CHAPTER 11

Three-Dimensional Space; Vectors

EXERCISE SET 11.1

1. (a) (0, 0, 0), (3, 0, 0), (3, 5, 0), (0, 5, 0), (0, 0, 4), (3, 0, 4), (3, 5, 4), (0, 5, 4)
(b) (0, 1, 0), (4, 1, 0), (4, 6, 0), (0, 6, 0), (0, 1, −2), (4, 1, −2), (4, 6, −2), (0, 6, −2)

3. corners: (4, 2, −2), (4,2,1), (4,1,1), (4, 1, −2),

(−6, 1, 1), (−6, 2, 1), (−6, 2, −2), (−6, 1, −2)
z

(–6, 2, 1)

(–6, 1, –2) (–6, 2, –2)

(4, 1, 1) (4, 2, 1)

(4, 1, –2)
x

5. (a) a single point on that line

(b) a line in that plane
(c) a plane in 3−space

7. (a) Let the base of the box have sides a and b and diagonal d1 . Then a2 + b2 = d21 , and d1 is the
base of a rectangular of height c and diagonal d, with d2 = d21 + c2 = a2 + b2 + c2 .
(b) Two unequal points (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and (x2 , y2 , z2 ) form diagonally opposite corners of a rect-
angular
p box with sides x1 − x2 , y1 − y2 , z1 − z2 , and by Part (a) the diagonal has length
(x1 − x2 )2 + (y1 − y2 )2 + (z1 − z2 )2 .
p √ √ √
9. The diameter is d = (1 − 3)2 + (−2 − 4)2 + (4 + 12)2 = 296, so the radius is 296/2 = 74.
The midpoint (2, 1, −4) of the endpoints of the diameter is the center of the sphere.
√
11. (a) The sides have lengths 7,√ 14, and 7 5; it is a right triangle because the sides satisfy the
Pythagorean theorem, (7 5)2 = 72 + 142 .
(b) (2,1,6) is the vertex of the 90◦ angle because it is opposite the longest side
(the hypotenuse).
(c) area = (1/2)(altitude)(base) = (1/2)(7)(14) = 49

13. (a) (x − 1)2 + y 2 + (z + 1)2 = 16

p √
(b) r = (−1 − 0)2 + (3 − 0)2 + (2 − 0)2 = 14, (x + 1)2 + (y − 3)2 + (z − 2)2 = 14
1p 1√
(c) r = (−1 − 0)2 + (2 − 2)2 + (1 − 3)2 = 5, center (−1/2, 2, 2),
2 2
(x + 1/2)2 + (y − 2)2 + (z − 2)2 = 5/4

15. (x − 2)2 + (y + 1)2 + (z + 3)2 = r2 ,

(a) r2 = 32 = 9 (b) r2 = 12 = 1 (c) r2 = 22 = 4

1
2 Chapter 11

17. Let the center of the sphere be (a, b, c). The height of the center over the x-y plane is measured
along the radius that is perpendicular to the plane. But this is the radius itself, so height = radius,
i.e. c = r. Similarly a = r and b = r.

19. false; need be neither right nor circular, see “extrusion”

21. true; y = z = 0

23. (x + 5)2 + (y + 2)2 + (z + 1)2 = 49; sphere, C(−5, −2, −1), r = 7

√
25. (x − 1/2)2 + (y − 3/4)2 + (z + 5/4)2 = 54/16; sphere, C(1/2, 3/4, −5/4), r = 3 6/4

27. (x − 3/2)2 + (y + 2)2 + (z − 4)2 = −11/4; no graph

z z z
29. (a) (b) (c)

y y
y

x x
x

31. (a) z (b) z (c) z

y
5 y
y
5 5

x
x x

33. (a) −2y + z = 0

(b) −2x + z = 0
(c) (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = 1
(d) (x − 1)2 + (z − 1)2 = 1

35. z 37. z 39. z

1 3

1 y
y
3
y x 2

x
x
Exercise Set 11.2 3

z z
41. 43.
2
–3
–2
2
3 y
y
x x

45. (a) 1.4 (b) z

–1.4 1.4

x y

–1.4

47. Complete the square to get (x + 1)2 + (y − √

1)2 + (z − 2)2 = 9; center (−1, 1, 2), radius 3. The
distance between
√ the origin and the center
√ is 6 < 3 so the origin is inside the sphere. The largest
distance is 3 + 6, the smallest is 3 − 6.

49. (y + 3)2 + (z − 2)2 > 16; all points outside the circular cylinder (y + 3)2 + (z − 2)2 = 16.

51. Let r be the radius of a styrofoam sphere. The distance from the origin to the center of the bowling
ball is equal to the sum of the distance from the origin to the center of the styrofoam sphere nearest
the origin and the distance between the center of this√ sphere and the center of the bowling ball so
√ √ √ √ 3−1 √
3R = 3r + r + R, ( 3 + 1)r = ( 3 − 1)R, r = √ R = (2 − 3)R.
3+1

53. (a) At x = c the trace of the surface is the circle y 2 + z 2 = [f (c)]2 , so the surface is given by
y 2 + z 2 = [f (x)]2
r
2 2 2x 2 2 3 2 3 2
(b) y + z = e (c) y + z = 4 − x , so let f (x) = 4 − x
4 4

55. (a sin φ cos θ)2 + (a sin φ sin θ)2 + (a cos φ)2 = a2 sin2 φ cos2 θ + a2 sin2 φ sin2 θ + a2 cos2 φ
= a2 sin2 φ(cos2 θ + sin2 θ) + a2 cos2 φ
= a2 sin2 φ + a2 cos2 φ = a2 (sin2 φ + cos2 φ) = a2

EXERCISE SET 11.2

1. (a–c) y (d–f ) y

〈2, 5〉 –5i + 3j

x
x

〈2, 0〉
3i – 2j

〈–5, –4〉 –6j

4 Chapter 11

z z –i + 2j + 3k
3. (a–b) (c–d)
〈1, –2, 2〉

x 〈2, 2, –1〉
x 2i + 3j – k

5. (a) h4 − 1, 1 − 5i = h3, −4i (b) h0 − 2, 0 − 3, 4 − 0i = h−2, −3, 4i

y z
–2i – 3j + 4k

3i – 4j y

7. (a) h2 − 3, 8 − 5i = h−1, 3i
(b) h0 − 7, 0 − (−2)i = h−7, 2i
(c) h−3, 6, 1i

9. (a) Let (x, y) be the terminal point, then x − 1 = 3, x = 4 and y − (−2) = −2, y = −4.
The terminal point is (4, −4).
(b) Let (x, y, z) be the initial point, then 5 − x = −3, −y = 1, and −1 − z = 2 so x = 8,
y = −1, and z = −3. The initial point is (8, −1, −3).

