Statistics is the science of data.

Involves collecting, classifying, summarizing, organizing, analyzing,

and interpreting numerical information.// Descriptive Stats utilizes numerical and graphical methods to
look for patterns in a data set, to summarize the info. , and to present the info. In a convenient form.//
Inferential Stats utilizes sample data to make estimates, decisions, predictions, or other generalizations
about a larger set of data. ~Experimental Unit: Object about which we collect data. (person,
transaction, event, thing, etc.) ~Population: A set of units (per, thing, etc,) that we are interested in
studying. ~Variable: A charecteristic or property of an individual population unit. ~Sample: A subset of
the population unit. Statistical Inference is an estimate, prediction, or some other generalization about
a population based on info. In a sample. // Reliability is how good or bad the inference is.// Measure of
Reliability is a quant. statement about the uncertainty ass. with the stat. inference.
Quantitative Data are measures that recorded on numerical scale. // Qualitative data are
measurements that not on a numerical scale (categorized). Representative Sample: charecteristics
typical of target population. // Random Sample: Every sample n has an equal chance of selection. //
Selection Bias: when subset is excluded so that these units have no chance of being selected in the
sample. //Nonresponse Bias: when researchers are unable to obtain data on all units selected for the
sample. //Measurement Error: inaccuracies in the values of data collected(eg. Ambiguous of
misleading questions.) QUAL DATA: A class is one of the categories into which qualitative data can be
classified.//Class freq. is the number of observations that fall into that class.//Class rel. freq. is the
class frequency divided by the total observations.//Class percentage Is the class rel. freq. multiplied by
100. Mean is the sum of measurments divided by the number of measurments.//Median is the the
middle number when the measurements are arranged in ascending or descending order. When even
number of measurments, the median is the mean of the two middle numbers. Data set is skewed if one
tail of the distribution has more extreme observations. Skewed to the right if median < mean – skewed
to the left if mean < median – symmetrical if mean = median.// Mode is the measurment that occurs
most frequently.// Range is the largest measurement minus the smallest measurment.// For any set of n
elements, the pth percentile is a number such that p% of the measurements fall below that number and
(100 – p)% fall above it. // Suppose a coin is tossed once and a head is recorded. The result we see is
called an observation, or measurement, and the process of making this observation is called the
experiment.An experiment is an act or process of observation that leads to a single outcome that
cannot be predicted with certainty.The basic outcomes of an experiment are called sample points. If a
die is tossed, each observation represents a sample point. The collection of sample points in an
experiment is called its sample space. The probability of a sample point is a number between 0 and 1
which measures the likelihood that the outcome will occur when the experiment is performed.
All sample point probabilities must lie between 0 and 1 ( 0 Pi ≤ 1)
All sample points within a sample space must sum up to 1 ( Pi = 1)
An event is a specific collection of sample points.The probability of event A, P(A) is calculated by
summing up all sample points in the sample space for A.// The union of two events A & B is the event
that occurs if either A or B or both occurs on a single performance of the experiment. Symbol: A ∪ B. //
The intersection of two events A & B is the event that occurs if both A & B occur on a single
performance of the experiment. Symbol: A B. // The compliment of an event A is the event that A does
NOT occur. Symbol: Ac . The sum of probabilities of complementary events equals 1; that is, P(A) + P(Ac
) = 1. Therefore, P(A) = 1 – P(Ac ). Additive rule of Probability P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)
We must subtract P(A ∩ B) because the sample points in A  B have been included twice, once in P(A)
and once in P(B). Events A and B are mutually exclusive if P(A ∩ B) = 0. (no sample points in common.)
If two events are mutually exclusive, then P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B).