STATE OF THE ART

UNIVERSAL IMPULSE CURRENT TEST SYSTEMS

Mr. Carl-Hendrik Stuckenholz Mr. Michael Gamlin
Mr. Carl-Hendrik Stuckenholz
April 29th, 2016
 OUTLINE
1. Overview of Exponential Wave Shapes
2. Basic Prinicple of Impulse Current Generation
3. Universal Impulse Current Generator for IEC 62305-1
4. Universal Impulse Current Generator for IEC 60099-4
5. Conclusion
 OVERVIEW EXPONENTIAL WAVE SHAPES

Wave Specifications and Appearance

Shape T1 in µs T2 in µs IEC
0.25/100 0.25 100 62305-1
1 / ≤ 20 1 ≤ 20 60099-4
1/200 1 200 62305-1
2 / 20 2 20 60099-8
60099-4
4 / 10 4 10
60099-8
61000-4-5
5 / 300 5 300
61643-21
6 / 310 6 310 61643-311
60099-4
60099-8
61000-4-5
8 / 20 8 20 61643-11
61643-21
61643-311
61643-331
10 / 250 10 250 61643-21
61643-11
61643-21
10 / 350 10 350 61643-311
61643-331
62305-1
61643-21
10 / 1000 10 1000
61643-311
30 / 60 30 < T1 < 100 2 ∙ T1 60099-4
30 / 80 30 80 60099-4
 OVERVIEW EXPONENTIAL WAVE SHAPES

Wave Specifications and Appearance 8/20

Shape T1 in µs T2 in µs IEC IEC T1 T2
0.25/100 0.25 100 62305-1 62475
61643-21 8 µs ± 20 % 20 µs ± 20 %
1 / ≤ 20 1 ≤ 20 60099-4
61000-4-5
1/200 1 200 62305-1 60099-4
8 µs ± 1 µs 20 µs ± 2 µs
2 / 20 2 20 60099-8 60099-8
60099-4 61643-11
4 / 10 4 10 61643-311 8 µs ± 10 % 20 µs ± 10 %
60099-8
61000-4-5 61643-331
5 / 300 5 300
61643-21
6 / 310 6 310 61643-311
60099-4
60099-8
61000-4-5
8 / 20 8 20 61643-11
61643-21
61643-311
61643-331
10 / 250 10 250 61643-21
61643-11
61643-21
10 / 350 10 350 61643-311
61643-331
62305-1
61643-21
10 / 1000 10 1000
61643-311
30 / 60 30 < T1 < 100 2 ∙ T1 60099-4
30 / 80 30 80 60099-4
 OVERVIEW EXPONENTIAL WAVE SHAPES

Wave Specifications and Appearance 8/20

Shape T1 in µs T2 in µs IEC IEC T1 T2
0.25/100 0.25 100 62305-1 62475
61643-21 8 µs ± 20 % 20 µs ± 20 %
1 / ≤ 20 1 ≤ 20 60099-4
61000-4-5
1/200 1 200 62305-1 60099-4
8 µs ± 1 µs 20 µs ± 2 µs
2 / 20 2 20 60099-8 60099-8
60099-4 61643-11
4 / 10 4 10 61643-311 8 µs ± 10 % 20 µs ± 10 %
60099-8
61000-4-5 61643-331
5 / 300 5 300
61643-21
6 / 310 6 310 61643-311
60099-4
60099-8
61000-4-5 10/350
8 / 20 8 20 61643-11 IEC
61643-21 62475a T1 = 10 µs ± 30 %
61643-311 61643-21 T2 = 350 µs ± 20 % (± 50 %)a
61643-331 T2
10 / 250 10 250 61643-21 Tpeak ≤ 50 µs (minor interest)
61643-11 61643-11 Ttransfer < 5 ms
61643-21 Q = Iimp∙5∙10-4 s – 10/+ 20 %
10 / 350 10 350 61643-311 W/R = Iimp∙2.5∙10-4 s -10/+ 45 %
61643-331 Tpeak ≤ 50 µs (minor interest)
62305-1 Ttransfer < 10 ms
61643-1b
61643-21 Q = Iimp∙5∙10-4 s ± 20 %
10 / 1000 10 1000 W/R = Iimp∙2.5∙10-4 s ± 35 %
61643-311
∆t = 10 µs ± 20 %
30 / 60 30 < T1 < 100 2 ∙ T1 60099-4
62305-1 Q = Iimp∙5∙10-4 s ± 20 %
30 / 80 30 80 60099-4 W/R = Iimp∙2.5∙10-4 s ± 35 %
a in case of energy requirement
b replaced by IEC 61643-11
 OUTLINE
1. Overview of exponential wave shapes
2. Basic Prinicple of Impulse Current Generation
3. Universal Impulse Current Generator for IEC 62305-1
4. Universal Impulse Current Generator for IEC 60099-4
5. Conclusion
 BASIC PRINCIPLE
Periodically Damped Impulse

