari Selaxva
ganpirobebulia ufro Zlieri mxaris Zalauflebis sferos gavleniT. sxvagvarad rom
iTqvas, Zlier mxares ekisreba pasuxismgebloba, Tu is uTanasworo mdgomareobiT sar-
geblobs da amiT arakeTilsindisierad laxavs susti mxaris interesebs. keTilsindisi-
erebis principis safuZvelze gadamwyveti da mTavaria xelSekrulebis WeSmariti arsi,
azri da mniSvneloba da ara xelSekrulebis sityvasityviTi mniSvneloba.
Sefasebisas sasamarTlom unda gansazRvros, hqonda Tu ara xelSekrulebis sust
mxares (visac SesTavazes standartuli pirobebi) standartuli pirobebis Camoyalibe-
baSi monawileobis SesaZlebloba, xolo Tu ar hqonda amgvari SesaZlebloba, ris gamo
moxda es, aris Tu ara standartuli pirobebi keTilsindisierebis principis moTxov-
naTa Sesabamisad Camoyalibebuli, gaTvaliswinebulia Tu ara maTSi meore mxaris uf-
lebebi da interesebi? ar unda iyos saxeze nebis nakli da, amasTan, standartul piro-
bebze daTanxmeba nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis Sedegi unda iyos. rogorc wesi, meore
mxaris mier SemoTavazebul arakeTilsindisier da usamarTlo standartul pirobebs
Tanxmdeba is, visac ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo ar SeuZlia uari Tqvas xelSekrulebis
dadebaze, Tundac araxelsayrel pirobebs Seicavdes es xelSekruleba. Tu erTi mxaris
mier xdeba xelSekrulebis pirobebis winaswari SemuSaveba, Camoyalibeba da Semdgom
maT mravaljeradad iyenebs yovelgvari cvlilebis Setanis gareSe, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis Camoyalibeba ar aris damokidebuli mxareTa molapara-
kebebze da aseT mxares saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi garkveuli (ekonomikuri an
taqtikuri) upiratesoba gaaCnia kontrahentebTan SedarebiT. amasTan, araviTari mniS-
vneloba ar gaaCnia xelSekrulebis pirobebis moculobas. amitom, garigebis standar-
tuli pirobebis Sesaxeb ssk-is normebi gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSic, roca winaswar Ca-
moyalibebul iqna mravaljeradi gamoyenebisaTvis gankuTvnili mxolod erTi saxel-
Sekrulebo piroba. ssk-is 346-e muxli, romelic krZalavs keTilsindisierebis princi-
pis sawinaaRmdego saxelSekrulebo standartuli pirobebis gamoyenebas, ar unda iqnes
miCneuli iseT normad, romelic zRudavs standartuli pirobebis SemTavazebeli mxa-
ris uflebas, Camoayalibos xelSekrulebis pirobebi, aramed am normiT xdeba nebis av-
tonomiis principis dacva da samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis samarTlianad da naTlad
mowesrigebis uzrunvelyofa kontrahentis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
vadasxva _ ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principebze. realurad ki keTilsindisie-

rebis principi moicavs ndobis momentsac, ris gamoc SesaZlebelia gakeTdes daskvna:
saubaria ara or sxvadasxva principze, aramed keTilsindisierebis principze, romelic
aerTianebs ndobis momentsac. keTilsindisierebis principze msjelobisas literatu-
raSi marTebulad aris aRniSnuli, rom am principis gamoyeneba ZiriTadad iseTi SemTx-
vevebiTaa ganpirobebuli, romlebSic moTxovna an kontrahentis qceva formalurad
moqmed materialur samarTals Seesabameba, magram misi ganxorcieleba konkretul Sem-
TxvevaSi usamarTloa an meore mxaris safuZvlian ndobas ewinaaRmdegeba. ix: kereseliZe
d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 84.
280
germaniis sasamarTloebi baTilad miiCnevdnen standartul pirobebs, Tu isini

gaumarTleblad laxavdnen kontrahentis interesebs.36 amisTvis sasamarTloebi iye-
nebdnen keTilsindisierebis princips, Tumca, sinamdvileSi, es iyo `mosamarTleebis
mier gamogonebuli samarTali~.37
standartuli pirobebis Sinaarsis kontroli keTilsindisierebis principis sa-
fuZvelze gaTvaliswinebulia saberZneTis kanonmdeblobiTac. kontroli xorcielde-
ba keTilsindisierebis Sesaxeb samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi normebis safuZvelze.38
amasTan, gamoiyeneba uflebis borotad gamoyenebisa da garigebis baTilobis Sesaxeb sa-
berZneTis sk-is zogadi normebi, romelTa Sesabamisadac xelSekrulebis piroba baTi-
lia, Tu is 1) ewinaaRmdegeba keTil zneobas, kerZod, araTanazomierad zRudavs kontra-
hentis Tavisuflebas an iwvevs mis eqspluatacias (saberZneTis sk-is 178-e da 179-e mux-
lebi, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnen mxolod ukidures SemTxvevebSi); 2) adgens
SemTavazeblis valdebulebis Sesrulebis iseT wess kontrahentis interesebis gaTva-
liswinebis gareSe, rom es ewinaaRmdegeba keTilsindisierebis princips (saberZneTis
sk-is 288-e da 371-e muxlebi); 3) konkretul SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebis dros aSkarad ar-
Rvevs keTilsindisierebis principiT an keTili zneobis principiT, an samarTlis eko-
nomikuri mizniT gansazRvrul farglebs (saberZneTis sk-is 281-e muxli, romlis saTa-
uria ùflebis borotad gamoyeneba”); 4) gamoiyeneba ucxoelis mier da misi gamoyeneba
ewinaaRmdegeba saberZneTis sajaro wesrigs (saberZneTis sk-is 33-e muxli).
amerikis unificirebuli savaWro kodeqsis 2-302-e paragrafSi gamoiyeneba xel-
Sekrulebis, xelSekrulebis nawilis an calkeuli pirobis `gaumarTleblobis~
(unconscionable – arakeTilsindisiereba) cneba. mosamarTles ufleba aqvs ar daakmayofi-
los gaumarTlebeli xelSekrulebis iZulebiTi Sesrulebis moTxovna. mas SeuZlia ga-
umarTlebeli pirobis gareSe xelSekrulebis nawili miiCnios ZalaSi myofad an SezR-
udos nebismieri gaumarTlebeli pirobis gamoyeneba ise, rom Tavidan iqnes acilebuli
gaumarTlebeli Sedegebi.39 saerTo (zogadi) midgoma mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gaumar-
Tleblad unda CaiTvalos saxelSekrulebo pirobebi, romlebic imdenad calmxrivia,
rom es, xelSekrulebis dadebis momentSi arsebuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ga-
umarTlebelia.40 dauSvebelia xelSekruleba Seicavdes iseT pirobebs, romlebic ara-
gonivrulad xelsayrelia mxolod erTi mxarisaTvis. iseTi terminis gamoyeneba, ro-
goric aris `gaumarTlebloba~, sasamarTlos aZlevs SesaZleblobas, TviTon Seafasos,
ramdenad aris daculi balansi mxareTa saxelSekrulebo ufleba-movaleobebs Soris.
xelSekrulebis pirobebis garda, mosamarTlem unda gamoikvlios xelSekrulebis da-
debis konkretuli garemoebebi, raTa daadginos gaumarTlebeli pirobebis kontrahen-
tisaTvis Tavsmoxvevis faqti.
36
Medicus D., Bürgerliches Recht, 18 Aufl, Köln, Berlin, Bonn, München, 1999, 42-44 .
37
Kötz H., Europäisches Vertragsrecht: b.d.1., Tübingen, 1996, 217.
38
Handbuch des Kaufvertragsrechts in den EG-staaten einschl. Österreich, Schweiz und Un-Kaufrecht. herg.
von Dr. Friedrich Grafvon Westphalen, Jan Willem Bitter, Charis A. Chaldoupis, Verlag O. Schmidt, Koln,
1992, Rn. 36, 495-496.
39
Единообразный торговый кодекс США, Пер. с англ., Международный центр финансово-экономическо-
го развития, М., 1996. 65.
40
Комаров А.С., Ответственность в коммерческом обороте, М., 1991, 155.
281
safrangeTSi, momxmareblis kodeqsis (1993 weli) L.132-1-e muxlis Sesabamisad, ara-

keTilsindisieri pirobebi (abusives) baTilad iTvleba. arakeTilsindisierad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos nebismieri piroba (rogorc standartuli, ise individualuri), Tu dadge-
nilia, rom mewarme Tavs axvevs maT momxmarebels ekonomikuri Zalauflebis borotad
gamoyenebiT (abuse de puissance économique) da amis xarjze iRebs metismet upiratesobas
(avantage excessif). kanonis normebi ar vrceldeba mewarmeebs Soris urTierTobebze.
`garigebaTa zogadi pirobebis samarTlis mowesrigebis Sesaxeb~ germaniis 1976
wlis kanonis 24a paragrafis Sesabamisad, momxmareblis monawileobiT dadebul xel-
SekrulebebSi keTilsindisierebis kontrolis erTaderTi ganmsazRvreli kriteriu-
mia xelSekrulebis pirobebis (romelTa Sinaarszec momxmarebeli gavlenas ver axdens)
winaswari formulireba – Tundac xelSekrulebis pirobebi gamiznuli (gankuTvnili)
iyos erTjeradi gamoyenebisTvis. rac Seexeba komerciul brunvas (mewarmeebs Soris
urTierTobebs), germaniis zemoaRniSnuli kanonis gamosayeneblad, komerciul brun-
vaSi aucilebelia ori winapirobis Sesruleba, kerZod: sasamarTloebs SeuZliaT Sea-
mowmon `keTilsindisiereba~ an `Tanazomiereba~ (adekvaturoba) garigebaTa mxolod
im zogadi pirobebisa, romlebic winaswar iyo formulirebuli erT-erTi mxaris mier
mravaljeradi gamoyenebisTvis.
im urTierTobisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebSic momxmareblebi monawileoben, wi-
naswari formulirebis kriteriumis gamoyeneba iseTi kriteriumis gareSe, rogoric
aris mravaljeradi gamoyeneba, ar SeiZleba iyos mxareTa Zalebis uTanasworobis sak-
marisi damamtkicebeli faqtori komerciul brunvaSi xelSekrulebis dadebis dros.41
saqme isaa, rom yvela ofertSi winaswar da srulad unda iyos Camoyalibebuli xelSek-
rulebis pirobebi, radgan mxolod aqcepti (cvlilebebis gareSe) iwvevs xelSekrule-
bis dadebas. amitom aucilebelia damatebiTi kriteriumebis gamoyeneba imis dasamtki-
ceblad, rom mxareTa Zalebi araTanabaria da swored amgvari uTanasworoba gaxda xel-
SekrulebaSi arakeTilsindisieri pirobebis Setanis mizezi da erT-erT mxares misca
xelSekrulebis pirobebis gansazRvris uflebis borotad gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.
aseT kriteriums warmodgens xelSekrulebis pirobebis mravaljeradi gamoyeneba.
Tu pirisaTvis xelSekrulebis arakeTilsindsieri pirobebisagan dacvis ufle-
bis miniWebis winapiroba xelSekrulebis pirobebis standartizebaa, SemTavazebels Se-
uZlia daamtkicos, rom piroba SeTanxmebuli iyo individualuri wesiT, Sesabamisad,
pirobis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb normebi ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnen.
rac Seexeba xelSekrulebis pirobebis namdvilobis Sefasebas sasamarTlos mier,
unda aRiniSnos, rom mniSvneloba eniWeba garemoebebs, romel pirobebSic daido xel-
Sekruleba, romelSic gamoyenebuli iyo esa Tu is daTqma. sasamarTlom unda daadgi-
nos, Seusabamod laxavs Tu ara xelSekrulebis piroba meore mxaris interesebs; an meo-
re mxaris interesebis sawinaaRmdegod ise zRudavs xelSekrulebis bunebidan gamomdi-
nare arsebiT uflebebsa da movaleobebs, rom safrTxe eqmneba xelSekrulebis miznis
miRwevas; an saqmis yvela garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, uxeSad arRvevs meore mxaris in-
teresebs.
garigebaTa zogadi pirobebis samarTlis mowesrigebis Sesaxeb germaniis 1976 wlis
kanonis me-9 paragrafis Sesabamisad (es norma moqmedebs rogorc komerciul brunvaSi,
41
Larenz K., Wolf M., Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgerlichen Rechts, 8. Aufl. C.H. BeckscheVerlagsbuchhandlung,
§42, München,1997, Rn. 31.
282
ise momxmareblebTan urTierTobebSi), xelSekrulebis zogad (anu standartul) piro-

bebSi asaxuli daTqmebi baTilia, Tu isini keTilsindisierebis principis (ndobisa da
erTgulebis principis) sawinaaRmdegod araTanazomierad (unangemessen) laxaven xel-
Sekrulebis meore mxaris uflebebsa da interesebs. interesebis araTanazomieri Se-
laxva ìvaraudeba saeWvoobis SemTxevvaSi~, Tu xelSekrulebis standartuli piroba
SeuTavsebelia sakanonmdeblo mowesrigebis ZiriTad ideebTan, romlebic uaryo Sem-
Tavazebelma, an Tu is imdenad zRudavs xelSekrulebis bunebidan gamomdinare arsebiT
uflebebsa da movaleobebs, rom safrTxe eqmneba xelSekrulebis miznis miRwevas.
rodesac sasamarTlo wyvets keTilsindisierebis principis moTxovnis darRve-
vis safuZvliT standartuli pirobis baTilad cnobis sakiTxs, man unda Seamowmos,
xelSekrulebis dadebisas ramdenad iyo SezRuduli kontrahentis nebis Tavisufle-
ba. gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes aseve kontrahentis samarTlebriv mdgomareobaSi dis-
proporcia. xelSekrulebis piroba baTilad unda CaiTvalos, Tu igi keTilsindisiere-
bis principis sawinaaRmdegod uxeSad arRvevs kontrahentis interesebs. standartuli
pirobebis SemTavazebelma unda daicvas keTilsindisierebis principi mxareTa ufle-
bebisa da movaleobebis gansazRvris dros. `saxelSekrulebo samarTlis Sesaxeb~ Cine-
Tis saxalxo respublikis 1999 wlis 15 martis kanonis me-40 muxlis Tanaxmad, standar-
tuli piroba baTilia, Tu aseTi piroba gamoricxavs SemTavazeblis pasuxismgeblobas,
zrdis meore mxaris pasuxismgeblobas, an arTmevs, uspobs meore mxares materialur
uflebebs.
`xelSekrulebis arakeTilsindisieri pirobebis Sesaxeb~ didi britaneTis 1977
wlis kanoni (Unfair Contract terms Act 1977) iyenebs gonivrulobisa da samarTlianobis prin-
cips pasuxismgeblobis SemzRudavi an gamomricxveli pirobebis Sinaarsze kontrolis
kriteriumad. samarTlianobisa da gonivrulobis moTxovnis arsi isaa, rom Sesabamisi
piroba warmoadgens samarTlian da gonivrul pirobas xelSekrulebaSi CasarTavad im
garemoebebis gaTvalsiwinebiT, romlebic cnobili an gaTvalsiwinebuli unda yofili-
yo mxareebis mier xelSekrulebis dadebis dros (me-11 muxlis 1-li punqti). amrigad,
xelSekrulebis pirobis arakeTilsindisiereba imiT gamoixateba, rom amgvari piroba
im pirs, romlis winaaRmdegac igi aris gamoyenebuli, uspobs an SeiZleba mouspos mini-
Webuli gansakuTrebuli ufleba, romliTac es piri aRWurvilia socialuri politi-
kis farglebSi, an iseTi uflebebi, romela gonivruli molodini SeiZleba hqonda sa-
qonlis (momsaxurebis) mimRebs xelSekrulebis dadebis dros.42 mtkicebis tvirTi, rom
esa Tu is piroba ar Seesabameba gonivrulobis kriteriums, ekisreba mxares, romelic
amtkicebs, rom piroba ar Seesabameba gonivrulobis kriteriums.43
rac Seexeba qarTul samarTals, ucxouri gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZ-
leba gamoikveTos ramdenime mniSvnelovani debuleba. kerZod, xelSekrulebis stan-
dartuli piroba unda Seesabamebodes keTilsindisierebis princips, niSnavs, rom:
1) akrZalulia uCveulo daTqmebis gamoyeneba. aRniSnuli wesi mxares icavs mou-
lodnelobisagan. mxares unda SeeZlos ndoba imisa, rom xelSekrulebis standartu-
li pirobebi mocemuli iqneba iseT formaSi, romelsac, Cveulebriv, unda elodebodes
42
Зименкова О. Н., Недобросовестные условия в договорах с потребителями: законодательство и практи-
ка зарубежных стран. Основные институты гражданского права зарубежных стран. Сравнительно-пра-
вовое исследование. М., 1999, 407-408.
43
Комаров А.С., Ответственность в коммерческом обороте, М. ,1991, 154.
283
mxare aseTi xelSekrulebis dros.44 am normebs zogjer ,,siurpriz“ normebs uwodeben.

kanonmdebeli maqsimalurad icavs klients e.w. siurprizi pirobebisgan, e.i. moulodne-
li, uCveulo pirobebisgan.45 praqtikaSi, realur cxovrebaSi klienti iSviaTad Tu swav-
lobs xelSekrulebis yvela pirobas cal-calke. klienti moelis, rom xelSekrulebis
standartul pirobebSi uCveulo daTqma ar iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. iseTi pirobebi,
romlebsac garemoebebisda mixedviT, da gansakuTrebiT xelSekrulebis zogadi xasia-
Tis mixedviT, ar moelis klienti, ar iqceva xelSekrulebis Semadgenel nawilad.
imas, Tu ramdenad aris esa Tu is piroba uCveulo, mosamarTle gansazRvravs yove-
li SemTxvevis garemoebebis mixedviT.
2) akrZalulia kontrahentis interesebis araTanazomieri Selaxva. araTanazomi-
erad iTvleba piroba, romlis meSveobiTac SemTavazebeli cdilobs calmxrivad asaxos
xelSekrulebaSi Tavisi interesebi ise, rom meore mxares amis sanacvlod (sakompensa-
ciod) araferi SesTavazos. amasTan, araTanazomiereba damokidebulia samarTlis Ziri-
Tad ideebTan da, xelSekrulebis bunebidan gamomdinare, kontrahentis interesebTan
xelSekrulebis pirobis Sesabamisobaze. xelSekrulebis pirobebis Tanazomierebis Se-
safaseblad agreTve SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mxareTa interesebis Sedarebis meTo-
di. Tumca dauSvebelia xelSekrulebis fasis Tanazomierebis kontroli. imdenad, ram-
denadac standartuli pirobebis Sinaarss gansazRvravs erT-erTi mxare, amgvari mxa-
risaTvis didia cduneba, xelSekrulebaSi Seitanos TavisTvis xelsayreli rac SeiZle-
ba meti piroba, amasTan, kontrahentis interesebis gaTvaliswineba saerTod ar xdeba.
ssk-is 346-e muxlis analizidan gamomdinare, ucxour doqtrinaze dayrdnobiT, SeiZ-
leba davaskvnaT, rom igi iTvaliswinebs ori saxis SemTxvevas, roca, Cveulebriv, ivara-
udeba erT-erTi mxaris interesebis araTanazomieri Selaxva. kerZod, pirvel jgufSi
igulisxmeba SemTxvevebi, roca saxelSekrulebo daTqma SeuTavsebelia samarTlis ar-
sebiT principebTan. magaliTad, im pirobis mimarT keTilsindisierebis principis ga-
moyenebis Sesaxeb, romelic ucxour savaWro warmomadgenels arTmevs kompensaciis ga-
daxdis moTxovnis uflebas xelSekrulebis Sewyvetisas,46 miTiTebulia literaturaSi.
samarTlis principebSi igulisxmeba dispoziciuri wesebi (e.i. normatiuli aqte-
bis da, pirvel yovlisa, sk-is normebi, Cveulebani, doqtrinisa da sasamarTlo praq-
tikis mier Camoyalibebuli samarTlis principebi), romlebic gamoiyeneba mxolod iq,
sadac mxareebma sxva rame ar gaiTvaliswines. faqtobrivad, 346-e muxlis safuZvelze,
sasamarTloebma unda Seamowmon samarTlis dispoziciur normebTan mxareTa interese-
bis Tanafardobis Sesabamisoba. marTalia, mxareebs ufleba aqvT xelSekrulebaSi gada-
uxvion dispoziciur normas, amasTan, xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebi, forma-
lur-samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, warmoadgenen saxelSekrulebo pirobebs, dispo-
ziciur normas akisria erTgvari `nimuSis funqcia“.47
44
Brox H., Walker W., Allgemeines Schuldrecht, 32 Auflage, Verlag C.H. Beck, München, 2007, 44, naSromSi:
WeWelaSvili z., saxelSekrulebo samarTali (SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi kvleva ZiriTa-
dad qarTuli samarTlis safuZvelze), Tb., 2008, 106.
45
46
Hepting R., Detzer K., Die Abdingbarkeit des Ausgleichsanspruchs ausländischer Handelsvertreter und Ver-
tragshändler insbesondere durch Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen // RIW 1989, 337-347.
47
Heinrichs H., in :Kommentar zum BGB /Palandt O., 59. Auflage, Verlag C.H. Beck, München, 2000 (2176)
§9 Rn. 18.
284
germanulma sasamarTlo praqtikam (romelic qarTul sinamdvileSic mizanSewo-

nilia gaTvaliswinebul iqnes) SeimuSava midgoma, romlis Sesabamisadac ganasxvaveben
mizanSewonilobis mosazrebebze dafuZnebul wesebs da samarTlianobis Sesaxeb war-
modgenebidan gamomdinare (samarTlianobis warmodgenebze damyarebul) principebs.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, dispoziciuri normisagan gansxvavebuli xelSekru-
lebis Sinaarsis gansazRvris dros saxeze ar aris interesebis araTanazomieri Selaxva.
Tuki kanonis normiT gaTvaliswinebuli wesi efuZneba samarTlianobis princips, maSin
Sefaseba xdeba samarTlianobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblis warmodgenebidan gamomdinare.
amasTan, Tuki SemTavazebeli dainteresebulia, rom kanoniT dadgenili wesisagan gan-
sxvavebulad moawesrigos mxareTa urTierToba, maSin sasamarTlom unda daadginos,
konkretul SemTxvevaSi SemTavazeblis interesebs unda mieniWos prioriteti, Tu au-
cilebelia samarTlianobis principis safuZvelze meore mxaris interesebis dacva.
imisda mixedviT, Tu ra Sedegebs mogvcems amgvari Sefaseba, sasamarTlos gamoaqvs das-
kvna pirobis dasaSvebobis Sesaxeb. meore jgufi SemTxvevebisa gulisxmobs imas, rom ak-
rZalulia xelSekrulebas daekargos arsi da mniSvneloba. kerZod, interesebis araTa-
nazomier Selaxvas adgili aqvs, roca, xelSekrulebis bunebidan gamomdinare, arsebiTi
uflebebi da, movaleobebi SezRudulia imdenad, rom safrTxe eqmneba xelSekrulebis
miznis miRwevas.48 aseT dros adgili aqvs xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi miznisagan gadax-
vevas, xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi miznis uaryofas. SemTavazebeli ar ayalibebs Tavis
valdebulebebs da klientis uflebebs, romlebic aucilebelia da bunebrivia, Tavis-
Tavadia mocemuli xelSekrulebisTvis, rac ewinaaRmdegeba xelSekrulebis bunebas da
xelSekrulebis mniSvnelobas safrTxes uqmnis.
xelSekrulebis miznisa da Sinaarsis safuZvelze jer unda ganisazRvros, Tu ra
warmoadgens `mocemuli xelSekrulebis bunebas“. xelSekrulebis bunebidan gamomdina-
reobs mxareTa arsebiTi da tipuri uflebebi da movaleobebi. Tu es uflebebi da mova-
leobebi izRudeba imdenad, rom safrTxe eqmneba xelSekrulebis miznis miRwevas, maSin
Sesabamisi piroba warmoadgens dauSvebel pirobas. sxvagvarad rom iTqvas, dauSvebe-
lia xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis meSveobiT xelSekrulebas arsi gamoeca-
los da xelSekrulebas daekargos mizani. am kriteriumis gamoyenebis dros Sefasebis
masStabia ara kanoniT dadgenili nimuSi, aramed sruliad konkretuli xelSekruleba.
dispoziciuri normis, rogorc nimuSis, funqcias gansazRvruli mniSvneloba
aqvs ara marto arsebiTi principebis sakiTxis farglebSi, aramed 346-e muxlis ganmar-
tebis sakiTxSic. keTilsindisierebis principis safuZvelze germaniis umaRlesma fe-
deralurma sasamarTlom SeimuSava `gaxsnilobis, Riaobis principi“ (Transparenzgebot),49
romelic avsebs keTilsindisierebis Sesaxeb debulebas. aRniSnuli principis Tanax-
mad, standartuli pirobebis SemTavazebeli valdebulia meore mxaris uflebebi da
movaleobebi Camoayalibos cxadad, naTlad, mkafio formiT da imgvarad, rom SesaZle-
beli iyos am ufleba-movaleobaTa ganxorcieleba. standartuli pirobebi unda iyos
naTeli, gasagebi da iolad aRsaqmeli. dauSvebelia pirobebis Sinaarsis gabundovneba
gaurkveveli, gaugebari, bundovani da rTulad formulirebuli daTqmebiT.50 garda
48
Klunziger E., Einführung in das bürgerliche Recht, 5. Aufl., Verlag Vahlen, München, 1993, 86, 11.
49
germaniis federaluri sasamarTlo, NJW 1984, 171, 172; germaniis federaluri sasamarT-
lo, NJW 1990, 2383.
50
Thamm M., Taschenkommentar zum AGB-Gesetz-Heidelberg: Verl. Recht und Wirtschaft, 1998 §9, Rn. 13
285
amisa, xelSekruleba naTeli, mkafio unda iyos, e.i. xelSekrulebis debulebebi naTlad
unda iyos gansazRvruli. keTilsindisierebis sawinaaRmdego xelSekrulebis standar-
tuli pirobebisagan daculi unda iqnen rogorc mewarmeebi, ise momxmareblebic. dauS-
vebelia, SemTavazebeli standartuli pirobebis calmxrivad gansazRvrisas iyenebdes
saxelSekrulebo pirobebis `SeumCnevlad Tavs moxvevis“ meTods. aseT SemTxvevaSi ke-
Tilsindisierebis principi zRudavs xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis princips da amiT
icavs xelSekrulebis susti mxaris interesebs. sayuradReboa ssk-is 346-e muxlis me-2
winadadebac, romlis Sesabamisadac, mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli is garemoebebi,
romelTa arsebobisas iqna es pirobebi xelSekrulebaSi Setanili, mxareTa ormxrivi in-
teresebi da sxva. magaliTad, baTili iqneba xelSekrulebis standartuli piroba, ro-
melic, saqmis yvela garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, uxeSad arRvevs kontrahentis inte-
resebs. amasTan, radgan standartuli pirobebiT dgindeba dispoziciuri normebisgan
gansxvavebuli wesebi, erTi mxriv, unda Sefasdes dispoziciuri normebiT dadgenili
wesebisagan gansxvavebuli xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis gansazRvris (dis-
poziciuri normebisagan gadaxvevis) mizanSewonileba, maSin roca dispoziciuri nor-
mebi Tanabrad iTvaliswineben orive mxaris interesebs. meore mxriv, unda Semowmdes,
ramdenad SeizRuda kontrahentis nebis Tavisufleba. gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes ag-
reTve kontrahentebis samarTlebriv mdgomareobaSi disproporcia. gadamwyvetia kon-
trahentis interesebis Selaxva xelSekrulebis dadebis momentSi. Tu xelSekrulebis
erT-erTi piroba uxeSad arRvevs kontrahentis interesebs, is unda Sefasdes erTob-
liobaSi da xelSekrulebis sxva pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
rogorc aRiniSna, xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebi winaswar aris Camoya-
libebuli mravali xelSekrulebisTvis da maT SemTavazebeli sTavazobs (udgens) kli-
ents calmxrivad. es niSnavs, rom SemTavazebeli sargeblobs xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis
calmxrivad gansazRvris uflebiT51 da cdilobs SeboWos klienti xelSekrulebis am
pirobebiT. Tu saxelSekrulebo pirobebi ar yofila SeTavazebuli romelime mxaris
mier (magaliTad, Tu xelSekrulebis pirobebi mxareebs SesTavaza notariusma), maSin
iTvleba, rom isini ar yofila gansazRvruli calmxrivad da aseTi pirobebi ar eqce-
vian standartuli pirobebis momwesrigebeli normebis moqmedebis sferoSi. magram am
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia keTilsindisierebis principTan xelSekrulebis pirobebis
Sinaarsis Sesabamisobis Semowmeba.52
saxelSekrulebo piroba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos standartul pirobad, Tu igi mxa-
reebma erToblivad gansazRvres. xelSekrulebis piroba maSin iTvleba mxareTa Soris
SeTanxmebulad, roca SemTavazebelma kontrahents misca xelSekrulebis pirobebis
gansazRvraSi monawileobis realuri SesaZlebloba da, Tavis mxriv, kontrahentma ga-
naxorciela Tavisi ufleba. meore mxares unda hqondes xelSekrulebis pirobis Sina-
arsis an xelSekrulebis mTeli standartuli nawilis Semowmebis da maTSi cvlilebe-
bis Setanis SesaZlebloba. SemTavazebelma kontrahents seriozuli ganzraxviT unda
SesTavazos gansaxilvelad xelSekrulebis standartul pirobebSi asaxuli debule-
bebi da mianiWos kontrahents Tavisufleba, Camoayalibos xelSekrulebis pirobebi,
raTa dacul iqnes kontrahentis interesebi. pirvel yovlisa, kontrahents unda hqon-
51
Brox H., Allgemeines Schuldrecht/von Hans Brox. 24 Aufl., Beck, München, 1997, 29 Rn., 46.
52
germaniis federaluri sasamarTlo, NJW 1988, 1972.
286
des xelSekrulebis im pirobebis Sinaarsze gavlenis moxdenis SesaZlebloba, romelTa

meSveobiT xdeba dispoziciuri normiT gaTvaliswinebuli wesis Secvla an Sevseba. Tu
molaparakebaTa sagani iyo xelSekrulebis mxolod romelime calkeuli piroba da ara
xelSekrulebis winaswar Camoyalibebuli yvela piroba, maSin danarCeni pirobebi iT-
vleba xelSekrulebis standartul pirobebad.53 xelSekrulebis winaswar Camoyalibe-
buli pirobebis martooden ganxilva mxareTa Soris an maTi Sinaarsis da mniSvnelobis
martooden ganmarteba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos `pirobis SeTanxmebad~. martooden gan-
marteba ar niSnavs, rom mxareebma moilaparakes (mxareebi SeTanxmdnen), Tu amasTan kon-
trahents ar hqonda realuri Sansi, raime Seecvala xelSekrulebis pirobebSi.54 magram
am SemTxvevaSi ukve ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ssk-is 344-e muxli (uCveulo, mou-
lodneli daTqmebis akrZalva), radgan piroba, romlis mniSvnelobac zustad ganemarta
kontrahents, ar SeiZleba iyos uCveulo (moulodneli).
SeTanxmebas ara aqvs adgili maSinac, roca xelSekrulebis standartul teqstSi
klients eZleva SesaZlebloba arCevani moaxdinos sxvadasxva alternativas Soris, ker-
Zod Semoxazos TavisTvis sasurveli pirobebi, an gadaxazos arasasurveli pirobebi.55 ar
aris sakmarisi, Tu myidvels hqonda mxolod xelSekrulebis teqstis Semcirebis SesaZ-
lebloba, an roca standartul teqstSi datovebulia adgilebi, romlebic ivseba mola-
parakebaTa Sedegebis Sesabamisad (e.i. roca SesaZlebelia, mxolod damatebebis Setana).
mniSvnelovania mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis sakiTxi. kerZod, mxarem, romelic
miuTiTebs (eyrdnoba) standartul pirobebze, saeWvoobis SemTxvevaSi unda daamtki-
cos, rom standartuli pirobebi xelSekrulebis nawilad iqcnen. im mxares, romelic
miuTiTebs damcavi normis (mocemul SemTxvevaSi ssk-is 346-e muxli) gamoyenebis auci-
leblobaze, ekisreba imis mtkicebis tvirTi, rom sadavo pirobebi warmoadgenen xelSek-
rulebis standartul pirobebs. Tu SemTavazebeli ganacxadebs, rom konkretul Sem-
TxvevaSi pirobebi ara marto Setanil iqna xelSekrulebaSi, aramed warmoadgenen indi-
vidualuri molaparakebebis sagans, maSin am garemoebis mtkicebis tvirTi mas ekisreba.
4. 2. pirobiTad baTili standartuli pirobebi
ssk-is 346-e muxlis ganxilvisas mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes 347-348-e mux-

lebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom 347-348 muxlebi samewarmeo anu komerciul brunvaSi uSu-
alod ar gamoiyeneba (amaze pirdapir aris miTiTebuli aRniSnul muxlebSi), isini mniS-
vnelovan rols asruleben ssk-is 346-e muxlis ganmartebis dros. amitom sainteresoa
am normebSi asaxuli debulebebis analizic. Tavisi arsiT, 347-348-e muxlebSi asaxuli
akrZalvebi warmoadgens 346-e muxlSi asaxuli generaluri normis dakonkretebas ara-
samewarmeo, arakomerciul brunvaSi. 347-e-348-e muxlebSi saubaria iseT standartul
pirobebze, romlebic dauSveblad laxaven erT-erTi mxaris interesebs, an romlebSic
adgili ar aqvs interesebis gawonasworebas, dabalansebas. Sesabamisad, ibadeba kiTxva,
Tu 347-e muxlSic da 348-e muxlSic saubaria xelSekrulebis iseTi standartuli piro-
bebis baTilobaze, romlebsac SemTavazebeli iyenebs aramewarme fizikuri pirebis mi-
53
germaniis federaluri sasamarTlo, NJW-RR 1996, 783.
54
germaniis federaluri sasamarTlo, NJN 1984, 171.
55
germaniis federaluri sasamarTlo, NJW 1987, 2011.
287
marT, maSin ram ganapiroba sk-Si am normebis cal-calke muxlebis saxiT arseboba? unda
iTqvas, rom es ar momxdara SemTxveviTobis an sakanonmdeblo teqnikis xarvezis gamo.
saqme isaa, rom ssk-is 347-e muxlSi gansazRvrulia pirobiTad akrZaluli daTqmebi, xo-
lo 348-e muxlSi – absoluturad akrZaluli daTqmebi.
ssk-is 347-e muxlis mocemuli pirobebis CamonaTvalSi mudmivad gvxvdeba iseTi
cnebebi, romlebsac sWirdebaT sasamarTlos mier Sefaseba. saubaria iseT cnebebze,
rogorebicaa `Seusabamod xangrZlivi“ an àSkarad mcire vadebi“, àrasakmarisad gan-
sazRvruli vadebi“ da a.S. ssk-is 347-e muxlSi gansazRvruli pirobebi SeiZleba baTi-
lad CaiTvalos saqmis konkretuli garemoebebis Seswavlis dros. baTilobis faqtis
dasadgenad saWiroa sasamarTlom ganmartos mocemuli cnebebi.
pirobiTad akrZaluli daTqmebi, romlebic CamoTvlilia ssk-is 347-e muxlSi, nam-
dvilia gansazRvruli winapirobebis arsebobisas. kerZod, mosamarTlem xelSekrule-
bis standartuli pirobebis analizisas, 347-e muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, unda
gamoiyenos Semdegi kriteriumebi:
a) Tanazomiereba (igulisxmeba vadis Tanazomiereba xelSekrulebis Sesrulebi-
sas, aqceptirebisas, Sesrulebis vadis gadadebis, vadis gagrZelebisas; ganxorciele-
buli SesrulebisaTvis gasamrjelos Tanazomiereba; gaweuli xarjebis anazRaurebis
Tanazomiereba);
b) gansazRvruloba (igulisxmeba Sesrulebis, aqceptirebis, vadis gadadebis, va-
dis gagrZelebis gansazRvruloba);
g) obieqturad gamarTlebuloba da specialuri miTiTebis arseboba (xelSekru-
lebaze uaris Tqma gamarTlebuli unda iyos da ar unda ganxorcieldes xelSekruleba-
Si miTiTebuli safuZvlis gareSe; xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis safuZveli specialu-
rad unda iyos miTiTebuli xelSekrulebaSi);
d) yuradsaRebi interesis arseboba;
e) misaReboba meore mxarisaTvis (igulisxmeba Sepirebuli Sesrulebis Secvlis,
xelSekrulebaSi cvlilebis Setanis misaReboba);
4.3. absoluturad baTili standartuli pirobebi
ssk-is 347-e muxlisagan gansxvavebiT, 348-e muxli ar Seicavs ganusazRvrel cne-

bebs (gamonakliss Seadgens amave muxlis à“qvepunqti). ssk-is 348-e muxlis sawinaaRmde-
go pirobebi baTilia da baTilad maTi miCnevisaTvis damatebiT sasamarTlos ganmar-
teba saWiro ar aris. ssk-is 348-e muxlSi CamoTvlili daTqmebi baTilad CaiTvleba ne-
bismier SemTxvevaSi da isini ar aZleven mosamarTles Tavisufali Sefasebis SesaZleb-
lobas. amdenad, 348-e muxlSi CamoTvlilia absoluturad baTili pirobebi. Tu arasa-
mewarmeo brunvaSi gamoyenebuli romelime gansazRvruli daTqma ar aris miTiTebuli
347-e-348-e muxlebSi, unda Semowmdes, warmoadgens Tu ara amgvari daTqma uCveulo (mo-
ulodnel) daTqmas ssk-is 344-e muxlis mniSvnelobiT an araTanazomier daTqmas ssk-is
346-e muxlis mniSvnelobiT. am TvalsazrisiT, keTilsindisierebis principis, rogorc
generaluri normis, safuZvelze, mosamarTles eZleva iseTi daTqmebis kontrolis Se-
saZleblobac, romelTa arsebobis Sesaxebac kanonmdebelma sk-is miRebis droisaTvis
jer kidev ar icoda da amitom ar SeeZlo pirdapir mieTiTebina 347-348-e muxlebSi.
288
praqtikaSi xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis dasaSvebobis Semowmeba unda

daviwyoT ssk-is 348-e muxliT da mxolod Semdeg, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, gamoviyenoT
347-e muxli. aseTi midgoma aqvT analogiuri sakiTxebisadmi germanel iuristebs.56 Tu
daTqma ar miesadageba SemTxvevaTa arcerT miTiTebul jgufs, maSin gamoyenebul unda
iqnes ssk-is 346-e muxliT dadgenili generaluri norma. ssk-is 346-e muxlSi dadgenili
akrZalva kontrahentis interesebis araTanazomieri Selaxvisa, mniSvnelovan rols as-
rulebs agreTve ssk-is 347-e muxlis ganmartebisas. Tavis mxriv, ssk-is 347-e-348-e mux-
lebi arsebiT gavlenas axdenen ssk-is 346-e muxlis ganmartebaze iq, sadac ssk-is 347-e-
348-e muxlebi uSualod ar gamoiyenebian, kerZod ki, samewarmeo brunvaSi.
daskvnis saxiT unda iTqvas Semdegi: keTilsindisierebis princips rom xelSekru-
lebaTa kontrolisa da koreqciis funqcia gaaCnia,57 naTlad vlindeba xelSekruleba-
Ta standartuli pirobebis momwesrigebel normebSi. standartuli pirobebis Sinaar-
sze materialursamarTlebrivi kontroli ganisazRvreba ssk-is 343-348-e muxlebiT. am
normaTa arsi da mniSvneloba isaa, rom aucilebelia imaze ufro mkacrad SeizRudos
standartuli pirobebis Sinaarsis gansazRvris Tavisufleba, vidre es aris dadgeni-
li xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis zogadi wesebiT, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi
xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis Sinaarsis Tavisuflad gansazRvris princips
gamoiyenebda martooden SemTavazebeli, xolo klienti iZulebuli iqneboda Tavisuf-
lad martooden is ganesazRvra, daedo Tu ar daedo xelSekruleba. bunebrivia, rom
klients ar unda Seelaxos da arc SeiZleba Seelaxos Tavisi uflebebi. es aris socia-
luri saxelmwifos marTlwesrigis upirobo mizani.58 am miznis misaRwevad ssk-is 347-e-
348-e muxlebSi mocemulia im akrZaluli standartuli pirobebis sakmaod moculobi-
Ti CamonaTvali, romlebic sazianoa klientisaTvis. magram amgvari kazuistikisa da ak-
rZaluli pirobebis detalurad gansazRvris miuxedavad, ar aris gamoricxuli saxeze
iyos sxva dauSvebeli pirobac, romelic am CamonaTvalSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli,
rac warmoSobs xarvezs samarTalSi. xarvezis daZlevis SesaZleblobas ki iZleva ssk-
is 346-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli generaluri piroba standartul saxelSekrulebo
daTqmebSi keTilsindisierebis principis dacvisa. aRniSnuli principi standartuli
pirobebis Sinaarsze kontrolis sazoms warmoadgens. sayuradReboa 346-e muxlis Si-
naarsi. kerZod, es norma ori winadadebisgan Sedgeba. pirveli winadadebidan gamom-
dinare, keTilsindisierebis principi standartuli pirobebis Sinaarsze kontrolis
saboloo da imperatiuli sazomia (farglebia) warmoadgens. meore winadadeba ki sasa-
marTlos uflebas aZlevs pirobis baTilad cnobis dros mxedvelobaSi miiRos is gare-
moebebi, romelTa arsebobisas iqna es pirobebi xelSekrulebaSi Setanili, mxareTa or-
mxrivi interesebi da sxva. saubaria garemoebebze, romlebmac ganapirobes (gamoiwvies)
baTili pirobis dadeba, xelSekrulebaSi Setana, xelSekrulebis dadeba. Sesabamisad,
meore winadadebis Sinaarsi amcirebs keTilsindisierebis Sesaxeb generaluri pirobis
rols da kontrols xdis ufro konkretuls.
56
Medicus D., Bürgerliches recht: Eine nach Anspruchgrundlagen geordnete Darstellung zur Examensvorberei-
tung Von Dieter Medicus: 18 Aufl., Köln; Berlin; Bonn; München: Heymanns 1999 Gernhuber. Fortgef. von
Dr. Barbara Grunewald, 4 Aufl., Beck, München, 1998, 28, Rn. 9 und 10.
57
vaSakiZe g., samoqalaqo kodeqsis garTulebul valdebulebaTa sistema, Tb., 2010, 67.
58
Heinrichs H., Palandt O., 2388, miTiTebulia naSromidan: Жалинский А., Введение в немецкое пра-
во, М., 2001, 394.
289
rac Seexeba standartuli pirobebis Sinaarsis kontrolis farglebs, Tavisi Sina-

arsiT standartuli pirobebi eqvemdebarebian kanonis safuZvelze kontrols mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac isini samarTlis normebisgan gansxvavebul wesebs iTvaliswi-
neben an avseben samarTlis normebs (ssk-is 342-e muxlis 1-li nawili).
5. xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis baTilobis Sedegebi
Tu xelSekrulebis erT-erTi an ramdenime standartuli piroba baTilia, saxel-

dobr, imis gamo, rom isini ewinaaRmdegebian ssk-is 344-e, 346-e, 347-e-348-e muxlebs,
aseT dros moqmedebs principi: Tu xelSekrulebis erT-erTi piroba baTilia, danarCen
nawilSi xelSekruleba ZalaSi rCeba garigebis nawilobriv baTilobis Sesaxeb normebis
Sesabamisad. baTili daTqmebis nacvlad, aseT dros mizanSewonili iqneba im dispozi-
ciuri normebis an savaWro Cveulebebis gamoyeneba, romelTa moTxovnebisgan gansxva-
vebulad, keTilsindisierebis principis sawinaaRmdegod, mxareebma xelSekruleba-
Si gaiTvaliswines esa Tu is wesi. `standartuli pirobis erT-erTi niSani isicaa, rom
misi meSveobiT xdeba kanoniT dadgenili normebisagan gansxvavebuli da maTi Semvsebi
wesebis dadgena~.59 romelime pirobis baTilobis gamo mTeli xelSekruleba SeiZleba
miCneuli iqnes baTilad im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mxareebi ar dadebdnen xelSekrule-
bas aseTi pirobis gareSe, an rodesac xelSekrulebis Sesruleba erT-erTi mxarisaTvis
metad mZime tvirTi (unumutbare Härte) iqneboda imis gaTvaliswinebiTac ki, rom, xelSek-
rulebis baTili pirobebis nacvlad, gamoiyeneba dispoziciuri normebi. magram es wesi
praqtikaSi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba.60 es imiT aixsneba, rom arakeTilsindisieri pirobebis
baTilobis Sesaxeb wesebi, pirvel yovlisa, icaven kontrahents. kontrahentis dacvis
mizani ganuxorcielebeli iqneboda, Tuki SemTavazebels, romelmac xelSekrulebaSi
Seitana arakeTilsindisieri piroba, ufleba eqneboda dayrdnoboda mTeli xelSekru-
lebis baTilobas (mieTiTebina mTeli xelSekrulebis baTilobaze) da aeZulebina Tavi-
si kontrahenti misTvis daebrunebina Sesrulebuli (gadacemuli) da amiT Tavisi bra-
liT warmoSobili riski meore mxarisaTvis gadaekisrebina.
zogjer gvxvdeba xelSekrulebis pirobebi, romlebic mxolod nawilobriv ewi-
naaRmdegeba imas, rac SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebuli yofiliyo xelSekrulebaSi. ibadeba
kiTxva: SeiZleba Tu ara xelSekrulebis piroba am SemTxvevaSi CaiTvalos nawilobriv
namdvil pirobad? es SesaZlebelia, Tuki xelSekrulebis piroba SeiZleba gaiyos or
nawilad, romlebic, azrobrivi kavSiris miuxedavad, gansxvavdebian teqstualurad da
Sinaarsobrivad.
Tuki SeuZlebelia xelSekrulebis pirobis ZalaSi myofi nawilis gamoyofa, ga-
mocalkeveba baTili nawilisagan, maSin xelSekrulebis piroba ver CaiTvleba nawilob-
rivad namdvil pirobad. aseT SemTxvevaSi xelSekrulebis piroba miiCneva mTlianad
baTilad: mosamarTles ara aqvs ufleba baTili pirobis azri, mniSvneloba Sekvecos
59
axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi samarTali (me-2 gamocema), Tb., 1999, 24-28.
60
Baumbach-Duden-Hopt-Handelsgesetzbuch: mit Gmbh & Co., Recht der Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingun-
gen und Handelsklauseln,Verl. von Klaus J. Hopt. Begr. von Adolf Baumbach Fortgef. bis zur 24. Aufl. von
Konrad Duden, 28. Aufl. Beck, München,1989 (1714 ).
290
im zRvramde, roca es piroba SeiZleba miCneuli yofiliyo (CaTvliliyo) namdvil pi-

robad. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SemTavazebels miecemoda aSkarad dauSvebeli pirobis
xelSekrulebaSi Setanis stimuli. amasTan, es xels Seuwyobda klientTa umravlesobis
SecdomaSi Seyvanas, xolo is, vinc mimarTavda sasamarTlos, miaRwevda xelSekrule-
bis pirobis mxolod nawilobriv baTilad cnobas. ssk-is 347-e muxlis komentirebisas
prof. l. Wanturia aRniSnavs: `347-e muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli debulebis Setana xel-
Sekrulebis standartul pirobebSi, marTalia, iwvevs am debulebaTa baTilobas xel-
Sekrulebis dadebis momentidan, magram ara xelSekrulebis baTilobas. xelSekruleba
mTlianad `ZalaSia, magram misi am baTili nawilebis gareSe“.61 aseT dros, xelSekrule-
bis baTili standartuli pirobebis nacvlad moqmedebs kanonis normebi.
xelSekrulebis pirobis baTilobisas, pirobis Sinaarsi ar ikveceba kanoniT da-
saSveb (nebadarTul) mniSvnelobamde.62 winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SemTavazebels araferi
eqneboda gasariski xelSekrulebaSi iseTi pirobis Setanisas, romlis baTilobis Sesa-
xebac misTvis cnobilia winaswar. aseT SemTxvevaSi mas imedi eqneboda imisa, rom baTili
pirobac ki ZalaSi iqneba kanoniT dasaSveb nawilSi. magaliTad, baTili iqneba amgvari
daTqma: `SemTavazeblis pasuxismgebloba bralis nebismieri formiT zianis miyenebi-
saTvis gamoiricxeba“, rameTu amgvari daTqma ewinaaRmdegeba ssk-is 348-e muxlis `v“
qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebul samarTlebriv debulebas. dasaSvebad CaiTvleba amgvari
daTqma (piroba): `SemTavazebeli ar agebs pasuxs Tavisi warmomadgenlis martivi gauf-
rTxileblobisaTvis“. es meore daTqma (piroba), marTalia, pirvelTan SedarebiT viw-
roa, Sekvecilia, magram, miuxedavad amisa, pirveli daTqma, piroba ar SeiZleba daviw-
rovdes meoris Sinaarsamde. baTili pirobis moqmedeba wydeba ise, rom misi Canacvleba
raime sxva pirobiT ar xdeba. Sedegad, SemTavazebeli pasuxs agebs Tavisi warmomadgen-
lis martivi gaufrTxileblobisaTvisac.
aqve unda aRiniSnos ssk-is 348-e muxlis `v“ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli normis
arasrulyofilad formulirebis Taobazec. kerZod, am normis Tanaxmad, baTilad miiC-
neva debuleba, romelic gamoricxavs an zRudavs pasuxismgeblobas im zianisTvis, rac
gamowveulia SemTavazeblis an misi warmomadgenlis uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT valde-
bulebis darRvevis gamo (pasuxismgebloba gaufrTxileblobisaTvis). normaSi aqcen-
ti keTdeba swored uxeS gaufrTxileblobaze, rogorc bralis erT-erT formaze. Tu
pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxva an SezRudva uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT valdebulebis
darRvevis gamo dauSvebelia, maSin miT umetes, es dauSvebeli unda iyos valdebule-
bis ganzrax darRvevis gamo. Tumca es normidan ar ikveTeba. normis gamomyenebelma ki,
sk-Si 395-e muxlis arsebobis miuxedavad, SesaZloa ivaraudos, rom valdebulebis gan-
zrax darRvevis gamo SesaZlebelia pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxva an SezRudva, rameTu
348-e muxli specialurad exeba xelSekrulebis standartul pirobas. Tanac frCxileb-
Si kanonmdebeli uTiTebs pasuxismgeblobaze gaufrTxileblobisaTvis, xolo 395-e
muxli zogadi normaa. amdenad, 348-e muxlis dasaxelebuli debuleba SeiZleba praq-
tikaSi mcdari daskvnebis gamotanis ganmapirobebeli faqtori gaxdes. amitom mizanSe-
wonilia misi formulirebis Secvla da normis es nawili unda Camoyalibdes Semdegi
61
Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, me-3 wigni, Tb., 2001, 201.
62
germaniis federaluri sasamarTlo, BGHZ BD, 84, 109. 115 ff= NJW 1982, 2309.
291
redaqciiT: `debuleba, romelic gamoricxavs an zRudavs pasuxismgeblobas im zianis-

Tvis, rac gamowveulia SemTavazeblis an misi warmomadgenlis mier ganzraxviT an uxeSi
gaufrTxileblobiT valdebulebis darRvevis gamo“.
Tu saxelSekrulebo pirobis nawilebad gayofa SesaZlebelia da erT-erTi nawili
ewinaaRmdegeba sk-s, maSin baTiloba gavrceldeba mxolod am nawilze. saxelSekrulebo
pirobis dasaSvebi nawili ZalaSi rCeba.
amrigad, Tu, xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebidan gamomdinare, yvela uf-
lebisa da movaleobis analizis, Sefasebis Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom saxezea disbalansi,
uTanabroba, rac ewinaaRmdegeba keTilsindisierebis princips, maSin gaTvaliswinebu-
li unda iqnes, rom baTilia xelSekrulebis mxolod is nawili, romelic iwvevs erT-er-
Ti mxaris mdgomareobis damZimebas, gauaresebas. rac Seexeba xelSekrulebis danarCen
nawils, igi SenarCunebul unda iqnes.
keTilsindisierebis principi garkveul rols asrulebs ara mxolod saxelSekru-
lebo disbalansis gansazRvrisas aramed igi gamovlenili disbalansis sakiTxis gadawy-
vetis sazomic aris. amis Semdeg keTilsindisierebis principi iwyebs funqcionirebas,
rogorc xelSekrulebaSi CarTuli debulebis Sefasebis kriteriumi. saWiroa Sedege-
bis gansazRvra obieqturad, mxareebisagan damoukideblad, vinaidan xelSekrulebaSi
gamoxatuli neba, roca xelSekrulebis pirobebi erTi mxaris mier aris nakarnaxevi,
rogorc wesi, ar warmoadgens karg instruments obieqturi saxelSekrulebo samar-
Tlianobis aRsadgenad. ramdenadac sk-is Tavi, romelic standartul pirobebs exeba,
uSualod ar Seicavs standartuli pirobebis baTilobis Sedegebis momwesrigebel spe-
cialur normas, gamoyenebul unda iqnes ssk-is 62-e muxliT63 dadgenili zogadi norma,
romlis mixedviTac, calkeuli standartuli pirobis an pirobis nawilis baTiloba ar
iwvevs mTliani xelSekrulebis (garigebis) da xelSekrulebis danarCeni (sxva) standar-
tuli pirobebis baTilobas. es wesi gamoyenebuli unda iqnes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
roca xelSekruleba gayofadia, e.i. erT-erTi pirobis (an pirobis nawilis) baTiloba
logikurad ar iwvevs mTeli xelSekrulebis baTilobas. magram erT-erTi pirobis (an
pirobis nawilis) baTiloba avtomaturad iwvevs xelSekrulebis miznisa da mniSvnelo-
bis, arsis mixedviT baTil pirobasTan (pirobis nawilTan) dakavSirebuli pirobebis
baTilobas, maSinac ki, roca amgvari saxelSekrulebo pirobebi erTmaneTTan struq-
turulad araa dakavSirebuli.64 ZalaSi rCeba is pirobebi, romlebic xelSekrulebis
miznis mixedviT ar arian dakavSirebuli baTilad cnobil pirobasTan, imis miuxedavad,
es saxelSekrulebo pirobebi gaerTianebulia Tu ara sistemurad.65
63
naTelia, rom es norma ar aris srulyofili da detalurad ar awesrigebs garigebis ba-
Tilobis samarTlebriv Sedegebs. saWiroa standartuli pirobebis baTilobis samarT-
lebrivi Sedegebis ganmsazRvreli specialuri normis SemoReba, an ssk-is 62-e muxlis
daxvewa, magaliTad, mizanSewonili iqneba, Tu gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi baTilad CaiTv-
leba mTliani xelSekruleba, Tu xelSekrulebis Sesruleba metismetad mZime tvirTi
iqneba, metismetad samZimo iqneba erT-erTi mxarisaTvis mas Semdegac ki, rac xelSekru-
lebis standartuli pirobebis nacvlad gamoyenebuli iqneba kanonis normebi.
64
65
iqve.
292
6. daskvna
qarTuli da ucxouri kanonmdeblobis, doqtrinisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis ana-

lizis safuZvelze, naSromis farglebSi ganxilul iqna xelSekrulebis standartuli
pirobebis Sinaarsis kontrolis da standartuli pirobebis praqtikaSi gamoyenebis
problemebi, SemoTavazebul iqna maTi gadaWrisa da xarvezuli normebis srulyofis
rekomendaciebi. SesaZlebelia yuradReba gamaxvildes standartuli pirobebis gamo-
yenebis problemasTan dakavSirebul arsebiT aspeqtebze da Camoyalibdes kvlevis Zi-
riTadi Sedegebi, kerZod:
a) saWiroa standartuli pirobebis kontrolis meqanizmis daxvewa. standartuli
pirobebi masobrivad gamoiyeneba qarTul sinamdvileSi bankebis, sadazRvevo organi-
zaciebis, bazarze dominirebuli mdgomareobis mqone subieqtebis mier, rac standar-
tuli pirobebis mniSvnelobis gazrdaze metyvelebs, Tumca arakeTilsindisieri stan-
dartuli pirobebisagan susti mxare sakmarisad daculi ar aris. Sesabamisad, stan-
dartuli pirobebis Sinaarsis kontrolis saWiroeba imiT aixsneba, rom standartuli
pirobebis gamoyenebisas mosalodnelia SemTavazeblis mier standartuli pirobebis
calmxrivad gansazRvris uflebis arakeTilsindisierad gamoyeneba. es ki warmoSobs
disbalanss mxareTa Soris arsebul saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi. kontrahents
(xelSekrulebis sust mxares) Tavisi interesebis dacvis adekvaturi saSualebebi unda
gaaCndes. standartuli pirobebis Sinaarsis kontrolis sakiTxSi keTilsindisierebis
princips gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos.
b) ssk srulyofilad ar iTvaliswinebs standartuli pirobebis ganmartebis Ta-
viseburebebs, maSin roca amgvari pirobebis ganmarteba maTi kontrolis erT-erTi sa-
Sualebaa. martooden 345-e muxlis arseboba ki problemas ver wyvets. arc ssk-is 52-e
muxlia sakmarisi standartuli pirobebis keTilsindisierebis principis Sesabamisad
ganmartebisaTvis. mizanSewonilia am normaSi an ssk-is 345-e muxlSi mieTiTos, rom ga-
rigebaTa ganmarteba xorcieldeba keTilsindisierebis principis Sesabamisad.
g) mizanSewonilia detalurad mowesrigdes garigebis standartuli pirobebis
baTilobis samarTlebriv SedegebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, kerZod, garigebis
standartuli pirobebis mTlianad an nawilobriv baTilobis SemTxvevebi da wesebi. ma-
galiTad: mizanSewonili iqneba, Tu gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi baTilad CaiTvleba mTlia-
ni xelSekruleba, Tu xelSekrulebis Sesruleba metismetad mZime tvirTi iqneba erT-
erTi mxarisaTvis mas Semdegac ki, rac xelSekrulebis baTili standartuli pirobebis
nacvlad gamoyenebuli iqneba kanonis normebi.
d) mizanSewonilia kanonmdebelma Seqmnas iseTi meqanizmi, romelic uzrunvel-
yofs keTilsindisierebis principis srulyofilad gamoyenebas saxelSekrulebo ur-
TierTobebSi. am mxriv, mizanSewonilia ssk-is 346-e muxlidan amoRebul iqnes meore
winadadeba, romelic standartuli pirobebis Sinaarsis kontrols xdis ufro konkre-
tuls da Tavisi arsiT, amcirebs keTilsindisierebis principis mniSvnelobas da moqme-
debas, vinaidan am principis gamoyenebas saqmis konkretul garemoebebze damokidebu-
lad aqcevs.
e) marTebulia qarTul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi Camoyalibebuli midgoma, romlis
Tanaxmadac, gazrdili moTxovnebi waeyenebaT standartuli pirobebis gansazRvrisas
293
mewarmeebs da bazarze dominirebuli mdgomareobis mqone subieqtebs momxmareblebTan

urTierTobaSi. Sesabamisad, rodesac dRis wesrigSi dgeba subieqtTa interesebis dac-
va, mizanSewonilia diferencirebuli midgomis SemuSaveba standartuli pirobebis Si-
naarsze kontrolis ganxorcielebisas, imisda mixedviT, kontrahenti fizikuri piria
Tu mewarme subieqti.
v) ssk-is 346-e muxlSi saubaria ara or sxvadaxva principze – ndobisa da keTilsin-
disierebis principebze cal-calke, rogorc es normis formulirebidan ikveTeba, ara-
med keTilsindisierebis principze, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs ndobaze damyarebul
urTierTobebsac.
294
maia kopaleiSvili*
iwvevs Tu ara saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis

42-e muxlis me-51 nawilis moqmedeba mSoblis
sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas
1. Sesavali
samecniero wreebSi, praqtikos iuristebSi, iurist studentebs Soris, romlebic

dainteresebulni arian sisxlis samarTlis normaTa gamoyenebis praqtikuli aspeqte-
biT, sisxlis samarTlis, rogorc dargis, mecnierul WrilSi ganxilviT, aqtualuria
da diskusias iwvevs saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 42-e muxlis 5¹ nawiliT
dadgenili regulireba, romelic Seexeba gadaxdisuunaro arasrulwlovan msjavrde-
bul pirze dakisrebuli jarimis gadaxdis dakisrebas mSobelze. rogorc viciT, norma
mSobels akisrebs valdebulebas, gadaixados Tavis arasrulwlovan gadaxdisuunaro
msjavrdebul Svilze dakisrebuli jarima. dainteresebuli pirTa mosazrebiT, dasa-
xelebuli norma iwvevs mSoblis sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas, rac ewinaaR-
mdegeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis principebs. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom sisxlis
samarTlis es danawesi, SesaZloa, iwvevdes dainteresebul pirTa eWvs imis Taobaze,
rom is arRvevs saqarTvelos konstituciiT ganmtkicebul uflebas. magram gasaTva-
liswinebelia, rom kanonmdeblis mxridan ama Tu im valdebulebis dakisrebas, erTi Se-
xedviT, SesaZloa hqondes sisxlissamarTlebrivi sasjelis efeqti, magram is ar iyos
sisxlissamarTlebrivi sasjeli. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, yovelTvis mniSvnelova-
nia am valdebulebis miznebis garkveva, mis arsSi Cawvdoma da imis dadgena, emsaxure-
ba Tu ara is sasjelis miznebs, anu imis garkveva, aris Tu ara, faqtobrivad, sasjeli
saxeze. diskusiisas yuradReba unda mieqces aseve im mniSvnelovan garemoebas, rom sa-
kiTxi exeba msjavrdebul arasrulwlovans, romelic saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis
zrunvis sagania. diskusia unda mimdinareobdes im sakiTxze, Tu romeli sasjelebis/
RonisZiebebis (iqneba es prevenciuli Tu aRmzrdelobiTi xasiaTis) gamoyeneba aris
ufro efeqturi im arasrulwlovanTa mimarT, romlebmac sisxlis samarTlis danaSau-
li Caidines. rogorc viciT, arasrulwlovanTa sisxlissamarTlebrivi saqmeebiT dain-
teresebuli pirebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom arasrulwlovanTa mimarT e.w. stacionaru-
li sanqciis (Tavisuflebis aRkveTis) gamoyeneba sazianoa da uaryofiT Sedegs iwvevs
arasrulwlovanTa ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.
Cveni mizani ar aris arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebasTan Tu sxvadasxva qvey-
nebSi mSoblis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis institutis avkargianobasTan
dakavSirebuli aqtualuri sakiTxis ganxilva-gaanalizeba, Cveni mizania daintere-
sebuli sazogadoebis winaSe farTo diskusia gavmarToT da masTan axlos mivitanoT
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis administraciuli samarTlis mimarTulebis sruli

profesori, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevri.
295
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos samarTalwarmoebis praqtika, romelic

dakavSirebulia saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 42-e muxlis 5¹ nawilis kon-
stituciurobasTan.
2. saqmis garemoebani
2.1. saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebani
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganixila saqme „saqarTvelos saxal-

xo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelma
konstituciuri sarCeliT (registraciis №416) moiTxova 1999 wlis 22 ivlisis (№2287
rs) saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 42-e muxlis 51 nawilis `Tu msjavrdebu-
li arasrulwlovani da gadaxdisuunaroa, sasamarTlo misTvis dakisrebuli jarimis
gadaxdas akisrebs mSobels, meurves an mzrunvels~ konstituciurobis dadgena saqar-
Tvelos konstituciis 39-e muxlTan, me-40 muxlis pirvel punqtTan da 42-e muxlis me-5
punqtis pirvel winadadebasTan mimarTebiT.
saqme ganixila saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos plenumma, radgan `sa-
qarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanonis 211
muxlis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo kolegiam miiCnia, rom gansaxilveli saqme warmoSob-
da konstituciis ganmartebis iSviaT da gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan samarTlebriv
problemas da saqme gadasca plenums. dasaxelebul saqmeze saqarTvelos sakonstitu-
cio sasamarTlom 2011 wlis 11 ivliss miiRo №3/2/416 gadawyvetileba da konstituci-
uri sarCeli ar daakmayofila.
a. saqmis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi
2.2.1. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli iTxovda saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis

kodeqsis 42-e muxlis 5¹ nawilis Sesabamisobis dadgenas `sasjelis individualizaciis~
principTan mimarTebiT. mosarCele miuTiTebda, rom, marTalia, sasjelis individuali-
zaciis principi, iseve rogorc bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis dauSveblobis princi-
pi, saqarTvelos konstituciaSi pirdapir ar aris deklarirebuli, magram saqarTvelos
konstituciis 39-e muxlis Tanaxmad, gamomdinareobs konstituciis principebidan. mo-
sarCelis azriT, vinaidan saqarTvelos konstitucia ayalibebs adamianis ZiriTadi uf-
lebebisa da Tavisuflebebis maRal standarts, Sesabamisad, sasjelis individualiza-
ciis principic gamomdinareobs saqarTvelos konstituciis principebidan.
saxalxo damcveli miiCnevs, rom sisxlis samarTalSi piri damnaSaved SeiZleba iq-
nes cnobili mxolod sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT.
saxalxo damcvelis gancxadebiT, sasjeli eniSneba mxolod im pirs, vinc Caidina mar-
TlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba. sadavo normis Tanaxmad ki, sasjelis dakisreba xdeba ara im
piris mimarT, vinc iqna damnaSaved cnobili, aramed misi kanonieri warmomadgenlis mi-
marT. swored aRniSnuli arRvevs sasjelis individualizaciis princips.
mosarCele mxare miiCnevs, rom jarima, romelic sisxlis samarTlis miznebisaT-
vis sasjels – sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis saxes warmoadgens, ekisreba ga-
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maia kopaleiSvili, iwvevs Tu ara saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 42-e muxlis
me-51 nawilis moqmedeba mSoblis sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas
daxdisuunaro arasrulwlovnis mSobels (meurves, mzrunvels), maSin rodesac saxeze

ar gvaqvs maTi braleuli qmedeba. aRniSnuliT ki sadavo norma arRvevs saqarTvelos
konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqtis pirvel winadadebaSi ganmtkicebul moTxov-
nas. mosarCele miiCnevs, rom mSobels sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba (jari-
ma) ekisreba danaSaulis Cadenisa da gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis gareSe mxolod imitom,
rom mis arasrulwlovan Svils damoukidebeli Semosavali ar gaaCnia, rac, mosarCelis
azriT, gulisxmobs sxvis mier Cadenili danaSaulisTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasu-
xismgeblobis dakisrebas. amiT ki sadavo norma ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitu-
ciis me-40 muxlis pirvel punqts. saxalxo damcvelis warmomadgenelma ganmarta, rom
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-40 muxlidan da 42-e muxlis me-5 punqtis pirveli wina-
dadebidan gamomdinareobs principi, romlis mixedviTac, aravis SeiZleba Seefardos
sasjeli, Tu misi brali ar aris gansazRvruli konkretul qmedebaSi. sadavo normiT ki
mSobels (meurves, mzrunvels), romelsac sasjeli ekisreba, arc marTlsawinaaRmdego
qmedeba aqvs Cadenili da arc msjavrdebulad aris gamocxadebuli.
mosarCelis warmomadgenelma saqmis ganxilvisas ganacxada, rom igi principul
sxvaobas ver xedavs jarimis dakisrebasa da dakisrebuli jarimis aRsrulebas Soris,
vinaidan jarima, rogorc qonebrivi sanqcia, mZime tvirTad awveba ara im arasrulwlo-
vans, romelmac danaSauli Caidina, aramed mis mSobels, romelsac misi gadaxda ekisreba.
man aRniSna, rom kanonmdeblobaSi dakonkretebuli ar aris jarimis gadaxdis dakisreba
ra saxis valdebulebas SeiZleba warmoadgendes. misi azriT, jarimis gadaxda, romelic
mSobels ekisreba, kanonismieri valdebulebaa, romlis Seusruleblobac pasuxismgeb-
lobas iwvevs da sadavo normiT adgili aqvs wminda sisxlissamarTlebriv valdebule-
bas, romelsac, sasjelis individualizaciis principidan gamomdinare, konstituciu-
ri safuZveli ar gaaCnia.
2.2.2. saqarTvelos parlamentis warmomadgenlebi ar daeTanxmnen mosarCelis

