Study the effect on Bit Error Rate(BER) for

elevated Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR) in IoT based

systems using Cooperative Communication

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE

 1st Alok Srivastava Palwal, India
2nd Rajeev Ratan
ECE. rajeev.arora@mvn.edu.in
ECE.
MVN University
MVN University
Palwal, India
aloksr11@gmail.com
 Abstract—Cooperative
communication is the future
of wireless and mobile
communication. The
diversity antenna technology
that can be utilized by
cooperative communication
can improve the quality of
the signal received by a
mobile. The mobile nodes
can further improve signal
quality by using multiple
input multiple output
systems. The cooperative
communication is the best
way to increase the
availability of signals which
has become very difficult
after restrictions on the
establishment of new mobile
towers. Cooperative
communication gives double
advantages, on the one hand,
it increases the availability of
signals and on the other
hand, it does not need any
further investment by the
service provider. The
implementation of the
cooperative protocol is easy
as it is compatible with the
currently used
infrastructure-based mobile
system. Various protocols
have been suggested so far
for the implementation of
cooperative communication
but none of them can be
implemented practically. In
this paper, various protocols
have been compared.
Keywords— Internet of
Things, Co-operative
communication, Sensor, relay
nodes, amplify and forward.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Internet of things is
creating intelligence in the
devices [1]. It is
interconnecting all the
devices worldwide so that
there use can be optimized.
The use of cooperative
communication will
enhance connectivity
between devices.
Cooperative
communication is based on
cooperation between nodes
[2]. The basic idea of the
working of the cooperative
network is based on the
principle that every
antenna, which receives a
signal, will also radiate the
same signal. So any mobile
node will broadcast the
signal and all the mobiles
nodes in the coverage area
will receive the signal. If
the receiver is not present
in the coverage area then
the mobile nodes will
broadcast the signal again.
These mobile nodes are
known as relay nodes. The
signal will relay till it
reaches the destination.
However, the cooperative
communication has to face
some big challenges like
compatibility between
nodes, high interference,
low stability in topology,
low energy availability at
relay nodes, non-
cooperative nodes, low
signal to noise ratio, etc. [3]
[4] [5].
To improve the situation
various protocols have been
suggested.
From the diagram, it is
clear that every node is
transmitting the signal in a
limited area. To receive
data from the transmitting
node any node has to be in
the coverage area of the
transmitting node. Every
node which is receiving the
data is also transmitting the
same data but before
transmitting this data has
been regenerated and
amplified thus the data
received by the next node is
always error-free and high
energy content.
Fig. 1. Basic working principle of
cooperative communication
II. CLASSIFICATION
OF PROTOCOLS
The protocols suggested for
cooperative communication
can be divided based on
their primary areas of
concern like routing, the C. Adaptive decode and
energy of nodes, forward
interference, topological
This protocol has the
stability, etc. features of both amplify &
forward-protocol and
decode & forward-protocol
A. Amplify and
[6]. In this protocol every
Forward
data will be checked if the
This is the most widely
used relay [3] [4] protocol signal level is above the
threshold level then it will
in cooperative
communication. This be amplified and forwarded
and if the signal is below
protocol source will
critical level then decode
broadcast the message and
the same will be rebroadcast and forward scheme will be
by all the relay nodes in the applied
coverage area. Before
D. Vehicular amplify and
rebroadcast these relay
nodes will amplify the forward
signals. In this protocol, the
vehicle has been used as
relay nodes [7]. In this
protocol, every vehicle will
receive data from all the
nearby vehicles and
rebroadcast to all the nearby
vehicles just as in amplify
and forward protocol. This
protocol can also be used
for reducing congestion on
roads.
Fig. 2. Amplify and forward-
protocol
B. Decode and
forward
This is also a relay
protocol in which every
relay node will first decode
the received data and check
for errors [3] [4]. After
checking if data found error
free then it is forwarded to
the next relay after Fig. 4. Vehicular amplify and
forward-protocol
amplification.
E. Cluster-based routing
system
In this protocol instead
of the relay node, a group
of nodes is being used for
the relay of data [8]. This
group is known as a cluster.
Every cluster has been
managed by a cluster head.
This cluster head is
responsible for routing
arrangements.