11. (a) −i + 4j − 2k (b) 18i + 12j − 6k (c) −i − 5j − 2k

(d) 40i − 4j − 4k (e) −2i − 16j − 18k (f ) −i + 13j − 2k
√ √ √ √
13. (a) kvk = 1 + 1 = 2 (b) kvk = 1 + 49 = 5 2
√ √
(c) kvk = 21 (d) kvk = 14

√ √ √
15. (a) ku + vk = k2i − 2j + 2kk = 2 3 (b) kuk + kvk = 2 14 +
√ √ √
(c) k − 2uk + 2kvk = 2 14 + 2 2 (d) k3u − 5v + wk = k − 12j + 2kk = 2 37
√ √ √
(e) (1/ 6)i + (1/ 6)j − (2/ 6)k (f ) 1

17. false; only if one vector is a positive scalar multiple of the other

19. true (assuming they have the same initial point), namely ±x/||x||
√ √
√

21. (a) k − i + 4jk = 17 so the required vector is −1/ 17 i + 4/ 17 j
√ √
(b) k6i − 4j + 2kk = 2 14 so the required vector is (−3i + 2j − k)/ 14
Exercise Set 11.2 5

−→ −→ √ √

(c) AB= 4i + j − k, k AB k = 3 2 so the required vector is (4i + j − k)/ 3 2
√
1 √ 17 1 √
23. (a) − v = h−3/2, 2i (b) kvk = 85, so √ v = √ h7, 0, −6i has length 17
2 85 5
√ √
25. (a) v = kvkhcos(π/4), sin(π/4)i = h3 2/2, 3 2/2i
(b) v = kvkhcos 90◦ , sin 90◦ i = h0, 2i
√
(c) v = kvkhcos 120◦ , sin 120◦ i = h−5/2, 5 3/2i
(d) v = kvkhcos π, sin πi = h−1, 0i

◦ ◦
√ ◦ ◦
√ √
v = hcos
27. From (12), √ √ i = h 3/2, 1/2i and w = hcos 135 , sin 135 i = h− 2/2, 2/2i, so
√ 30 , sin 30
v + w = (( 3 − 2)/2, (1 + 2)/2)

29. (a) The initial point of u + v + w (b) The initial point of u + v + w

is the origin and the endpoint is (−5, 4) and the endpoint
is (−2, 5), so u + v + w = h−2, 5i. is (−2, −4), so u + v + w = h3, −8i.
–2i + 5j y y
5 2
x
–5 5
x
–5 5
3i – 8j

–5 –8

31. 6x = 2u − v − w = h−4, 6i, x = h−2/3, 1i

5 2 1 8 1 4
33. u = i + j + k, v = i − j − k
7 7 7 7 7 7
√
35. k(i + j) + (i − 2j)k = k2i − jk = 5, k(i + j − (i − 2j)k = k3jk = 3

37. (a) 5 = kkvk = |k|kvk = ±3k, so k = ±5/3

(b) 6 = kkvk = |k|kvk = 2kvk, so kvk = 3
−→
39. (a) Choose two points on the line, √for example√P1 (0, 2) P2 = h1, 3i is
√ and P2 (1, 5);√then P1√
parallel to the line, kh1, 3ik = 10, so h1/ 10, 3/ 10i and h−1/ 10, −3/ 10i are unit
vectors parallel to the line.
−→
(b) Choose two points on the line, √ for example√ P1 (0,√ 4) and P2 (1, 3);
√ then√ P1 P2 = h1, −1i is
parallel to the line, kh1, −1ik = 2 so h1/ 2, −1/ 2i and h−1/ 2, 1/ 2i are unit vectors
parallel to the line.
(c) Pick any line that is perpendicular to the line y = −5x+1, for example y = x/5; then P1 (0, 0)
−→ 1
and P2 (5, 1) are on the line, so P1 P2 = h5, 1i is perpendicular to the line, so ± √ h5, 1i are
26
unit vectors perpendicular to the line.

41. (a) the circle of radius 1 about the origin

(b) the closed disk of radius 1 about the origin
(c) all points outside the closed disk of radius 1 about the origin
6 Chapter 11

43. (a) the (hollow) sphere of radius 1 about the origin

(b) the closed ball of radius 1 about the origin
(c) all points outside the closed ball of radius 1 about the origin

45. Since φ = π/2, from (14) we get kF1 + F2 k2 = kF1 k2 + kF2 k2 = 3600 + 900,
√ kF2 k 30
so kF1 + F2 k = 30 5 lb, and sin α = sin φ = √ , α ≈ 26.57◦ , θ = α ≈ 26.57◦ .
kF1 + F2 k 30 5
√
2 2 2 3
47. kF1 + F2 k = kF1 k + kF2 k + 2kF1 kkF2 k cos φ = 160,000 + 160,000 − 2(400)(400) ,
  2
kF2 k 400 1
so kF1 + F2 k ≈ 207.06 N, and sin α = sin φ ≈ , α = 75.00◦ ,
kF1 + F2 k 207.06 2
θ = α − 30◦ = 45.00◦ .

49. Let F1 , F2 , F3 be the forces in the diagram with magnitudes 40, 50, 75 respectively. Then
F1 + F2 + F3 = (F1 + F2 ) + F3 . Following the examples, F1 + F2 has magnitude 45.83 N and
makes an angle 79.11◦ with the positive x-axis. Then
k(F1 +F2 )+F3 k2 ≈ 45.832 +752 +2(45.83)(75) cos 79.11◦ , so F1 +F2 +F3 has magnitude ≈ 94.995
N and makes an angle θ = α ≈ 28.28◦ with the positive x-axis.

be the forces in the diagram with√magnitudes 8, 10 respectively. Then kF1 + F2 k has

51. Let F1 , F2 √
magnitude 82 + 102 + 2 · 8 · 10 cos 120◦ = 2 21 ≈ 9.165 lb, and makes an angle
kF1 k
60◦ + sin−1 sin 120 ≈ 109.11◦ with the positive x-axis, so F has magnitude 9.165 lb and
kF1 + F2 k
makes an angle −70.89◦ with the positive x-axis.

53. F1 + F2 + F = 0, where F has magnitude 250 and makes an angle −90◦ with the positive x-axis.
Thus kF1 + F2 k2 = kF1 k2 + kF2 k2 + 2kF1 kkF2 k cos 105◦ = 2502 and
  √
◦ −1 kF2 k ◦ 2 kF2 k
45 = α = sin sin 105 , so ≈ 0.9659, kF2 k ≈ 183.02 lb,
250 2 250
kF1 k2 + 2(183.02)(−0.2588)kF1 k + (183.02)2 = 62,500, kF1 k = 224.13 lb.

55. (a) c1 v1 + c2 v2 = (2c1 + 4c2 ) i + (−c1 + 2c2 ) j = 4j, so 2c1 + 4c2 = 0 and −c1 + 2c2 = 4
which gives c1 = −2, c2 = 1.
(b) c1 v1 + c2 v2 = hc1 − 2c2 , −3c1 + 6c2 i = h3, 5i, so c1 − 2c2 = 3 and −3c1 + 6c2 = 5
which has no solution.

57. Place u and v tip to tail so that u + v is the vector from the initial point of u to the terminal
point of v. The shortest distance between two points is along the line joining these points so
ku + vk ≤ kuk + kvk.