moTxovnas sadavo normis arakonstituciurobasTan dakavSirebiT. maTi ganmartebiT,
sadavo normis Tanaxmad, sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnisa da sasjelis subieqti aris
arasrulwlovani msjavrdebuli, romlis mimarT gamotanilia gamamtyunebeli ganaCe-
ni. Sesabamisad, sisxlissamarTlebrivi sasjelis, jarimis dakisreba xdeba mxolod mis
mimarT. kanonmdebels mSobeli ar Sehyavs sisxlissamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi. mSobe-
li procesis arc erT etapze ar aris sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis subieqti da arc
gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni dgeba mis mimarT. mSoblis valdebulebis samarTlebrivi bu-
neba ukavSirdeba ara samarTlis konkretul dargebs, aramed mis statuss, mas da Svils
Soris arsebul samarTlebriv valdebulebas. mopasuxe mxare, Tavisi argumentaciis ga-
samyareblad, paralels avlebs samarTlis sxva dargebis sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi arse-
bul regulirebebTan. kerZod, is miuTiTebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 994-e
muxlze, romlis Tanaxmadac, mSobels ekisreba pasuxismgebloba Svilis im finansuri
valdebulebebisaTvis, romlis Sesrulebasac Tavad ver axerxebs. aseve, mopasuxe iSve-
liebs saqarTvelos administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 290-e muxlis meo-
re nawilis danawess, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu wvrilmani xulignobis Camden Teqvsmetidan
Tvramet wlamde asakis pirebs ara aqvT damoukidebeli Semosavali, jarima gadaexdevi-
nebaT mSoblebs an maT Semcvlel pirebs.
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mopasuxis azriT, zemoT dasaxelebul muxlebsa da sadavo normaSi dadgenil wess

gasdevs erTi laitmotivi, Svilis Seusrulebel finansur valdebulebebs asrulebs
mSobeli. arasrulwlovani Svilis finansuri valdebulebis mSoblis mier Sesruleba
ver gauTanabrdeba sisxlissamarTlebriv sasjels, vinaidan mas ar gaaCnia piradi xasia-
Ti. sadavo normiT xdeba ara axali valdebulebis daweseba, aramed aq saxezea mSobelTa,
meurveTa, mzrunvelTa tradiciuli movaleobis inkorporireba sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsSi. valdebuleba da pasuxismgebloba gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi kategori-
ebia ara mxolod terminologiuri, aramed Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT. Sesabamisad,
mopasuxe mxare miiCnevs, rom sadavo norma ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitu-
ciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqtiT dadgenil moTxovnebs.
mopasuxe mxaris azriT, sadavo norma srul SesabamisobaSia saqarTvelos konsti-
tuciiT dadgenil normebTan da principebTan. kerZod, isini ganmartaven, rom sadavo
norma ar ganixilavs mSobels sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT dadgenili danaSaulis su-
bieqtad da arc misi braleulobis sakiTxs ayenebs. Sesabamisad, maT warmoudgenlad mi-
aCniaT sadavo normebis kavSiri an winaaRmdegoba saqarTvelos konstituciis 39-e mux-
lTan da me-40 muxlis pirvel punqtTan.
2.2.3. saqmeze mowveulma specialistma ganmarta, rom sadavo norma srul Sesabami-
sobaSia saqarTvelos konstituciiT dadgenil moTxovnebTan. man xazi gausva mSoblisa
da Svilis gansakuTrebul urTierTobebs. misi azriT, mSobelsa da Svils Soris urTi-
erToba ar amoiwureba mxolod sisxlismieri, biologiuri kavSiriT. srulwlovanebis
miRwevamde Svili intensiur samarTlebriv kavSirSia mSobelTan da am or subieqts ka-
nonmdebloba mkveTrad ar mijnavs erTmaneTisagan. es aris unikaluri socialur-sa-
marTlebrivi urTierToba ufleba-movaleobaTa gansakuTrebuli jaWviT. mSobeli ar
aris „sxva piri“, aramed igi gvevlineba rogorc Svilis interesebis damcveli, masze
mzrunveli, mis aRzrdasa da sxvadasxva valdebulebebze pasuxismgebeli adamiani. spe-
cialisti aRniSnavs, rom arasrulwlovnis aramarTlzomieri qmedebis gamo warmoSo-
bil finansur valdebulebebs asrulebs mSobeli. rac universaluri principia da igi
asaxulia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSic. specialisti sadavo normiT mSoblisaTvis
jarimis dakisrebis meqanizmis SemoRebas ukavSirebs rogorc mSobelsa da Svils Soris
arsebul unikalur socialur-samarTlebriv urTierTobas, agreTve arasrulwlovnis
pirovnebis formirebis sakiTxSi mSoblis gansakuTrebul pasuxismgeblobas.
3. sasamarTlos motivacia
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom konstituciur sarCelze davis far-

glebSi gadawyvita saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 42-e muxlis 5¹ nawilis
konstituciuroba saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqtis pirvel wina-
dadebasTan, me-40 muxlis pirvel punqtTan da 39-e muxlTan mimarTebiT. Sesabamisad,
gamoarkvia sadavo normis Sinaarsi, legitimuri mizani da konstituciis dasaxelebul
normebTan misi urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi, ramac saSualeba misca sasamarTlos, ar-
sebuli davis farglebSi ganesazRvra, konstituciuria Tu ara sadavo norma.
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saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo dasaxelebul gadawyvetilebis samo-

tivacio nawilSi mraval faqtors Seexo da sabolood, dasabuTebuli argumentebis,
ganmartebebis, msjelobis, normaTa urTierTSejerebis, safuZvliani samarTlebri-
vi da faqtobrivi analizis, Sefasebis Sedegad mivida im daskvnamde, rom sadavo norma
konstitucias ar ewinaaRmdegeba.
sasamarTlos motivacia warmodgenilia saqarTvelos konstituciis Sesabamis
muxlebTan mimarTebiT.
3.1. sadavo normis mimarTeba saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis

me-5 punqtis pirvel winadadebasTan
3.1.1. sasamarTlom, Seajama ra mosarCelis argumentacia, aRniSna, rom, mosarCe-

lis mosazrebiT, sadavo norma arRvevs sisxlis samarTlis fundamentur principebs
àr arsebobs danaSauli kanonis gareSe~ (nullum crimen sine lege), àr arsebobs sasjeli ka-
nonis gareSe~ ( nulla poena sine lege) da àr arsebobs sasjeli bralis gareSe~ (nulla poena
sine culpa).
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom mocemuli davis farglebSi, pirvel
rigSi, gamoarkvia: 1) adgens Tu ara sadavo norma gadaxdisuunaro arasrulwlovani
msjavrdebulis mSoblis (meurvis, mzrunvelis) sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblo-
bas, an/da 2) sadavo normiT, faqtobrivad, ekisreba Tu ara mSobels (meurves, mzrun-
vels) sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, anu utoldeba Tu ara sadavo normaSi
aRniSnuli jarimis mSoblisTvis (meurvisTvis, mzrunvelisTvis) gadaxdis dakisreba
misTvis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebas da, Sesabamisad, ewinaaRmde-
geba Tu ara sadavo norma saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqtis pirvel
winadadebas.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqtis pirveli winadadebis Tanax-
mad, àravin ar agebs pasuxs im qmedobisaTvis, romelic misi Cadenis dros samarTal-
darRvevad ar iTvleboda”. sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom konstituciis aRniSnuli dana-
wesi 1) adgens piris pasuxisgebaSi micemis safuZvlebs, 2) ganamtkicebs garantias, rom
nebismieri danaSauli da sasjeli mkafiod unda iyos gansazRvruli sisxlis samarTlis
kanonSi. 3) igi emyareba sayovelTaod cnobil principebs – àr arsebobs danaSauli ka-
nonis gareSe~ da àr arsebobs sasjeli kanonis gareSe~ (nullum crimen sine lege, nulla poena
sine lege). 4) saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqtis pirveli winadadeba
adgens garantias, rom ar moxdes sisxlis samarTlis kanonis piris sazianod farTod
ganmarteba (analogiiT). 5) igi aseve avaldebulebs saqmis ganmxilvel sasamarTlos,
norma ganmartos ise, rom pirma naTlad gaigos, misi romeli moqmedeba an umoqmedoba
iwvevs sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas. 6) garantia, romelic konstituciis da-
saxelebul danawesSia ganmtkicebuli, kanonierebis principis ganuyofeli elementia.
kanonierebis principi pirs icavs saxelmwifos mier sisxlissamarTlebrivi iZulebis
TviTneburi gamoyenebisa da gavrcelebisagan, imavdroulad, uzrunvelyofs SesaZleb-
lobiT, rom winaswar ganWvritos sakuTar qmedebaSi sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT ak-
rZaluli niSnebis arseboba.
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3.1.2. sasamarTlom warmoadgina konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqtis pirveli

winadadebis Sinaarsi da aRniSna, rom is 1) krZalavs sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeb-
lobas im qmedobisTvis, romelic misi Cadenis dros sisxlissamarTlebriv darRvevad
ar iTvleboda, 2) erTmniSvnelovnad adgens, rom sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeb-
lobas safuZvlad aucileblad unda edos qmedoba (samarTaldarRveva). 3) adgens, rom
Cadenili danaSaulebrivi qmedebisaTvis mxolod is piri agebs pasuxs, romelmac ase-
Ti qmedeba Caidina. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom konstituciis aRniSnuli
norma moicavs sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis individualizaciis princips (pi-
radi, personaluri pasuxismgeblobis principi), romelzec, faqtobrivad, miuTiTebda
mosarCele mis mier gamoTqmuli argumentaciiT.
radgan mosarCele miiCnevda, rom sadavo norma ewinaaRmdegeboda sisxlis samar-
Tlis pasuxismgeblobis individualizaciis princips (piradi, personaluri pasuxis-
mgeblobis principi), sasamarTlom ganmarta es principi. kerZod, aRniSna, rom piradi
pasuxismgeblobis principi adgens, rom Cadenili braleuli qmedebisTvis pasuxs agebs
mxolod misi Camdeni piri da ara sxva, mesame piri, romelic konkretuli sisxlissamar-
Tlebrivi urTierTobis monawile subieqti ar aris. ar SeiZleba pirma agos pasuxi im
qmedebisaTvis, romlis CadenaSic misi braleuloba ar dgindeba. piradi pasuxismgeblo-
bis principi sisxlis samarTalSi niSnavs, rom piris pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi mxolod
maSin SeiZleba dadges, Tu mas brali piradad, individualurad miuZRvis misi moqmede-
bis an umoqmedobisaTvis. am princips sisxlis samarTalSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelo-
ba aqvs, radgan sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba mkacrad personaluria. piradi
pasuxismgeblobis principi icavs pirs imisgan, rom man ar agos pasuxi im qmedebisaTvis,
romelic mas ar Caudenia. piradi pasuxismgeblobis principi moicavs ara marto forma-
lur samarTlebriv garantiebs, aramed vrceldeba materialuri samarTlis sxvadasxva
sferoze.
3.1.3. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mocemul saqmeSi

unda gamoerkvia, Tu ramdenad warmoadgenda sadavo normiT dadgenili danawesi arab-
raleuli piris – mSoblis/meurvis/mzrunvelis sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblo-
bas, mocemuli davis gadawyvetis miznebisaTvis sakonstitucio sasamarTlom saWirod
miiCnia da sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis debulebaTa safuZvelze gamoarkvia, ramdenad
safuZvliania mosarCelis mosazreba. aseve ganmarta, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iqnes
miCneuli zemoqmedebis zoma sasjelad.
sasamarTlom daadgina, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi aris saxelmwifo RonisZieba sisxlissa-
marTlebrivi: 1) kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgebloba maSin aris sisxlissamar-
Tlebrivi xasiaTis, rodesac mas sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba aseTad gansazR-
vravs. imavdroulad, pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba ar iyos gaTvaliswinebuli sisxlis
samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi, magram misi 2) simZimis, 3) gamowveuli efeqtis da 4) uf-
lebebis SezRudvis xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT, igi SesaZloa sasjelTan gaTanabrdes,
gansakuTrebiT iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac pasuxismgeblobad sasjelis klasikuri
formebi aris gamoyenebuli. kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblobis arsis, misi
samarTlebrivi bunebis gansazRvrisas mxedvelobaSia aseve misaRebi 5) mizani, romlis
misaRwevadac gamoiyeneba igi. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom pasuxismgeblo-
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bis buneba, funqcia, miznebi da sxva elementebi ganasxvavebs sisxlissamarTlebriv pa-

suxismgeblobas sxva saxis zemoqmedebis zomisagan.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis pirveli muxlis pirveli nawilis Ta-
naxmad, `saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi adgens sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasu-
xismgeblobis safuZvels, gansazRvravs, Tu romeli qmedebaa danaSaulebrivi da awe-
sebs Sesabamis sasjels an sxva saxis sisxlissamarTlebriv RonisZiebas”. amave kodeqsis
me-2 muxlis pirveli nawiliT, `qmedebis danaSaulebrioba da dasjadoba ganisazRvreba
sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT, romelic moqmedebda misi Cadenis dros”. me-7 muxlis pir-
veli nawiliT, `sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis safuZvelia danaSauli, ese igi am
kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleuli qmedeba...”.
sasamarTlom, dasaxelebuli normebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, miuTiTa, rom
kanonierebis principis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT
danaSaulad iTvleba sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba. sasamar-
Tlom naTlad ganmarta, rom sisxlis samarTali qmedebis samarTalia, kriminalizaciis
obieqtia ara pirovneba, aramed Seracxadi piris qmedeba. es, Tavis mxriv, miuTiTebs ima-
ze, rom sisxlissamarTlebrivi qmedebis Semadgenloba arsebiTad aRwerili unda iqnes
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi. qmedebis arsebiTad aRweris gareSe SeuZlebelia qmede-
bis marTlwinaaRmdegobisa da bralis dadgena, romelTa gareSe, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlebe-
lia qmedebis danaSaulad kvalifikacia da pirze sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis
dakisreba.
sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ar iTvaliswi-
nebs gadaxdisuunaro arasrulwlovani msjavrdebulis mSoblis (meurvis, mzrunve-
lis) marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleuli qmedebis aRweras. qmedebis danaSaulad kva-
lifikacia da, Sesabamisad, pirze sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba
xdeba mas Semdeg, rodesac Sesabamisi saproceso moqmedebebis Sedegad piris qmedebaSi
(qcevaSi) dadgindeba qmedebis is Semadgenloba, romelic sisxlis samarTlis kanoniTaa
gaTvaliswinebuli. sisxlis samarTlis normebi adamianis qmedebiskenaa mimarTuli. ka-
nonmdebeli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis ganmaxorcielebels emuqreba dasjiT. dasjis
gamoyenebis wina pirobaa piris braleulobis arseboba, braleuli ki mxolod marTlsa-
winaaRmdego qmedeba SeiZleba iyos.
sasamarTlom yuradReba gaamaxvila aseve sisxlissamarTlebrivi urTierTobis
subieqtze. man ganmarta, rom sadavo normis Sesabamisad, msjavrdebulia, anu marTlsa-
winaaRmdego da braleuli qmedebis Camdenia ara mSobeli (meurve, mzrunveli), ara-
med arasrulwlovani, samarTliani sasjeli sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze dadgenilia
ara mSoblis (meurvis, mzrunvelis), aramed arasrulwlovnis mimarT. mSobeli (meurve,
mzrunveli) sisxlis samarTlis procesis warmoebis arc erT etapze ar aris sisxlissa-
marTlebrivi devnis subieqti. sadavo normis moqmedebiT mSobeli (meurve, mzrunveli)
ar iqceva sisxlissamarTlebrivi urTierTobis mxared. sadavo normis regulirebidan
ar ikveTeba, rom xdeba mSoblis (meurvis, mzrunvelis) dadanaSauleba romelime sis-
xlissamarTlebrivad akrZaluli qmedebis CadenaSi.
sasamarTlom aseve miuTiTa, rom, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, danaSauli Cadeni-
lia mxolod maSin, Tu igi dadasturebulia piris mimarT gamotanili sasamarTlos ga-
mamtyunebeli ganaCeniT (udanaSaulobis (arabraleulobis) prezumfcia). sasamarTlos
gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni ki gamotanilia arasrulwlovnis mimarT.
301
sasamarTlom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis Sesabamisi normaTa analizis da samar-

Tlis sxvadasxva dargSi dadgenili regulaciebis urTierTSejerebis/gansxvavebulo-
bis Sedegad aRniSna, rom mSoblis (meurvis, mzrunvelis) mimarT arc is samarTlebrivi
Sedegebi vrceldeba, rac mohyveba gamamtyunebel ganaCens (piris nasamarTloba, dana-
Saulis recidivi da sxv.), da Tu mSoblis (meurvis, mzrunvelis) mier ver moxerxdeba ja-
rimis Tanxis gadaxda (miuxedavad mis mimarT `saaRsrulebo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb~ saqar-
Tvelos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT qonebaze iZulebiTi aRsrulebis miqcevis
RonisZiebebis gamoyenebisa), arasrulwlovnisaTvis dakisrebuli sasjeli – jarima,
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 42-e muxlis me-6 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebu-
li wesis safuZvelze, msjavrdebul arasrulwlovans dadgenili wesiT Seecvleba sxva
sasjeliT _ sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo SromiT, gamasworebeli samuSaoTi, Tavi-
suflebis SezRudviT an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT.
sasjeli, rogorc saxelmwifo iZulebis gansakuTrebuli RonisZieba, aris saxel-
mwifos reaqcia Cadenil danaSaulze. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Tu qmedebisTvis ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli dasjadoba, es miuTiTebs, rom es qmedeba ar aris danaSauli. rad-
gan sasjels aqvs mkacrad personaluri xasiaTi, sasjeli Seefardeba mxolod damnaSa-
ves da ara sxva pirs. sadavo norma mkafiod miuTiTebs, rom sasjeli (jarima) ekisreba
gadaxdisuunaro arasrulwlovan msjavrdebuls. Sesabamisad, sisxlis samarTlis ka-
nonis mizans ar warmoadgens gadaxdisuunaro arasrulwlovnis mSobelze (meurveze,
mzrunvelze) sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba.
yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom mtki-
ceba imis Taobaze, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi sadavo normis martooden arsebo-
ba da sadavo normis farglebSi gadaxdisuunaro arasrulwlovanze dakisrebuli jari-
mis mSobelze (meurveze, mzrunvelze) gadaxdis dakisreba imavdroulad warmoadgens
mSobelze (meurveze, mzrunvelze) sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisre-
bas, safuZvels moklebulia.
3.1.4. sadavo normis Sinaarsis da miznebis gasarkvevad sasamarTlom imsjela aseve

jarimis, rogorc sisxlissamarTlebrivi sasjelis, bunebaze. sadavo norma mocemulia
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 42-e muxlSi, romelic gansazRvravs sisxlissamarTleb-
rivi sasjelis _ jarimis samarTlebriv bunebas da gamoyenebis wess. aRniSnuli mux-
lis Tanaxmad: a) jarima aris fuladi gadasaxdeli. b) is SeiZleba Seefardos mxolod
msjavrdebuls am ukanasknelis materialuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic
ganisazRvreba misi qonebiT, SemosavliT da sxva garemoebiT. g) jarima damatebiT sas-
jelad SeiZleba dainiSnos im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu is sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis Sesa-
bamisi muxliT aseTad gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris. d) gadaxdisuunaro arasrulwlovani
msjavrdebulis SemTxvevaSi jarimis gadaxdas sasamarTlo akisrebs mSobels (meurves,
mzrunvels). e) Tu msjavrdebuli Tavs aridebs jarimis gadaxdas an gadaxdevineba SeuZ-
lebelia, igi msjavrdebuls Seecvleba sxva sasjeliT.
sasamarTlom, istoriul-samarTlebrivi analizis safuZvelze, miuTiTa, rom aR-
niSnuli sasjeli sisxlis samarTalSi damkvidrda rogorc klasikuri sasjelebis (Ta-
visuflebis aRkveTa, sikvdiliT dasja da a.S.) alternativa. jarimis, rogorc sanqciis
gamoyeneba asocirdeba pirisTvis garkveul qonebriv (fulad) danakargebTan, rac pi-
302
ris mier Cadenil qmedebaze saxelmwifos mxridan sakmaris da adekvatur pasuxad miiC-
neva. jarimas ganmartaven, rogorc liberaluri TvalsazrisiT idealur sisxlissamar-
Tlebriv sanqcias. mas upiratesoba eniWeba sanqciis sxva formebs Soris, vinaidan misi
aRsruleba SesaZlebelia saxelmwifo resursebis ekonomiiT da samarTaldamrRvevis-
Tvis SedarebiT naklebi tkivilis miyenebiT. Tumca es ar aqcevs mas arasrulfasovan
sisxlissamarTlebriv sanqciad. sisxlis samarTlis miznebisTvis gamoyenebuli jarima
inarCunebs damsjel xasiaTs da individualizebulia, orientirebulia individualur
braleulobaze. jarima gamoiyeneba individualurad samarTaldamrRvevis winaaRmdeg
sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudvis, sakuTrebis (fulis) amoRebis gziT.
aq sasamarTlom saWirod miiCnia ganemarta fulis buneba: fuli, misi istoriulad
Camoyalibebuli bunebidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebuli TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba.
is, Tavisuflebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar aris iseTi Seucvleli sikeTe, romelic erTi
piridan meoreze gadasvlisas kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas. jarimis sxva sisxlissamar-
Tlebrivi sanqciebisagan gamorCeuli xasiaTi vlindeba swored imaSi, rom SesaZlebe-
lia, misi gadaxda ganaxorcielos damnaSavis nacvlad sxva pirma ise, rom miRweulad
CaiTvalos sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis miznebi da, amasTan,
es ukanaskneli ar iqnes ganxiluli pasuxismgeblobis matarebel pirad. jarimas aqvs
unikaluri xasiaTi, rac mas imgvar sisxlissamarTlebriv sanqciad xdis, romlis samar-
Tlebrivi gziT Sesruleba damnaSavis magivrad sxva pirsac SeuZlia.
Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo miuTiTebs, rom gadaxdisuunaro arasrulwlovan msjav-
rdebulze dakisrebuli jarimis mSoblis (meurvis, mzrunvelis) mier gadaxdis dakis-
rebis valdebuleba ar SeiZleba gagebuli iqnes jarimis (sasjelis) dakisrebad, ami-
saTvis aucilebelia, saxelmwifos qmedeba Seicavdes pirze sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis elementebsa da miznebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom gadaxdisuuna-
ro arasrulwlovan msjavrdebulze dakisrebuli jarimis mSobelze (meurveze, mzrun-
velze) gadaxdis dakisrebisas saxelmwifos qmedebaSi ar ikveTeba mSoblis (meurvis,
mzrunvelis) mimarT sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis _ sasjelis dakisrebis
miznebi: samarTlianobis aRdgena, axali danaSaulis Tavidan acileba (prevencia), dam-
naSavis resocializaciis elementebi, mas ar ukavSirdeba zemoT aRniSnuli damatebiTi
samarTlebrivi Sedegebi.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamar-
Tlom miuTiTa, rom, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 42-e muxlis 5¹ nawilis
safuZvelze, gadaxdisuunaro arasrulwlovani msjavrdebulisaTvis dakisrebuli ja-
rimis mSoblisTvis, meurvisTvis an mzrunvelisTvis gadaxdis dakisreba, ver iqneba gan-
xiluli maTTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebad da, Sesabamisad,
sadavo normiT ar irRveva piradi pasuxismgeblobis principi.
3.1.5. amave dros, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom imsjela, Tu ra miza-

ni aqvs kanonmdebels, rodesac adgens gadaxdisuunaro arasrulwlovan msjavrdebul-
ze dakisrebuli jarimis mSoblis (meurvis, mzrunvelis) mier gadaxdis valdebulebas.
sasamarTlom yuradReba miaqcia im garemoebas, rom sadavo normiT dadgenili mSoblis
(meurvis, mzrunvelis) valdebuleba, gadaixados gadaxdisuunaro arasrulwlovani
msjavrdebulisaTvis dakisrebuli sasjelis – jarimis Tanxa, momdinareobs aRniSnul
303
pirebs Soris arsebuli gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan da ukavSir-

deba arasrulwlovanTa sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis Taviseburebebs.
kanonmdebloba, pirvel rigSi, amodis piradi Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis kon-
stituciuri da saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi principebidan. kanonmdeblis amocanaa,
xeli Seuwyos arasrulwlovani piris saukeTeso interesebis dacvas, arasrulwlovani
damnaSavis socialur reabilitacias, ar gamoiyenos sasjelis mkacri zoma iq, sadac es
aucileblobas ar warmoadgens. sadavo normis mizania arasrulwlovani damnaSavis mi-
marT gamoyenebul iqnes sasjelis msubuqi zoma – jarima, rogorc Tavisuflebis SezR-
udvis/aRkveTis an sxva, SedarebiT mkacri saxis sasjelis alternativa.
sasamarTlom gansaxilvel sakiTxTan mimarTebiT SedarebiTi TvalsazrisiT im-
sjela aseve aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebis iZulebiTi RonisZiebis gamoyenebis SesaZ-
leblobaze. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSnulia, rom kanonmdebloba SeiZleba
iTvaliswinebdes arasrulwlovani damnaSavis mSoblis (misi Semcvleli piris) davalde-
bulebas, ganaxorcielos garkveuli qmedeba, romelic arasrulwlovnis reabilitaci-
is interesebs Seuwyobs xels. magaliTad, SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes aRmzrdelobiTi
zemoqmedebis iZulebiTi RonisZieba, rogoricaa mSoblisaTvis an misi Semcvleli piri-
saTvis, anda specializebuli saxelmwifo organosaTvis movaleobis dakisreba, rom man
aRmzrdelobiTi zegavlena moaxdinos arasrulwlovanze (saqarTvelos sisxlis samar-
Tlis kodeqsi, 93-e muxli). mSobeli, iseve rogorc misi arasrulwlovani Svili, valde-
bulia, dasaxelebul iZulebiT RonisZiebaSi miiRos monawileoba. aseTi valdebuleba
ar ganekuTvneba sisxlissamarTlebriv sasjelTa kategorias, Tumca garkveul Sezud-
vebs awesebs mSoblis (misi Semcvleli piris anda specializebuli saxelmwifo organos)
mimarT. aseTi valdebulebis gaCena ar aris SemTxveviTi. adamianis zogierTi uflebis
warmoSoba myaradaa dakavSirebuli Sesabamisi valdebulebis warmoSobasTan. mSoblis
(meurvis, mzrunvelis) ufleba imTaviTve gulisxmobs Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi valde-
bulebebis warmoSobas. am SemTxvevaSi saxezea mSoblis (meurvis, mzrunvelis) uflebis
Tavisive mzrunvelobis valdebulebiT boWva.
3.1.6. sasamarTlom imsjela mSobelsa da Svils Soris arsebul urTierTobaze,

arasrulwlovnis pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis uflebaze, arasrulwlova-
ni msjavrdebulis nacvlad mSoblis (meurvis, mzrunvelis) mier jarimis gadaxdisas,
msjavrdebul arasrulwlovanze sasjelis zemoqmedebis xarisxis sakiTxze. kerZod, sa-
samarTlom ganmarta: saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba aRiarebs mSoblebsa da Svilebs So-
ris arsebul gansakuTrebul urTierTkavSirs, mSoblis unikalur statuss da maTgan
gamomdinare valdebulebebs. mSoblebi uflebamosili da valdebuli arian, aRzardon
TavianTi Svilebi sazogadoebis Rirseul wevrebad, izrunon maT fizikur, gonebriv,
sulier da socialur ganviTarebaze. arasrulwlovani, iseve rogorc srulwlovani,
sargeblobs sakuTari pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis uflebiT, Sesabamisad, sa-
xelmwifo mas konstituciursamarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT icavs. arasrulwlovnis
mentaluri da fizikuri SesaZleblobebi ganviTarebis procesSia da maT gansakuT-
rebuli mzrunveloba sWirdebaT. swored amitom kanonmdebeli mSobels, meurvesa da
mzrunvels gansazRvravs im pirebad, romelTac ekisrebaT arasrulwlovanze zrunva.
304
is mosazreba, rom arasrulwlovani msjavrdebulis nacvlad jarimis mSoblis (meur-

vis, mzrunvelis) mier gadaxdisas, msjavrdebul arasrulwlovanze sasjelis zemoqme-
debis xarisxi dabalia _ safuZvels moklebulia im argumentiT, rom jarimis aRsru-
leba dakavSirebulia fulTan rogorc gadacemad saganTan. fulis es Tavisebureba
jarimis (fulis) gadaxdas ukargavs im personalur xasiaTs, romelic gaaCnia, magali-
Tad, Tavisuflebis SezRudvis an aRkveTis formiT sasjelis moxdas. amdenad, Tu, ma-
galiTad, Tavisuflebis SezRudvis/aRkveTis aRsrulebas personaluri xasiaTi aqvs,
jarimis aRsrulebis procesi gadacemadi sagnis – fulis saxelmwifosTvis gadacemaSi
gamoixateba. Sesabamisad, damnaSaveze sasjelis pirovnuli zemoqmedebis efeqti (da am
efeqtis xarisxi) saaRsrulebo moqmedebisagan (jarimis gadaxdevineba an, magaliTad,
piris moTavseba patimrobis vadis mosaxdelad) damoukideblad dgeba da is mxolod
damnaSavis pirovnebiskenaa mimarTuli.
3.2. sadavo normis mimarTeba saqarTvelos konstituciis 40-e muxlis

pirvel punqtTan
mosarCele miiCnevs, rom sadavo norma aseve ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konsti-

tuciis me-40 muxlis pirvel punqts, romlis Tanaxmad: „adamiani udanaSaulod iTvleba,
vidre misi damnaSaveoba ar damtkicdeba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT da kanonier ZalaSi
Sesuli sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT“. sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom konsti-
tuciis miTiTebuli normiT, zogadad reglamentirebulia udanaSaulobis (arabrale-
ulobis) prezumfciis garantia. marTalia, sasamarTlo, mocemuli davis farglebSi, ar
idga udanaSaulobis (arabraleulobis) prezumfciis srulyofili ganmartebis wina-
Se, Tumca sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom udanaSaulobis (arabraleulobis) prezumfcia
warmoadgens sisxlis samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo princips, romelic maT Soris gulis-
xmobs, yvelas moeqcnen im daSvebiT, rom is udanaSualoa manam, vidre, jerovani proce-
duris gavliT, sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT ar damtkicdeba misi damnaSave-
oba. Sesabamisad, jerovani proceduris gareSe dauSvebelia piris aRiareba damnaSaved.
sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom am konkretul davaSi imisTvis, rom dadgindes, dar-
Rveul iqna Tu ara konstituciis me-40 muxlis pirveli punqti, pirvel rigSi, gasarkve-
via, xdeba Tu ara mSoblis (meurvis, mzrunvelis) braleul pirad, damnaSaved aRiareba.
mxolod amis Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli imis garkveva, valdebuli iyo Tu ara saxelmwi-
fo, daecva udanaSaulobis (arabraleulobis) prezumfciis garantiebi. Sesabamisad,
radgan sadavo normasTan mimarTebiT sasamarTlom daadgina, rom misi moqmedebiT ar
xdeba gadaxdisuunaro arasrulwlovnis mSoblis (meurvis, mzrunvelis) braleulad,
damnaSaved miCneva da misTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba, anu,
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, vinaidan sadavo norma ar adgens gadaxdisuunaro arasrulwlo-
vani msjavrdebuli piris mSoblis (meurvis, mzrunvelis) sisxlissamarTlebriv pasu-
xismgeblobas raime qmedebisTvis, igi srul SesabamisobaSia konstituciis me-40 mux-
lis pirvel punqtTan.
305
3.3. sadavo normis mimarTeba saqarTvelos konstituciis 39-e muxlTan
konstituciis 39-e muxlis mixedviT, „saqarTvelos konstitucia ar uaryofs ada-

mianisa da moqalaqis sxva sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da garantiebs, romlebic
aq ar aris moxseniebuli, magram TavisTavad gamomdinareoben konstituciis princi-
pebidan“. dasaxelebul muxlTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamar-
Tlom aRniSna, rom àRniSnuli konstituciuri normis mizania, uzrunvelyos uflebe-
bisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es pirdapir ar aris gaTvaliswinebu-
li konstituciiT, magram gamomdinareobs konstituciuri principebidan da adamianis
uflebebis sferoSi saxelmwifos mier nakisri saerTaSoriso valdebulebebidan... mo-
sarCeles SeuZlia 39-e muxlze apelireba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ufleba ar aris mo-
cemuli saqarTvelos konstituciaSi an konstituciuri uflebis farglebi aris ufro
viwro, vidre es saerTaSoriso valdebulebebiT aris gaTvaliswinebuli~ (saqarTvelos
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 10 ivnisi, ganCineba №1/2/458, `daviT sarTania
da aleqsandre maWaraSvili saqarTvelos parlamentisa da saqarTvelos iusticiis sa-
ministros winaaRmdeg~).
aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom is principebi, romel-
Ta darRvevaze Tavis argumentaciaSi, faqtobrivad, miuTiTebda mosarCele, daculia
konstituciis me-40 da 42-e muxlebiT. Sesabamisad, ar arsebobs sadavo normis 39-e mux-
lTan Sesabamisobis Semowmebis saWiroeba.
4. daskvna
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 2011 wlis 11 ivlisis №3/2/416 gadawy-