U ch  di  U arctan   
i (t )   sin (  t )  e t / ;    ch @ timax 
L  dt  max L 
2 L 1 R2 L
 ,   , R2
R L C 4 L2
C
  2
U /L   U ch2 
0 i(t )  dt  4   2  L2  1  1 /  2
2
Q   i (t )  dt  2 ch 
2   /(  )
 1;
0
 1/  1 e 
 BASIC PRINCIPLE
Aperiodically Damped Impulse - Overdamping

U ch  di  U   
i (t )   (e t /1  e t / 2 );    ch ; timax  1 2  ln 1
R  4 L / C
2
 dt  max L 1  2  2
2
1 1  R  1 L
1  , 2  , k    , R2
R
k
R
k  2 L  L C C
2 L 2 L
   
  2 2
U ch2 / 2
Q   i (t )  dt  U ch  C ;  i (t )   dt  2  1 2
0 0
 
R  4  L / C 1   2
 BASIC PRINCIPLE
Aperiodically Damped Impulse - Crowbar

U ch  U ch 
t

i (t )   sin(  t ) for 0  t  ; i (t )   e  for t 
  ( L1  L2 ) 2    ( L1  L2 ) 2 
1 L2 U ch   di  U ch
 ;  , imax  @t  ,    @t 0
C  L1  L2  R   L1  L2  2    dt  max L1  L2 
  2
U ch2   
 i(t )
U ch
Q   i (t )  dt  U ch  C   ;  dt  
2 
 
0
   L1  L2  0   L1  L2   4   2 
2
 BASIC PRINCIPLE
Aperiodically Damped Impulse - Crowbar Systems
Crowbar with spark gap
 BASIC PRINCIPLE
Aperiodically Damped Impulse - Crowbar Systems
Crowbar with spark gap Crowbar with diode
 BASIC PRINCIPLE
Aperiodically Damped Impulse - Crowbar Systems
Crowbar with spark gap Crowbar with diode

Crowbar Crowbar Overdamped

Spark gap Diode
High High Low
Efficiency
Resistance .. mW Resistance .. mW Resistance .. W
Peak amplitude High Medium Low
10/350 250 kA 50 kA … 10 kA
Back coupling DUT High High Low
Handling Complicated Intermediate Easy
Acoustic noise High Low Low
Electric noise High Low Low
Degree of freedom High Low Low
 BASIC PRINCIPLE
Comparison Crowbar / Overdamped Circuit
Identical capacitor bank, time to half value T2 = 350 ms
Crowbar Overdamped

Charging voltage kV 100 100

Capacitance mF 30 30
Resistance W 0.036 17
Inductance L1 mH 1
Inductance L2 mH 18 2.1
T1 ms 29.6 0.83
T2 ms 350 350
Peak Current kA 125.7 5.9
% 100 4.7
Current @ T2 kA 62.4 3.0
 BASIC PRINCIPLE
Comparison Crowbar / Overdamped Circuit
Identical capacitor bank, time to half value T2 = 350 ms
Crowbar Overdamped

Charging voltage kV 100 100

Capacitance mF 30 30
Resistance W 0.036 17
Inductance L1 mH 1
Inductance L2 mH 18 2.1
T1 ms 29.6 0.83
T2 ms 350 350
Peak Current kA 125.7 5.9
% 100 4.7
Current @ T2 kA 62.4 3.0

Peak current amplitude approx. 20 x higher for the crowbar arrangement!