59. (d): u + (−u) = (u1 i + u2 j) + (−u1 i − u2 j) = (u1 − u1 )i + (u1 − u1 ) j = 0

(g): (k + l)u = (k + l)(u1 i + u2 j) = ku1 i + ku2 j + lu1 i + lu2 j = ku + lu
(h): 1u = 1(u1 i + u2 j) = 1u1 i + 1u2 j = u1 i + u2 j = u

61. Let a, b, c be vectors along the sides of the triangle and A,B the a
1 1 1 1
midpoints of a and b, then u = a − b = (a − b) = c so u is A c
2 2 2 2
parallel to c and half as long. u

B b
Exercise Set 11.3 7

EXERCISE SET 11.3

√ √
1. (a) (1)(6) + (2)(−8) = −10; cos θ = (−10)/[( 5)(10)] = −1/ 5
√ √
(b) (−7)(0) + (−3)(1) = −3; cos θ = (−3)/[( 58)(1)] = −3/ 58
(c) (1)(8) + (−3)(−2) + (7)(−2) = 0; cos θ = 0
√ √ √
(d) (−3)(4) + (1)(2) + (2)(−5) = −20; cos θ = (−20)/[( 14)( 45)] = −20/(3 70)

3. (a) u · v = −34 < 0, obtuse (b) u · v = 6 > 0, acute

(c) u · v = −1 < 0, obtuse (d) u · v = 0, orthogonal
√ √ √ √
5. Since v0 · vi = cos φi , the answers are, in order, 2/2, 0, − 2/2, −1, − 2/2, 0, 2/2

−→ −→ −→ −→ −→ −→
7. (a) AB = h1, 3, −2i, BC = h4, −2, −1i, AB · BC = 0 so AB and BC are orthogonal; it is a right
triangle with the right angle at vertex B.
(b) Let A, B, and C be the vertices (−1, 0), (2, −1), and (1,4) with corresponding interior angles
α, β, and γ, then
−→ −→
AB · AC h3, −1i · h2, 4i √
cos α = −→ −→ = √ √ = 1/(5 2), α ≈ 82◦
k AB k k AC k 10 20
−→ −→
BA · BC h−3, 1i · h−1, 5i √
cos β = −→ −→ = √ √ = 4/ 65, β ≈ 60◦
k BA k k BC k 10 26
−→ −→
CA · CB h−2, −4i · h1, −5i √
cos γ = −→ −→ = √ √ = 9/ 130, γ ≈ 38◦
k CA k k CB k 20 26

9. (a) The dot product of a vector u and a scalar v · w is not defined.

(b) The sum of a scalar u · v and a vector w is not defined.
(c) u · v is not a vector.
(d) The dot product of a scalar k and a vector u + v is not defined.

11. (b): u · (v + w) = (6i − j + 2k) · ((2i + 7j + 4k) + (i + j − 3k)) = (6i − j + 2k) · (3i + 8j + k) = 12;
u · v + u · w = (6i − j + 2k) · (2i + 7j + 4k) + (6i − j + 2k) · (i + j − 3k) = 13 − 1 = 12
(c): k(u · v) = −5(13) = −65; (ku) · v = (−30i + 5j − 10k) · (2i + 7j + 4k) = −65;
u · (kv) = (6i − j + 2k) · (−10i − 35j − 20k) = −65
−→ −→
13. AB · AP = [2i + j + 2k] · [(r − 1)i + (r + 1)j + (r − 3)k]
= 2(r − 1) + (r + 1) + 2(r − 3) = 5r − 7 = 0, r = 7/5.
√ √ √
15. (a) kvk = 3 so cos α = cos β = 1/ 3, cos γ = −1/ 3, α = β ≈ 55◦ , γ ≈ 125◦
(b) kvk = 3 so cos α = 2/3, cos β = −2/3, cos γ = 1/3, α ≈ 48◦ , β ≈ 132◦ , γ ≈ 71◦

v12 v2 v2
+ 2 2 + 3 2 = v12 + v22 + v32 /kvk2 = kvk2 /kvk2 = 1


17. cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 2
kvk kvk kvk

19. (a) Let k be the length of an edge and introduce a coordinate system as shown in the figure,
d·u 2k 2 √
then d = hk, k, ki, u = hk, k, 0i, cos θ = = √
√
= 2/ 6
√ kdk kuk k 3 k 2
so θ = cos−1 (2/ 6) ≈ 35◦
8 Chapter 11

d
θ y

d·v
(b) v = h−k, 0, ki, cos θ = = 0 so θ = π/2 radians.
kdk kvk
√ √ √ √
31 3 3 3 3 1
21. cos α = = , cos β = = , cos γ = ; α ≈ 64◦ , β ≈ 41◦ , γ = 60◦
2 2 4 2 2 4 2
23. Take i, j, and k along adjacent edges of the box, then 10i + 15j + 25k is along a diagonal, and a
2 3 5 √
unit vector in this direction is √ i + √ j + √ k. The direction cosines are cos α = 2/ 38,
38 38 38
√ √
cos β = 3/ 38, and cos γ = 5/ 38 so α ≈ 71◦ , β ≈ 61◦ , and γ ≈ 36◦ .

b
25. (a) = h1/3, 2/3, 2/3i, so projb v = h2/3, 4/3, 4/3i and v − projb v = h4/3, −7/3, 5/3i
kbk
b
(b) = h2/7, 3/7, −6/7i, so projb v = h−74/49, −111/49, 222/49i
kbk
and v − projb v = h270/49, 62/49, 121/49i

27. (a) projb v = h1, 1i, so v = h1, 1i + h−4, 4i

(b) projb v = h0, −8/5, 4/5i, so v = h0, −8/5, 4/5i + h−2, 13/5, 26/5i
(c) v· b = 0, hence projb v = 0, v = 0 + v

29. true because (v + w) · (v + w) = kvk2 + kwk2 6= 0.

v·b
31. Note that projb (v) = b is a scalar multiple of the vector b and is therefore parallel to b.
kbk2
−→ −→ −→ −→ −→ −→ √
33. AP = −4i + 2k, AB = −3i + 2j − 4k, kproj −→ AP k = | AP · AB |/k AB k = 4/ 29.
−→ √ p p AB
k AP k = 20, 20 − 16/29 = 564/29

35. Let x denote the magnitude of the force in the direction of Q. Then the force F acting on the child
is F = xi − 333.2j. Let e1 = −hcos 27◦ , sin 27◦ i and e2 = hsin 27◦ , − cos 27◦ i be the unit vectors
in the directions along and against the slide. Then the component of F in the direction of e1 is
F · e1 = −x cos 27◦ + 333.2 sin 27◦ and the child is prevented from sliding down if this quantity is
negative, i.e. x > 333.2 tan 27◦ ≈ 169.77 N.
√ √ √
37. W = F ·(15/ 3)(i + j + k) = −15/ 3 N · m = −5 3 J

39. u + v and u − v are vectors along the diagonals,

(u + v) · (u − v) = u · u − u · v + v · u − v · v = kuk2 − kvk2 so (u + v) · (u − v) = 0
if and only if kuk = kvk.
Exercise Set 11.4 9

41. ku + vk2 = (u + v) · (u + v) = kuk2 + 2u · v + kvk2 and

ku − vk2 = (u − v) · (u − v) = kuk2 − 2u · v + kvk2 , add to get
ku + vk2 + ku − vk2 = 2kuk2 + 2kvk2
The sum of the squares of the lengths of the diagonals of a parallelogram is equal to twice the sum
of the squares of the lengths of the sides.

43. v = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + c3 v3 so v · vi = ci vi · vi because vi · vj = 0 if i 6= j,
thus v · vi = ci kvi k2 , ci = v · vi /kvi k2 for i = 1, 2, 3.

45. (a) u = xi + (x2 + 1)j, v = xi − (x + 1)j, θ = cos−1 [(u · v)/(kukkvk)].