vetilebaSi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 42-e muxlis 5¹ nawiliT dadge-
nili danawesis konstituciurobis garkvevisas mravali mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi
sakiTxi gamoikvlia, gaaanaliza da daskvnebi Camoayaliba, warmoaCina sadavo normiT
gansazRvruli regulirebis arsi. daadgina, rom sadavo norma ar modis winaaRmdego-
baSi saqarTvelos konstituciasTan.am sakiTxze sazogadoebaSi SesaZlo sapirispiro
azris arsebobis miuxedavad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom mkafiod miuTiTa, Tu ra
SemTxvevaSi unda miviCnioT esa Tu is RonisZieba sasjelad da sisxlissamarTlebriv
pasuxismgeblobad da Sesabamisad Camoayaliba Tavisi xedva, Tu ratom ar aris sadavo
norma arakonstituciuri. aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlo mxolod maSin emsaxureba sa-
zogadoebrivi azris ganviTarebas, Tu is konstituciaze damyarebul gabedul, efeq-
tian nabijebs dgams. aseTi nabijebiT sasamarTlo xels uwyobs sazogadoebis da sazo-
gadoebrivi azris progresulobas.
Cven imedi gvaqvs, rom sasamarTlos dasaxelebuli gadawyvetileba safuZvels da-
udebs jansaRi da obieqturi diskusiis gamarTvas gadawyvetilebaSi warmoCenil aqtu-
alur sakiTxebze.
306
irakli kobaxiZe*
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principi, rogorc uSualod

moqmedi samarTali
1. uSualod moqmedi samarTlis cneba
„uSualod moqmedi samarTlis“ cnebas adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavi-

suflebebis mimarT saqarTvelos konstituciis me-7 muxli gansazRvravs. debuleba
adamianis uflebebisTvis „uSualod moqmedi samarTlis“ Zalis miniWebis Taobaze sa-
qarTvelos konstituciaSi germaniis federaciuli respublikis ZiriTadi kanonidan
iqna gadmoRebuli.1 germaniis moqmedi konstituciis Sesabamisi norma, Tavis mxriv,
efuZneboda vaimaris respublikis2 negatiuri gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebas, romlis
konstitucia adamianis uflebebs mxolod programuli debulebebis mniSvnelobas ani-
Webda da, Sesabamisad, sajaro xelisuflebisgan adamianis Tavisuflebis qmediT kon-
stituciur dacvas ar uzrunvelyofda.3 „uSualod moqmedi samarTlis“ cneba, upirve-
les yovlisa, gulisxmobs individis srulfasovan SesaZleblobas, sasamarTlo wesiT
daicvas konstituciis normebiT gansazRvruli uflebebi4 - ZiriTadi uflebebis gan-
mamtkicebeli konstituciuri debulebebi, romlebsac konstitucia uSualod moqme-
di samarTlis statuss aniWebs, qmediTi iuridiuli Zalis SesaZenad ar saWiroeben Sem-
dgom sakanonmdeblo dazustebas da isini uSualod warmoSoben samarTlebrivi moTx-
ovnis individualur uflebas.
farTo, obieqtur-samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, uSualod moqmed samarTlad
unda ganvixiloT, bunebrivia, ara mxolod adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi, aramed saqar-
Tvelos konstituciis yvela norma. am daskvnas ganamtkicebs konstituciis me-5 da me-6
* samarTlis doqtori.
1
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-7 muxlis Sesabamisi Canaweri sityvasityviT imeorebs
germaniis federaciuli respublikis pirveli muxlis me-3 punqtis sityvebs (“unmittelbar
geltendes Recht”).
2
vaimaris respublika ewodeboda 1919-1933 wlebSi arsebul germanul saxelmwifos, rom-
lis saxelmwifoebrivma sisustem, arastabilurobam da arasaTanado demokratiulma
sistemam germaniaSi nacional-socialistebis aRzeveba da mesame raixis Camoyalibeba
ganapiroba. ix. Pieroth B., Schlink B., Grundrechte: Staatsrecht II, 18., neubearb. Aufl., Heidelberg 2002,
36 ff.
3 ix. Höfling F., Art. 1, in: Sachs M. (Hrsg.), Grundgesetz: Kommentar, München 2003, 72 ff.; Dreier H., Art. 1,
in: Dreier H., Grundgesetz-Kommentar, Tübingen 2004, 18; Hesse K., Bedeutung der Grundrechte, in: Benda
E., Maihofer W., Vogel H.-J., Handbuch des Verfassungsrechts, Berlin/New York 1995, 2. Aufl., 70 ff.
4
ix. Höfling F., Art. 1, in: Sachs M. (Hrsg.), Grundgesetz: Kommentar, München 2003, 75; Dreier H., Art. 1, in:
Dreier H., Grundgesetz-Kommentar, Tübingen 2004, 18. aRsaniSnavia, rom germaniis konstitucia
ar ganamtkicebs e.w. meore Taobis socialur ZiriTad uflebebs, romlebic, maTi abstra-
qtuli bunebidan gamomdinare, ver ganixileba uSualod moqmed samarTlad. amis sapi-
rispirod, saqarTvelos konstitucia uSualod moqmed samarTlad acxadebs socialur
ZiriTad uflebebsac, rac konstituciis arsebiT xarvezad unda iqnes miCneuli.
307
muxlebis Canawerebi, romelTa Tanaxmad „saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba kon-

stituciiT dadgenil farglebSi“, „saqarTvelos konstitucia saxelmwifos uzenaesi
kanonia“ da „yvela sxva samarTlebrivi aqti unda Seesabamebodes konstitucias“. aRniS-
nuli debulebebi cxadyofs, rom konstituciis TiToeuli norma sargeblobs pirdapi-
ri moqmedebis ZaliT da isini uSualod zemoqmedeben qvemdebare samarTlebrivi aqte-
biT urTierTobaTa regulirebis Sinaarsze. Tvisebrivi gansxvaveba adamianis ZiriTadi
uflebebis ganmamtkicebel normebsa da sxva konstituciur debulebebs Soris swored
isaa, rom es ukanasknelni uSualod ar warmoSoben samarTlebrivi moTxovnis uflebas,
romlis qmediT realizebas individi sakonstitucio an saerTo marTlmsajulebis dax-
marebiT SeZlebda.
araZiriTaduflebrivi konstituciuri normebis „arauSualo“ samarTlebrivi
moqmedebis Zala problemuria im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom am normebis didi na-
wili uSualod aris dakavSirebuli individis fundamentur subieqtur interesebTan
da uflebebTan, maT Soris – adamianis ZiriTad uflebebTan. gansakuTrebiT es exeba sa-
marTlebrivi saxelmwifos princips, romlis realizeba ara mxolod obieqturi sazo-
gadoebrivi interesebis, aramed calkeuli individis subieqturi interesebis dasaca-
vadac sasicocxlod aris aucilebeli.5
saqarTvelos konstitucia samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos princips ramdenime de-
bulebiT aRiarebs. aRniSnuli principi moxseniebulia konstituciis preambulaSi, ro-
melic samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos damkvidrebas saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa uryev ne-
bad da konstituciis erT-erT ZiriTad miznad da amocanad acxadebs. samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos principis garkveuli elementebi – maT Soris konstituciis uzenaesobis,
xelisuflebis danawilebisa da adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa waruvalobisa da uzenae-
sobis principebi konstituciis me-5, me-6 da me-7 muxlebiT da adamianis ZiriTadi uf-
lebebis ganmamtkicebeli calkeuli debulebiT aris uzrunvelyofili.
sazRvargareTis tradiciul demokratiul qveynebSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwi-
fos principis qmediT dacvas, mniSvnelovanwilad, politikuri elitisa da sajaro
moxeleTa samarTlebrivi kulturis, marTlSegnebis maRali done uzrunvelyofs.
qarTul samarTlebriv praqtikaSi, miuxedavad samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis
formaluri konstituciuri uzrunvelyofisa, konstitucionalizmis es fundamen-
turi dogma, moqmedi konstituciis amoqmedebis dRidan, srulfasovnad arasodes iyo
daculi, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi, individebis legitimuri subieqturi interesebis, maT
Soris – adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis darRvevas ganapirobebda. Sesabamisad, samar-
Tlebrivi kulturis deficitis pirobebSi, saqarTveloSi dRis wesrigSi dgas imgva-
ri qmediTi iuridiuli meqanizmebis SemuSavebis saWiroeba, romlebic samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos princips uSualod moqmedi samarTlis Zalas SesZens da amiT adamianis
fundamenturi uflebebisa da interesebis srulfasovan dacvas uzrunvelyofs. amri-
gad, qarTul realobaSi amgvari meqanizmebis danergvis saWiroebas adasturebs igive
argumentebi, romlebze dayrdnobiTac 1949 wels germanelma kanonmdebelma uSualod
5
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principisa da adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis uSualo urT-
ierTkavSiris Sesaxeb ix. Sommermann K.-P., Art. 20, in: v. Mangoldt H., Klein F., Starck Ch. (Hrsg.),
Kommentar zum Grundgesetz, München 2010, 231 ff.; Sachs M., Art. 20, in: Sachs M. (Hrsg.), Grundgesetz:
Kommentar, München 2003, 74.
308
irakli kobaxiZe, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos princi pi, rogorc uSualod
moqmedi samarTali
moqmedi samarTlis statusi adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs mianiWa – Tu qveyanaSi samar-

Tlebrivi kultura saTanadod ver uzrunvelyofs samarTlis fundamenturi princi-
pebis dacvas samarTlis uzenaesobis uzrunvelsayofad, samarTalma Tavad unda gan-
sazRvros TviTdacvis meqanizmebi.6 am meqanizmebis SemuSaveba miT ufro aqtualuria
im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis garkveuli
elementebi, magaliTad, Tanazomierebis principi, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis prin-
cipi da sxv., saqarTvelos konstituciiT pirdapiri saxiT ar aris ganmtkicebuli, rac
maTi dacvis samarTlebriv uzrunvelyofas kidev ufro problemurad warmoaCens.
winamdebare statiis mizania Sefasdes samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis
calkeuli elementebis dacvis mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi, rac am principisaTvis uSu-
alod moqmedi samarTlis Zalis miniWebis meqanizmebis Seqmnis Taobaze rekomendaciebis
SemuSavebis SesaZleblobas mogvcems. amasTan, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis
dacvis mdgomareoba Sefasdeba da rekomendaciebi ganisazRvreba adamianis ZiriTad
uflebebTan am principis calkeuli elementebis kavSiris TaviseburebaTa gaTvalis-
winebiT.
2. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis arsi
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis materialuri gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, mi-

si umTavresi mizani da amocana sazogadoebisa da individis Tavisuflebis uzrunvel-
yofaa.7 xelisuflebis SezRudva da TviTSezRudva, rasac moiazrebs samarTlebrivi sa-
xelmwifos koncefcia,8 upirveles yovlisa, sazogadoebisagan saxelmwifos saTanado
distancirebas da, xelisuflebis TviTnebobis aRkveTis gziT, kanonis winaSe individ-
Ta Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofas isaxavs miznad. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos princi-
pis TiToeuli elementi swored am zogadi miznis prizmaSi unda iqnes gaazrebuli.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos formaluri cneba XIX saukuneSi aRmocenda da igi
sam ZiriTad aspeqts moicavda: aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saqmianobis kanonSesaba-
misobas, sasamarTloebis damoukideblobas da xelisuflebis danawilebas.9 swored am
sami instrumentis gamoyenebiT cdilobda burJuaziul-liberaluri samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifo monarqis absoluturi Zalauflebis SezRudvas. amasTan, e.w. „formaluri“
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo emsaxureboda sruliad materialur mizans – samoqalaqo
6
am TvalsazrisiT, paralelebi SeiZleba iqnes gavlebuli andraS Saios msjelobasTan,
romelic konstituciur samarTals SiSis Sedegad ganixilavs. ix. Saio a., xelisuflebis
TviTSezRudva – konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, Tb., 1999, 1-59.
7
ix. Sommermann K.-P., Art. 20, in: v. Mangoldt H., Klein F., Starck Ch. (Hrsg.), Kommentar zum Grundg-
esetz, München 2010, 232.
8
ix. Saio a., xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva – konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, Tb., 1999,
1-59; Maurer H., Staatsrecht I: Grundlagen, Verfassungsorgane, Staatsfunktionen, 2. Aufl., München 2001,
216 ff.; Sachs M., Art. 20, in: Sachs M. (Hrsg.), Grundgesetz: Kommentar, München 2003, 103 ff.
9
garda am instrumentebisa, formaluri samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cneba, agreTve,
moiazrebda subieqturi Tavisuflebebisa da sakuTrebis SezRudvisas kanonis upi-
ratesobis principis dacvas da biujetisa da gadasaxadebis damtkicebis saparlamento
uflebamosilebas. ix. Degenhart Ch., Staatsrecht I: Staatsorganisationsrecht, 18., neu bearb. Aufl., Hei-
delberg 2002, 235.
309
Tavisuflebis damkvidrebas da ganmtkicebas formaluri instrumentebisa da garanti-

ebis saSualebiT.10
XIX saukuneSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea exmianeboda dasavleTis poli-
tikur sivrceSi damkvidrebul liberaluri saxelmwifos koncefcias, romelic prin-
cipulad ugulebelyofda Tanasworobis materialur aspeqts da ZiriTaduflebrivi
Tavisuflebebis materialur garantiebs.11 swored amgvari, xistad liberaluri bune-
bis gamo, socializmis ideologebi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos koncefcias mkveTrad
akritikebdnen da mas burJuaziis mier Seqmnil erTgvar ideologiur Sirmad ganixi-
lavdnen. kerZod, socialistebi miiCnevdnen, rom kapitalistur sazogadoebriv-eko-
nomikur formaciaSi burJuaziis klasi, formaluri Tavisuflebisa da formaluri Ta-
nasworobis uzrunvelyofis ideologiuri postulatebis gamoyenebiT, materialuri
Tavisuflebis deficitisa da materialuri uTanasworobis SeniRbvas cdilobda. Tum-
ca, pirvandeli radikaluri winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, mogvianebiT, memarjvene da me-
marcxene ideologiebis Sepirispirebis safuZvelze, SesaZlebeli gaxda liberaluri
saxelmwifos da socializmis koncefciebis elementebis Serwyma, ramac uzrunvelyo
Tanamedrove, evropuli tipis socialuri samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos12 aRmoceneba,
romelsac demokratiul sivrceSi Tanabrad aRiareben da pativs scemen rogorc memar-
jvene, ise memarcxene ideologiis mqone politikuri Zalebi.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos koncefcia swrafad ganviTarda da daixvewa meore
msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi. Tvisebrivad ganivrco am principis Sinaarsobrivi
komponentebis nusxac. Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi doqtrina da praqtika samarTleb-
rivi saxelmwifos princips araerT aspeqts miakuTvnebs, romelTagan ZiriTad elemen-
tebad ganixileba samarTlis uzenaesobis, konstituciis uzenaesobis, kanonis upira-
tesobisa da kanonis daTqmis, Tanazomierebis da samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis princi-
pebi. garda amisa, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis realizebis umniSvnelovanes
instituciur meqanizmebad ganixileba xelisuflebis danawileba, individualur uf-
lebaTa sasamarTlo dacva da sakonstitucio marTlmsajuleba. arcTu iSviaTad, sa-
marTlebrivi saxelmwifos koncefcias miakuTvneben sxva mniSvnelovan samarTlebriv
principebsa da institutebsac, rogoricaa sajaro samsaxuris neitraliteti, sajaro
organoebis saqmianobis sajarooba, administraciuli procesis samarTlianoba, indi-
vidualuri uflebebis darRvevisaTvis saxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba, arademokrati-
uli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis ufleba da sxv.13 samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
principis am elementebis dacvas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba adamianis ZiriTadi
uflebebis realizebisaTvis, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos qva-
kuTxedad gvevlineba.
saqarTveloSi ukanasknel wlebSi mniSvnelovani sirTuleebiT xasiaTdeboda sa-
10
Degenhart Ch., Staatsrecht I: Staatsorganisationsrecht, 18., neu bearb. Aufl., Heidelberg 2002, 235.
11
ix. Böckenförde E.-W., Entstehung und Wandel des Rechtsstaatsbegriffs, in: Festschrift für Adolf Arndt,
Frankfurt am Main 1969, 66 f.
12
ix. Benda E., Der soziale Rechtsstaat, in: Benda E., Maihofer W., Vogel H.-J., Handbuch des Verfassungs-
rechts, Berlin/New York 1995, 2. Aufl., 91 f.
13
ix. Sobota K., Das Prinzip Rechtsstaat, Tübingen 1997; Kunig Ph., Das Rechtsstaatsprinzip, Tübingen 1986;
Degenhart Ch., Staatsrecht I: Staatsorganisationsrecht, 18., neu bearb. Aufl., Heidelberg 2002, 233 ff.; Sachs
M., Art. 20, in: Sachs M. (Hrsg.), Grundgesetz: Kommentar, München 2003, 77 f.
310
moqmedi samarTali
marTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis elementebis umravlesobis realizeba, romelTa-

gan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda gamaxvildes samarTlis uzenaesobis, konstitu-
ciis uzenaesobis, kanonis upiratesobisa da kanonis daTqmis, xelisuflebis danawile-
bis, Tanazomierebis, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebisa da sajaro samsaxuris neitrali-
tetis principebze, agreTve kanonSemoqmedebiT da administraciul procesze.
2.1. xelisuflebis danawilebis principi da misi realizebis

mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi
xelisuflebis danawileba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos instituciuri mowyobis

ZiriTadi principia. xelisuflebis danawilebis koncefcia, romelic, istoriulad, sa-
marTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideis warmoSobasTan erTad aRmocenda, gulisxmobs saxel-
mwifo xelisuflebis dayofas gansxvavebuli funqciebis mixedviT da miznad isaxavs
politikuri Zalauflebis SezRudvas xelisuflebis ganStoebaTa Soris urTierTkon-
trolisa da urTierTgawonasworebis (checks and balances) qmediTi sistemis Camoyalibe-
bis safuZvelze.14 amgvarma sistemam unda uzrunvelyos Zalauflebis qmediTi Sekaveba
da kontroli, gazardos xelisuflebis angariSvaldebulebisa da pasuxismgeblobis
xarisxi da xeli Seuwyos sajaro miznebisa da amocanebis efeqtian ganxorcielebas.
ukanaskneli wlebis qarTul sinamdvileSi xelisuflebis danawilebis princi-
pis praqtikuli realizebis xarisxi uaRresad dabali iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom aR-
niSnul princips, zogadi saxiT, mkafiod ganamtkicebs saqarTvelos konstituciis
me-5 muxlis me-4 punqti, xelisuflebis danawilebis ideas Tvisebrivad ewinaaRmdege-
ba konstituciis sxva debulebebi, romlebic Zalauflebis erTi saxelisuflo subi-
eqtis xelSi koncentracias uzrunvelyofs. xelisuflebis danawilebis idea, tradi-
ciulad, gulisxmobs sajaro funqciebisa da Zalauflebis ganawilebas xelisuflebis
sam ganStoebas – sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebs Soris.
amasTan, xelisuflebis danawilebis umTavresi amocanaa saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis im-
gvari sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic Tavidan agvacilebs xelisuflebis subieqtebs
Soris balansis darRvevas erTi romelime ganStoebis sasargeblod. 2004 wels ganxor-
cielebuli sakonstitucio cvlilebebis safuZvelze, saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda sa-
xelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma, romelmac ganapiroba politikuri Zalauflebis ga-
daWarbebuli koncentracia prezidentis xelSi. rusuli modelis mibaZviT, qveyanaSi
damkvidrda araklasikuri naxevrad saprezidento respublikuri mmarTveloba, sadac
saxelmwifos meTauri aRiWurva aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis lideris funqciiT da
zedmetad farTo „represiuli“ uflebamosilebebiT rogorc mTavrobis, ise parlamen-
tis mimarT. prezidentisTvis mTavrobis gadayenebis SeuzRudavi uflebis miniWebam,
erTi SexedviT, dualisturi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistema, praqtikulad, gardaq-
mna saprezidento respublikad. aseT pirobebSi, prezidentisTvis parlamentis daTx-
14
ix. Saio a., xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva – konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, Tb., 1999,
87-129; Sommermann K.-P., Art. 20, in: v. Mangoldt H., Klein F., Starck Ch. (Hrsg.), Kommentar zum Grund-
gesetz, München 2010, 197 ff.; Sachs M., Art. 20, in: Sachs M. (Hrsg.), Grundgesetz: Kommentar, München
2003, 79 ff.; Benda E., Der soziale Rechtsstaat, in: Benda E., Maihofer W., Vogel H.-J., Handbuch des Verfas-
sungsrechts, Berlin/New York 1995, 2. Aufl., 38 ff.
311
ovnis uflebamosilebis miniWebiT, avtomaturad dairRva balansi aRmasrulebel da

sakanonmdeblo ganStoebebs Soris. amasTan, balansis darRvevis problema kidev ufro
gaamZafra im garemoebam, rom parlamentis mier mTavrobisTvis ramdenjerme ndobis ga-
moucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, prezidents mieniWa parlamentis Tanxmobis gareSe mTav-
robis formirebis ufleba, xolo parlaments ukiduresad SeezRuda mTavrobisTvis
undoblobis gamocxadebis SesaZlebloba.15 umaRles saxelmwifo organoebs Soris ur-
TierTobaTa regulirebis am aspeqtebis zedapiruli gacnobac ki cxadyofs, rom 2004
wels damkvidrebuli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis modeli uxeSad ewinaaRmdegeba xeli-
suflebis danawilebis fundamentur konstituciur princips.
2010 wels ganxorcielebuli sakonstitucio cvlilebebis safuZvelze, saqar-
TveloSi 2013 wlis bolos dainergeba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis kvazisaparlamento,
„supersapremiero“ modeli, romelic aseve ar Seesabameba xelisuflebis danawilebis
koncefcias.16 axali modelis umTavresi naklovanebaa is garemoeba, rom konstitucia
ukiduresad zRudavs parlamentis mier mTavrobisTvis undoblobis gamocxadebis Se-
saZleblobas, rac sruliad SeuTavsebelia rogorc saparlamento, ise Sereuli mmar-
Tvelobis logikasTan. urTierTobaTa amgvari mowesrigeba, rogorc veneciis komisiis
saboloo daskvnaSi aRiniSna, „asustebs parlamentis Zalauflebas da amcirebs premi-
er-ministris pasuxismgeblobis xarisxs, rac axali sistemis qvakuTxedi unda yofili-
yo“.17 sistema qvakuTxedis gareSe ganwirulia daubalanseblobisTvis xelisuflebis im
subieqtis sasargeblod, romelic konstituciiT susti pasuxismgeblobis „privilegi-
iT“ aris aRWurvili.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 2010 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT dadgenili calkeuli
debulebebi ewinaaRmdegeba ara mxolod samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos, aramed demok-
ratiis principis moTxovnebsac. magaliTad, norma, romlis Tanaxmad parlaments un-
doblobis votumTan dakavSirebuli saprezidento vetos gadalaxva mxolod 3/5-is um-
ravlesobiT SeuZlia, ar Seesabameba umravlesobis princips, romelic konstituciuri
samarTlis doqtrinaSi demokratiis qvakuTxedad ganixileba.18 demokratiul mmarTve-
lobaSi sajaro gadawyvetilebebi, rogorc wesi, unda miiRebodes xmaTa absoluturi
umravlesobiT. gamonaklisi SeiZleba daSvebul iqnes da kvalificiuri umravlesobiT
an kvalificiuri umciresobiT gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesi SeiZleba dadgindes mxo-
lod umciresobis uflebebisa da interesebis dacvis mizniT, iseT SemTxvevaSi, ro-
desac sakiTxis specifika misi gansakuTrebuli konsensusis safuZvelze gadawyvetis
mizanSewonilobaze an aucileblobaze miuTiTebs. zemoT moyvanil SemTxvevaSi, kva-
lificiuri umravlesobiT gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesi icavs ara politikuri umci-
15
ix. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-80 da 81-e muxlebi.
16
sakonstitucio cvlilebebis detaluri analizisTvis ix. kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri
kanonis proeqtis mimarT gamoTqmuli kritikuli SeniSvnebis analitikuri mimoxilva
<http://www.osgf.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=122&info_id=2130>.
17
ix. European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission), Final Opinion on the Draft
Constitutional Law on Amendments and Changes to the Constitution of Georgia (15 October 2010) <http://
www.venice.coe.int/docs/2010/CDL-AD(2010)028-e.pdf>.
18
ix. Maihofer W., Prinzipien freiheitlicher Demokratie, in: Benda E., Maihofer W., Vogel H.-J., Handbuch des
Verfassungsrechts, Berlin/New York 1995, 2. Aufl., 62 ff.; Maurer H., Staatsrecht I: Grundlagen, Verfassungs-
organe, Staatsfunktionen, 2. Aufl., München 2001, 205 ff.
312
moqmedi samarTali
resobis uflebebsa da interesebs, aramed emsaxureba politikuri umravlesobis mier

mTavrobis formirebasTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli pirvandeli gadawyvetilebis dac-
vas, rac ver ganixileba umravlesobis principidan gadaxvevis legitimur safuZvlad.
am daskvnas adasturebs demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis gamocdileba, kerZod, is gare-
moeba, rom arc erTi demokratiuli qveynis konstitucia ar iTvaliswinebs mTavrobis-
Tvis undoblobis xmaTa kvalificiuri umravlesobiT gamocxadebas.19 umravlesobis
principis amgvari darRveva uaryofiTad aisaxeba balanszec xelisuflebis sakanon-
mdeblo da aRmasrulebel ganStoebebs Soris da amiT ewinaaRmdegeba xelisuflebis
danawilebis koncefcias.
konstituciuri samarTlis doqtrinaSi xelisuflebis danawilebis principis
vertikalur ganzomilebad ganixileba mmarTvelobis sistemis decentralizacia, rac
qveyanaSi Zlieri da damoukidebeli adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arsebobas gulis-
xmobs.20 xelisuflebis horizontaluri danawilebis paralelurad, decentralizacia
warmatebiT uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sekavebasa da SezRudvas da igi
dabalansebuli saxelisuflo sistemis aucilebel atributadac ki miiCneva. mmarTve-
lobis sistemis decentralizacia gansakuTrebiT mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli indi-
vidis subieqturi uflebebis realizaciasTan, radgan igi uzrunvelyofs adamianis
elementaruli interesis realizebas – Tavad marTos Tavisi garemo da gadawyvitos
adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi. istoriuli ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze,
yvela demokratiul qveyanaSi mmarTvelobis sistema farTod aris decentralizebuli
da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebi aRWurvili arian saTanado uflebamosilebebiTa
da resursebiT adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis saqmeTa samarTavad. amis sapirispirod, sa-
qarTveloSi decentralizaciis xarisxi Zalze dabalia, ris gamoc adgilobriv TviT-
mmarTvelobebs ar SeswevT unari, qmediTad daabalanson saxelmwifo xelisufleba da
marTon adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis saqmeebi.21 amasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom 2010 wels
decentralizaciis garantiebi konstituciis axali, sagangebo TaviT dadginda da ad-
gilobriv warmomadgenlobiT organoebs am Tavze dayrdnobiT sakonstitucio sarCe-
lis Setanis uflebamosileba mieniWa, sakonstitucio novacias arsebul realobaSi
dRemde raime cvlileba ar Seutania. amrigad, uSualod moqmedi samarTlis Zala dRem-
de verc decentralizaciis garantiebis ganmamtkicebelma sakonstitucio debulebeb-
ma SeiZina, rac, usaTuod, problemur movlenad unda iqnes aRqmuli.
xelisuflebis danawilebis principis realizebis problemuri aspeqtebis mimo-
xilva cxadyofs, rom mizanSewonilia qmediTi iuridiuli meqanizmebis Camoyalibeba,
romlebic individs am principTan dakavSirebuli interesebisa da uflebebis realize-
bis SesaZleblobas miscems.
19
ix. mag. germaniis, safrangeTis, espaneTis, italiis, saberZneTis, avstriis, SvedeTis,
daniis, fineTis, belgiis, estoneTis, litvis, ungreTis, rumineTis, bulgareTis, slo-
vakeTis, sloveniis, iaponiis konstituciebi.
20
ix. Vogelgesang K., Lübking U., Ulbrich I.-M., Kommunale Selbstverwaltung: Rechtsgrundlagen, Organisa-
tion, Aufgaben, neue Steuerungsmodelle, 3., neubearb. Aufl., Berlin 2005, 22.
21
ix. saqarTveloSi adgilobrivi demokratiis ganviTarebis wliuri angariSi: 2009-2010,
fondi Ria sazogadoeba saqarTvelo <http://www.osgf.ge/files/publications/2011/Report_web.pdf>.
313
2.2. racionaluri sajaro samsaxuri da sajaro mosamsaxureTa

neitraliteti
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos aucilebeli atributia racionaluri sajaro samsa-

xuri. saxelmwifoSi, romlis sajaro samsaxurSi ar aris uzrunvelyofili miukerZoeb-
lobis, obieqturobis, gamWvirvalobis, angariSvaldebulebisa da kadrebis stabilu-
robis principebi, Zalze didia avtokratiuli da oligarqiuli mmarTvelobis siste-
mis Camoyalibebis riski. sajaro samsaxuris arastabiluroba bunebrivad ganapirobebs
patrimoniuli, politizebuli mmarTvelobis sistemis ganviTarebas, sadac urTier-
Tobebi arsebiTad politikuri nomenklaturisadmi sajaro moxeleTa pirad erTgule-
bas da araformalur kavSirebs emyareba. kanonmdeblobis arasrulyofilebis gamo,22
saqarTveloSi moqmedi samoxeleo urTierTobebi ar Seesabameba veberiseul raciona-
lur models, rac praqtikaSi swored im problemebs warmoSobs, romlebsac patrimo-
niul sajaro samsaxurs ukavSireben. sajaro samsaxuris sistemis gajansaRebis mizniT,
upirveles yovlisa, aucilebelia saqarTvelos konstituciam da kanonmdeblobam uz-
runvelyos kadrebis stabiluroba sajaro samsaxurSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, unda aRi-
niSnos, rom araerTi demokratiuli qveynis konstitucia sajaro samsaxuris garanti-
ebs adamianis ZiriTadi uflebis rangSi adgens,23 rac racionaluri sajaro samsaxuris
principebisTvis uSualod moqmedi samarTlis Zalis miniWebas ganapirobebs. raciona-
lur sajaro samsaxurze moqalaqis uflebis adamianis ZiriTadi uflebis rangSi ayva-
na saqarTveloSic usaTuod dadebiT rols Seasrulebda samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
principis realizebis TvalsazrisiT.
sajaro samsaxurze msjelobisas, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT
sajaro samsaxuris neitralitetis principze, romelic samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
umniSvnelovanesi pirobaa. aRniSnuli principi moiTxovs moxeleTa mier sajaro ufle-
bamosilebaTa politikuri Tu sxva TvalsazrisiT miukerZoebel ganxorcielebas. amas-
Tan, sajaro samsaxuris neitralitetis principi gansakuTrebuli aqtualobiT sargeb-
lobs samarTaldamcavi organoebis mimarT, romlis moxeleTa politikuri mikerZoeba
saxelmwifos samarTlebriobas imTaviTve gamoricxavs. ukanasknel wlebSi, sajaro sam-
saxuris neitralitetis principi saqarTveloSi araerTxel uxeSad dairRva samarTal-
damcavi organoebis warmomadgenelTa mxridan, ris yvelaze naTel magaliTad 2009 wlis
6 maisis opoziciuri Sekrebis daSlisas policielTa mier prezidentis saxelis skandi-
reba SegviZlia ganvixiloT. gansakuTrebiT SemaSfoTebeli iyo iurist deputatTa mier
gakeTebuli gancxadebebi, romlebic policielTa am qmedebebis samarTlebrivad axsnas
da gamarTlebas cdilobdnen. es movlena samarTlebrivi kulturis ganviTarebis arasa-
Tanado doneze da sajaro moxeleTa politikuri neitralitetis uzrunvelyofis uSu-
alo samarTlebrivi garantiebis Seqmnis aucileblobaze migvaniSnebs.
22
„sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb“ kanoni xels ar uwyobs sajaro samsaxurSi adamianuri
resursebis marTvis Tanamedrove sistemis danergvas, ar adgens moxelis profesiuli
karieris dagegmvis, Tanamdebobrivi dawinaurebis da samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis
mkafio wesebs da a.S.
23
ix. mag. germaniis konstituciis 33-e muxli, romelic adamianis ZiriTadi uflebis
analogiuri dacvis privilegiiT sargeblobs.
314
moqmedi samarTali
2.3. konstituciis uzenaesoba
1995 wlidan dRemde saqarTvelos konstituciam ocdaaTze meti cvlileba gani-