 BASIC PRINCIPLE
Adjusting exponential impulses

Charging voltage Capacitance Inductance Resistance

Change    

Ipeak    

T1    

T2    

General guidelines for linear loads without consideration of mutual interactions

Variable impact of parameters depending on load point and mutual interactions
Change in behaviour possible!
Examples:
1. Reduction of capacitors  increase of generator self inductance; non-linear!
2. Increase of system voltage  increase of generator self inductance
 BASIC PRINCIPLE
Sine Half Wave
Diode or crowbar to limit current reversal

U ch  1
i (t )   sin (  t ); 0  t  ;  Switching @ i(t) = 0; u(t) =-upeak
  ( L1  L2 )  ( L1  L2 )  C
U ch   di  U ch
imax  @ timax  ;    @ t 0
  ( L1  L2 ) 2   dt  max ( L1  L2 )
 

W 
U ch2  
Q   i (t )  dt  2  U ch  C ;   i (t ) 2  dt 
0
R 0 2   2  ( L1  L2 )
 BASIC PRINCIPLE
Comparison Aperiodically Damped / Sine Half Wave
Identical capacitor bank and test object
 BASIC PRINCIPLE
Comparison Aperiodically Damped / Sine Half Wave
Identical capacitor bank and test object

Aperiodically damped with crowbar Sine half wave

Switching at I = Imax Switching at I = Imin
Switching at Uch = 0 Switching at Uch = - Upeak (~½ Upeak)
Ipeak = 68 kA Ipeak = 68 kA
Q = 55 As Q = 10 As
W/R = 2000 kJ/W W/R = 502 kJ/W
 BASIC PRINCIPLE
Comparison Aperiodically Damped / Sine Half Wave
Identical capacitor bank and test object

Aperiodically damped with crowbar Sine half wave

Switching at I = Imax Switching at I = Imin
Switching at Uch = 0 Switching at Uch = - Upeak (~½ Upeak)
Ipeak = 68 kA Ipeak = 68 kA
Q = 55 As Q = 10 As
W/R = 2000 kJ/W W/R = 502 kJ/W

Charge Q approx. 5.5 x higher for crowbar arrangement!

 IMPULSE CURRENT GENERATOR
BASIC PRINCIPLE – Rectangular Impulse

n 1.1  T90%
 Ltot  Ctot ;
2  (n  1)
n
Ltot   Li , Ctot  n  C , n  8 ..12
i 1

U0 Ltot
ip  ; Rtot  Rs  RMOA 
Ltot Ctot
Rtot 
Ctot
 OUTLINE
1. Overview of exponential wave shapes
2. Basic Prinicple of Impulse Current Generation
3. Universal Impulse Current Generator for IEC 62305-1
4. Universal Impulse Current Generator for IEC 60099-4
5. Conclusion
 ICG FOR IEC 62305-1
Requirements

IEC 62305-1 general wave shapes IEC 62305-1 wave shapes for test

First
First Subsequent
Positive First negative Subsequent positive
LPL I positive negative
impulse impulse impulse impulse
Impulse impulse
energy

10/350 1/200 0.25/100 10/350 10/350 0.25/100

Ipeak 200 kA 100 kA 50 kA Ipeak 200 kA

di/dt 20 kA/µs 100 kA/µs 200 kA/µs Qshort 100 C

T1 10 µs 1 µs 0.25 µs W/R 10 MJ/Ω

T2 350 µs 200 µs 100 µs ∆i 200 kA 50 kA

Qshort 100 C ∆t 10 µs 0.25 µs

W/R 10 MJ/Ω
 ICG FOR IEC 62305-1
Customer specification

Customer specification

Positive First negative Subsequent

impulse impulse impulse

10/350 1/200 0.25/100

200 kA 100 kA 20 kA
Ipeak
± 10 % ± 10 % ± 10 %

10 µs 4 µs 0.25 µs
T1
± 10 % ± 10 % ± 20 %

350 µs 200 µs 100 µs

T2
± 10 % ± 10 % ± 10 %

100 C
Qshort
± 20 %

10 MJ/Ω
W/R
± 35 %
ICG FOR IEC 62305-1
Layout

charging rectifier ICG

capacitor bank ICG

spark gap ICG

crowbar

charging rectifier IVG

IVG
 ICG FOR IEC 62305-1
Sphere gaps

peaking spark gap crowbar spark gap central spark gap

 ICG FOR IEC 62305-1
Results 10/350

1 220 kA

200 kA No. 3
10/350 Positive impulse
LCI
180 kA
Ipk : 208.842 kA
di : 168.626 kA
160 kA
dt : 8.847 us
10/350 di/dt : 19.060 kA/us
140 kA
T1 : 10.887 us
Ipeak 209 kA T2 : 366.440 us
120 kA
(Qs : 131.056 As)
di/dt 19 kA/µs 100 kA
(W/R : 11.363 MJ/Ohm)