Use a CAS to solve dθ/dx = 0 to find that the minimum value of θ occurs when x ≈ −0.53567
so the minimum angle is about 40◦ . NB: Since cos−1 u is a decreasing function of u, it suffices
to maximize (u · v)/(kukkvk), or, what is easier, its square.
(b) Solve u · v = 0 for x to get x ≈ −0.682328.

47. Let u = hu1 , u2 , u3 i, v = hv1 , v2 , v3 i, w = hw1 , w2 , w3 i. Then

u · (v + w) = hu1 (v1 + w1 ), u2 (v2 + w2 ), u3 (v3 + w3 )i = hu1 v1 + u1 w1 , u2 v2 + u2 w2 , u3 v3 + u3 w3 i
= hu1 v1 , u2 v2 , u3 v3 i + hu1 w1 , u2 w2 , u3 w3 i = u · v + u · w
0 · v = 0 · v1 + 0 · v2 + 0 · v 3 = 0

EXERCISE SET 11.4

 
 i j k 
 
1. (a) i × (i + j + k) =  1 0 0  = −j + k

 1 1 1 

(b) i × (i + j + k) = (i × i) + (i × j) + (i × k) = −j + k

3. h7, 10, 9i 5. h−4, −6, −3i

7. (a) v × w = h−23, 7, −1i, u × (v × w) = h−20, −67, −9i

(b) u × v = h−10, −14, 2i, (u × v) × w = h−78, 52, −26i
(c) (u × v) × (v × w) = h−10, −14, 2i × h−23, 7, −1i = h0, −56, −392i
(d) (v × w) × (u × v) = h0, 56, 392i

1 1
9. u × v = (i + j) × (i + j + k) = k − j − k + i = i − j, the direction cosines are √ , − √ , 0
2 2
−→ −→ 1
11. n = AB × AC = h1, 1, −3i × h−1, 3, −1i = h8, 4, 4i, unit vectors are ± √ h2, 1, 1i
6

13. true

15. false; let v = h2, 1, −1i, u = h1, 3, −1i, w = h−5, 0, 2i, then v × u = v × w = h2, 1, 5i, but u 6= w
√
17. A = ku × vk = k − 7i − j + 3kk = 59
10 Chapter 11

1 −→ −→ 1 1 √
19. A = k P Q × P R k = kh−1, −5, 2i × h2, 0, 3ik = kh−15, 7, 10ik = 374/2
2 2 2
21. 80 23. −3

25. V = |u · (v × w)| = | − 16| = 16

27. (a) u · (v × w) = 0, yes (b) u · (v × w) = 0, yes (c) u · (v × w) = 245, no

√
29. (a) V = |u · (v × w)| = | − 9| = 9 (b) A = ku × wk = k3i − 8j + 7kk = 122
(c) v × w = −3i − j + 2k is perpendicular to the plane determined by v and w; let θ be the
angle between u and v × w then
u · (v × w) −9
cos θ = = √ √ = −9/14
kuk kv × wk 14 14
so the acute angle φ that u makes with the plane determined by v and w is
φ = θ − π/2 = sin−1 (9/14).
−→ −→
31. (a) u = AP = −4i + 2k, v = ABp= −3i + 2j − 4k, u × v = −4i − 22j − 8k;
distance = ku × vk/kvk = 2 141/29
−→ −→ √
(b) u = AP = 2i + 2j, v = AB = −2i + j, u × v = 6k; distance = ku × vk/kvk = 6/ 5
−→ −→ −→
33. P Q = h3, −1, −3i, P R = h2, −2, 1i, P S = h4, −4, 3i,
1 −→ −→ −→ 1
V = | P Q · (P R × P S)| = |−4| = 2/3
6 6
−→ −→ −→ −→ −→ −→ −→ −→ −→
35. Since AC · (AB × AD) =AC · (AB × CD) + AC · (AB × AC) = 0 + 0 = 0, the volume of the
−→ −→ −→
parallelopiped determined by AB, AC, and AD is zero, thus A, B, C, and D are coplanar (lie in
−→ −→
the same plane). Since AB × CD6= 0, the lines are not parallel. Hence they must intersect.

37. From Theorems 11.3.3 and 11.4.5a it follows that sin θ = cos θ, so θ = π/4.
 
 i j k 
−→ −→  
39. (a) F = 10j and P Q= i + j + k, so the vector moment of F about P is P Q × F =  1 1 1 =

 0 10 0 
√
−10i + 10k, and the scalar moment is 10 2 lb·ft.
The direction of rotation of the cube about P is counterclockwise looking along
−→
P Q × F = −10i + 10k toward its initial point.
−→
(b) F = 10j and P Q= j + k, so the vector moment of F about P is
 
−→

 i j k 
P Q × F =  0 1 1  = −10i, and the scalar moment is 10 lb·ft. The direction of rotation
 0 10 0 
of the cube about P is counterclockwise looking along −10i toward its initial point.
−→
(c) F = 10j and P Q= j, so the vector moment of F about P is
 
−→

 i j k 
P Q × F =  0 1 0  = 0, and the scalar moment is 0 lb·ft. Since the force is parallel to
 0 10 0 
the direction of motion, there is no rotation about P .
Exercise Set 11.5 11

41. Take the center of the bolt as the origin of the plane. Then F makes an angle 72◦ with the positive
−→
x-axis, so F = 200 cos 72◦ i + 200 sin 72◦ j and P Q = 0.2 i + 0.03 j. The scalar moment is given by
 
 i j k   √ √ 
q 
 = 40 1 ( 5 − 1) − 6 1 10 + 2 5  ≈ 36.1882 N·m.

 0.2 0.03 0   4 4
 200 cos 72◦ 200 sin 72◦ 0 
 

43. Let u = hu1 , u2 , u3 i and v = hv1 , v2 , v3 i; show that k(u × v), (ku) × v, and u × (kv) are all the
same; Part (e) is proved in a similar fashion.

45. −8i − 8k, −8i − 20j + 2k. In the first triple, u is ’outer’ because it’s not inside the parentheses, v
is ’adjacent’ because it lies next to u and w (typographically speaking), and w is ’remote’ because
it’s inside the parentheses far from u. In the second triple product, w is ’outer’, u is ’remote’ and
v is ’adjacent’.

47. (a) Replace u with a × b, v with c, and w with d in the first formula of Exercise 41.
(b) From the second formula of Exercise 41,
(a × b) × c + (b × c) × a + (c × a) × b
= (c · a)b − (c · b)a + (a · b)c − (a · c)b + (b · c)a − (b · a)c = 0

49. Let u and v be the vectors from a point on the curve to the points (2, −1, 0) and (3, 2, 2), respec-
tively. Then u = (2 − x)i + (−1 − lnx)j and v = (3 − x)i + (2 − lnx)j + 2k. The area of the triangle
is given by A = (1/2)ku × vk; solve dA/dx = 0 for x to get x = 2.091581. The minimum area is
1.887850.

EXERCISE SET 11.5

In many of the exercises in this section other answers are also possible.

1. (a) L1 : P (1, 0), v = j, x = 1, y = t (b) L1 : P (1, 1, 0), v = k, x = 1, y = 1, z = t

L2 : P (0, 1), v = i, x = t, y = 1 L2 : P (0, 1, 1), v = i, x = t, y = 1, z = 1
L3 : P (0, 0), v = i + j, x = t, y = t L3 : P (1, 0, 1), v = j, x = 1, y = t, z = 1
L4 : P (0, 0, 0), v = i + j + k, x = t,
y = t, z = t
−→
3. (a) P1 P2 = h2, 3i so x = 3 + 2t, y = −2 + 3t for the line; for the line segment add the condition
0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
−→
(b) P1 P2 = h−3, 6, 1i so x = 5 − 3t, y = −2 + 6t, z = 1 + t for the line; for the line segment add
the condition 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

5. (a) x = 2 + t, y = −3 − 4t (b) x = t, y = −t, z = 1 + t

7. (a) r0 = 2i − j so P (2, −1) is on the line, and v = 4i − j is parallel to the line.