Fig. 3. Decode and Forward
III. INTERNET OF THINGS
protocol
The Internet of things is
the next big evolution in the
electronics industry. In
these systems, devices have
to be interconnected so that
they can be controlled and
monitored more efficiently.
The use of IoT will make
society more secure and
energy-efficient [9].
Everything can be
controlled either
automatically using
artificial intelligence or by
a human being from
anywhere in the world. The
whole system of IoT can be
divided into four parts
(i) Sensors and actuators
(ii) Data collection
(iii) Internet
connectivity
(iv) Data processing and
management
For the implementation
of the internet of things,
sensors are installed with
the devices. These sensors
collect data from the device
and send it to the first level
of processing. During the
first level of processing data
has been converted into
digital and then checked for
redundancy and errors.
After that, the data is sent to
servers through the internet
where it is processed and
sent back to the device for
further course of action. So
the installation of the
internet of things can be
divided into the following
parts
Fig. 5. Block Diagram of IoT
A. Connecting sensors and
actuators wirelessly
The sensors are the
devices that sense the data
and converted it into
analogs form and transmit it
for further processing.
Connecting these sensors is
necessary so that data can
be transferred. There are
two methods for connection
one is known as wired and
another is known as
wireless. The wireless
method is preferred as it
gives flexibility for the
placement of sensors. So a
sensor node consists of two
parts one is a sensor with a
transduction unit and
another is a wireless
transceiver.
B. Data conversion and
transmission
Data generated by a
sensor node cannot be
transmitted to internet
gateways as the data
generated by the sensor
node is not compatible. To
make it compatible data is
first converted into digital
format and then encoded
according to the gateway
devices.
C. Preprocessing of data
The sensors normally
generated a huge amount of
data and all of them are not
useful. So sending all the
data directly to the sensor is
not useful. To compress the
data and to remove
redundancy and errors from
the data a preprocessing is
done at the node itself. To
compress and error
detection various
techniques are available,
any of them can be used as
per requirement.
D. Processing and storage
of data
The data after
preprocessing at nodes has
been transmitted by
network gateways to the
servers which finally
process them for the
necessary course of actions
and store them for future
use. The processed
command has been sent
back to actuators for
physical action if needed.
E. The architecture of the
Internet of things
This defines how all the
devices of the internet of
things are connected. The
architecture provides
control over the devices in
the network as well as
stabilizes the topology of
the network which
eventually simplifies the
use of a protocol.
IV. USE OF COOPERATIVE
COMMUNICATION IN IOT
The internet of things is
dependent on sensors and
their communication with
the servers [10]. These
servers cannot be placed
everywhere. So the sensor
nodes have to transfer data
to a large distance [11].
These sensors can be placed
anywhere on the top of the
hill, inside the deep forest,
inside the sea, etc. So
providing continuous
energy source may not
possible for sensory nodes
normally these nodes run on
two AA batteries. Replacing
batteries for the sensor
nodes is not possible
frequently depending upon
cost occurred as well the
location [12]. So
cooperative communication
can provide a better solution
for communication with
low energy consumption.
The use of cooperative
communication in the
internet of things has to face
the following challenges
[10].
Fig. 6. Internal block diagram of
sensor nodes
A. Instability
These nodes may be
placed where their servicing
may be difficult. So defects
in sensory nodes are quite
normal. Again the nodes are
running on batteries so there
are situations where
batteries drained out. In any
situation, relay links may
fail and transmission of data
may stop.
B. Incompatibility with
other devices
This is another big issue.
There may be a situation
where the devices used for
internet gateway are not
compatible with sensory
nodes.
C. Bandwidth
The nodes are normally
running low energy backup
and to reduce energy
consumption circuits of the
sensory nodes are made as
simple as possible. Because
of these constraints, these
nodes may not be able to
handle large bandwidth.
D. Flexibility in topology
The topology should be
flexible enough to the
accommodation of new
nodes and the removal of
any old node should not
affect the performance of
the network.
E. Loss of data
Since the network is
unstable so the loss of data
is very common. The
network should be robust
enough to recover any loss
of data.
F. Flexibility of network
The network must be
flexible to accommodate
any new node or change of
nodes or any other device
like gateway device etc.