T1 10.9 µs 80 kA

T2 366 µs 60 kA

40 kA
Qshort 131 C
20 kA
W/R 11.4 MJ/Ω
100 us 200 us 300 us 400 us 500 us 600 us 700 us

-20 kA CH1 : (Pearson) Shunt:4.000 mOhm Level:100% Sampling:120.000 Ms/s Range:1.00 kVpp Trigger:Level 10%
 ICG FOR IEC 62305-1
Results 1/200

120 kA
No. 6
1/200 T1/T2 Imax@1 µs Imax ECI
100 kA Ipk : 94.361 kA
T1 : 4.370 us
T2 : 192.060 us
80 kA
Ipeak 11.0 kA 53.0 kA 94.4 kA

60 kA
T1 1.0 µs 1.0 µs 4.37 µs

40 kA
T2 190.0 µs 40.0 µs 192.0 µs

20 kA

Setup Crowbar

100 us 200 us 300 us

-20 kA
CH1 : (Pearson) Shunt:4.000 mOhm Level:100% Sampling:120.000 Ms/s Range:640.0 Vpp Trigger:Level 10%
 ICG FOR IEC 62305-1
Results 0.25/100

1 25 kA

No. 10
1/100 Subseqeunt impulse
ECI
20 kA
Ipk : 21.791 kA
T1 : 284.000 ns
T2 : 97.579 us
1/100
15 kA

Ipeak 21.8 kA

T1 0.28 ns 10 kA

T2 97.6 µs

5 kA

100 us 200 us 300 us 400 us 500 us 600 us 700 us

CH1 : (Pearson) Shunt:6.500 mOhm Level:100% Sampling:120.000 Ms/s Range:200.0 Vpp Trigger:Level 17%
 OUTLINE
1. Overview of exponential wave shapes
2. Basic Prinicple of Impulse Current Generation
3. Universal Impulse Current Generator for IEC 62305-1
4. Universal Impulse Current Generator for IEC 60099-4
5. Conclusion
 ICG FOR IEC 60099-4
Customer specification

Exponential wave shapes Sine half wave

/ rectangular wave

Impulse Ipeak T1 T2
Sine Half Wave Ipeak Tduration
kA µs µs kA ms

0.5/<20 30 0.5 <20 0.2 48 0.2

1/<20 50 1 < 20 2 5.8 2

4 3 4
8/20 75 8 20
Rectangular Ipeak Tduration
4/10 150 4 10
kA ms
30/80 50 30 80
2 2.8 2
30/60 45 30 ≈ 2x T1 4 1.5 4
ICG FOR IEC 60099-4
Layout
inductances for
rectangular wave

capacitor bank

damping elements

central spark gap

 ICG FOR IEC 60099-4
Special Wave Shapes – 0.5/<20

Combination of capacitors with 1

different capacitance value 35 kA ECI

Ipk : 36.460 kA
Superposition of currents T1 : 492.762 ns
30 kA
T2 : 7.423 us

25 kA

20 kA

15 kA

10 kA

5 kA

20 us 40 us 60 us 80 us 100 us
 ICG FOR IEC 60099-4
Special Wave Shapes – Sine Half Wave

3.5 kA
First time with diode 1

Up to 50 kA 3.0 kA RCI
Ipk : 3.100 kA
Td : 1.386 ms
2.5 kA
Tt : 3.959 ms

2.0 kA

1.5 kA

1.0 kA

500.0 A

1 ms 2 ms 3 ms 4 ms 5 ms
 OUTLINE
1. Overview of exponential wave shapes
2. Basic Prinicple of Impulse Current Generation
3. Universal Impulse Current Generator for IEC 62305-1
4. Universal Impulse Current Generator for IEC 60099-4
5. Conclusion
 Conclusion

• Universal impulse current generators for almost all waveforms

possible with optimally chosen components/extensions

• Crowbars can be built for highest current levels up to 250 kA

• Aperiodically damped impulses using crowbars beneficial for high

energy / charge impulses

• Time parameters (especially front times) critical for high energy /

charge impulses (10/350) due to necessary inductance values
Thank you for your attention!