(b) At t = 0, P (−1, 2, 4) is on the line, and v = 5i + 7j − 8k is parallel to the line.

9. (a) hx, yi = h−3, 4i + th1, 5i; r = −3i + 4j + t(i + 5j)

(b) hx, y, zi = h2, −3, 0i + th−1, 5, 1i; r = 2i − 3j + t(−i + 5j + k)

11. false; x = t, y = 0, z = 0 is not parallel to x = 0, y = 1 + t, z = 0, nor do they intersect

12 Chapter 11

13. false; if (x, y, z) is the point of intersection then there exists t0 such that x = x0 + a0 t0 , y =
y0 + b0 t0 , z = z0 c0 t0 and there exists t1 such that x = x0 + a0 t1 , y = y0 + b0 t1 , z = z0 c0 t1 , but it is
not necessary that t0 = t1 .

15. x = −5 + 2t, y = 2 − 3t

17. 2x + 2yy 0 = 0, y 0 = −x/y = −(3)/(−4) = 3/4, v = 4i + 3j; x = 3 + 4t, y = −4 + 3t

19. x = −1 + 3t, y = 2 − 4t, z = 4 + t

21. The line is parallel to the vector h2, −1, 2i so x = −2 + 2t, y = −t, z = 5 + 2t.

23. (a) y = 0, 2 − t = 0, t = 2, x = 7 (b) x = 0, 1 + 3t = 0, t = −1/3, y = 7/3

√ √ √
2 2 2 −7 ± 85 −1 ± 85 43 ∓ 85
(c) y = x , 2 − t = (1 + 3t) , 9t + 7t − 1 = 0, t = ,x = ,y =
18 6 18

25. (a) z = 0 when t = 3 so the point is (−2, 10, 0)

(b) y = 0 when t = −2 so the point is (−2, 0, −5)
(c) x is always −2 so the line does not intersect the yz-plane

27. (1 + t)2 + (3 − t)2 = 16, t2 − 2t − 3 = 0, (t + 1)(t − 3) = 0; t = −1, 3. The points of intersection

are (0, 4, −2) and (4, 0, 6).

29. The lines intersect if we can find values of t1 and t2 that satisfy the equations 2 + t1 = 2 + t2 ,
2 + 3t1 = 3 + 4t2 , and 3 + t1 = 4 + 2t2 . Solutions of the first two of these equations are t1 = −1,
t2 = −1 which also satisfy the third equation so the lines intersect at (1, −1, 2).

31. The lines are parallel, respectively, to the vectors h7, 1, −3i and h−1, 0, 2i. These vectors are not
parallel so the lines are not parallel. The system of equations 1 + 7t1 = 4 − t2 , 3 + t1 = 6, and
5 − 3t1 = 7 + 2t2 has no solution so the lines do not intersect.

33. The lines are parallel, respectively, to the vectors v1 = h−2, 1, −1i and v2 = h−4, 2, −2i;
v2 = 2v1 , v1 and v2 are parallel so the lines are parallel.
−→ −→
35. P1 P2 = h3, −7, −7i, P2 P3 = h−9, −7, −3i; these vectors are not parallel so the points do not lie on
the same line.

37. If t2 gives the point h−1 + 3t2 , 9 − 6t2 i on the second line, then t1 = 4 − 3t2 yields the point
h3 − (4 − 3t2 ), 1 + 2(4 − 3t2 )i = h−1 + 3t2 , 9 − 6t2 i on the first line, so each point of L2 is a point
of L1 ; the converse is shown with t2 = (4 − t1 )/3.

39. L passes through the tips of the vectors. y

hx, yi = h−1, 2i + th1, 1i r 0 + 2v r 0 + 3v
r0 + v

r0 v x
L

1 L
41. of the way from h−2, 0i to h1, 3i y
n
(1/3)r 0 + (2/3)r 1
(1/2)r 0 + (1/2)r 1
r1
(2/3)r 0 + (1/3)r 1 x
r0
Exercise Set 11.5 13

43. The line segment joining the points (1,0) and (−3, 6).
−→ −→
45. Let the desired point be P (x0 , y0 ); then P1 P = (2/5) P1 P2 ,
hx0 − 3, y0 − 6i = (2/5)h5, −10i = h2, −4i, so x0 = 5, y0 = 2.

47. A(3, 0, 1) and B(2, 1, 3) are on the line, and (method of Exercise 32)
−→ −→ −→ −→ −→ −→ √ −→ √
AP = −5i + j, AB= −i + j + 2k, kproj −→ AP k = | AP · AB |/k AB k = 6 and k AP k = 26,
AB
−→ −→
√ √ k AP × AB k √
so distance = 26 − 6 = 2 5. Using the method of Exercise 30, distance = −→ = 2 5.
k AB k
49. The vectors v1 = −i + 2j + k and v2 = 2i − 4j − 2k are parallel to the lines, v2 = −2v1 so v1 and
v2 are parallel. Let t = 0 to get the points P (2, 0, 1) and Q(1, 3, 5) on the first and second lines,
−→
respectively. Let u = P Q = −i + 3j + 4k, v = 12 v2 = i − 2j − k; u × v = 5i + 3j − k; by the method
p
of Exercise 30 of Section 11.4, distance = ku × vk/kvk = 35/6.

51. (a) The line is parallel to the vector hx1 − x0 , y1 − y0 , z1 − z0 i so

x = x0 + (x1 − x0 ) t, y = y0 + (y1 − y0 ) t, z = z0 + (z1 − z0 ) t
(b) The line is parallel to the vector ha, b, ci so x = x1 + at, y = y1 + bt, z = z1 + ct

53. (a) It passes through the point (1, −3, 5) and is parallel to v = 2i + 4j + k
(b) hx, y, zi = h1 + 2t, −3 + 4t, 5 + ti

55. (a) Let t = 3 and t = −2, respectively, in the equations for L1 and L2 .
(b) u = 2i − j − 2k and v = i + 3j √
− k are parallel to L1 and L2 ,
cos θ = u · v/(kuk kvk) = 1/(3 11), θ ≈ 84◦ .
(c) u × v = 7i + 7k is perpendicular to both L1 and L2 , and hence so is i + k, thus x = 7 + t,
y = −1, z = −2 + t.

57. Q(0, 1, 2) lies on the line L (t = 0) so u = j − k is a vector from Q to the point P (0, 2, 1),
v = 2i − j + k is parallel to the given line (set t = 0, 1). Next, u × v = −2j − 2k, and hence
w = j + k, are perpendicular to both lines, so v × w = −2i − 2j + 2k, and hence i + j − k, is
parallel to the line we seek. Thus x = t, y = 2 + t, z = 1 − t√
are parametric equations of the line.
Q(−2/3, 4/3, 5/3) lies on both lines, so distance = |P Q| = 23 3.

59. (a) When t = 0 the bugs are at (4, 1, 2) and (0, 1, 1) so the distance between them is
√ √
42 + 02 + 12 = 17 cm.