cada, maT Soris orjer Tvisebrivad Seicvala saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma. kon-
stituciis gadasinjvis praqtika saqarTveloSi imTaviTve mankieri saxiT damkvidrda:
pirveli cvlileba, romelic saqarTvelos konstituciaSi 1999 wlis 20 ivliss iqna Se-
tanili, uxeSad ewinaaRmdegeboda demokratiis fundamentur princips da iTvaliswi-
nebda arademokratiuli – Svidprocentiani saarCevno barieris dawesebas, rasac kon-
kretuli politikuri Zalebis subieqturi interesebi edo safuZvlad. saqarTvelos
konstituciaSi dRemde Setanili cvlilebebis arcTu umniSvnelo nawili morgebuli
iyo konkretul subieqtur politikur interesebze da konkretul adamianebzec ki.
amasTan, sakonstitucio cvlilebis konkretul pirovnebaze morgebis faqti 2012 wlis
maisis sakonstitucio cvlilebebis ganxorcielebisas politikosTa mxridan Riadac
ki iqna gacxadebuli.24 bunebrivia, amgvari movlenebi Crdils ayenebs konstituciis
gansakuTrebul statussa da mniSvnelobas qveynis samarTlis sistemaSi, rac pirdapir
ewinaaRmdegeba konstituciis uzenaesobis fundamentur princips.
konstituciis uzenaesobis principis uzrunvelsayofad, mizanSewonilia gamkac-
rdes saqarTvelos konstituciis gadasinjvis procedura. am Tezisis gonivrulobas
adasturebs is garemoebac, rom, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, saqarTvelos konstitucia-
Si dRemde Setanili cvlilebebis mniSvnelovani nawili Tvisebrivad ewinaaRmdegeboda
konstitucionalizmis fundamentur principebs da, Sesabamisad, Tavisi SinaarsiT, an-
tikonstituciuri bunebisa iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxel-
mwifoebis konstituciebi konstituciis gadasinjvis garTulebis araerT saintereso
magaliTs gvTavazobs, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa cvlilebebis ori mow-
vevis parlamentis mier damtkicebis wesi, rac, praqtikulad, gamoricxavs kanonmdeb-
lis mier qveynis ZiriTadi kanonis yovelgvar naCqarev da TviTnebur gadasinjvas.25
antikonstituciur sakonstitucio cvlilebebze msjelobisas, xazi unda gaesvas
im garemoebasac, rom saqarTveloSi ar moqmedebs arc erTi sajaro instancia, romelic
sakonstitucio cvlilebebis konstituciurobaze msjelobis uflebamosilebiT iqne-
boda aRWurvili.26 konstituciis uzenaesobisa da konstitucionalizmis fundamentu-
ri principebis dacvis mizniT, sasurvelia saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
mieniWos sakonstitucio cvlilebebis prevenciuli kontrolis uflebamosileba. am-
gvari meqanizmi Tavidan agvacilebda koliziebs konstituciur normebs Soris, risi
24
konstituciis gadasinjvisas, kanonmdeblebma Riad ganacxades, rom sakonstitucio
cvlileba konkretuli politikosisTvis arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebis miniWebas
isaxavda miznad.
25
ix. espaneTis, saberZneTis, niderlandebis, belgiis, luqsemburgis, SvedeTis, daniis,
islandiis, fineTis, estoneTis konstituciebi. konstituciis gadasinjvis proce-
durebis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commis-
sion), Report on Constitutional Amendment, CDL-AD(2010)001.
26
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ukve orjer Tqva uari imgvari konstituci-
uri sarCelebis warmoebaSi miRebaze, romlebic sakonstitucio cvlilebebis konsti-
tuciurobis dadgenas isaxavda miznad. ix. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
2013 wlis 5 Tebervlis N549 da 2012 wlis 24 oqtombris N523 ganCinebebi.
315
araerTi magaliTis amokiTxvis saSualebas saqarTvelos konstituciis dRes moqmedi

da 2013 wlis bolodan asamoqmedebeli teqstebi iZleva.
2.4. kanonis upiratesobisa da kanonis daTqmis principebi
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principi avaldebulebs kanonmdebels, fundamen-

tur saxelmwifoebriv da sazogadoebriv sakiTxebze yvela arsebiTi gadawyvetileba
Tavad miiRos. Sesabamisad, dauSvebelia kanoniT aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze imgva-
ri sakiTxebis regulirebis uflebamosilebis delegireba, romlebic, Tavisi arsiT, ka-
noniT aris dasaregulirebeli. es moTxovna, romelsac samarTlebriv doqtrinaSi ar-
sebiTobis princips27 uwodeben, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
elementad ganixileba.
garda amisa, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos da demokratiis umniSvnelovanesi sa-
fuZvelia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saqmianobis kanonSesabamisoba, rasac ganam-
tkicebs kanonis upiratesobisa da kanonis daTqmis principebi. kanonis upiratesobis
principi gulisxmobs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis SezRudvas moqmedi kanonebiT,
xolo kanonis daTqmis principi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis moqmedebisTvis kano-
nismieri safuZvlis arsebobas moiTxovs. aRniSnul principebs eniWeba udidesi mniSvne-
loba sajaro xelisuflebis TviTnebobisgan adamianebis dacvisa da Sesabamisad, Ziri-
Tadi uflebebis realizebisaTvis.
kanonis upiratesobis principiT aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba SezRudulia ro-
gorc CareviTi, ise maprivilegirebeli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. amasTan, mniSvne-
loba ara aqvs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis moqmedebis formas. igi Tanabrad aris
SezRuduli kanonebiT rogorc kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebisa da individu-
aluri samarTlebrivi aqtebis gamocemis, ise realaqtebis ganxorcielebisa da admi-
nistraciuli garigebebis dadebis dros. garda amisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom kanonis upira-
tesobis principi moiTxovs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis SezRudvas ara mxolod ka-
nonebiT, aramed kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebiTac, ramdenadac es ukanasknelni
kanonis realizebis instrumentad gvevlinebian.28
kanonis daTqmis principis Tanaxmad, aRmasrulebuli xelisuflebis nebismieri
moqmedeba saWiroebs mkafio sakanonmdeblo safuZvels. amasTan, uSualo kanonismieri
safuZveli upirobod esaWiroeba imgvar administraciul aqtebs, romlebiTac xorci-
eldeba Careva kerZo subieqtebis uflebebsa da TavisuflebebSi. amgvar aqtebad unda
ganvixiloT administraciuli aqtebi, romlebic kerZo subieqtebisgan garkveuli moq-
medebis Sesrulebas an arSesrulebas moiTxovs, an maT Tavisuflebasa da interesebs
sxvagvarad zRudavs (maT Soris aqtebi, romlebic garkveul negatiur gafrTxilebebs
Seicavs). administraciuli Carevis uSualo safuZveli SeiZleba gansazRvruli iyos ka-
nonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtiTac, Tumca, aseT SemTxvevaSi, es kanonqvemdebare aq-
ti unda efuZnebodes kanons, romlidanac mkafiod unda ikiTxebodes SesaZlo Carevis
mizani da Sinaarsi. e.w. maprivilegirebeli administraciuli aqtebis gamocemisas, aR-
masrulebeli xelisuflebis moqmedeba saWiroebs uSualo kanonismieri safuZvlis ar-
27
ix. Degenhart Ch., Staatsrecht I: Staatsorganisationsrecht, 18., neu bearb. Aufl., Heidelberg 2002, 65 f.
28
ix. iqve, 316 ff.
316
moqmedi samarTali
sebobas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amgvari aqtebi ama Tu im formiT zRudavs kerZo su-
bieqtebis Tanasworobas da, Sesabamisad, CareviT aqtebs uTanabrdeba. sxva SemTxvevaSi,
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba mkacrad ar izRudeba kanonis daTqmis principiT, raTa
uzrunvelyofili iyos misi saTanado moqniloba da operatiuloba. neitraluri map-
rivilegirebeli administraciuli aqtebis gamocemis legitimurobisaTvis sakmarisia
Sesabamisi aqtis gamocemaze administraciuli organos an Tanamdebobis piris zogadi
kanonismieri uflebamosilebis arseboba.29 kanonis daTqmis principis gamovlinebaa is
moTxovnac, rom Tu xelisuflebis gansazRvruli organos uflebamosilebebi an am uf-
lebamosilebaTa ganxorcielebis wesi kanoniT amomwuravi saxiT aris mowesrigebuli,
organos yovelgvari gadacdoma uflebamosilebaTa sferodan an uflebamosilebis
ganxorcielebis wesidan, upirobod, kanonsawinaaRmdego aqtad unda iqnes ganxiluli.
kanonis upiratesobisa da kanonis daTqmis principebis darRvevis sailustraci-
od, qarTuli samarTlebrivi praqtikidan ramdenime magaliTi SeiZleba iqnes moyvani-
li: saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebiT ganisazRvreba adgilobrivi TviTmmar-
Tvelobis organoebis moxeleTa Tanamdebobrivi sargos zeda zRvari Tanamdebobebis
mixedviT, rodesac kanoni prezidents amgvari zeda zRvris mxolod samoxeleo range-
bis mixedviT dadgenis uflebas aniWebs;30 gasul wlebSi, policiam saprotesto aqcie-
bis daSlis dros ramdenjerme gamoiyena araletaluri cecxlsasroli iaraRi, rode-
sac kanoni „policiis Sesaxeb“ Seicavda policiis mier Sekrebis daSlisas gamosayenebe-
li iaraRis amomwurav CamonaTvals da am nusxaSi araletaluri cecxlsasroli iaraRi
moxseniebuli ar iyo31 da sxv. kanonis upiratesobisa da kanonis daTqmis principebis
esoden uxeSi darRveva, bunebrivia, Tvisebrivad SeuTavsebelia samarTlebrivi saxel-
mwifos koncefciasTan.
kanonis daTqmis princips ewinaaRmdegeba „normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb“ kanonis
me-11 muxlis me-2 punqtic, romelic saqarTvelos prezidents aniWebs normatiuli aq-
tiT imgvari urTierTobis daregulirebis uflebas, romelic ar aris mowesrigebuli
saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo aqtiT. kanonmdeblobiT miniWebuli Tavisufali sivrciT
sargeblobis amgvari ufleba sruliad SeuTavsebelia ara mxolod kanonis upirate-
sobisa da kanonis daTqmis, aramed xelisuflebis danawilebisa da saparlamento su-
verenitetis principebTanac. aRsaniSnavia, rom 90-ian wlebSi swored amgvari normis
safuZvelze damkvidrda saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo rwmunebulis – gubernatoris in-
stituti, romelic wlebis manZilze konstituciuri da kanonismieri safuZvlis gareSe
moqmedebda. normis gamoyenebis mankieri praqtika kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom ara-
sakanonmdeblo organosTvis samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa regulirebis esoden far-
To uflebamosilebis miniWeba yovlad dauSvebelia.
kanonis upiratesobisa da kanonis daTqmis principebis analogiurad, samarTleb-
riv saxelmwifoSi ganuxrelad unda iyos daculi konstituciis upiratesobisa da kon-
29
ix. iqve, 319 ff.; Maurer H., Staatsrecht I: Grundlagen, Verfassungsorgane, Staatsfunktionen, 2. Aufl.,
München 2001, 219 ff.
30
ix. „sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqti da saqarTvelos prezi-
dentis 2005 wlis 29 agvistos N726 brZanebuleba „avtonomiuri respublikebis xelisu-
flebis, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisa da mmarTvelobis organoebis sajaro mosam-
saxureTa Sromis anazRaurebis mowesrigebis Sesaxeb“.
31
ix. „policiis Sesaxeb“ kanoni 2009 wlis 17 ivlisamde mdgomareobiT.
317
stituciis daTqmis principebi. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi sirTuleebi

am principis realizebis TvalsazrisiTac aRiniSneba. magaliTad, „moqalaqeTa politi-
kuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb“ organul kanonSi 2011 wlis 28 dekembers Setanili cvli-
lebebiT, saqarTvelos kontrolis palatas mieniWa politikuri partiebis finansuri
saqmianobis monitoringis ufleba, rodesac saqarTvelos konstituciis 97-e muxli am
organos mxolod saxelmwifo saxsrebisa da saxelmwifos sxva materialur faseuloba-
Ta gamoyenebisa da xarjvis zedamxedvelobis uflebamosilebas aniWebda. konstituci-
is daTqmis principis darRvevis morigi gamovlinebaa kanoni „saqarTvelos dedaqala-
qis – Tbilisis Sesaxeb“. miuxedavad imisa, rom konstitucia mkafiod moiTxovs adgi-
lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis uflebamosilebaTa organuli kanoniT gansazRvras, Tbi-
lisis TviTmmarTvelobis uflebamosilebebi ganisazRvreba Cveulebrivi kanoniT, rac
konstituciiT dadgenil am moTxovnas pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba. konstituciis esoden
uxeSi darRveva politikur wreebSi samarTlebrivi kulturis deficitis an konstitu-
ciis fenomenis mimarT kanonmdeblis gulgrili damokidebulebis niSnad SeiZleba iq-
nes aRqmuli da igi saqarTveloSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis realizebas
mniSvnelovan bariers uqmnis.
2.5. kanonSemoqmedebiTi da administraciuli procesi
samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi nebismieri sajaro gadawyvetileba gansjis raciona-

luri da kompleqsuri procesis safuZvelze unda miiRebodes. gadawyvetilebaTa miRe-
bis racionaluroba da kompleqsuroba unda uzrunvelyos kanonSemoqmedebiTi da ad-
ministraciuli procesis maregulirebelma kanonmdeblobam, romliTac sakanonmdeb-
lo aqtebis SemuSavebisa da administraciuli warmoebis procedurebi ganisazRvreba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba mocemul sferoSi, zogadad, dasav-
lur principebs emyareba, praqtikaSi misi ganxorcieleba mravali sirTuliT xasiaT-
deba. arcTu iSviaTad, administraciuli organoebi samarTlebriv aqtebs gamoscemen
administraciuli warmoebis dawyebis gareSe, ar xorcieldeba administraciuli war-
moebis wesebis saTanado dacva, ar tardeba dainteresebuli mxareebis mosmena, admi-
nistraciuli aqtebis kanonierebis ganxilvisas sasamarTloebi xSirad uyuradRebod
toveben maTi miRebisa da gamocemis formalur-procedurul mxares da a.S. saqarTve-
los parlamentSic ki, kanonebi xSirad miiReba reglamentiT dadgenili procedurebis
darRveviT. aRniSnuli tendenciis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia 2010 wlis 15 oqtombris
sakonstitucio cvlilebebis miRebis procesi – miuxedavad imisa, rom reglamentis Ta-
naxmad, meore mosmenis Semdeg kanonproeqtSi dasaSvebia mxolod redaqciuli xasiaTis
cvlilebebis Setana, saqarTvelos parlamentma mesame mosmenamde Tvisebrivad Secva-
la konstituciuri kanonis proeqtis ramdenime mniSvnelovani norma.32 amgvari praq-
tika seriozul safrTxes uqmnis saqarTveloSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis
realizebas da, Sesabamisad, igi saswrafo gajansaRebas saWiroebs, raSic gansakuTre-
buli wvlilis Setana sakonstitucio da saerTo sasamarTloebs marTebT.
32
ix. kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri kanonis proeqtis mimarT gamoTqmuli kritikuli SeniS-
vnebis analitikuri mimoxilva <http://www.osgf.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=122&info_
id=2130>.
318
moqmedi samarTali
2.6. Tanazomierebis principi
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideis umniSvnelovanesi monapovaria Tanazomiere-

bis principi, romlis Tanaxmad sajaro xelisuflebis nebismieri aqti, romelic pirda-
pir an arapirdapir aris dakavSirebuli individualuri Tavisuflebis SezRudvasTan,
unda emsaxurebodes legitimur mizans, unda iyos gamosadegi da aucilebeli legiti-
muri miznis misaRwevad da unda Seesabamebodes im interesebis mniSvnelobas, romelTa
dacvasac isaxavs igi miznad.33 Tanazomierebis principi XIX saukuneSi ganaviTares admi-
nistraciuli samarTlis germanelma Teoretikosebma, xolo XX saukuneSi man msoflio
masStabiT pova farTo gavrceleba.34 amJamad, Tanazomierebis daTqmas umniSvnelovanes
saxelmZRvanelo principad iyeneben adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo35 da
sxva saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebi.
qarTul samarTalSi Tanazomierebis principma gasul aTwleulSi SeZlo Tavis
damkvidreba. metwilad adamianis uflebebis germanul doqtrinaze dayrdnobiT, Ta-
nazomierebis principma saTanado asaxva pova qarTulenovan iuridiul saxelmZRvane-
loebSi da sxva doqtrinalur wyaroebSi, romlebic saqarTvelos konstituciiT aRi-
arebuli adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis Sinaarsis ganmartebas eZRvneba.36 ukanaskneli
wlebis ganmavlobaSi, Tanazomierebis principi myarad damkvidrda saqarTvelos sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlos praqtikaSic.37 Tumca, sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel sfe-
roebSi am principis dacva arsebiTi sirTuleebiT xasiaTdeboda.
sakanonmdeblo organos mier Tanazomierebis principis ugulebelyofis yvela-
ze naTel magaliTad SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli „moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebe-
bis Sesaxeb“ organul kanonSi 2011 wlis dekemberSi Setanili cvlilebebi, romelTa sa-
fuZvelze partiebisTvis dadgenili finansuri saxis SezRudvebi srulad gavrcelda
partiebTan dakavSirebul da politikuri miznebisa da amocanebis mqone fizikur da
iuridiul pirebze. amasTan, organuli kanonis axali normebis araTanazomiereba ab-
surdulobis zRvarsac ki gadascda, rodesac maT safuZvelze, magaliTad, partiebis
wevrebsa da mxardamWerebs aekrZalaT samewarmeo saqmianoba, anazRaurebadi saqmiano-
bis ganxorcieleba, sazRvargareTidan fuladi gzavnilis miReba, komerciuli sesxis
33
Sommermann K.-P., Art. 20, in: v. Mangoldt H., Klein F., Starck Ch. (Hrsg.), Kommentar zum Grundgesetz,
München 2010, 308 ff.; Pieroth B., Schlink B., Grundrechte: Staatsrecht II, 18., neubearb. Aufl., Heidelberg
2002, 361; Tanazomierebis principis safuZvliani analizisTvis ix. a. barakis monogra-
fia: Barak A., Proportionality: Constitutional Rights and Their Limitations, Cambridge University Press
2012.
34
ix. Barak A., Proportionality: Constitutional Rights and Their Limitations, Cambridge University Press 2012,
175-210.
35
ix. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali, Tb., 2004.
36
ix. izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komen-
tarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tb., 2005; kublaSvili k., ada-
mianis uflebebi, Tb., 2003; demetraSvili a., kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri samarTali, Tb.,
2010.
37
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo 2011-2012 wlebSi gamoqveynebuli eqvsi
gadawyvetilebidan oTxSi daeyrdno Tanazomierebis princips.
319
aReba da sxv.38 ukanaskneli periodis qarTul sinamdvileSi Tanazomierebis principi

gansakuTrebiT uxeSad irRveoda administraciuli organoebis mier realaqtebis gan-
xorcielebisas, ris yvelaze naTel magaliTebad SegviZlia ganvixiloT saprotesto
aqciebis daSlisas samarTaldamcavi organoebis mier araproporciuli Zalis gamoye-
neba,39 2007 wlis noemberSi saTanado pirobebis ararsebobisas sagangebo mdgomareobis
gamocxadeba40 da sxv.
gansakuTrebiT SemaSfoTebelia is garemoeba, rom Tanazomierebis principis dar-
Rvevis yvelaze uxeSi faqtebi saqarTveloSi politikuri ganviTarebis yvelaze rezo-
nansul procesebs ukavSirdeboda. aseT garemoebebSi Tanazomierebis daTqmis daucve-
lobas aqvs gadamdebi efeqti da igi ganapirobebs am principis ugulebelyofis praq-
tikis farTod gavrcelebas saxelisuflo sistemis masStabiT. momavalSi amgvari ten-
denciis Sesakaveblad, aucilebelia gaizardos Tanazomierebis principis aqtualobis
xarisxi samecniero Tu socialur debatebSi da uzrunvelyofil iqnes misi samarTleb-
rivi ganmtkiceba rogorc konstituciis, ise qvemdebare kanonmdeblobis doneze.
2.7. samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis principi
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principi moiTxovs sajaro xelisuflebis kanonis

farglebSi ganxorcielebas da kerZo subieqtebisTvis samarTlebrivad uzrunvelyo-
fili Tavisuflebis TviTneburi saxelmwifo Carevisgan dacvas. aRniSnuli moTxovne-
bis Sesrulebas, garda aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saqmianobis kanonSesabamisobisa
da kanonebis konstituciurobisa, uzrunvelyofs samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba. samar-
Tlebriv saxelmwifoSi samarTlebrivma wesrigma normis adresats unda Seuqmnas Ta-
visi qcevis gansazRvris mkafio, myari da sando safuZveli. individs unda hqondes Se-
saZlebloba, sakmarisad mkafiod Seicnos qcevis wesi da amis safuZvelze gansazRvros
Tavisi qcevis Sinaarsi. zogadi TvalsazrisiT, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis principi
agreTve moiTxovs kanonSemoqmedebiTi procesis Tanmimdevrulobas da kanonmdeblo-
bis stabilurobas – samarTlebrivma usafrTxoebam unda daicvas adamianis ndoba ro-
gorc samarTlebrivi normebis, ise, zogadad, samarTlebrivi wesrigis mimarT.41
38
sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis detaluri analizisTvis ix. izoria l., kobaxiZe i., turava
p., „moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos organul kanonSi Se-
tanili cvlilebebis (29.12.2011) analizi, Tb., 2012.
39
ix. Tundac „adamianis uflebebi saqarTveloSi: saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis saan-
gariSo moxseneba – 2007 wlis meore naxevari“, 21-58; „saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis
angariSi saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb – 2011“, 72-80.
40
ix. UN rights boss rebukes Georgia for use of force, reuters.com, Stephanie Nebehay, 8 Nov., 2007; Closure
of Media Outlets Not in Line with NATO Values – Scheffer, The Georgian Times, Civil Georgia 8 Nov. 2007.
41
ix. Degenhart Ch., Staatsrecht I: Staatsorganisationsrecht, 18., neu bearb. Aufl., Heidelberg 2002, 347 ff.;
Sachs M., Art. 20, in: Sachs M. (Hrsg.), Grundgesetz: Kommentar, München 2003, 122 ff.; Sommermann K.-
P., Art. 20, in: v. Mangoldt H., Klein F., Starck Ch. (Hrsg.), Kommentar zum Grundgesetz, München 2010,
288 ff.; Maurer H., Staatsrecht I: Grundlagen, Verfassungsorgane, Staatsfunktionen, 2. Aufl., München 2001,
231 ff.
320
moqmedi samarTali
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis principi, upirveles yovlisa, moiTxovs samar-

Tlebrivi normis garkveulobas,42 anu misi teqstis sakmarisad mkafiod Camoyalibebas
da individisTvis samarTalSemoqmedis nebis Secnobadobas. samarTlebrivi norma unda
iyos araorazrovani, xolo misi iuridiuli Sedegebi – iolad ganWvretadi.43 amasTan,
unda aRiniSnos, rom samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis principi ar gamoricxavs normis in-
terpretirebis SesaZleblobas da administraciuli organoebis mier dakonkretebadi
zogadi normebis arsebobas. amrigad, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis principi adgens
mxolod minimalur moTxovnebs normis teqstis mimarT da ar gamoricxavs samarTleb-
rivi normebis aRsrulebisas administraciuli organoebisTvis gansazRvruli diskre-
ciis miniWebas.44 miuxedavad garkveulobis principis amgvari, sakmaod loialuri bune-
bisa, ukanaskneli wlebis qarTul sinamdvileSi igi arcTu iSviaTad irRveoda.45
aRsaniSnavia, rom, samarTlebriv doqtrinaSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanax-
mad, garkveulobis principi sargeblobs aqtualobiT mxolod samarTlebrivi norme-
bis mimarT da igi moiTxovs mxolod dawerili qcevis wesebis mkafiod Secnobadobas
individis mier.46 Tumca, qarTuli realoba adasturebs, rom mizanSewonilia garkveu-
lobis principma xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebul aranormatiul Carevebzec po-
vos gavrceleba. kerZod, sajaro xelisuflebis mier nebismieri realaqtis ganxorci-
elebisas, individs unda hqondes SesaZlebloba, mkafiod Seicnos Careva, raTa sworad
gansazRvros Tavisi qcevis, kontrqmedebis Sinaarsi. magaliTad, garkveulobis prin-
cipis Tanaxmad, samarTaldamcavi organoebis warmomadgenlebs mkacrad unda moeTxo-
vebodeT Sekrebis daSlisas samsaxurebrivi uniformis tareba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
individi moklebulia SesaZleblobas, Seicnos Carevis Sinaarsi, rac mas aZlevs legi-
timur uflebas, ar daemorCilos xelisuflebis warmomadgenels da iseTive saxiT ga-
uwios mas winaaRmdegoba, rogorc igi amas gaakeTebda kerZo piris mimarT, aucilebeli
mogeriebis farglebSi.
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis principis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtebia normis
ukuZalis akrZalvisa da legitimuri ndobis principebi.47 normis ukuZalis akrZalvis
princips saqarTveloSi SedarebiT xangrZlivi moqmedebis istoria aqvs, rac misi dac-
vis mdgomareobaze dadebiTad aisaxeba. Tumca, arsebiTi sirTuleebi am principebis re-
42
es principi qarTul wyaroebSi xSirad `gansazRvrulobis principad~ moixsenieba. Tum-
ca, `garkveulobis principi~ ukeT asaxavs mis namdvil mniSvnelobas.
43
ix. Degenhart Ch., Staatsrecht I: Staatsorganisationsrecht, 18., neu bearb. Aufl., Heidelberg 2002, 348 ff.
44
ix. iqve, 349.
45
garkveulobis principis darRvevis gansakuTrebiT uxeS gamovlinebad unda ganvixi-
loT 2011 wlis dekemberSi „moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb“ organul
kanonSi Setanili cvlilebebi, romliTac ganisazRvra partiasTan dakavSirebuli da
politikuri miznebisa da amocanebis mqone piris sruliad bundovani cneba da amgvar
pirze sruliad bundovani formiT gavrcelda partiebisTvis dadgenili finansuri
SezRudvebi. ix. izoria l., kobaxiZe i., turava p., `moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTiane-
bebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organul kanonSi Setanili cvlilebebis (29.12.2011) anal-
izi, Tb., 2012.
46
ix. Degenhart Ch., Staatsrecht I: Staatsorganisationsrecht, 18., neu bearb. Aufl., Heidelberg 2002, 349 ff.
47
ix. Degenhart Ch., Staatsrecht I: Staatsorganisationsrecht, 18., neu bearb. Aufl., Heidelberg 2002, 358 ff.;
Sommermann K.-P., Art. 20, in: v. Mangoldt H., Klein F., Starck Ch. (Hrsg.), Kommentar zum Grundgesetz,
München 2010, 292 ff.
321
alizaciis TvalsazrisiTac aRiniSneba. magaliTad, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos prin-

cipis uxeSi darRvevaa ukuZalis miniWeba iseTi sajarosamarTlebrivi aqtebisTvis,
romlebic ar awesrigebs urTierTobas sajaro xelisuflebasa da individs Soris. am-
gvari darRvevis naTel magaliTad unda ganvixiloT „adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis 2013 wlis 1 ianvramde moqmedi norma, romlis safuZvelze
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis konkretuli uflebamosileba ukuZaliT iqna dadge-
nili.48 sajaro xelisuflebis organoebis uflebamosilebebis ukana TariRiT gansazR-
vra ara mxolod ukuZalis akrZalvis principis darRvevad, aramed samarTlebriv non-
sensadac ki SeiZleba Sefasdes.
samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis principis calkeuli aspeqtebis darRvevis faqte-
bi adasturebs, rom am principis dasacavad myari sakonstitucio da sakanonmdeblo sa-
fuZvlebis Seqmnaa saWiro.
2.8. samarTlis uzenaesoba
dava samarTlis zepozitiuri bunebis Sesaxeb mravalsaukunovan istorias iT-

49
vlis. iurisprudenciis am fundamentur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT samarTalmcodneTa
mosazrebebs Soris pirvandeli mkveTri zRvris arsebobis miuxedavad, poziciebi Tan-
daTanobiT erTmaneTs dauaxlovda. Sedegad, Tanamedrove iurisprudencia samarTlis
fenomenis erTgvar Sualedur aRqmas aniWebs upiratesobas da Tanabrad aRiarebs sa-
marTlis rogorc pozitiur, ise zepozitiur sawyiss.50 amasTan, samarTlis zepoziti-
uri bunebis Sesaxeb davam, garkveulwilad, aqtualobac dakarga im garemoebis gaTva-
liswinebiT, rom Tanamedrove demokratiul konstituciebSi samarTlis zepozitiur-
ma principebma, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos, demokratiis da socialuri saxelmwifos
principebisa da adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis saxiT, ukve uSualo normatiuli asax-
va da ganmtkiceba pova. samarTlis zepozitiuri bunebis aRiarebaSi umniSvnelovanesi
roli Seasrula sakonstitucio marTlmsajulebis institutmac. sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlo, romelsac ekisreba lakoniuri konstituciuri normebis vrclad ganmartebis
valdebuleba, „iZulebulia“ ixelmZRvanelos zepozitiuri samarTlebrivi principe-
biT da gamoiyenos samarTlis jerarsi, rogorc saxelisuflo moqmedebis samarTlia-
nobis Sefasebis ZiriTadi sazomi.
Tanamedrove iurisprudenciis am dadebiTma tendenciam, formaluri Tvalsazri-
siT, asaxva qarTul sinamdvilezec pova. Tumca, saqarTvelos samarTlebriv praqtikaSi
samarTlis zepozitiuri sawyisis aRiareba da samarTlis uzenaesobis principis pati-
viscema mniSvnelovani sirTuleebiT xasiaTdeba, risi ilustrirebac ramdenime maga-
liTze cxadad aris SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, 2010 wlis adgilobrivi arCevnebis dros
48
àdgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis 652 muxlis me-4 punqti
adgenda: „2013 wlis 1 ianvramde TviTmmarTvel erTeuls ufleba aqvs, gansakuTrebul
SemTxvevebSi, nebayoflobiT gadawyvitos saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebisaTvis
materialur-teqnikuri daxmarebis gawevis sakiTxi. es norma gavrceldes 2006 wlis 1
ianvridan warmoSobil samarTlebriv urTierTobebze“.
49
ix. Zippelius R., Rechtsphilosophie, 4. Auflage, München 2003, 76 ff.; Rüthers B., Rechtstheorie, 2. Auflage,
238 ff.
50
ix. iqve.
322
moqmedi samarTali
xelisuflebis iuristi warmomadgenlebi dasaSvebad acxadebdnen arCevnebis dRes sa-

arCevno ubnebis garSemo partiuli agitatorebis dgomas da partiis xarjiT amomrCev-
lis saarCevno ubnebamde transportirebas im garemoebaze miTiTebiT, rom amgvari qme-
debebi arc erTi kanoniT ar iyo akrZaluli. 2009 wels, igive politikosebi acxadeb-
dnen, rom policielebs hqondaT opoziciis saprotesto aqciis daSlisas prezidentis
saxelis skandirebis legitimuri ufleba, radgan maT amgvar qcevas arc erTi kanoni
ar ukrZalavda. politikosTa amgvari gancxadebebi SeSfoTebas iwvevs, radgan konsti-
tucionalizmis elementarul principebSi gaTviTcnobierebuli iuristisTvis cxadi
unda iyos, rom zemoaRniSnuli aqtebi uxeSad ewinaaRmdegeboda Tavisufali arCevne-
bisa da sajaro samsaxuris neitralitetis konstituciur principebs. iuristi poli-
tikosebis amgvari damokidebuleba, rac, formalurad, normativizmis erTgvar nair-
saxeobad, xolo SedarebiT mkacri poziciidan, samarTlebrivi primitivizmis nayofad
SeiZleba Sefasdes, samarTlebrivi kulturis ganviTarebis arasaTanado doneze migva-
niSnebs. qarTuli sinamdvilis uaryofiT maxasiaTeblad unda ganvixiloT is movlenac,
rom Cvens samarTlebriv da politikur zepirsityvierebaSi „samarTlis uzenaesobaze“
gacilebiT xSirad termini „kanonis uzenaesoba“ gamoiyeneba,51 rac kanonis samarTlia-
nobis moTxovnisTvis arasaTanado mniSvnelobis miniWebis kidev erT niSnad SegviZlia
miviCnioT.
qarTul sakanonmdeblo praqtikaSi sakmaod xSiria zogadi samarTlebrivi logi-
kis darRvevis faqtebic, rac, samarTlis uzenaesobis principis realizebis Tvalsaz-
risiT, aseve Zalze problemur movlenad unda iqnes aRqmuli. magaliTisaTvis, samar-
Tlis erT-erTi TavisTavadi principis Tanaxmad, gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi urTi-
erTobis kontrregulireba logikurad unda Seesatyvisebodes mis sawyis regulire-
bas. am principis darRvevad SegviZlia ganvixiloT 2010 wlis sakonstitucio cvlile-
bebiT dadgenili normebi, romelTa Tanaxmad prezidenti aqtiurad ereva parlamentis
mier mTavrobisTvis undoblobis gamocxadebis proceduraSi, rodesac igi mxolod
simbolurad monawileobs mTavrobisTvis ndobis gamocxadebis aqtSi.52 “saqarTvelos
mTavrobis struqturis, uflebamosilebisa da saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb” kanonis 26-e
muxlis Tanaxmad, gansazRvrul Tanamdebobis pirebs Tanamdebobaze niSnavs premier-
ministri prezidentTan SeTanxmebiT, xolo Tanamdebobidan aTavisuflebs preziden-
ti sakuTari iniciativiT an premier-ministri Sesabamisi ministris wardginebiT. pre-
mier-ministris mier daniSnuli Tanamdebobis piris prezidentis mier ganTavisufleba
aseve uxeSad ewinaaRmdegeba samarTlebriv logikas. amgvari darRvevebi saqarTveloSi
samarTlis jerarsis fenomenis mimarT kanonmdeblis gulgrili damokidebulebis an
sakanonmdeblo teqnikis ganviTarebis arasaTanado donis gamovlinebad SeiZleba iqnes
aRqmuli.
zogadad, qarTul sinamdvileSi samarTlis uzenaesobis principisa da samar-
Tlebrivi logikis darRvevis aRniSnuli faqtebi kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom sa-
51
amgvar tendencias martivad adasturebs Tundac Google-is saZiebo baza, romelic „kan-
onis uzenaesobis“ miTiTebisas daaxloebiT 89 aTas Sedegs, xolo „samarTlis uzenaeso-
bis“ miTiTebisas daaxloebiT aTas Sedegs aCvenebs.
52
ix. kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri kanonis proeqtis mimarT gamoTqmuli kritikuli SeniS-
vnebis analitikuri mimoxilva <http://www.osgf.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=122&info_
id=2130>.
323
marTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis realizeba arsebiTad aris damokidebuli qveya-