G. Route flexibility
The routing table must
be updated and should
include every new node
while removing any rotten
node.
H. Minimum energy
consumption
Since the protocols are
aimed to provide
communication between
nodes which is placed at on
the isolated location where
continuous energy sources
can not be provided and
these nodes have to run on
low energy provided by
small batteries. So the
protocol must be design in
such a way that energy
consumption should be
minimized.
Various protocols have
been suggested in
cooperative communication.
The protocol must be
selected according to the
priorities of the network.
The use of cooperative
can reduce energy
consumption for
transmission of data
between nodes because
none of the nodes has to
transfer data to a large
distance. This will save
energy. Since processing at
nodes will also increase
energy consumption so
processing at nodes should
be minimized.
So if a node N1 is
transmitting signal with
power Tw
Received power by N1 at a
distance r is
R N1 = Tw/4πr2
(1)
Power Transmitted by N1
and received by B at a
distance d is
TN1= G N1 (R N1 /4πd2)
(2)
Where GN1 is the
amplification gain provided
by node N1.
However, this is theoretical
value in practice the signal
will suffer various types of
losses [13]
Let us assume that loss
of power from N1 is LN1 and
from N1 to N2 is LN2 Then
equation can be written as
RN1 = Tw/4πr2 - LN1
(3)
RN2= GN1 (RN1 /4πr2) -
LN2
(4)
Total signal received at
destination
PD = PN1+PN2 + PN3+
PN4-(LN1+LN2+LN3+LN4)
(5)
Where PD= Total Signal
Power Received by
destination
Signal power received by
relay 1
��1=√�WR �W+�W�
(6)
Where PWR= Signal
power transmitted by
Wireless routers
CW= Channel coefficient
between router and nodes
NWR= Noise between
Wireless router and relay
Total signal Power at
relay 2
��2=√��1 �R1R2+��1�2
(7)
Total Signal power
received by the nodes =
sum of signal power
received from relay 2+ sum
of power received from
Wireless routers [14]
Channel coefficient
between the wireless router
and relay
�=1/√2∗�WR
(8)
��=�R1+��2
(9)
��=�R1+√��2 �RR+��1�2
(10)
Similarly, the power
received by the Nth node
can be calculated. In this
paper total, no of nodes are
considered as 4
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig. 7. The graph between BER
and SNR for relaying packet on
the Internet of Things
A total of 4 no nodes
have been taken. It has
been assumed that there is
no interference in the
communication channel
while relaying data packets
between the nodes because
this paper aims to find the
effect on the bit error rate
for increasing signal to
noise ratio. From the graph,
it is clear that initially, bit
error decreasing with an
increase in signal to noise
ratio but after some time it
becomes almost stable i.e.
the effect of noise on
packet error has been
minimized. This graph can
also be explained as the
reduced effect of noise on
energy per bit because bit
error rate is directly
proportional to energy per
bit and if the bit error rate is
not increased then it can be
concluded that the effect of
noise on data is minimized.
In the future, this system
can be very helpful for the
implementation of the
Internet of things as the
devices may be placed
anywhere in the word.
Their signal to noise ratio
cannot be maintained
because the noise in the
channel cannot be
controlled but the use of
cooperative diversity bit
error rate can be controlled.
VI. CONCLUSION
The bit error rate is
always a primary area of
concern in digital data
transmission. The use of
cooperative communication
reduces the bit error rate
because at every short span
of distance the data packets
are retransmitted by the
relay nodes. The relaying of
packets from relay nodes
works on two aspects, first,
it reduces attenuation by
amplifying the signal
received second it
regenerates data so
eliminates any possibility of
error in data. The
amplification and
regeneration of data also
increase energy per bit,
which in turn reduces bit
error rate as increased
energy per bit decreases bit
error rate.
VII. FUTURE SCOPE
The Internet of Things is
growing very fast. This
rapid increase also demands
a lot of bandwidth and
channel resources at every
place. Providing bandwidth
and channel resources
through an infrastructure-
based network is very
expensive. The use of a
cooperative network system
can reduce dependency on
infrastructure-based
networks. The use of a
cooperative network also
reduces energy
consumption by the nodes
as nodes have to transmit
data only for a limited
distance.
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