(b) 10 (c) The distance has a minimum value.

0 5
0

(d) Minimize D2 instead of D (the distance between the bugs).

D2 = [t − (4 − t)]2 + [(1 + t) − (1 + 2t)]2 + [(1 + 2t) − (2 + t)]2 = 6t2 − 18t + 17,
d(D2 )/dt = 12t − 18 = 0 when t = 3/2; the minimum
p √
distance is 6(3/2)2 − 18(3/2) + 17 = 14/2 cm.
14 Chapter 11

EXERCISE SET 11.6

1. x = 3, y = 4, z = 5

3. (x − 2) + 4(y − 6) + 2(z − 1) = 0, x + 4y + 2z = 28

5. z = 0 7. n = i − j, x − y = 0

9. n = j + k, P (0, 1, 0), (y − 1) + z = 0, y + z = 1

−→ −→
11. P1 P2 × P1 P3 = h2, 1, 2i × h3, −1, −2i = h0, 10, −5i, for convenience choose h0, 2, −1i which is also
normal to the plane. Use any of the given points to get 2y − z = 1

13. (a) parallel, because h2, −8, −6i and h−1, 4, 3i are parallel
(b) perpendicular, because h3, −2, 1i and h4, 5, −2i are orthogonal
(c) neither, because h1, −1, 3i and h2, 0, 1i are neither parallel nor orthogonal

15. (a) parallel, because h2, −1, −4i and h3, 2, 1i are orthogonal
(b) neither, because h1, 2, 3i and h1, −1, 2i are neither parallel nor orthogonal
(c) perpendicular, because h2, 1, −1i and h4, 2, −2i are parallel

17. (a) 3t − 2t + t − 5 = 0, t = 5/2 so x = y = z = 5/2, the point of intersection is (5/2, 5/2, 5/2)
(b) 2(2 − t) + (3 + t) + t = 1 has no solution so the line and plane do not intersect

19. n1 = h1, 0, 0i, n2 = h2, −1, 1i, n1 · n2 = 2 so

n1 · n2 2 √ √
cos θ = = √ √ = 2/ 6, θ = cos−1 (2/ 6) ≈ 35◦
kn1 k kn2 k 1 6

21. true 23. true

25. h4, −2, 7i is normal to the desired plane and (0, 0, 0) is a point on it; 4x − 2y + 7z = 0

27. Find two points P1 and P2 on the line of intersection of the given planes and then find an equation
of the plane that contains P1 , P2 , and the given point P0 (−1, 4, 2). Let (x0 , y0 , z0 ) be on the
line of intersection of the given planes; then 4x0 − y0 + z0 − 2 = 0 and 2x0 + y0 − 2z0 − 3 = 0,
eliminate y0 by addition of the equations to get 6x0 − z0 − 5 = 0; if x0 = 0 then z0 = −5, if x0 = 1
then z0 = 1. Substitution of these values of x0 and z0 into either of the equations of the planes
gives the corresponding values y0 = −7 and y0 = 3 so P1 (0, −7, −5) and P2 (1, 3, 1) are on the
−→ −→
line of intersection of the planes. P0 P1 × P0 P2 = h4, −13, 21i is normal to the desired plane whose
equation is 4x − 13y + 21z = −14.

29. n1 = h2, 1, 1i and n2 = h1, 2, 1i are normals to the given planes, n1 × n2 = h−1, −1, 3i so h1, 1, −3i
is normal to the desired plane whose equation is x + y − 3z = 6.

31. n1 = h2, −1, 1i and n2 = h1, 1, −2i are normals to the given planes,
n1 × n2 = h1, 5, 3i is normal to the desired plane whose equation is x + 5y + 3z = −6.

33. The plane is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment that joins P1 (2, −1, 1) and P2 (3, 1, 5).
−→
The midpoint of the line segment is (5/2, 0, 3) and P1 P2 = h1, 2, 4i is normal to the plane so an
equation is x + 2y + 4z = 29/2.
Exercise Set 11.7 15

35. The line is parallel to the line of intersection of the planes if it is parallel to both planes. Normals
to the given planes are n1 = h1, −4, 2i and n2 = h2, 3, −1i so n1 × n2 = h−2, 5, 11i is parallel to
the line of intersection of the planes and hence parallel to the desired line whose equations are
x = 5 − 2t, y = 5t, z = −2 + 11t.

37. v1 = h1, 2, −1i and v2 = h−1, −2, 1i are parallel, respectively, to the given lines and to each
other so the lines are parallel. Let t = 0 to find the points P1 (−2, 3, 4) and P2 (3, 4, 0) that lie,
−→
respectively, on the given lines. v1 × P1 P2 = h−7, −1, −9i so h7, 1, 9i is normal to the desired plane
whose equation is 7x + y + 9z = 25.
−→ −→
39. Denote the points by A, B, C, and D, respectively. The points lie in the same plane if AB × AC
−→ −→ −→ −→ −→ −→
and AB × AD are parallel (method 1). AB × AC = h0, −10, 5i, AB × AD = h0, 16, −8i, these
vectors are parallel because h0, −10, 5i = (−10/16)h0, 16, −8i. The points lie in the same plane
−→ −→
if D lies in the plane determined by A, B, C (method 2), and since AB × AC = h0, −10, 5i, an
equation of the plane is −2y + z + 1 = 0, 2y − z = 1 which is satisfied by the coordinates of D.

41. n1 = h−2, 3, 7i and n2 = h1, 2, −3i are normals to the planes, n1 × n2 = h−23, 1, −7i is parallel
to the line of intersection. Let z = 0 in both equations and solve for x and y to get x = −11/7,
y = −12/7 so (−11/7, −12/7, 0) is on the line, a parametrization of which is
x = −11/7 − 23t, y = −12/7 + t, z = −7t.
√
43. D = |2(1) − 2(−2) + (3) − 4|/ 4 + 4 + 1 = 5/3
√ √
45. (0, 0, 0) is on the first plane so D = |6(0) − 3(0) − 3(0) − 5|/ 36 + 9 + 9 = 5/ 54.

47. (1, 3, 5) and (4, 6, 7) are on L1 and L2 , respectively. v1 = h7, 1, −3i and v2 = h−1, 0, 2i are,
respectively, parallel to L1 and L2 , v1 × v2 = h2, −11, 1i so the√ plane 2x − 11y +√z + 51 = 0
contains L2 and is parallel to L1 , D = |2(1) − 11(3) + (5) + 51|/ 4 + 121 + 1 = 25/ 126.
√ √
49. The distance between (2, 1, −3) and the plane is |2 − 3(1) + 2(−3) − 4|/ 1 + 9 + 4 = 11/ 14 which
is the radius of the sphere; an equation is (x − 2)2 + (y − 1)2 + (z + 3)2 = 121/14.