naSi konstitucionalizmis tradiciebisa da samarTlebrivi kulturis ganviTarebis
doneze.
3. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principisTvis uSualod moqmedi

samarTlis Zalis miniWebis meqanizmebi
zogadi definiciis Tanaxmad, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo aris saxelmwifo, sadac

samarTali gansazRvravs politikas, gansxvavebiT policiuri saxelmwifosgan, sadac
swored politika dominirebs samarTalze. kanonmdeblobasa da misi aRsrulebis praq-
tikaze politikis diqtatis pirobebSi adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi mudmivi darRvevis
riskis qveS aris moqceuli. amas cxadyofs samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis ze-
moT ganxiluli magaliTebic: xelisuflebis danawilebis principis darRveva da erTi
saxelisuflo subieqtis xelSi Zalauflebis koncentracia ganapirobebs xelisufle-
bis „Seukavebel“ damokidebulebas individualuri Tavisuflebis mimarT, rac, upirve-
les yovlisa, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis darRvevaSi povebs gamoxatulebas; saja-
ro samsaxuris patrimoniuli sistema ganapirobebs sajaro mosamsaxureTa, maT Soris
samarTaldamcavi organoebis moxeleTa politikur mikerZoebas, rac adamianis ufle-
bebis gansakuTrebiT uxeSi darRvevis faqtebSi vlindeba; konstituciis uzenaesobis
principis arasaTanado realizeba pirdapir safrTxes uqmnis adamianis ZiriTad ufle-
bebs, romlebic Tavad konstituciiT poveben normatiul aRiarebas; kanonis upirate-
sobisa da kanonis daTqmis principebis darRvevis magaliTebis ilustrireba cxadyofs,
rom amgvari precedentebi adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis pirdapir darRvevas ganapi-
robebs; igive SeiZleba iTqvas kanonSemoqmedebiTi da administraciuli procesis nak-
lovanebebze, romlebic adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis realizebaze gansakuTrebiT
uaryofiTi gavleniT xasiaTdeba; Tanazomierebisa da samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis
principebi swored adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dasacavad Camoyalibda da, Sesaba-
misad, bunebrivia, rom maTi gadacdoma, TavisTavadi saxiT, individualuri uflebebis
darRvevasac iwvevs; samarTlis uzenaesobis principis darRveva da samarTlis jerar-
sis ugulebelyofac pirdapir negatiur asaxvas povebs adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis
realizebis mdgomareobaze.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis elementebis arasaTanado dacvasa da ada-
mianis ZiriTadi uflebebis darRvevas Soris pirdapiri kavSiris gaTvaliswinebiT, au-
cilebelia samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos princips garkveuli formiT mieniWos uSua-
lod moqmedi samarTlis Zala, rac adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebiT individTa qmediT da
universalur dacvas uzrunvelyofs. am miznis miRweva sxvadasxva iuridiuli meqaniz-
mis gamoyenebiT aris SesaZlebeli:
saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdebloba da Camoyalibebuli sasamarTlo praqtika
ar iZleva saSualebas konstituciuri marTlmsajulebis daxmarebiT davZlioT winaaR-
mdegobebi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos fundamentur principsa da sxva konstituciur
debulebebs Soris. amgvari koliziis aRmosafxvrelad, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio
sasamarTlo SeiZleba aRiWurvos konstituciis normebis konstitucionalizmis fun-
damentur principebTan Sesabamisobis dadgenis kompetenciiT. amasTan, gasaTvalis-
324
moqmedi samarTali
winebelia, rom konstituciis stabilurobis uzrunvelsayofad, aRniSnuli ufleba-

mosileba, rogorc wesi, unda atarebdes prevenciul xasiaTs da iTvaliswinebdes sa-
konstitucio marTlmsajulebis organos mier sakonstitucio cvlilebebis winaswar
kontrols;
qveyanaSi patrimoniuli sajaro samsaxuris sistemis Camoyalibebis prevenciis
qmediTi garantia SeiZleba Seqmnas racionalur sajaro samsaxurze moqalaqis ufle-
bis adamianis ZiriTadi uflebis rangSi ayvanam, rasac araerTi demokratiuli qveynis
konstitucia iTvaliswinebs. am mizniT, saqarTvelos konstituciis meore TaviT unda
dadgindes sajaro moxelis statusis minimaluri garantiebi;
miuxedavad imisa, rom sajaro mosamsaxureTa mier politikuri mikerZoebis ga-
movlena, zogadad, pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs, zemoT gan-
xiluli magaliTebi cxadyofs, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi rTulia amgvari winaaRmdegobis
pirdapir dakavSireba konkretul individebTan, rac darRveuli subieqturi uflebe-
bis sasamarTlo wesiT dacvas arsebiTad arTulebs. magaliTad, rodesac saprotesto
demonstraciis daSlisas policielebi koleqtiurad skandireben prezidentis saxels
an sxvagvarad avlenen politikur mikerZoebas, marTalia, isini avtomaturad arRveven
yvela demonstrantis ZiriTad uflebebs, Tumca, amgvari darRveva Znelad Tu warmo-
Sobs TiToeuli demonstrantis subieqtur uflebas, sasamarTlo wesiT daicvas Tavisi
legitimuri interesebi. am SemTxvevaSi, sajaro mosamsaxureTa neitralitetis princi-
pis dacvis yvelaze qmediT meqanizmad am principis uSualo konstituciuri ganmtkice-
ba da detaluri sakanonmdeblo mowesrigeba unda ganvixiloT;
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, konstituciis uzenaesobis principis dasacavad, auci-
lebelia arsebiTad garTuldes qveynis ZiriTadi kanonis gadasinjvis procedura. gan-
sakuTrebiT es exeba adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis ganmamtkicebel debulebebs, rom-
lebic, araerTi demokratiuli qveynis konstituciis mibaZviT, dacul normebadac ki
SeiZleba gamocxaddes. amgvari meqanizmebi Tavidan agvacilebs konstituciis naCqare-
vi da TviTneburi gadasinjvis farTod damkvidrebul praqtikas, rac Zalze mniSvnelo-
vania konstitucionalizmis fundamenturi principebisa da adamianis ZiriTadi ufle-
bebis ganuxreli dacvis uzrunvelsayofad;
zemoT ganxilulma magaliTebma daadastura, rom kanonis daTqmisa da kanonis upi-
ratesobis principebis ugulebelyofam SeiZleba gamoiwvios adamianis ZiriTadi uf-
lebebis rogorc pirdapiri, ise arapirdapiri darRveva. ZiriTad uflebaTa pirdapiri
darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, individs martivad SeuZlia sasamarTlos winaSe am principebze
apelireba, rac maT qmediT dacvas da uSualod moqmedi samarTlis ZaliT aRWurvas uz-
runvelyofs. ZiriTad uflebaTa arapirdapiri darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, individi mok-
lebulia amgvar SesaZleblobas, ris gamoc mizanSewonilia kanonis daTqmisa da kano-
nis upiratesobis principebis SedarebiT detaluri konstituciuri da sakanonmdeblo
mowesrigeba. konstituciiT mkafiod unda ganisazRvros normaTa ierarqia da normebis
zemdgom samarTlebriv aqtebze daqvemdebarebis safuZvlebi, rac kanonis daTqmisa da
kanonis upiratesobis principebis qmediT realizebas uzrunvelyofs;
igive exeba kanonSemoqmedebiT da administraciul procesSi gamovlenil dar-
Rvevebsac. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gadacdomebi pirdapir ukavSirdeba adamianis ZiriTadi
uflebebis darRvevas, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, individs SeuZlia Ca-
325
revis formaluri Sesabamisobis kriteriumze dayrdnobiT daicvas Tavisi subieqturi

uflebebi. Tumca, amgvari pirdapiri kavSiris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos
kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs kanonSemoqmedis TviTnebobis aRkveTis qmediT meqa-
nizmebs. gansakuTrebiT es exeba konstituciis gadasinjvis procesSi gamovlenil dar-
Rvevebs, romelTa aRkveTis meqanizms saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba saerTod ar icnobs.
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom kanonSemoqmedebiT procesSi proceduruli wesebis ganux-
rel dacvas eniWeba gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebisa da
adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, mizanSewonilia gafarTovdes sa-
qarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebebi formaluri Seusabamobis
safuZvelze kanonebis (maT Soris konstituciuri kanonebis) baTilad cnobis kuTxiT.
amasTan, sasurvelia SedarebiT farTod ganisazRvros Sesabamisi konstituciuri sar-
Celis wardgenaze uflebamosil subieqtTa wre;
Tanazomierebisa da samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis principebi pirdapir aris da-
kavSirebuli adamianis ZiriTad uflebebTan da amdenad, am principebis darRveva, ro-
gorc wesi, TavisTavad niSnavs adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis xelyofas. Sesabamisad,
Tanazomierebisa da samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis principebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uf-
lebebis paralelurad, sargebloben uSualod moqmedi samarTlis statusiT. aqedan ga-
momdinare, am principebis praqtikuli realizebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eni-
Weba rogorc administraciuli organoebis, ise saqarTvelos parlamentisa da saerTo
sasamarTloebis mier maTi gamoyenebis praqtikis daxvewas. garda amisa, samarTlebrivi
kulturis deficitis pirobebSi, sasurvelia Tanazomierebis principma da samarTleb-
rivi usafrTxoebis principis calkeulma elementebma saqarTveloSi uSualo konsti-
tuciuri ganmtkiceba povos;
bolos, yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobisa da samar-
Tlebrivi praqtikis im naklovanebebze, romlebic winaaRmdegobaSi modis samarTlis
uzenaesobis principTan, maT Soris kanonmdeblobaSi samarTlebrivi logikis darRve-
vis mankier praqtikaze. samarTlis uzenaesoba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos koncefci-
is umTavresi ideaa da Sesabamisad, misi darRvevis gasaCivreba samarTlebrivi saxelmwi-
fos principze dayrdnobiT unda iyos SesaZlebeli. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos aqvs SesaZlebloba, abstraqtul normaTa kontrolis Tu
sxva Sesabamisi saproceso formiT, gansaxilvelad miiRos konstituciuri sarCeli im-
gvari samarTlebrivi aqtebis konstituciurobis Taobaze, romlebic samarTlis uze-
naesobis zogad princips (maT Soris samarTlebriv logikas) ewinaaRmdegeba. amasTan,
miuxedavad imisa, rom preambulis normatiuli buneba mecnierTa Soris davis sagania,
aRiarebulia, rom igi konstituciis erTgvari (sui generis) Sinaarsobrivi komponentia
da Sesabamisad, samarTlebrivi xdomilebis konstituciurobis sazomad SeiZleba iqnes
gamoyenebuli.53
rogorc aRiniSna, konstituciuri samarTlis doqtrinaSi samarTlebrivi saxel-
mwifos principis realizebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes instituciur meqanizmad sa-
konstitucio marTlmsajuleba ganixileba.54 swored sakonstitucio sasamarTloa is
53
ix. Huber P. M., Präambel, in: Sachs M. (Hrsg.), Grundgesetz: Kommentar, München 2003, 8 ff.
54
ix. Sobota K., Das Prinzip Rechtsstaat, Tübingen 1997, 44 ff.; Degenhart Ch., Staatsrecht I: Staatsorganisa-
tionsrecht, 18., neu bearb. Aufl., Heidelberg 2002, 236; Sachs M., Art. 20, in: Sachs M. (Hrsg.), Grundgesetz:
Kommentar, München 2003, 78.
326
moqmedi samarTali
organo, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos konstituciis uzenaesoba, daicvas adamianis

individualuri Tavisufleba da Seasrulos uzenaesi arbitris funqcia umaRles sa-
xelmwifo organoebs Soris. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlo kanonmdeblobiT, formaluri TvalsazrisiT, yvela am uflebamosilebiT aris
aRWurvili, praqtikaSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis elementebis xSiri dar-
Rvevis miuxedavad, mas ar Seswevs realuri unari, saTanadod itvirTos konstituci-
is garantis funqcia. aRniSnuls adasturebs, Tundac, is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelos
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 2011-12 wlebSi mxolod eqvsi gadawyvetileba gamoitana.
amgvari praqtika cxadyofs, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlo saWiroebs funqciur gaZ-
lierebas, rac, upirveles yovlisa, misi uflebamosilebebisa da konstituciuri sar-
Celis Tu konstituciuri wardginebis Setanaze uflebamosil subieqtTa wris gafar-
ToebaSi unda gamoixatos.
dasasrul, yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT adamianis Rirsebis ZiriTad uflebaze,
romelmac, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTre-
buli roli SeiZleba Seasrulos. samarTlebriv doqtrinaSi aRiarebulia, rom konsti-
tucionalizmis fundamenturi principebis, maT Soris samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
principis yovelgvari uxeSi darRveva TavisTavad xelyofs adamianis Rirsebis Ziri-
Tad uflebas.55 aRniSnuli daskvna sakonstitucio sasamarTlos aniWebs legitimur
uflebas, saqarTvelos konstituciis me-17 muxlze dayrdnobiT, individis sarCelis
safuZvelze, Zaladakargulad cnos nebismieri normatiuli aqti, romelic uxeSad ar-
Rvevs samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos fundamentur konstituciur princips. Sesabamisad,
adamianis Rirsebis ZiriTadi ufleba, rogorc uSualod moqmedi samarTali, SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes qmediT meqanizmad samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principisTvis ara-
pirdapiri formiT uSualod moqmedi samarTlis Zalis misaniWeblad.
55
ix. Pieroth B., Schlink B., Grundrechte: Staatsrecht II, 18., neubearb. Aufl., Heidelberg 2002, 361.
327
dimitri gegenava*
undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis qarTuli modeli:

gordias kvanZi saqarTvelos konstituciaSi
`xelisuflebis konstituciuri biografia es aris biografia,

romlis werac konstituciis dabadebisTanave iwyeba~.1
I. Sesavali
adamianTa samarTlebrivi da politikuri Segnebis done mniSvnelovnad gansazR-

vravs saxelmwifos, rogorc politikur-samarTlebrivi mTlianobis, ZiriTad arss.
kacobriobis istoriis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili codna aucileblad pozitiurad un-
da aisaxos samarTlis ganviTarebaze.konstitucionalizmi, saboloo jamSi, gamocdi-
lebiT `savse skivria, Tumca igi ar aris mza receptebis koleqcia~,2 yoveli eri Tavad
irCevs mmarTvelobis formasa da meqanizms, misi eTnofsiqikisa da istoriis gaTvalis-
winebiT.
`konstitucionalizmi da liberalizmi, orive, arsebiTad, xelisuflebis SezR-
udvis, SezRuduli mmarTvelobis Teoriasa da praqtikas ganasaxierebs, xolo demok-
ratia xalxis umravlesobis mier arCeul liderTa xelSi Zalauflebis maqsimalur
akumulirebasa da gamoyenebas eswrafvis~.3 mmarTvelobis konkretuli modeli Seesa-
bameba Tu ara konstitucionalizmis safuZvlebs, amas gansazRvravs Zalauflebis ga-
mijvnis, Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis sistemebis, xelisuflebis StoTa TanamSromlo-
bisa da adamianis uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmebi, romlebic konstituciaSia Cadebuli.4
xelisuflebis Sekaveba-gawonasworebis sistemaSi ki (gansakuTrebiT saparlamento an
saparlamentosken gadaxril qveynebSi) udides rols asrulebs mTavrobis undobloba,
romlis erT-erTi saxe – undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi, politikuri da samar-
Tlebrivi krizisebis represiisa da prevenciis aRiarebuli, efeqturi iaraRia.5
2010 wlis sakonstitucio reformis Sedegad saqarTvelos konstituciaSi gaT-
valiswinebul iqna undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis meqanizmi,6 romlis saboloo
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, Tsu-is mowveuli leqtori, aRmosavleT
evropis universitetis asistent-profesori.
1
Saio a., xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva, konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, m. maisuraZis
Targmani, T. niniZis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2003, 2.
2
iqve, 15.
3
musxeliSvili m., konstituciis cvlileba saqarTveloSi, sakonstitucio-politikuri
reformis procesi saqarTveloSi: politikuri elita da xalxis xmebi, Tbilisi, 2005, 105.
4
xmalaZe v., demetraSvili a., nalbandovi al., ramiSvili l., usufaSvili d., jibRaSvili
z., saqarTvelos saxelmwifo xelisufleba centraluri doneze: balansi mis ganStoeba-
Ta Soris, sakonstitucio-politikuri reformis procesi saqarTveloSi: politikuri
elita da xalxis xmebi, Tb., 2005, 11.
5
iqve, 29.
6
saqarTvelos konstituciis 81-e muxli (asamoqmedebeli redaqcia).
328
dimitri gegenava, undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis qarTuli modeli: gordias kvanZi
saqarTvelos konstituciaSi
mowesrigebam, jer kidev konstituciuri kanonis proeqtis miRebamde, iuridiuli sa-

zogadoebis didi nawilis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia.7
mTavrobisadmi ndoba-undoblobis gamocxadebis araswori formis SerCevam Se-
saZlebelia saparlamento kontrolis daniSnuleba sruliad mospos da mniSvnelovan
politikur kriziss daudos saTave.8 amitomac, aucilebelia, undoblobis konstruq-
ciuli votumis qarTuli modeli detalurad iqnes Seswavlili, raTa faqtebs samecni-
ero simyare, xolo dasabuTebas damajerebloba Seematos.
naSromis mizania, mimoixilos saqarTvelos konstituciis 81-e muxliT9 dadgeni-
li mTavrobisadmi undoblobis gamocxadebis meqanizmi, gaaanalizos mis praqtikul re-
alizaciasTan dakavSirebuli SesaZlo problemebi da, maTi logikuri gaazrebis Sede-
gad, SemuSavdes sirTuleTa daZlevisa da aRmofxvris gzebi: konkretuli winadadebi,
rekomendaciebi, aseve, gaiweros xsenebuli muxlis sasurveli, optimaluri proeqti.
SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi analizis gamoyenebiT, xsenebuli institutis qarTuli
mowesrigeba ganxiluli iqneba msgavsi saparlamento kontrolis meqanizmiT aRWurvil
saxelmwifoebTan mimarTebiT, raTa SemuSavdes saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi gamosadegi
da, rac mTavaria, misaRebi modeli.
II. undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis qarTuli modeli
1. undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi, rogorc parlamentsa da

mTavrobas Soris Zalauflebis Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis meqanizmi
konstitucia unda uzrunvelyofdes xelisuflebaTa Zalauflebis gawonaswo-

rebas da yvelaze `cud~ xelisufalsac ar unda aZlevdes saSualebas, avnos saxelmwi-
fos.10 igi unda iyos iseTi politikur-samarTlebrivi dokumenti, romelic `saSuale-
bas miscems sazogadoebas, mSvidobianad gadaWras rTuli da konfliqturi sakiTxebi~.11
swored am principTa gaTvaliswinebiT, meore msoflio omis Semdeg germaniam Zalauf-
lebis gamijvnisa da Sekaveba-gawonasworebis sistemis sakmaod mZlavri meqanizmebi Ca-
do Tavis ZiriTad kanonSi,12 romelTagan calke aRniSvnis Rirsia germanuli novacia
7
xmalaZe v., jibRaSvili z., saqarTvelos konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis
Setanis Taobaze konstituciuri kanonis proeqtis (2010 w.) komentari, Tb., 2010, 21.
8
kandelaki k., losaberiZe d., ruxaZe z., tabucaZe i., xmalaZe v., jibRaSvili z., konsti-
tuciuri sistemebi da konstituciuri procesi saqarTveloSi (1995-2009 ww.), misi ganvi-
Tarebis perspeqtiva, Tb., 2009, 15.
9
naSromis miznebisaTvis, teqstSi saubaria 81-e muxlis asamoqmedebel redaqciaze.
10
11
Svarci h., konstituciis mSeneblobis safexurebi, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mi-
moxilva~, 1, 2009, 7.
12
Steinack K., The Impact of Multi-Party Government on Parliament-Executive Relations - Examples from
Abroad, Paper Presented at the Australasian Study of Parliament Group, Annual Conference 2011, The Execu-
tive Versus the Parliament - Who Wins?, Melbourne, Parliament House, 6-8 October, 2011, 3.
329
– mTavrobisadmi undoblobis axali – konstruqciuli meqanizmi (Konstruktives Misstrauen-

svotum13).
undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis gaTvaliswineba germaniis ZiriTad kanonSi
swored mTavrobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis motiviT iyo ganpirobebuli.14 ger-
manuli konstruqciuli votumis mTavari idea isaa, rom federaluri kancleri manamde
ar miiCneva gadayenebulad, sanam mis uflebamonacvles ar eyreba kenWi da ar daamtki-
cebs bundestagi.15 undoblobis destruqciuli votumisagan gansxvavebiT, konstruq-
ciuli votumi mTavrobis stabilurobis mizans emsaxureba,16 ris gamoc germanuli no-
vacia SemdgomSi evropis Zalian bevrma saxelmwifom gadaiRo.17
parlamenti, rogorc umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organo, xalxis nebis gamov-
linebaa, rasac amomrCevlis mier arCeuli warmomadgenlebi axorcieleben SualobiTi
demokratiis safuZvlebis gaTvaliswinebiT.18 sakanonmdeblo organo warmomadgenlo-
biTi demokratiis qvakuTxedia, romelTa saSualebiTac xalxi akontrolebs aRmasru-
lebelTa saqmianobas da icavs sakuTar uflebebs.19 Tumca, imavdroulad, parlamentis
uzenaesobis principi xSir SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovan problemaTa gamomwvevia, romel-
Tac sakmaod mZime Sedegebi sdevs Tan.20 xSirad parlamentis mier sakuTari upirateso-
bis uzrunvelyofa cdeba sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis klasikur funqciebs,21 radgan
igi, sakanonmdeblosTan erTad, politikuri organocaa da, mTavrobis msgavsad, sapar-
lamento umravlesobac politikas atarebs.22
undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi konstituciuri krizisis Tavidan acilebas
emsaxureba. amasTan, misi saSualebiT, viTarebis ganmuxtvamde mTavroba movaleobas as-
rulebs,23 anu xsenebuli modeli, èrTi mxriv, undoblobas da, meore mxriv, ndobas ise
upirispirebs erTmaneTs, saboloo jamSi, ndobis sasargeblod, rom adgili ara aqvs va-
kuumis warmoqmnas aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi~.24
undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis gamoyenebamde parlaments gacilebiT me-
13
Ebke W. F., Finkin M. W. (eds.), Introduction to German Law, Kluwer Law International, 1996, 61.
14
melqaZe o., ramiSvili n., germaniis konstituciuri samarTali, Tb., 1999, 116.
15
Ebke W. F., Finkin M. W. (ed.), Introduction to German Law, Kluwer Law International, 1996, 61.
16
Tordia g., naxevradsaprezidento modeli saqarTveloSi mimdinare sakonstitucio cv-
lilebebis WrilSi, Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba~, #3, 2011, 51.
17
Tanchev E., Parliamentarism Rationalized, East European Constitutional Review, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1993, 33.
18
19
20
iqve, 4.
21
Sir Parlmer G., What is Parliament for? New Zealand Law Journal, December 2011, 379.
22
23
elita da xalxis xmebi, Tb., 2005, 28-29.
24
330
ti fiqri da awon-dawona uwevs, raTa sakuTari Tavi ar Caigdos momavalSi safrTxeSi25

da ar moaxdinos sakuTari daTxovnis provocireba. àramyari partiuli sistemis pi-
robebSi undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi aris is meqanizmi, romelic aneitralebs
parlamentSi mTavrobis konkretuli arapopularuli nabijiT gamowveul emociebs da
amiT icavs saxelmwifo meqanizms mTavrobaTa xSiri cvlisagan~.26
2. undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis qarTuli modeli
2.1. undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis aucilebloba

saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi
saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis donidan gamomdinare, kon-

stituciursamarTlebrivi procesebi sakmaod arastabiluria da mniSvnelovnad afer-
xebs konstituciuri institutebis realizacias.27 garda imisa, rom konstitucia Ta-
vad unda iyos demokratiuli, igi unda uzrunvelyofdes xelisuflebis ganxorciele-
bis demokratiulobasa da efeqturobas,28 Tuki aRniSnulis cxovrebaSi danergva ver
xerxdeba, aucilebelia sistemuri cvlilebebi.
`saqarTveloSi mimdinare konstituciuri reformis procesSi, upirvelesad,
dRis wesrigSi dadga mTavrobis konstituciuri statusi da saxelmwifo xelisufle-
bis organoTa sistemaSi misi adgilis gansazRvra~.29 sakonstitucio reformis Sedegad
mmarTvelobis Sereuli modeli miviReT, romelsac ufro metad saparlamento respub-
likis elementebi axasiaTebs.30
àRmasrulebel-sakanonmdeblo urTierTobebi~ saxelmwifoTa mixedviT gansxva-
vebulia, rasac ZiriTadad am saxelmwifoTa mmarTvelobis forma ganapirobebs.31 2013
wlis bolodan asamoqmedebeli normebis Tanaxmad, parlamenti mTavrobis makontro-
lebel mTavar organod iqceva,32 Sesabamisad, mas dasWirdeba realurad qmediTi saSua-
lebebi mTavrobis zedamxedvelobis gansaxorcieleblad.
25
Tordia g., naxevradsaprezidento modeli saqarTveloSi mimdinare sakonstitucio
cvlilebebis WrilSi, Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba~, 3, 2011, 51.
26
27
iqve, 13.
28
reformis procesi saqarTveloSi: politikuri elita da xalxis xmebi, Tbilisi, 2005,
107.
29
kverenCxilaZe g., kontrasignaciis instituti: evropuli gamocdileba da qarTuli per-
speqtivebi, samarTlis Jurnali `sarCevi~, 1-2(3-4), 2012, 199.
30
kaxiani g., mosazrebebi konstituciuri kanonis proeqtTan dakavSirebul zogierT
sakiTxze, samarTlis Jurnali `sarCevi~, 1-2(3-4), 2012, 191.
31
King A., Modes of Executive-Legislative Relations: Great Britain, France, and West Germany, Legislative
Studies Quarterly, No.1, February 1976, 11.
32
331
jer kidev 2004 wels, sakonstitucio cvlilebebis ganxilvisas, bevr konstitu-

cionalists saWirod miaCnda saqarTveloSi undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis da-
nergva.33 2010 wlis sakonstitucio reformam gaiTvaliswina SeniSvnebi da konstituci-
uri kanonis proeqtSive Cado xsenebuli meqanizmi. am ukanasknelis gamoyenebaze metad
aqtualuri Tavad misi arsebobaa, romelic erTgvar prevenciul saSualebas warmoad-
gens saparlamento kontrolis berketTa Soris.34
undoblobis es saxe mTavrobebis xSiri cvlilebis winaaRmdeg iqna SemuSavebuli
meore msoflio omis Semdeg da centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis bevrma saxelmwi-
fom gaiTvaliswina,35 Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ùaRresad mniSvnelovania un-
doblobis gamocxadebis proceduris efeqtianobis xarisxi~.36 marTalia, saqarTvelos
konstituciaSi Caido undoblobis axali meqanizmi, Tumca germanulisagan mniSvnelo-
vani gansxvavebebiT, rac Tamamad iZleva imis Tqmis saSualebas, rom saxezea am institu-
tis unikaluri, qarTuli modeli, romelsac analogi msoflio konstitucionalizmis
masStabiT ar moepoveba.
2.2. konstituciuri mowesrigeba
2.2.1. inicireba
saqarTvelos konstituciis 81-e muxlis axali redaqcia37 undoblobis konstruq-

ciuli votumis axlebur, qarTul variants sTavazobs msoflio konstitucionalizms.
mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadebis sakiTxis aRZvrisaTvis aucilebelia ufle-
bamosili subieqtis mier sakiTxis inicireba. vinaidan undoblobis instituti zogadad
parlamentis, rogorc sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis prerogativa da mTavrobis kon-
trolis meqanizmia,38 mis iniciatorTa wre uSualod parlamentiT Semoifargleba. par-
lamentis siiTi Semadgenlobis 2/5 uflebamosilia parlaments mimarTos undoblobis
sakiTxis aRZvris Sesaxeb TxovniT,39 Tumca es ar gulisxmobs proceduris avtomatur
dawyebas. siiTi Semadgenlobis 2/5 mxolod iniciatori gamodis, xolo sakiTxis aRZvras
damatebiTi kenWisyra esaWiroeba. mTavrobisadmi undoblobis gamocxadebis ganxilva
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi daiwyeba, Tuki iniciativas parlamentis siiTi Semadgenlobis
naxevari mainc dauWers mxars.40 amasTan, konstitucia adgens Sesabamisi iniciativiT
33
34
35
36
37
amoqmeddeba 2013 wlis oqtombris morigi saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegad arCeuli
prezidentis mier ficis dadebis momentidan.
38
melqaZe o., saxelmwifo kontroli: Teoria, praqtika, perspeqtiva, Tb., 1996, 43.
39
saqarTvelos konstituciis 81-e muxlis pirveli punqtis pirveli winadadeba.
40
iqve, mesame winadadeba.
332
parlamentisadmi mimarTvasa da undoblobis gamocxadebis proceduris dawyebaze ken-

Wisyras Soris konkretul vadas.41
konstituciam gaiTvaliswina risk-faqtorebic, romlebic Tan axlavs undoblo-
bis am meqanizmis arsebobas, ris gamoc, sakiTxis aRZvris warumateblad dasrulebis
Semdeg (Tuki siiTi Semadgenlobis naxevarma ar dauWira mxari undoblobis gamocxade-
bis proceduris dawyebas), eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi parlamentis imave wevrebs aRar ga-
aCniaT undoblobis proceduris inicirebis ufleba.42 msgavsi SezRudvebi miRebulia
msoflio praqtikaSi,43 Tumca gaurkvevelia, Tu ra igulisxmeba sityvaTSeTanxmebaSi –
ìmave wevrTa mier~,44 romelic aucileblad dasazustebelia.
2.2.2. procedura
undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis procedura, ZiriTadad, sami etapisgan

Sedgeba: sakiTxis aRZvra, sakiTxis ganxilva da gadawyvetilebis miReba. sakiTxis aR-
Zvris proceduras saqarTvelos konstituciis 81-e muxlis pirveli punqti awesrigebs,
romlis Tanaxmad, parlamentis siiTi Semadgenlobis 2/5-is mier undoblobis proce-
duris dawyebis Sesaxeb iniciativas siiTi Semadgenlobis umravlesobam unda dauWiros
mxari.
proceduris dawyebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebidan ara uadres 20 da ara
ugvianes 25 dRis vadaSi parlamenti kenWs uyris siiTi Semadgenlobis aranakleb 2/5-is
mier dasaxelebuls kandidats.45 Teoriulad SesaZlebelia dasaxeldes ori kandidati,
vinaidan kandidatis dasaxelebaze uflebamosil pirTa wris raodenoba (siiTi Semad-
genlobis 2/5) saSualebas iZleva, aseTi ori jgufi gamoinaxos parlamentis wevrTagan.
ori kandidatis arsebobisas, orives eyreba kenWi, nebismier SemTxvevaSi prezidents
waredgineba parlamentis siiTi Semadgenlobis umravlesobis mier mowonebuli kandi-
dati,46 Tumca, Tu sakanonmdeblo organo ver Sejerdeba kandidaturaze, undoblobis
gamocxadebis procedura wydeba.47
prezidenti eTanxmeba parlamentis mier SerCeul kandidats da mas wamoayenebs
premier-ministris Tanamdebobaze, an uars acxadebs mis wamoyenebaze. pirvel SemTxve-
vaSi premier-ministrisa da mTavrobisaTvis ndobis gamocxadeba konstituciiT dad-
genili wesiT xdeba, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, parlaments siiTi Semadgenlobis 3/5-is
umravlesobiT SeuZlia daZlios prezidentis winaaRmdegoba da igive kandidatura wa-
rudginos mas. aseT viTarebaSi prezidenti valdebulia wamoayenos premier-ministris
is kandidatura, romelsac mas parlamenti sTavazobs.48
41
aranakleb 20 da araumetes 25 dRe, ix., iqve, meore winadadeba.
42
iqve, meoTxe winadadeba.
43
ix. Tanchev E., Parliamentarism Rationalized, East European Constitutional Review, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1993, 34.
44
ra xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mxolod erTi wevri icvleba savaldebulo minimumidan,
faqtobrivad, iniciatorebi igive wevrebi arian, Tumca formalurad ukve ìmave wevrTa
mier~ konstruqcia darRveulia.
45
saqarTvelos konstituciis 81-e muxlis me-2 punqti.
46
iqve.
47
iqve.
48
iqve, me-2, me-3 da me-4 punqtebi.
333
2.2.3. prezidentis monawileoba
undoblobis qarTul modelSi prezidenti aqtiurad monawileobs procedura-