51. v = h1, 2, −1i is parallel to the line, n = h2, −2, −2i is normal to the plane, v · n = 0 so v is
parallel to the plane because v and n are perpendicular. (−1, 3, 0) is on the line so
√ √
D = |2(−1) − 2(3) − 2(0) + 3|/ 4 + 4 + 4 = 5/ 12

53. (a) If hx0 , y0 , z0 i lies on the second plane, so that ax0 + by0 + cz0 + d2 = 0, then by Theorem
|ax0 + by0 + cz0 + d1 | | − d2 + d1 |
11.6.2, the distance between the planes is D = √ =√
a2 + b2 + c2 a2 + b2 + c2
5
(b) The distance between the planes −2x + y + z = 0 and −2x + y + z + = 0 is
3
|0 − 5/3| 5
D= √ = √ .
4+1+1 3 6

EXERCISE SET 11.7

1. (a) elliptic paraboloid, a = 2, b = 3
(b) hyperbolic paraboloid, a = 1, b = 5
(c) hyperboloid of one sheet, a = b = c = 4
(d) circular cone, a = b = 1
16 Chapter 11

(e) elliptic paraboloid, a = 2, b = 1

(f ) hyperboloid of two sheets, a = b = c = 1

z
3. (a) −z = x2 + y 2 , circular paraboloid
opening down the negative z-axis

x
y

(b) z = x2 + y 2 , circular paraboloid, no change

(c) z = x2 + y 2 , circular paraboloid, no change
(d) z = x2 + y 2 , circular paraboloid, no change
(e) x = y 2 + z 2 , circular paraboloid (f ) y = x2 + z 2 , circular paraboloid
opening along the positive x-axis opening along the positive y-axis
z z

y x
x
y

5. (a) hyperboloid of one sheet, axis is y-axis

(b) hyperboloid of two sheets separated by yz-plane
(c) elliptic paraboloid opening along the positive x-axis
(d) elliptic cone with x-axis as axis
(e) hyperbolic paraboloid straddling the x-axis
(f ) paraboloid opening along the negative y-axis

y2 z2 x2 z 2 z
7. (a) x = 0 : + = 1; y = 0 : + = 1;
25 4 9 4
x2 z2 y2 z2
x2 y2 + =1 + =1
9 4 25 4
z=0: + =1
9 25

x2 y2
+ =1
9 25
x
Exercise Set 11.7 17

z
(b) x = 0 : z = 4y 2 ; y = 0 : z = x2 ;
z=0:x=y=0

z = 4y2
2
z=x

x2 + 4y2 = 0
(0, 0, 0)
y
x
y2 z2 x2 z2 z
(c) x = 0 : − = 1; y = 0 : − = 1;
16 4 9 4
y2 z2
x2 y2 – =1
z=0: + =1 16 4
9 16
y

x2 y2
+ =1
9 16

x
x2 z2
– =1
9 4

9. (a) 4x2 + z 2 = 3; ellipse (b) y 2 + z 2 = 3; circle (c) y 2 + z 2 = 20; circle

(d) 9x2 − y 2 = 20; hyperbola (e) z = 9x2 + 16; parabola (f ) 9x2 + 4y 2 = 4; ellipse

11. false; ’quadric’ surfaces are of second degree

13. false

z z z
15. 17. 19.
(0, 0, 3)

(1, 0, 0) (0, 2, 0) (2, 0, 0) (0, 3, 0)

x y x y x y

Ellipsoid
Hyperboloid
of one sheet Elliptic cone
18 Chapter 11

21. z 23. z 25. z

(0, 0, 2) (0, 0, –2)

x y
x
x y
y
Elliptic paraboloid
Hyperboloid
of two sheets Hyperbolic paraboloid

27. z 29. z 31. z

(0, 0, 2)

x
y x (0, 2, 0) y
x y
Hyperboloid
Circular cone
of one sheet Hyperbolic
paraboloid

33. z 35. z

(0, 1, 0)
x y
(1, 0, 0) y
x

z z
37. 39.

(1, –1, –2)

y y
x

Ellipsoid
(–2, 3, –9)
Circular paraboloid
Exercise Set 11.7 19

x2 y2
41. (a) + =1
9 4
(b) 6, 4
√ √
(c) (± 5, 0, 2)
(d) The focal axis is parallel to the x-axis.

y2 x2 √
43. (a) − =1 (b) (0, ±2, 4) (c) (0, ±2 2, 4)
4 4
(d) The focal axis is parallel to the y-axis.

45. (a) z + 4 = y 2 (b) (2, 0, −4) (c) (2, 0, −15/4)

(d) The focal axis is parallel to the z-axis.

47. x2 + y 2 = 4 − x√2
− y 2 , x2 + y 2 = 2;
circle of radius 2 in the plane z = 2,
centered at (0, 0, 2)
z

2 2
x +y =2
(z = 2)

x
y

49. y = 4(x2 + z 2 )

p
51. |z − (−1)| = x2 + y 2 + (z − 1)2 , z 2 + 2z + 1 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2z + 1, z = (x2 + y 2 )/4; circular
paraboloid

x2 y2 x2 z2
53. If z = 0, 2
+ 2 = 1; if y = 0 then 2 + 2 = 1; since c < a the major axis has length 2a, the
a a a c
minor axis length 2c.

55. Each slice perpendicular to the z-axis for |z| < c is an ellipse whose equation is
x2 y2 c2 − z 2 x2 y2
+ = , or + = 1, the area of which is
a2 b2 c2 (a2 /c2 )(c2 − z 2 ) (b2 /c2 )(c2 − z 2 )
ap 
 bp  Z c
ab ab 4
c2 − z 2 = π 2 c2 − z 2 so V = 2 π 2 c2 − z 2 dz = πabc.



π c2 − z 2
c c c 0 c 3
20 Chapter 11

EXERCISE SET 11.8

√

1. (a) (8, π/6, −4) (b) 5 2, 3π/4, 6 (c) (2, π/2, 0) (d) (8, 5π/3, 6)

√
√ √

3. (a) 2 3, 2, 3 (b) −4 2, 4 2, −2 (c) (5, 0, 4) (d) (−7, 0, −9)

√

5. (a) 2 2, π/3, 3π/4 (b) (2, 7π/4, π/4) (c) (6, π/2, π/3) (d) (10, 5π/6, π/2)

√ √ √
7. (a) (5 6/4, 5 2/4, 5 2/2) (b) (7, 0, 0)
(c) (0, 0, 1) (d) (0, −2, 0)

√
√

9. (a) 2 3, π/6, π/6 (b) 2, π/4, 3π/4
√

(c) (2, 3π/4, π/2) (d) 4 3, 1, 2π/3

√

11. (a) 5 3/2, π/4, −5/2 (b) (0, 7π/6, −1)
(c) (0, 0, 3) (d) (4, π/6, 0)

15. true 17. true

z z z
19. 21. 23.