Si. formalurad kvlav man unda wamoayenos premier-ministris kandidatura, romelsac
parlamenti sTavazobs, Tumca igi mniSvnelovani diskreciiTac sargeblobs. preziden-
ti uflebamosilia uari ganacxados parlamentis mier mowonebuli kandidatis wamo-
yenebaze,49 rac, faqtobrivad, parlamentis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis dablokva,
Semayovnebeli veto gamodis.
prezidentis vetos dasaZlevad parlaments siiTi Semadgenlobis 3/5-is mxarda-
Wera sWirdeba, rac mniSvnelovnad zrdis saxelmwifos meTauris CarTulobas parla-
mentis mier undoblobis gamocxadebis procesSi. prezidentis gadawyvetilebis daZ-
leviT, parlamenti aiZulebs mas wamoayenos premier-ministris is kandidatura, ro-
melsac sakanonmdeblo organo iwonebs.50 mTavrobis undoblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg
mTavrobis dakompleqteba Cveulebrivi (ndobis gamocxadebis) gziT xdeba.51
calke aRsaniSnavia ndobis gamoucxadebloba, ra drosac prezidenti uflebamo-
silia, sami dRis vadaSi daiTxovos parlamenti da daniSnos riggareSe arCevnebi.52SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, rom saxelmwifos meTauri didi uflebamosilebebiTaa aRWurvili mTav-
robis mimarT undoblobis gamocxadebis procesSi, rac kidev ufro metad amwvavebs
undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis qarTuli modelis konstitucionalizmis stan-
dartebTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxs.
2.2.4. samarTlebrivi Sedegebi
saqarTvelos konstitucia mTavrobisadmi undoblobis gamocxadebis procedu-

ras parlamentisa da mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs ukavSirebs. parlamentis mi-
er mTeli proceduris warmatebiT ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, axali premier-minis-
trisa da mTavrobisaTvis ndobis gamocxadeba miiCneva moqmedi mTavrobisaTvis undob-
lobis gamocxadebad da mas uwydeba uflebamosileba.53
marTalia, mTavrobaze saparlamento kontrolis ganxorcielebisas, Zalaufle-
bis gamijvnis principTan erTad, mniSvnelovan rols parlamentis uzenaesobis idea
asrulebs,54 Tumca aman ar unda gauCinos sakanonmdeblo organos upasuxismgeblobis,
dausjelobis gancda. am meqanizmSi ZalauflebaTa sapirwoned parlamentis daTxovnis
instituti moqmedebs. saqarTvelos konstitucia prezidents aRWuravs uflebamosi-
lebiT, mTavrobis axali SemadgenlobisaTvis ndobis gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi,
sami dRis vadaSi daiTxovos parlamenti da daniSnos riggareSe arCevnebi.55
49
50
iqve, me-4 punqti.
51
iqve.
52
iqve, me-6 punqti.
53
iqve, me-5 punqti.
54
verni d. v., saparlamento mmarTveloba da saprezidento mmarTveloba, respublika: sa-
parlamento Tu saprezidento, o. melqaZis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 1996, 122.
55
334
III. qarTuli modelis problemebi
undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis qarTul mowesrigebas jer kidev Canasax-

Sive, misi kanonproeqtis saxiT arsebobisas, gamouCnda Zalian bevri kritikosi,56 rac
obieqtur Tu subieqtur mizezTa gamo gaxldaT ganpirobebuli.57 berlinis konferen-
ciaze sam ZiriTad problemas gaesva xazi. esenia: 1. proceduris etapebis raodenoba; 2.
vadebi da 3. kvorumi.58 am sam problemas SeiZleba daematos prezidentis uprecedentod
aqtiuri monawileoba saparlamento kontrolis meqanizmis gamoyenebaSi, romelic ara
ubralod damatebiTi meqanizmi, aramed undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis tradi-
ciuli sistemisgan qarTuli modelis substanciurad ganmasxvavebeli niSania.
1. sakiTxis aRZvra da garTulebuli procedura
xelisuflebis arsebobis mTavari daniSnuleba saxelmwifoSi anarqiis Tavidan

acilebaa, rasac xalxi uSualod an warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT uzrunvelyofs.59 sa-
marTlebrivad da ideologiurad gamarTuli konstituciis arseboba araa mmarTvelo-
bis konstituciurobis erTaderTi maxasiaTebeli. am gagebiT, sabWoTa konstituciebi
adamianis uflebebze orientirebuli samarTlebriv dokumentad SeiZleba mosCvenebo-
da araprofesionals.60
blankenagelis azriT, undoblobis kontruqciulma votumma ùnda asaxos arse-
buli politikuri konteqsti~, misi konstituciuri mowesrigeba ki ar unda iyos gar-
Tulebuli.61 parlamenti xom politikur partiaTa SeTanxmebisa da TanamSromlobis
organod moiazreba,62 Sesabamisad, igi ar unda iqces saxelmwifoSi krizisebis Seqmnel
dawesebulebad, romlis konkretul nabijebsac SeuZliaT saxelmwifos ganviTarebaze
pirdapiri gavlenis moxdena.
mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadebas qarTul sinamdvileSi sWirdeba par-
lamentis siiTi Semadgenlobis aranakleb 2/5-is inicireba, ris Semdegac sakiTxi ga-
dis kenWisyraze.63 upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom undoblobis gamocxadebis
56
57
daviTuri g., saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis modelebi da 2010 wlis sakonstitucio refor-
ma saqarTveloSi; asaTiani T., undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi 2010 wlis sakonsti-
tucio reformis WrilSi; krebulSi: Tanamedrove sakonstitucio samarTali, wigni I, g.
kverenCxilaZisa da d. gegenavas redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2012.
58
saqarTvelos konstituciuri reformis Sesaxeb berlinis konferenciis Semajamebeli
angariSi, momzadebulia v. babekis mier, berlini, 14-16 ivlisi, 2010, 10.
59
Szilagyi I. M., Presidential Versus Parliamentary Systems, Academic and Applied Research in Military Sci-
ence, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2009, 307.
60
reformis procesi saqarTveloSi: politikuri elita da xalxis xmebi, Tb., 2005, 106.
61
saqarTvelos konstituciuri reformis Sesaxeb berlinis konferenciis Semajamebeli
angariSi, momzadebulia v. babekis mier, berlini, 14-16 ivlisi, 2010, 9-10.
62
Sir Parlmet G., What is Parliament for?, New Zealand Law Journal, December 2011, 379.
63
saqarTvelos konstituciis 81-e muxlis pirveli punqti.
335
Sesaxeb sakiTxis dasmas calke procedura ar sWirdeba.64 im saxelmwifoebSi, sadac es

modeli moqmedebs, msgavsi damatebiTi kenWisyra araa dadgenili.65 am SemTxvevaSi pro-
cedura mniSvnelovnad garTulebulia da emateba erTi kenWisyra. aRniSnuli mwvaved
gaakritika veneciis komisiamac, romlis rekomendaciiT, mizanSewonilia mxolod erTi
kenWisyris proceduris arseboba.66
isedac rTuli meqanizmi sruliad garTulebulia ori kandidatis wardgenis Se-
saZleblobiT. konstitucia ara iniciatorebs, aramed siiTi Semadgenlobis 2/5-s aZ-
levs SesaZleblobas, warmoadginos premier-ministris kandidatura,67 rac sruliad
araadekvaturia, radgan Tavad iniciatorebs an parlamentis wevrTa im raodenobas un-
da SeeZlos kandidaturis dasaxeleba, romelic gonivruli alternativis albaTobas
iZleva. undoblobis gamocxadebis mTavari mizani xom mTavrobis swrafi da efeqturi
saSualebiT Canacvlebaa, rac TiTqmis gamoiricxeba 81-e muxlis redaqciiT.undoblo-
bis sistemaSi konstruqciulobis meqanizmis damatebiT mniSvnelovanwilad Sesustda
Tavad undobloba, radgan procedura garTulda,68 magram aRniSnuli parlamentisa da
mTavrobis urTierTobaTa stabilurobis gamyarebis mizniT gaxldaT ganpirobebuli.
konstruqciuli votumi im SemTxvevaSia warmatebuli, Tu premier-ministri parlamen-
tis umravlesobis mxardaWeras kargavs da misi Semcvlelze parlamenti ukve SeTanxme-
bulia,69 winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, undobloba SesaZloa sxva motivebiT iyos ganpirobe-
buli.70
marTalia, mTavrobisadmi undoblobis gamocxadeba ar unda iyos martivi proce-
dura, raTa saxelmwifoSi arastabiluroba da mTavrobaTa xSiri cvlileba ar moxdes
da es, rasakvrivelia, gamarTlebulia,71 Tumca igi ar unda iyos imdenad rTuli, rom
praqtikaSi misi ganxorcieleba warmoudgenlad isaxebodes.
64
kobaxiZe i., sakonstitucio cvlilebebis mimarT gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebis kritikuli
analizi, Tb., 2010, 7.
65
mag., Basic law of the Federal Republic of Germany, Art. 67.
66
Final opinion CDL-AD(2010)028 on the Draft Constitutional Law on Amendments and Changes to the Con-
stitution of Georgia, Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 84th Plenary Session, Venice, 15-16 October,
2010, 12.
67
68
69
Müller G., Evolution of the Government System after the Political Change in Hungary (1990-2009), Curentul
Juridic, 40, 2010, 33.
70
mag., ungreTSi es instituti opoziciisTvis sakmaod rTul meqanizmad miiCneva da mas
xandaxan Tavad mmarTveli politikuri Zala ukeTebs provocirebas, raTa premier-min-
istri Seicvalos, ix., Müller G., Evolution of the Government System after the Political Change in
Hungary (1990-2009), Curentul Juridic, 40, 2010, 33.
71
mag., germaniaSi undoblobis proceduras orjer mimarTes: 1972 wels vili brandtis
winaaRmdeg bundestagis mcdeloba uSedegod dasrulda, Tumca, 1982 wels federaluri
kancleri Smidti kolma Caanacvla. ix., melqaZe o., ramiSvili n., germaniis konstituci-
uri samarTali, Tb., 1999, 117; Ebke W. F., Finkin M. W. (eds.), Introduction to German Law, Kluwer
Law International, 1996, 61.
336
2. vadebi
vadebi undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis qarTuli modelis erT-erT yve-

laze sust adgilad miiCneva.72 saqarTvelos konstituciis 81-e muxli imdenad did va-
debs awesebs, rom meqanizmi, romelic krizisebis yvelaze efeqturi da swrafi gadawy-
vetis gzad miiCneva, faqtobrivad, Tavad xdeba politikuri krizisis gamomwvevi, araa-
dekvaturad xangrZlivi vadebiTa da gawelili procedurebiT.
qarTul modelSi, idealur SemTxvevaSi, undoblobis procedura sruldeba 40-55
dReSi,73 xolo problemebisa da prezidentsa da mTavrobas Soris SeuTanxmeblobisas,
SesaZloa proceduram sam Tveze metxans gastanos (Semdegi gagrZelebis perspeqtiviT),
rac sruliad gaumarTlebelia. radikalurad gansxvavdeba germaniis, espaneTis, saber-
ZneTis da sxvaTa magaliTebi, sadac proceduris maqsimaluri xangrZlivoba `cifrovan
niSnuls ar scildeba~.74 Tavad am meqanizmis samSobloSi, germaniaSi, procedura 48 sa-
aTi grZeldeba.75
`vada premier-ministrs aZlevs SesaZleblobas, merkantiluri garigebebis wya-
lobiT SeinarCunos sakuTari posti. konstitucia amgvari SesaZleblobis Tavidan aci-
lebas da ara mis waxalisebas unda uzrunvelyofdes~.76 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom àmaze xan-
grZlivi vadebi ar ganisazRvreba arc erTi tradiciuli demokratiuli saxelmwifos
konstituciiT~.77
3. kenWisyris kvorumi
zogadad, undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis proceduris aRsaZravad au-

cilebeli kvorumi parlamentis Semadgenlobis erTi mexuTedidan erT meoTxedamde
meryeobs.78 saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi sakiTxis dasmas siiTi Semadgenlobis 2/5, xolo
aRZvras – absoluturi umravlesoba sWirdeba.79 aseTi maRali kvorumi arcerT sxva sa-
xelmwifoSi araa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis sakiTxis
dasmas uprecedentod maRali xmaTa raodenoba sWirdeba, romelsac msoflio konsti-
tucionalizmi ar icnobs.80 magaliTad, ungreTis parlamentSi undoblobis aRZvri-
saTvis parlamentis wevrTa 1/5-is mxardaWeraa aucilebeli.81
72
73
saqarTvelos konstituciis 81-e muxlis pirveli da me-2 punqtebi.
74
daviTuri g., saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis modelebi da 2010 wlis sakonstitucio refor-
ma saqarTveloSi, Tanamedrove sakonstitucio samarTali, wigni I, g. kverenCxilaZisa da
d. gegenavas redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2012, 179.
75
Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, Art.67(2).
76
77
iqve.
78
Tanchev E., Parliamentarism Rationalized, East European Constitutional Review, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1993, 33-34.
79
saqarTvelos konstituciis 81-e muxlis pirveli punqti.
80
81
337
dasavleTevropuli modelebis msgavsad, aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis sa-

xelmwifoTa konstituciebis umravlesoba undoblobis gamocxadebisaTvis parlamen-
tis absoluturi umravlesobis Tanxmobas saWiroebs,82 rogorc Tavad mTavrobisaTvis
ndobis gamocxadeba (mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi dadgenilia gansxvavebuli um-
ravlesoba).83 saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli principi daculia mxolod ZiriTad
etapze, Tumca mdgomareoba radikalurad icvleba prezidentis mier vetos gamoyene-
bis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac parlaments prezidentis gadawyvetilebis dasaZlevad siiTi
Semadgenlobis 3/5 mainc sWirdeba.84 es maSin, roca mTavrobis ndoba-undoblobisaTvis
savaldebulo kvorumi siiTi Semadgenlobis umravlesobas Seadgens. am SemTxvevaSi
dogmaturi Seusabamoba TvalSi sacemia: Tuki mTavrobisaTvis ndobis gamocxadeba xma-
Ta ubralo umravlesobiT xdeba, misTvis undoblobis gamocxadebasa da prezidentis
vetos gadalaxvas siiTi Semadgenlobis 3/5-is mxardaWera ar unda sWirdebodes.85
4. prezidentis veto
konstitucionalizmSi moqmedebs oqros principi: `vinc Tanamdebobaze niSnavs,

xsnis kidec~.86 aRniSnuli pasuxismgeblobisa da angariSvaldebulebis uzogades, fuZem-
deblur princips ayalibebs, romelic nebismier viTarebaSi gamoiyeneba, mcire gamonak-
lisebis gaTvaliswinebiT. racionaluri parlamentarizmi gulisxmobs mTavrobis sta-
bilurobis uzrunvelyofas ise, rom Tavad saparlamento modelis maxasiaTeblebi, maT
Soris, mTavrobis politikuri pasuxismgeblobis principi ar iyos ugulebelyofili.87
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebis saqmianobaze kontroli garegani sa-
parlamento kontrolis meqanizmia,88 Sesabamisad, mTavrobis politikuri pasuxismgeb-
lobis dadgena eqskluziurad parlamentis uflebamosilebaa, romelsac igi subieqtu-
ri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT iyenebs.89
saqarTvelos konstitucia prezidents sakmaod did uflebamosilebebs aniWebs
mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadebis procesSi. mosazreba, rom saqarTveloSi
arastabiluri politikuri garemoa da sazogadoebas politikuri partiebis saqmiano-
bis mwiri kultura gaaCnia, ris gamoc arsebobs mcire politikur partiebze zemoqme-
debis mniSvnelovani risk-faqtorebi,90 sakmaod araseriozulia, radgan undoblobis
82
83
84
85
analizi, Tb., 2010, 8; ix., Final Opinion CDL-AD(2010)028 on the Draft Constitutional Law on Amend-
ments and Changes to the Constitution of Georgia, Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 84th Plenary
Session, Venice, 15-16 October, 2010.
86
87
88
melqaZe o., saxelmwifo kontroli: Teoria, praqtika, perspeqtiva, Tb., 1996, 43.
89
iqve, 44.
90
asaTiani T., undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi 2010 wlis sakonstitucio reformis
WrilSi, Tanamedrove sakonstitucio samarTali, wigni I, g. kverenCxilaZisa da d. gegena-
vas redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2012, 218-219.
338
gamocxadebas, saboloo jamSi, xmaTa umravlesoba sWirdeba. demokratiis umTavresi

amosavali debuleba ki umravlesobis mmarTvelobis idea gaxlavT, Sesabamisi damcavi
meqanizmebiT, romelSic undoblobis gadawyvetilebaze prezidentis vetos gamoyene-
bis SesaZlebloba namdvilad ar moiazreba.
mTavrobis undobloba saparlamento kontrolis erT-erTi saSualebaa da gaur-
kvevelia, ra SuaSia prezidenti, romelic arbitris funqcias unda asrulebdes Sekave-
bisa da gawonasworebis saparlamento meqanizmis gamoyenebaSi.91 namdvilad sakamaToa
mosazreba, rom qarTul sinamdvileSi undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis gamoye-
nebisas, mTavrobis formirebis sakiTxSi prezidenti mxolod formalur rols asru-
lebs, igi parlamentis mier wardgenil pirs niSnavs premier-ministrad.92 undoblobis
konstruqciuli votumis proceduraze prezidentis vetos `dasavleTis qveynebis kon-
stituciur praqtikaSi analogi ar moeZebneba~.93 prezidenti unda iboWebodes parla-
mentis gadawyvetilebiT, mas ar unda gaaCndes raime diskreciis SesaZlebloba.94
prezidentis vetos dauZlevloba, SesaZloa prezidentis mier parlamentis daTx-
ovnis safuZveli gaxdes95 – aRniSnuli veneciis komisiis mwvave kritikis safuZveli gax-
da.96prezidentis uflebamosileba, daiTxovos parlamenti undoblobis konstuqciu-
li votumis gamoyenebis procesSi, sruliad ar Seesabameba am institutis samarTleb-
riv standartebs.97 àRniSnuli wesi ara mxolod prezidents aniWebs metismetad did
uflebamosilebas da asustebs parlamentis Zalauflebas, aramed amcirebs premier-mi-
nistris politikuri pasuxismgeblobis xarisxs, romelic axali sistemis qvakuTxeds
unda warmoadgendes~.98
91
92
demetraSvili a., konstitucionalizmis paradigmebi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `sakonstitu-
cio samarTlis mimoxilva~, №3, 2011, 124.
93
kobaxiZe i., sakonstitucio cvlilebebis mimarT gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebis kritikuli an-
alizi, Tb., 2010, 8. ix. citireba: babeki v., komentarebis mesame nawili, saqarTvelos kon-
stituciis gadasinjvisa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis saqmi-
anobis Sesaxeb, 23 ivnisi, 2010.
94
konstruqciuli votumis gamoyenebisas, Tuki bundestagi miiRebs Sesabamis
gadawyvetilebas, prezidenti valdebulia gadaayenos mTavroba, msgavsia mTavrobis
Canacvlebis SemTxvevaSic. ix., melqaZe o., ramiSvili n., germaniis konstituciuri samar-
Tali, Tb., 1999, 116.
95
Final Opinion CDL-AD(2010)028 on the Draft Constitutional Law on Amendments and Changes to the Con-
stitution of Georgia, Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 84th Plenary Session, Venice, 15-16 October,
2010, 12.
96
iqve.
97
saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis SeniSvnebi da winadadebebi saqarT-
velos prezidentis mier 2010 wlis 20 ivliss inicirebul konstituciis kanonis pro-
eqtTan `saqarTvelos konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Sesaxeb~ dakavSire-
biT, Tb., 2010, 17.
98
analizi, Tb., 2010, 9. ix. citireba: Final opinion CDL-AD(2010)028 on the Draft Constitutional Law
on Amendments and Changes to the Constitution of Georgia, Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 84th
Plenary Session, Venice, 15-16 October, 2010, 12.
339
IV. undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis èvropeizacia~
1. problemis gadaWris gzebi
undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis qarTuli modeli, romelsac saqarTvelos

konstituciis 81-e muxli adgens, mniSvnelovnad scildeba im standartebs, romliske-
nac Tanamedrove demokratiuli da civilizebuli saxelmwifo unda miiswrafvodes.
aucilebelia gadawydes is sistemuri problemebi, romlebic srulebiT amaxinjeben da
erT did problemad aqceven jer kidev asamoqmedebel instituts.
1. aucilebelia Semcirdes undoblobis preceduris iniciatorTa savaldebulo
raodenoba da, siiTi Semadgenlobis 2/5-is nacvlad, dadgindes ara umetes sruli Se-
madgenlobis 1/4, raTa proceduris wamowyeba realurad SesaZlebeli gaxdes.
2. unda gauqmdes Sualeduri kenWisyra sakiTxis aRZvris Sesaxeb, uflebamosili
subieqtis mier sakiTxis inicireba avtomaturad unda aRniSnavdes undoblobis proce-
duris aRZvras (dawyebas).
3. axali premier-ministris kandidaturis dasaxeleba siiTis Semadgenlobis 2/5-
is nacvlad unda SeeZlos an Tavad iniciatorebs, an parlamentarTa gonivrul odeno-
bas, unda moiazrebodes, rom premier-ministris kandidati ukve arsebobs, rac dama-
tebiT unda gaxdes moqmedi mTavrobis mimarT undoblobis gamocxadebis dadebiTi an
uaryofiTi motivatori.99 parlamenti kenWs unda uyrides premier-ministrobis axal
kandidats, romlis daniSvnasac igi, Tavis mxriv, unda avaldebulebdes prezidents.
4. undoblobis proceduridan mTlianad unda amovardes prezidenti da misi uf-
lebamosileba unda Semoifarglos parlamentis mier SerCeuli kandidaturis savalde-
bulo wamoyenebiT. unda gauqmdes prezidentis SeyovnebiTi veto, Sesabamisad, ar iqneba
arc misi damZlevi meqanizmis saWiroeba. undoblobis proceduraSi, romelic saparla-
mento kontrolis meqanizmia, dRemde gaugebaria prezidentis raime formiT arseboba.
5. aucilebelia Semcirdes vadebi, mTeli proceduris xangrZlivoba ar unda aRe-
matebodes or kviras (esec saqarTvelos politikuri kulturisa da politikur parti-
aTa gamocdilebis sistemis gaTvaliswinebiT).
6. proceduris riskis erT-erTi Semakavebeli faqtori misi ganmeorebiT aRZvri-
saTvis savaldebulo drois periodis arsebobaa,100 Tumca zustad unda ganisazRvros,
ra vada unda gavides momavalSi undoblobis aRZvramde da aseve, pirTa wre, romelsac
SeezRudeba am uflebis gamoyeneba (sakiTxis aRZvra).
99
germaniis bundestagis reglamenti pirdapir miuTiTebs, Tuki undoblobis aRmZRvrel
parlamentis wevrTa aranakleb 1/4-s ukve ara hyavT axali kandidati SerCeuli premier-
ministris postze, sakiTxi ar Seitaneba dRis wesrigSi (ar ganixileba). ix., Rules of Proce-
dure of the German Bundestag, Art. 97(1).
100
340
2. saqarTvelos konstituciis 81-e muxlis proeqti
rekomendaciebisa da winadadebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aucilebelia saqarTvelos

konstituciis 81-e muxli Camoyalibdes moqnili formiT, romelic gamarTul, aRiare-
bul da gamocdil samarTlebriv meqanizms daamkvidrebs.
`muxli 81.
1. parlamenti uflebamosilia undobloba gamoucxados mTavrobas.
2. mTavrobisTvis undoblobis gamocxadebis sakiTxis aRZvra SeuZlia parlamen-
tis wevrTa siiTi Semadgenlobis aranakleb erT meoTxeds.
3. parlamentis wevrTa siiTi Semadgenlobis aranakleb erTi meoTxedi uflebamo-
silia proceduris dawyebidan sami dRis ganmavlobaSi warudginos parlaments premi-
er-ministrobis kandidati. kandadatura SerCeulad CaiTvleba, Tu mas mxars dauWers
parlamentis siiTi Semadgenlobis umravlesoba mainc. kenWisyra imarTeba proceduris
dawyebidan ara ugvianes 6 dRis vadaSi.
4. parlamentis mier SerCeul kandidaturas 1 dRis vadaSi premier-ministrad niS-
navs saqarTvelos prezidenti.axali premier-ministris daniSvnisTanave mTavrobas
uwydeba uflebamosileba. axali mTavroba kompleqtdeba saqarTvelos konstituciis
me-80 muxlis me-3 da me-4 punqtebiT dadgenili wesiT.
5. Tu ver moxerxda parlamentis mier premier-ministrobis kandidatis SerCeva,
undoblobis proceduris aRZvridan eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi akrZalulia undoblobis
sakiTxis dasma~.
V. daskvna
saparlamento mmarTvelobisken gadaxril saxelmwifoebSi ZiriTad politikur

klimats politikuri partiebi qmnian, swored maTi saparlamento Zalebis urTierTmi-
marTeba gansazRvravs mTavrobis saqmianobis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs.101 saparlamento
sistemis saxelmwifoebSi (swored maTTan miaxloeba daisaxa saqarTvelom miznad) mTav-
robis pasuxismgeblobisaTvis dadgenilia saparlamento kontrolis sxvadasxva meqa-
nizmi, romlis saboloo mizani mTavrobis gadayenebaa.102
konstitucionalizmis erT-erTi daniSnuleba swored demokratiis moqmedebis
Tanmdevi Sedegebze, misgan gamowveul safrTxeebze reagireba da riskebis prevencia
gaxlavT.103 konstituciam unda gaiTvaliswinos momavalSi SesaZlo problemebi, poli-
tikuri Tu samarTlebrivi krizisebi, romlebic swrafad unda gadawydes, Tuki maTi
Tavidan acileba ver moxerxdeba.104 konstitucia unda iyos qmediTi, xolo mis safuZ-
101
kaxiani g,. mosazrebebi konstituciuri kanonis proeqtTan dakavSirebul zogierT
102
verni d. v., saparlamento mmarTveloba da saprezidento mmarTveloba, respublika: sa-
parlamento Tu saprezidento, o. melqaZis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 1996, 121.
103
104
Svarci h., konstituciis mSeneblobis safexurebi, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mi-
moxilva~, 1, 2009, 7.
341
velze arsebuli samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi efeqturi da sasargeblo, winaaRmdeg Sem-

TxvevaSi, igi formaluri xasiaTisa iqneba, rac daakninebs Tavad ZiriTadi kanonis ide-
ologiur, politikur-samarTlebriv funqcias.
sakonstitucio reformaTa ramdenime talRam105 bevri siaxle danerga qarTul
samarTlebriv sinamdvileSi, Tumca siaxle yovelTvis rodi gulisxmobs winsvlasa da
evolucias. undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis meqanizmi, romelic sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli politikuri krizisebis daZlevisa da prevenciis efeqturi saSualebaa,106
saqarTvelos konstituciaSic Caido, rac namdvilad mizanSewonili da gamarTlebuli
nabiji gaxldaT.107 sxva sakiTxia, rom xsenebuli instituti sruliad axleburi, qarTu-
li interpretaciiT iqna SemuSavebuli da danergili.
zogadad, mTavrobis gamarTuli funqcionireba mTlianad mibmulia parlamentis
mier misTvis ndoba-undoblobis gamocxadebaze.108 undobloba is mZlavri iaraRia, ro-
melic mniSvnelovanwilad atarebs Sekaveba-gawonasworebis princips cxovrebaSi. 2010
wlis sakonstitucio reformis Sedegad, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis for-
ma met-naklebad Seicvala da gadavida saparlamentosken gadaxril sistemaze.109 msgavs
sistemebSi ZiriTadi aqcenti sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaze keTdeba, parlamenti iq-
ceva saxelmwifoSi mTavar saxelmwifo institutad, romelic zedamxedvelobis mZlav-
ri saSualebebiTaa aRWurvili. samwuxarod, undoblobis qarTuli mowesrigeba, ro-
melsac konstituciis 81-e muxli gvTavazobs, araTu ar jdeba Zlieri parlamentis sa-
marTlebriv statusSi, aramed mkveTrad scdeba konstitucionalizmis TiTqmis yvela
aRiarebul princips.
undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis qarTuli modeli gansxvavdeba am meqaniz-
mis nebismieri saxesxvaobisgan.110 darRveulia undoblobis am saxis ZiriTadi arsi, sa-
parlamento kontrolis Zlieri meqanizmis nacvlad, igi warmodgenilia saparlamento
zedamxedvelobis sust iaraRad, romelic SesaZloa Tavad parlamentze zemoqmedebis
105
1993-1995, 2004 da 2010 wlebis sakonstitucio reformebi.
106
107
saqarTvelos konstitucia da 2010 wlis konstituciuri reforma, Tb., 2010, 60.
108
lausoni k., adamianTa sazogadoebis saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba, respublika: saparla-
mento Tu saprezidento, o. melqaZis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 1996, 150.
109
Tumca, calsaxad SeuZlebelia iTqvas, rom naxevrad saparlamento an naxevrad saprezi-
dento mmarTveloba damkvidrda. upriani iqneba, Tuki 2013 wlis bolodan asamoqmedebel
sistemas Sereuls vuwodebT, yovelgvari dakonkretebis gareSe. amasTan dakavSirebiT
ix. kaxiani g,. mosazrebebi konstituciuri kanonis proeqtTan dakavSirebul zogierT
sakiTxze, samarTlis Jurnali `sarCevi~, 1-2(3-4), 2012; daviTuri g., saxelmwifo mmarT-
velobis modelebi da 2010 wlis sakonstitucio reforma saqarTveloSi, Tanamedrove
sakonstitucio samarTali, wigni I, g. kverenCxilaZisa da d. gegenavas redaqtorobiT,
Tb., 2012, 170-188; Final opinion CDL-AD(2010)028 on the Draft Constitutional Law on Amendmentsand
Changes to the Constitution of Georgia, Adopted by the Venice Commissionat its 84th Plenary Session, Venice,
15-16 October, 2010, 59.
110
Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, Art.67; Constitution of the Italian Republic, Art.94; Constitu-
tion of Greece, Art.84; Fundamental Law of Hungary, Art.21; Constitution of the Slovak Republic, Art.88 da
sxv.
342
politikur saSualebad iqces prezidentis mier misi daTxovnis SesaZleblobis gamo.

procedura garTulebulia damatebiTi kenWisyrebiT, Zalze maRali kvorumiT, msof-
lio praqtikisTvis aqamde ucnobi saprezidento vetoTi, romelsac aranairi gamar-
Tleba ar gaaCnia. verc politikuri partiebis dabali kultura, gare zemoqmedebis
saSualebebi da politikuri garemo ver gaxdeba klasikur saparlamento zedamxedve-
lobis meqanizmSi prezidentis mier SeyovnebiTi vetos gamoyenebis gamarTleba. prezi-
denti unda moiazrebodes arbitrad, romelic am SemTxvevaSi pirdapir ereva sakanon-
mdeblo xelisuflebis eqskluziur uflebamosilebebSi, rac mniSvnelovnad arRvevs
ZalauflebaTa gamijvnisa da Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis konstituciur principebs.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 81-e muxlis analizi iZleva imis Tqmis safuZvels,
rom konstituciaSi Cadebuli meqanizmi srulebiT ar emsaxureba parlamentis ufleba-
mosilebaTa zrdasa da Zalauflebis realur gamijvnas. Cndeba STabeWdileba, rom kon-
stitucia mTlianad mimarTulia premier-ministris Tanamdebobis maqsimaluri simya-
risa da ùcvlelobisaken~, rac ar jdeba aranair samarTlebriv CarCoSi. SeuZlebelia
ar daeTanxmo babekis mosazrebas, romelic aRniSnavs, rom `konstituciis debulebis
amocana ar unda iyos premier-ministris dacva – maTi amocana saqarTvelos dacva unda
iyos~.111
undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi mTavrobis stabilurobas uzrunvelyofs
da mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs misi da parlamentis politikur-samarTlebriv ur-
TierTmimarTebaTa mdgradobas.112 mZlavri saparlamento iaraRi, romelic krizisebis
Tavidan acilebis mizniT iqna SemoRebuli113 (da am mizans aqtualoba dRemde ar dau-
kargavs, swored amis gamo gaiTvaliswina igi aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis sa-
xelmwifoTa didma nawilma114), SesaZlebelia qarTul sinamdvileSi konfliqtebisa da
politikuri krizisis mTavar gamomwvevad iqces usafuZvlod xangrZlivi da rTuli
proceduriT, prezidentis zedmetad aqtiuri monawileobiTa da parlamentis daSlis
SesaZleblobiT, romelic mTlianad laxavs am institutis WeSmarit arssa da mizans.
qarTuli modeli ar akmayofilebs undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis arcerT
princips, romelic ganapirobebs am institutis arsebobas: ar aris klasikuri saparla-
mento kontrolis meqanizmi; ver xerxdeba mTavrobis swrafi Canacvleba, piriqiT, pro-
cedura Zalze xangrZlivia; iTvaliswinebs prezidentis, parlamentsgare insitutis
Carevas da mis diskrecias axali premier-ministris daniSvnasTan dakavSirebiT; proce-
duris dawyebisaTvis savaldebulo iniciatorTa raodenoba mniSvnelovnad aRemateba
zogadad miRebul standarts (nacvlad parlamentis 1/5-14-isa, gaTvaliswinebulia si-
iTi Semadgenlobis 2/5); procedura iTvaliswinebs damatebiT kenWisyras undoblobis
111
kobaxiZe i., sakonstitucio cvlilebebis mimarT gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebis kritikuli an-
alizi, Tb., 2010, 8. ix. citireba: babeki v., komentarebis mesame nawili, saqarTvelos kon-
stituciis gadasinjvisa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis saqmi-
anobis Sesaxeb, 23 ivnisi, 2010.
112
113
Steinack K., The Impact of Multi-Party Government on Parliament-Executive Relations - Examples from
Abroad, Paper presented at the Australasian Study of Parliament Group, Annual Conference 2011, The Execu-
tive versus the Parliament - Who Wins?, Melbourne, Parliament House, 6-8 October, 2011, 3.
114
343
sakiTxis aRZvrisaTvis.rac Seexeba moqmedi mTavrobis axliT Canacvlebis SesaZleblo-

bas, es mxolod formaluri niSania da Sinaarsobriv argumentad ar gamodgeba, radgan
klasikur konstruqciul votumSi misi daniSnuleba mTavrobebs Soris vakuumis amov-
sebaa, ra mizansac qarTuli modeli veranairad aRwevs. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos konstituciaSi ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli undoblobis kon-
struqciuli votumi. 81-e muxlSi mocemuli instituti warmoadgens undoblobis me-
qanizms, magram ara undoblobis konstruqciul votums. es aris msoflio konstitu-
cionalizmisTvis aqamde ucnobi samarTlebrivi paTologia, romelic saWiroebs dro-
ul reagirebas. dauSvebelia 81-e muxli am redaqciiT amoqmeddes. aRniSnuli mTlianad
ewinaaRmdegeba 2010 wlis sakonstitucio reformis miznebs,115 romlis amosavali debu-
lebac Sekaveba-gawonasworebis qmediTi meqanizmebis SemuSaveba gaxldaT.116
saqarTvelos konstituciis 81-e muxlSi mocemuli mTavrobis undoblobis gaur-
kveveli meqanizmi gordias kvanZia, romlis gaxsnac sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania sa-
xelmwifos stabilurobisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. saxelmwifos ZiriTad kanonSi misi am
formiT arseboba (amoqmedebaze arc Rirs saubari, ise ki, proceduraTa sirTulis gaT-
valiswinebiT, praqtikaSi misi ganxorcieleba TiTqmis warmoudgenelia) samarTlebri-
vi da politikuri kulturis, Segnebis Zalze dabal doneze miuTiTebs.
naSromSi xazi gaesva da calke gamoiyo yvela problemuri sakiTxi, aseve, SemoTa-
vazebul iqna Sesabamisi rekomendaciebi da sirTuleTa gadaWris konkretuli saSua-
lebebi, 81-e muxlis proeqti. problema unda gadaiWras dasawyisSive, sanam Sesabamisi
sakonstitucio cvlileba amoqmeddeba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, rogorc simsivnur
warmonaqmns uCndeba metastazebi da azianebs mTel organizms, ise daazianebs erTi Se-
xedviT uwyinari da `Teoriuli~ Canaweri konstitucias, rogorc umaRles politikur-
samarTlebriv mTlianobas, romelic saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi sistemis umTavresi
safuZveli, misi samarTlebriobisa da demokratiulobis ZiriTadi garantia.
115
saqarTvelos konstitucia da 2010 wlis konstituciuri reforma, Tb., 2010.
116
saqarTvelos prezidentis № 348 brZanebuleba `saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis
debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~.
344
hans kelzeni*
ZiriTadi normis Sesaxeb
mTxoves mesaubra egreT wodebuli samarTlis wminda Teoriis Sesaxeb. radganac

SeuZlebelia mocemul mcire droSi aRniSnuli Teoriis yvela aspeqts SevexoT, gTava-
zobT ganvixiloT am Teoriis yvelaze saxasiaTo erTi problema: ZiriTadi norma.
samarTlis wminda Teoriis aTvlis wertili – iseve rogorc samarTlis nebismie-
ri Teoriisa – aris samarTlis cnebis definicia. samarTlis wminda Teoria ganmartavs
samarTals, rogorc normebis erTobliobas, rogorc normatiul wesrigs. magram ra
aris norma? norma aris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, romelic gveubneba, rom raRac
unda iyos, an unda Sesruldes, Tumca, faqtobrivad, es SeiZleba arc Sesruldes. ar-
sebobs normaTa gansxvavebuli saxeebi, azrovnebis normebi, anu logikuri normebi da
qcevis normebi, anu moralisa da samarTlis normebi.
samarTlis normis Tanaxmad, adamianebi gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi gansakuTre-
bulad unda moiqcnen. is, rom adamiani gansazRvruli saxiT unda moiqces, gulisxmobs,
rom amgvari qceva nabrZanebia, nebadarTulia an uflebamosilia. mocemuli mniSvne-
lobiT, samarTlis norma warmodgenilia brZanebis, nebarTvis an uflebamosilebis mi-
niWebis saxiT. amgvari norma SeiZleba iyos erTi individis nebis gamomxatveli aqtis
mniSvneloba, romelic ganzraxuladaa mimarTuli sxva individis qcevisaken. metafora
rom gamoviyenoT, Cven vambobT: norma iqmneba an yalibdeba nebis gamomxatveli aqtis
meSveobiT; Sedegad, igi pozitiuri normaa. samarTali, rogorc normaTa sistema, Seq-
mnili adamianis nebis aqtebis meSveobiT, aris pozitiuri samarTali. samarTlis wminda
Teoria pozitiuri samarTlis Teoriaa.
aqti, romlis meSveobiTac iqmneba norma, unda iqnes gamijnuli normisagan, rome-
lic iqmneba aqtis meSveobiT, magaliTad, sakanonmdeblo aqti da samarTali an kanoni,
romelic iqmneba misi meSveobiT. aqti warmoadgens faqts, norma ki mocemuli faqtis
mniSvnelobaa. aqti, romlis meSveobiTac iqmneba norma, faqtobrivad, arsebobs sivrce-
sa da droSi, da rogorc aseTi, Tanaxmad kauzalobis kanonisa, aris gansazRvrul mi-
zezTa Sedegi. misi arseboba bunebrivi faqtis arsebobaa. mtkiceba, romelic aRniSnavs
aqts, romlis mixedviTac iqmneba norma, „arsobis“ mtkicebaa. radganac norma aris ara
faqti, aramed faqtis mniSvneloba, misi arseboba gansxvavdeba faqtis arsebobisagan.
misi arseboba gamoixateba mis moqmedebaSi. mtkiceba, romlis mixedviTac konkretuli
qcevis mavalebeli, nebadamrTveli an mis Sesasruleblad uflebamosilebis mimniWebe-
li norma aris moqmedi, ar gulisxmobs imas, rom mocemuli qceva faqtobrivad srul-
deba an Sesruldeba momavalSi; es gulisxmobs, rom igi unda Sesruldes, rom adamianebi
* winamdebare naSromi Targmnilia Semdegi gamocemidan: Hans Kelsen: “On the Basic Norm”, in:
California Law Review, 1959, Volume 47,107-110. naSromi warmoadgens 1958 wlis 11 dekembers
kaliforniis universitetis samarTlis skolaSi wakiTxuli sajaro leqciis teqsts.
345
unda moiqcnen normis moTxovnis, nebarTvis Tu miniWebuli uflebamosilebis Sesabami-

sad. mtkiceba, romelic aRniSnavs normis moqmedebas, „jerarsuli“ mtkicebaa.
ibadeba kiTxva: ra aris gansazRvruli normis moqmedebis mizezi, ufro zustad
rom movaxdinoT kiTxvis formulireba: ratom unda moviqceT gansazRvruli normis
Sesabamisad? mocemul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia „arsis“ mtkicebis, faqtis
mtkicebis gamoyenebiT; pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia mxolod „jerarsis“ mtkicebis,
normis mtkicebis meSveobiT. sxva sityvebiT: normis moqmedebis mizezi verasodes ver
iqneba faqti, verc nebis gamomxatveli aqti, romlis meSveobiTac iqmneba norma; es Se-
iZleba iyos mxolod Tavad norma, sxva, zemdgomi norma. fundamenturi logikuri prin-
cipis Tanaxmad, mtkicebidan, romlis mixedviTac raRac arsebobs, ar gamomdinareobs,
da SeuZlebelia kidec gamomdinareobdes, mtkiceba, romlis mixedviTac raRac unda
arsebobdes, iseve rogorc mtkicebidan, romlis mixedviTac raRac unda arsebobdes,
ar gamomdinareobs, da SeuZlebelia gamomdinareobdes, mtkiceba, rom raRac arsebobs.
movaxdinoT am principis ilustrireba magaliTis moSveliebiT: Tu mama ubrZanebs
Svils skolaSi wasvlas, Svils SeuZlia hkiTxos mas, Tu ratom unda wavides igi skola-
Si. Tu mama upasuxebs – imitom, rom Seni mama gibrZanebs ase moqcevas, anu, Tu mama aRniS-
navs faqts, rom man daawesa skolaSi siarulis mavalebeli norma, amiT igi ver gascems
pasuxs bavSvis kiTxvas. swori pasuxi iqneboda: imitom, rom Sen unda daemorCilo mamis
brZanebebs. es niSnavs: mamis mier dawesebuli normis moqmedebis mizezi aris ara mamis
mier normis dawesebis faqti, aramed norma – bavSvi unda daemorCilos mamis brZane-
bebs, es aris norma, romelic uflebamosilebas aniWebs mamas, daawesos Svilis gansazR-
vruli qcevisaken mimarTuli normebi. mocemuli normis moqmedebis mizezad SegviZlia
miviCnioT RmerTis mier sinas mTaze dadgenil aT mcnebaSi Camoyalibebuli norma. Tu
vikiTxavT aTi mcnebis moqmedebis mizezis Sesaxeb, anu, Tu ratom unda davemorCiloT
aTi mcnebis moTxovnebs, Cveuli pasuxi iqneba: imitom, rom aTi mcneba daadgina Rmer-
Tma; magram pasuxi, romelic gamomdinareobs faqtidan, aris araswori. swori pasuxi, ga-
momdinare normidan, iqneba: imitom, rom unda davemorCiloT RmerTis brZanebebs. rac
am ukanasknel normas Seexeba, Cven uars vambobT misi moqmedebis mizezis Ziebaze, Cven
vRebulobT mas daSvebulad, miviCnevT mas aSkarad. ramdenadac RmerTi miCneulia nor-
mismwarmoebel uzenaes avtoritetad, mocemuli norma – romelic normaTa warmoebis
RvTiuri Zalauflebis normatiuli safuZvelia – SeuZlebelia iyos nebis gamovlenis
aqtis safuZvelze Seqmnili norma, romelic iqneboda mxolod RmerTis zemdgomi avto-
ritetis neba. amdenad, es aris ara pozitiuri norma, aramed norma, romelic moiazreba
Cvens gonebaSi, Tu Cven RmerTis mier dadgenil normebs miviCnevT moralur-religi-
uri sistemis sxva normebis moqmedebis safuZvlad. mocemuli norma aRniSnuli mora-
lur-religiuri wesrigis ZiriTadi normaa.
Tu gagviCndeba kiTxva pozitiuri marTlwesrigis moqmedebis mizezis Sesaxeb, bo-
los mivadgebiT istoriulad pirvel konstitucias, romelic Cveulebas an sakanon-
mdeblo organos aniWebs zogad normaTa Seqmnis uflebamosilebas, romlebic, Tavis
mxriv, sasamarTlo Tu administraciul organoebs aniWeben individualuri normebis
Seqmnis uflebamosilebas. varaudi, rom mocemuli normebi xasiaTdeba moqmedebiT, mo-
iazrebs normas, romelmac konstituciis damfuZnebel mamebs mianiWa uflebamosileba,
daedginaT kanonmdebloba Tu Cveuleba yvela sxva samarTlebrivi funqciis safuZve-
346
hans kelzeni, ZiriTadi normis Sesaxeb
lad. aRniSnuli norma aris konstituciis moqmedebis safuZveli, da amdenad, konsti-

tuciis Sesabamisad dadgenili marTlwesrigis ZiriTadi norma. es aris Cvens iuridiul
azrovnebaSi warmosaxuli norma; es ar SeiZleba iyos konkretuli individis nebis aq-
tiT Seqmnili norma: Tu konstituciis damfuZnebel mamebs miviCnevT uzenaes kanonier
xelisuflebad, Tu Cven – samarTlebrivi pozitivizmis TvalTaxedviT – ar warmovid-
genT ufro zemdgom, zeadamianur avtoritets, magaliTad, RmerTs an bunebas, romelic
gvibrZanebda davmorCilebodiT konstituciis damfuZnebel mamaTa mier dadgenil
normebs.
im faqtidan gamomdinare, rom samarTlis wminda Teoriis ZiriTadi norma, rac po-
zitiuri samarTlis moqmedebis mizezia, Tavad ar aris pozitiuri samarTlis norma, sa-
marTlis wminda Teoria arasworad miiCnies bunebiTsamarTlebrivi doqtrinis nairsa-
xeobad. rameTu, bunebiTsamarTlebrivi doqtrinis Tanaxmad, pozitiuri, anu adamianis
mier Seqmnili samarTlis moqmedebis mizezia misi Sesabamisoba bunebiT samarTalTan,
romelic aris ara adamianis mier Seqmnili, aramed safuZvels iRebs bunebidan, buneba ki
am SemTxvevaSi adamian-kanonmdebelze zemdgom avtoritetadaa miCneuli. Tumca, arse-
biTi gansxvavebaa samarTlis wminda Teorias, romelic samarTlis pozitiuri Teoriaa,
da bunebiTsamarTlebriv doqtrinas, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba samarTlebriv poziti-
vizms, Soris. bunebiTsamarTlebrivi doqtrinis Tanaxmad, bunebiTi, ara adamianis mier
warmoebuli samarTali aris ara marto mizezi pozitiuri, adamianis mier Seqmnili sa-
marTlis moqmedebisa, aramed aseve ganmsazRvrelia pozitiuri samarTlis Sinaarsisa,
ris Sedegadac, pozitiuri samarTali, romlis Sinaarsic ar Seesabameba bunebiT samar-
Tals, miCneulia moqmedebis Zalis armqoned, saerTod arasamarTlad. faqtobrivad,
arc arsebobs erTi bunebiTsamarTlebrivi doqtrina, nacvlad amisa, saxezea mravali
gansxvavebuli, maT Soris winaaRmdegobrivi bunebiTsamarTlebrivi doqtrina. Sede-
gad, ar arsebobs pozitiuri marTlwesrigi, romelic konfliqtSi ar iqneboda erT-erT
maTganTan mainc da, amdenad, ar iqneboda miCneuli moqmedebis Zalis armqoned. lokis
bunebiTsamarTlebrivi doqtrinis Tanaxmad, mxolod mmarTvelobis demokratiuli
formaa „bunebiTi“, anu samarTliani; amdenad, marTlwesrigi, romelsac avtokratiuli
xasiaTi aqvs, aris usamarTlo da ar miiCneva moqmed samarTlad. Tumca, filmeris bu-
nebiTsamarTlebrivi doqtrinis Tanaxmad, mxolod avtokratia, da isic absoluturi
monarqiis saxiT, SeiZleba iyos samarTliani, ramdenadac igi marTulia bunebis mier;
demokratiuli socialuri wesrigi ki ewinaaRmdegeba bunebas, usamarTloa da ar aqvs
mboWavi xasiaTi subieqtebisaTvis. qamberlendi amtkicebda, rom kerZo sakuTreba See-
sabameba bunebis kanons, xolo koleqtiuri sakuTreba mocemuli kanonis darRvevaa. am-
denad, igi amarTlebda kapitalistur samarTlis sistemas, maSin rodesac moreli cdi-
lobda sawinaaRmdegos damtkicebas: rom mxolod koleqtiuri sakuTreba Seesabameba
bunebas da rom martooden komunizmi warmoadgens samarTlian, da am TvalsazrisiT,
moqmed marTlwesrigs.
Tumca, samarTlis wminda Teoriis Tanaxmad, SeuZlebelia, rom pozitiuri mar-
Tlwesrigi ar Seesabamebodes mis ZiriTad normas da amdenad, ar hqondes moqmedebis
Zala. rameTu, ZiriTadi norma, romelic mocemuli marTlwesrigis moqmedebis safuZve-
lia, gulisxmobs amave wesrigis normebis Seqmnas; igi ar gansazRvravs aRniSnuli nor-
mebis Sinaarss. pozitiuri marTlwesrigis normaTa Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba eqskluzi-
347
urad adamianis nebis gamomxatveli aqtebis meSveobiT: konstituciis damfuZnebeli

mamebis da konstituciisa Tu Cveulebis mier pirdapir an arapirdapir dawesebuli
organoebis mier, rac adamianTa moqmedebebis safuZvelze da konstituciis, rogorc
samarTalmwarmoebeli faqtis safuZvelze iqmneba. pozitiuri marTlwesrigis arc er-
Ti norma, Seqmnili konstituciis Sesabamisad, ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes moqmedebis
Zalis armqoned, rameTu misi Sinaarsi ar Seesabameba im normas, romelic ar ekuTvnis
mocemul wesrigs. samarTlis wminda Teoriis ZiriTadi norma warmoadgens rogorc de-
mokratiuli, aseve avtokratiuli, rogorc kapitalisturi, aseve socialisturi sa-
marTlis, da zogadad, samarTlianad Tu usamarTlod miCneuli pozitiuri samarTlis,
moqmedebis safuZvels. swored esaa samarTlebrivi pozitivizmis arsi, gansxvavebiT
bunebiTsamarTlebrivi doqtrinisagan. da samarTlis wminda Teoria aris swored sa-
marTlebrivi pozitivizmis Teoria.
inglisuridan Targmna
laSa bregvaZem*
* TinaTin wereTlis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis institutis direqtori
348
saxelmZRvanelo principebi avtorTaTvis
moTxovnebi statiis avtorTa mimarT
1. avtorTa wre
iuridiuli fakultetis Jurnali aqveynebs statiebs iurisprudenciis yvela mi-

marTulebiT. gamosaqveyneblad statiisa Tu sxva masalis wardgenis uflebiT sargeb-
loben Semdegi pirebi:
• Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis profesor-maswavleblebi (maT Soris, mowveuli
pedagogebi);
• iuridiuli fakultetis doqtorantebi;
• samarTlis sferoSi moRvawe mecnierebi da praqtikosi iuristebi, iuridiuli
fakultetis profesorTan TanaavtorobiT;
• Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis magistraturis kursdamTavrebulebi (romelTa
samagistro naSromma daimsaxura umaRlesi Sefaseba. statia unda iyos samagis-
tro naSromis nawili);
• sxva avtorebi, romlebic saredaqcio kolegiis davalebiT moamzadeben publika-
ciebs calkeul sakiTxebze.
2. statiis moculoba
statiis saorientacio moculoba ar unda aRematebodes 70 000 nabeWd simbolos

sityvebs Soris arsebuli manZilisa da sqolioebSi miTiTebuli wyaroebis CauTvlelad.
3. Sinaarsobrivi moTxovnebi
• gamosaqveynebel statiaTa Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWeba akade-

miuri personalis mier warmodgenil im statiebs, romlebSic iqneba warmoCenili
samarTlis aqtualuri problemebi da SemoTavazebuli maTi gadaWris gzebi;
• praqtikul saqmianobaSi Cabmuli specialistebis mier warmodgenili im stati-
ebis mecnierul Rirebulebas, romlebic exeba samarTalgamoyenebis praqtikis
analizs, gansazRvravs avtoris mier praqtikuli samarTlebrivi problemebis
identificireba, dasma da dasabuTebuli gadawyveta.
4. gamosaqveyneblad warmodgenis procedura da formati
avtorma statia unda warmoadginos eleqtronuli formatiT, Microsoft Word-is do-

kumentis saxiT, da asaxavdes:
a. avtoris vinaobas;
b. statiis saxelwodebas;
g. avtoris sakontaqto monacemebsa da eleqtronuli fostis misamarTs;
d. statiis gamogzavnis TariRs.
statiis qarTuli teqsti Sesrulebuli unda iyos AcadNusx–12 fontiT, ucxoeno-
vani teqsti – Times New Roman–12 fontiT, sqolio – imave fontebis `10~ zomiT; stri-
349
qonebi unda daSordes erTi intervaliT, abzaci gamoiyos erTi Enter-iT da ara Tab-kla-
viSiT, stilebi unda iyos maqsimalurad erTgvarovani da teqstSi ar Caisvas gadatanis
niSnebi; marjvena mxares unda darCes 4 sm siganis mindori. TiToeuli gverdi unda dai-
nomros gverdis bolos, marjvena mxares.
naSromis struqturulad Camoyalibeba unda moxdes ara marto Sesabamisi Tavebi-
saTvis numeraciis miniWebiT, aramed gansaxilveli sakiTxebis dasaTaurebiT. stati-
is Tavebad, qveTavebad da qveqveTavebad dayofisas gamoyenebul unda iqnes arabuli
ricxvebi. mag.: 1.; 1.1.; 1.1.1. da a.S., calke unda gamoiyos Sesavali da daskvna.
teqsti, ZiriTadad, unda gadmoices III pirSi, avtori sakuTari poziciis dasafiqsi-
reblad maqsimalurad unda moeridos I pirSi Txrobas.
statias ar daerTvis gamoyenebuli literaturis sia (wyaroebi ganTavsebulia
sqolioebSi).
5. citirebis teqnika da sqolios gaformebis wesi
avtorma sqolioSi unda miuTiTos Tavis mier moyvanili citatebisa da faqtobri-

vi garemoebebis wyaro.
sityvis, saxelwodebis, saTauris Semokleba teqstsa da sqolioSi ar daiSveba, gar-
da sayovelTaod miRebuli Semoklebebisa (mag.: paragrafi – §, weli – w., magaliTad –
mag., ixile – ix., Seadare –Sead. da a.S.).
Tu statiaSi aris abreviatura, misi gamoyenebis pirvel SemTxvevaSi is unda iyos
gaSifruli, ris Semdegac frCxilebSi mieTiTeba abreviatura, romelic Semdgom iqneba
gamoyenebuli (mag., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (SemdgomSi – gks); amave principiT,
xSirad gamoyenebul konvenciaTa, kanonTa Tu sxvaTa saxelwodebebi Semokldeba sak-
vanZo sityvis mixedviT, anu misi gamoyenebis pirvel SemTxvevaSi is moxseniebuli unda
iyos srulad da frCxilebSi mieTiTos sakvanZo sityva (mag., adamianis uflebaTa evro-
puli konvencia (SemdgomSi – konvencia).
• samarTlebrivi aqtis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia sqolioSi mieTiTos misi sru-
li dasaxeleba da wyaro, romelSic is gamoqveynda, agreTve TariRi da gverdi.
• literaturuli wyaroebis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia mieTiTos:
1. wignisTvis – avtoris (avtorebis) gvari, saxelis iniciali, wignis saTauri
(ubrWyalebod), nawilis, nakveTis, tomis nomeri (Tu saWiroa), gamocemis adgili, weli,
gverdi (gv.-s gareSe);
2. krebulis statiisTvis – statiis avtoris (avtorebis) gvari, saxelis inici-
ali, statiis saTauri (ubrWyalebod), krebulis saxelwodeba (ubrWyalebod), miTiTe-
biT, Tu visi redaqciiT gamodis, nawilis, nakveTis, tomis nomeri (Tu saWiroa), gamoce-
mis adgili, weli, gverdi (gv.-s gareSe);
3. Jurnalis (gazeTis) statiisTvis – statiis avtoris (avtorebis) gvari, sa-
xelis iniciali, statiis saTauri (ubrWyalebod), periodikis saxe SemoklebiT (Jurn.,
gaz.,) saxelwodeba (brWyalebSi), nomeri, weli (Tve, ricxvi), gverdi (gv.-s gareSe);
ucxouri wyaroebis yvela bibliografiuli elementi unda mieTiTos originalis
enaze, an im enaze, romelzec mas ecnoba avtori (Sesabamisi oficialuri Targmanis mi-
TiTebiT).
naSromSi miTiTebul samecniero wyaroTa saerTo raodenobis aranakleb 4/5 unda
Seadgendes dasavleTevropul enebze Sesrulebul literaturas, garda Temis speci-
fikidan gamomdinare gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisa.
350
saxelmZRvanelo princi pebi avtorTaTvis
sqolioSi aucilebelia erTiani sistemis dacva: avtori da naSromis saTauri ga-

moikveTos sityvaTa sxvadasxva daxrilobiT (mag., avtori – italikiT, danarCeni in-
formacia – gamarTulad, aseve italikiT xdeba yvela gamoyenebuli gvaris miTiTeba,
mag., redaqtoris), amave dros, yvela erTeuli (garda gvarisa da saxelis inicialisa)
erTmaneTisagan gamoiyofa mZimiT da sqolios bolos iwereba wertili.
masala, romelic mopovebulia internetis saSualebiT, saWiroebs Sesabamisi in-
ternetgverdisa da bolo ganaxlebis TariRis miTiTebas; statiis SemTxvevaSi unda mi-
eTiTos avtoris gvari, statiis saTauri, internetgverdi, TariRi. samkuTxed frCxi-
lebSi (<....>) mieTiTeba eleqtronuli misamarTi, kvadratul frCxilebSi ([....]) ki bolo
ganaxlebis TariRi.
4. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlosa da sxva qveynebis gadawyvetilebebisaTvis:
Court of Justice
mag: Case 16/62, Van Gend en Loos, [1963] ECR 95.
European Court of Human Rights
mag:. Kostovski v. The Netherlands, [1990] ECHR (Ser. A.), 221.
International Court of Justice
mag.: Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Between Qatar and Bahrain, [1995] ICJ Reports, 6.
saqmeebisa da maTi gadawyvetilebebis saxelwodebebi teqstSi gamoiyeneba qarTu-
lad (italikiT), srulad ki originalis enaze SeiZleba iqve mieweros, an sqolioSi mie-
TiTos Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: mxare mxaris winaaRmdeg, weli, gamomqveynebeli orga-
no, gverdi, sasamarTlo.
mag.: didi britaneTis sasamarTloebisTvis: saqme argili argilis winaaRmdeg (Argyll
v. Argyll, [1967] 1Ch 302,324, .332));
aSS-is sasamarTloebisTvis: saqme brauni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg (Brown v. Bo-
ard of Education, 347 US 483 (1954)).
5. erovnuli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebisaTvis
aucilebelia oficialuri erovnuli stilis SenarCuneba. erTgvarovani erovnu-
li midgomis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi avtorma unda ixelmZRvanelos Semdegi ZiriTadi
wesiT:
saqarTvelos sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis gamoyenebisas unda gamoiyos Sem-
Txvevebi – 1. gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia; 2. SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba oficia-
lur eleqtronul wyaroSi; 3. xelmisawvdomia mxolod sasamarTlo arqivSi – da Camo-
yalibdes erTiani midgomebi.
6. saerTaSoriso organizaciaTa dokumentebi
gamoiyeneba im stiliT, romelic gamoyenebulia oficialurad saerTaSoriso or-

ganizaciis mier (ix. oficialuri saitebi).
7. konvenciebi da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi
konvenciebi da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi mieTiTeba, mag.: 1985 Vienna Conventi-

on for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, International Legal Materials, 1985, 1520
saTanadoa miTiTeba, Tu citata Casmulia brWyalebSi da sqolio gaformebulia
zemoT aRniSnuli wesebis mixedviT. perifrazis an calkeuli azris formirebis wyaros
351
miTiTebisas gamoiyeneba Sesabamisi sityva: ìxile~ an `Seadare~. `Seadare~ gamoiyeneba

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac avtors sWirdeba gansxvavebul azrze miTiTeba.
ZiriTad teqstSi dasaSvebia mxolod naSromis saTaurTan uSualo kavSirSi myofi
an dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad aucilebeli informaciisa Tu analizis miTiTeba. dama-
tebiTi informacia SesaZlebelia mieTiTos sqolioSi.
ucxouri terminebi da gamoTqmebi unda gadmoices sqolioSi, Tu naSromis uSualo
mizani ar aris terminis warmoSobis dadgena.
qarTuli teqstisTvis unda gamoviyenoT `qveda~ da `zeda~ (`.~..) brWyalebi, ucxoe-
novani teqstisTvis – `zeda~ (~.~..) brWyalebi;
citirebuli teqstis bolos sasveni niSnebi – wertili, wertil-mZime, orwerti-
li an tire mxolod daxuruli brWyalebis Semdeg daismis; kiTxvisa da Zaxilis niSnebi
an mravalwertili daismis brWyalis win, Tu igi ganekuTvneba im sityvas an sityvebs,
romlebic brWyalebSia moqceuli, xolo brWyalis Semdeg, Tu igi brWyalebSi Casmul
sityvebTan erTad mTel winadadebas ganekuTvneba.
rodesac sityvasTan erTdroulad Tavs iyris brWyali, sasveni niSani da sqolios
niSani, unda davicvaT Semdegi Tanmimdevroba: 1. brWyali, 2. sasveni niSani, 3. sqolios
niSani; citirebuli teqstis (anu winadadebis) bolos ki: 1. brWyali, 2. sasveni niSani, 3.
sqolios niSani. erTad ar iwereba ori brWyali. frCxilebis SemTxvevaSi ki SeiZleba ma-
Ti gansxvavebuli formebis gamoyeneba;
teqstSi unda gairCes tiresa da defisis daweriloba. defisi aris mokle xazi, rom-
lis win da Semdeg ar aris intervali, tire ki ufro grZeli xazia da mis win da Semdeg
aucilebelia intervalis dacva;
sqolioSi imave wyaroze miTiTebisas, romelic ukve gamoyenebuli iyo, saWiroa ga-
moiyos Semdegi SemTxvevebi:
a. zustad wina sqolioSi miTiTebuli wyaros nacvlad mieTiTeba ìqve~. ìqves~ Sem-
deg ki (Tu saWiroa) mieTiTeba gansxvavebuli monacemebi (tomi, weli, gverdi);
b. manamde miTiTebuli, magram ara winamdebare, wyaros gamoyenebisas SesaZlebelia
mieTiTos am wyaros sruli dasaxeleba Sesabamisi gverdiT, an im sqolios nomeri, rom-
liTac moxda am wyaros bolo miTiTeba Sesabamisi gverdiT (mag. ix. sqolio 15, 20).
352
pasuxismgebeli gamocemaze: naTia CitaSvili,
lela janaSvili
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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

irakli burduli (prof., Tsu)

levan aleqsiZe (prof., Tsu)

© Tsu gamomcemloba, 2014

saxelmZRvanelo principebi avtorTaTvis ............................................................................. 349

xelSekrulebis ganmarteba evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis

xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi marTlwesrigis mier samarTlebrivi ur-

SesaZloa ganxilul iqnes rogorc maT SemuSavebaSi monawile saxelmwifoebis Sejere-

II. xelSekrulebis ganmartebis mowesrigeba principebis mixedviT

xelSekrulebis ganmartebis mowesrigebisas principebi iTvaliswineben kerZo

xelSekrulebis ganmartebis normatiuli meTodi sadavo debulebis Sinaarsis

1. xelSekrulebis ganmartebis Teoriebis asaxva principebSi

germanuli samarTlisaTvis mniSvnelovani „nebis Teoria“ da „gamoxatvis Teo-

nuli SesaZlebelia aixsnas im garemoebiT, rom xelSekruleba mxareTa Seqmnilia da mo-

1.1. „subieqturi“ Teoria

„subieqturi“ Teoriis mixedviT, xelSekrulebis ganmartebis mizania im ganzrax-

1.1.1. xelSekrulebis monawileTa saerTo ganzraxvis dadgena

xelSekrulebis monawileTa saerTo ganzraxva aris mTavari orientiri, ris mi-

mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvis arseboba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs e.w.

1.1.2. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba erT-erTi mxaris gansakuTrebuli

principebis 5:101 (2) muxli iTvaliswinebs xelSekrulebis ganmartebas erT-erTi

bisaTvis specifikuri mniSvnelobis miniWebas da xelSekrulebis dadebis dros meore

1.2. „obieqturi“ Teoria

principebis 5:101 (3) muxlis mixedviT, Tu SeuZlebelia mxareTa ganzraxvis dad-

gadaasxvaferos xelSekruleba da ar unda wavides mxareTa aSkara ganzraxvis winaaR-

2. xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas gasaTvaliswinebeli garemoebebi

principebis 5:102 muxli CamoTvlis xelSekrulebis ganmartebisaTvis mniSvnelo-

2.1. winasaxelSekrulebo molaparakebebi

principebis 5:102 (a) muxlis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebis dros mxed-

xmebuli debulebebis yovlismomcvelobis Taobaze, romlis mixedviTac, nebismieri Se-

2.2. mxareTa xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdgomi moqmedebebi

principebis 5:102 (b) muxlis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas mxedve-

2.3. xelSekrulebis arsi da mizani

principebis 5:102 (g) muxlis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas mxedve-

2.4. mxareTa Soris Camoyalibebuli praqtika

principebis 5:102 (d) muxlis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas mxedvelo-

2.5. sayovelTaod miRebuli mniSvneloba

principebis 5:102 (e) muxlis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas mxedvelo-

principebis 5:102 (v) muxlis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas mxedvelo-

SeTanxmdebian. es SeTanxmeba SeiZleba gamoixatos rogorc aSkarad, ise konkludenturi

2.7 keTilsindisierebis principi49

principebis 5:102 (z) muxlis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas mxedve-

3. xelSekrulebis ganmartebis alternatiul versiebs Soris

principebis 5:103-5:107 muxlebi aregulirebs xelSekrulebis ganmartebis erTze

3.1. individualurad SeuTanxmebeli debulebis ganmarteba

principebis 5:103 muxlis Sesabamisad, rodesac individualurad SeuTanxmebeli

valiswinebiT, mosamarTles SeuZlia, calkeul garemoebaTa mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, in-

3.2. individualurad SeTanxmebuli debulebis upiratesobis aRiareba

principebis 5:104 muxlis Sesabamisad, individualurad SeTanxmebul debulebas

3.3. xelSekrulebis mTlianobis principidan gamomdinare ganmarteba

principebis 5:105 muxlis Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas debulebe-

es muxli mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs e.w. CarCoxelSekrulebis da am xelSek-

3.4. xelSekrulebisTvis mboWavi Zalis mimniWebeli ganmartebis

principebis 5:106 muxlis Sesabamisad, upiratesoba unda mieniWos imgvar ganmar-

3.5. Targmanisa da originalis Seusabamobis sakiTxis gadawyveta

principebis 5:107 muxlis Sesabamisad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xelSekruleba Sedgeni-

sxvadasxva enaze Sedgenil xelSekrulebaSi urTierTsawinaaRmdego SinaarsiiT aris

III. xelSekrulebis ganmartebis mowesrigeba ssk-is mixedviT

ssk xelSekrulebis ganmartebisaTvis mniSvnelovan debulebebs zogad nawilsa da

mamkvidreblis namdvili nebis Sesabamisad ganimarteba.79 nebis dadgena misi gamomvle-

2. xelSekrulebis ganmarteba mxareTa sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT

ssk-is 337-e muxlis Sesabamisad, Tu xelSekrulebis calkeuli gamonaTqvamebi Se-