(0, 4, 0) y
y

(3, 0, 0)
x y x
2 2
z= x +y

2 2 2 2
x x +y =9 x + (y – 2) = 4

z z z
25. 27. 29.

y y

x y
z = √x2 + y2
(1, 0, 0)

2 2 2 x (3, 0, 0)
x x +y +z =1 2 2 2
x +y +z = 9
Review Exercises, Chapter 11 21

z z
31. 33.
(0, 0, 2)

y y

x (1, 0, 0)
2 2 2
x + y + (z – 2) = 4
x
(x – 1)2 + y2 = 1

35. (a) z = 3 (b) ρ cos φ = 3, ρ = 3 sec φ

1
37. (a) z = 3r2 (b) ρ cos φ = 3ρ2 sin2 φ, ρ = csc φ cot φ
3
39. (a) r = 2 (b) ρ sin φ = 2, ρ = 2 csc φ

41. (a) r2 + z 2 = 9 (b) ρ = 3

43. (a) 2r cos θ + 3r sin θ + 4z = 1

(b) 2ρ sin φ cos θ + 3ρ sin φ sin θ + 4ρ cos φ = 1

45. (a) r2 cos2 θ = 16 − z 2

(b) x2 = 16 − z 2 , x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 16 + y 2 , ρ2 = 16 + ρ2 sin2 φ sin2 θ, ρ2 1 − sin2 φ sin2 θ = 16

47. all points on or above the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 , that are also on or below the plane z = 4

49. all points on or between concentric spheres of radii 1 and 3 centered at the origin
√ √

51. θ = π/6, φ = π/6, spherical (4000, π/6, π/6), rectangular 1000 3, 1000, 2000 3
√
53. (a) (10, π/2, 1) (b) (0, 10, 1) (c) ( 101, π/2, tan−1 10)

REVIEW EXERCISES, CHAPTER 11

√
3. (b) x = cos 120◦ = −1/2, y = ± sin 120◦ = ± 3/2
(d) true: ku × vk = kukkvk| sin(θ)| = 1

5. (x + 3)2 + (y − 5)2 + (z + 4)2 = r2 ,

(a) r2 = 42 = 16 (b) r2 = 52 = 25 (c) r2 = 32 = 9

−→ −→ −→ −→
7. OS = OP + P S = 3i + 4j+ QR = 3i + 4j + (4i + j) = 7i + 5j

9. (a) a · b = 0, 4c + 3 = 0, c = −3/4
p p √
(b) Use a · b = kak kbk cos θ to get 4c + 3 = c2 + 1(5) cos(π/4), 4c + 3 = 5 c2 + 1/ 2
Square both sides and rearrange to get 7c2 + 48c − 7 = 0, (7c − 1)(c + 7) = 0 so c = −7
(invalid) or c = 1/7.
22 Chapter 11

2

θ = π/6 to get 11c − 96c + 39 = 0 and use the quadratic formula to
(c) Proceed as in (b)√with
get c = 48 ± 25 3 /11.
(d) a must be a scalar multiple of b, so ci + j = k(4i + 3j), k = 1/3, c = 4/3.

11. ku − vk2 = (u − v) · (u − v) = kuk2 + kvk2 − 2kukkvk cos θ = 2(1 − cos θ) = 4 sin2 (θ/2), so
ku − vk = 2 sin(θ/2)

−→ −→
13. P Q= h1, −1, 6i, and W = F · PQ = 13 lb·ft

−→ −→ −→ −→ 1 −→ −→ √
15. (a) AB = −i + 2j + 2k, AC = i + j − k, AB × AC= −4i + j − 3k, area = k AB × AC k = 26/2
2
1 −→ 3 1√ √
(b) area = hk AB k = h = 26, h = 26/3
2 2 2

−→ −→ −→
17. AB= i − 2j − 2k, AC= −2i − j − 2k, AD= i + 2j − 3k
 
 1
 −2 −2 
(a) From Theorem 11.4.6 and formula (9) of Section 11.4,  −2 −1 −2  = 29, so V = 29.
 1 2 −3 
−→ −→
(b) The plane containing A, B, and C has normal AB × AC= 2i + 6j − 5k, so the equation of
the plane is 2(x − 1) + 6(y + 1) − 5(z − 2) = 0, 2x + 6y − 5z = −14. From Theorem 11.6.2,
|2(2) + 6(1) − 5(−1) + 14| 29
D= √ =√ .
65 65

19. x = 4 + t, y = 1 − t, z = 2

21. A normal to the plane is given by h1, 5, −1i, so the equation of the plane is of the form x+5y−z = D.
Insert (1, 1, 4) to obtain D = 2, x + 5y − z = 2.

23. The normals to the planes are given by ha1 , b1 , c1 i and ha2 , b2 , c2 i, so the condition is
a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0.

25. (a) (x − 3)2 + 4(y + 1)2 − (z − 2)2 = 9, hyperboloid of one sheet

(b) (x + 3)2 + (y − 2)2 + (z + 6)2 = 49, sphere
(c) (x − 1)2 + (y + 2)2 − z 2 = 0, circular cone

27. (a) z = r2 cos2 θ − r2 sin2 θ = x2 − y 2 (b) (ρ sin φ cos θ)(ρ cos φ) = 1, xz = 1

29. (a) z (b) z (c) z

2 1 2
1

y 2y
2 y
2
x
2
x x
Making Connections, Chapter 11 23

z z z
31. (a) (b) (c) 2
5 z=2

y
4
5 5 2
x x
y x y

MAKING CONNECTIONS, CHAPTER 11

1. (a) R(xi+yj)·(xi+yj) = −yx+xy = 0, so they are perpendicular. From R(i) = j and R(j) = −i
it follows that R rotates vectors counterclockwise.
(b) If v = xi + yj and w = ri + sj then R(cv) = R(c[xi + yj]) = R((cx)i + (cy)j) = −cyi + cxj =
c[−yi+xj] = cR(xi+yj) = cR(v) and R(v+w) = R([xi+yj]+[ri+sj]) = R((x+r)i+(y+s)j) =
−(y + s)i + (x + r)j = (−yi + xj) + (−si + rj) = R(xi + yj) + R(ri + sj) = R(v) + R(w).

3. (a) Suppose one face lies in the x-y plane and has vertices A, B, C taken in counter-clockwise
order as one traverses the boundary of the triangle looking down. Then the outer normal to
−→ −→
triangle ABC points down. One normal to triangle ABC is given by CB × BA. The length of
−→ −→
this vector is twice the area of the triangle (Theorem 11.4.5), so we take n1 = 21 (CB × BA).
−→ −→ −→ −→ −→ −→
Similarly n2 = 12 (BC × CD), n3 = 21 (AD × DC), n4 = 21 (AB × BD).
−→ −→ −→ −→ −→ −→
Then 2(n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 ) =AB ×(BD + CB)+ CD ×(CB + AD)
−→ −→ −→ −→ −→ −→ −→ −→ −→ −→ −→
=AB × CD + CD ×(CB + AD) = CD ×(BA + CB + AD) =CD × CD= 0.
(b) Use the hint and note that everything works out except the two normal vectors on the face
which actually divides the larger tetrahedron (pyramid, four-sided base) into the smaller ones
with triangular bases. But the normal vectors point in opposite directions and have the same
magnitude (the area of the common face) and thus cancel in all the calculations.
(c) Consider a polyhedron each face of which is a triangle, save possibly one which is an arbitrary
polygon. Then this last face can be broken into triangles and the results of parts (a) and (b)
can be applied, with the same conclusion, that the sum of the exterior normals is the zero
vector.

5. Let P and Q have spherical coordiinates (ρ, θi , φi ), i = 1, 2. Then Cartesian coordinates are given
by (ρ sin φi cos θi , ρ sin φi sin θi , ρ cos φi ), i = 1, 2, and the distance between the two points as taken
on the great circle is ρ cos α, where α is the angle between the vectors that go from the origin to
the points P and Q. Taking dot products, we have
ρ2 cos α = ρ2 (sin φ1 sin φ2 cos θ1 cos θ2 + sin φ1 sin φ2 sin θ1 sin θ2 + cos φ1 cos φ2 )
= ρ2 (sin φ1 sin φ2 cos(θ1 − θ2 ) + cos φ1 cos φ2 ), and the great circle distance is given by
d = ρ cos−1 (sin φ1 sin φ2 cos(θ1 − θ2 ) + cos φ1 cos φ2 ).