Name Mahmood-ul-hassan

Reg. No. 2019-MC-265

Date 27/2/2020
Marks

Experiment # 1
Task # 1
Introduction to Equipment
DC Power Supply:
It is a device
that is used to convert AC voltage
to DC voltage.

Construction and Working:

In basic internal
structure of power supply a
transformer is used to step down
the input voltage to required
value and a rectifier circuit is used
with capacitors to provide rectification that will give a constant voltage in output.

It has three channels. Two of them are used to get variable voltage (max
32V) and current values and one is gives fixed voltage of 5V and 3A current. There are
two rotary knobs for variable values of each channel (one for current and other for
voltage). Output can also be triggered by using output button as shown in figure. There
are two buttons between the rotary knobs. Those provide parallel and series
connection of two channels as shown in figure. When both of them are off (pushed out)
then there is no connection between both channels, when upper button is on (pushed
in) then the combined channels provided with the increase in output voltages. When
both buttons are pushed in then the output current is combined effect of both channels.

Uses:
1. It is used to provide constant voltage and current.
2. All electronic circuits needs a power source to work.
3. For electronic circuits made up of transistor and ICs, and in automation the
power supply provides a better solution for testing and calibrating the circuit.
4. In low voltage communication system power supply provides a controlled output
voltage. Applied voltage is depended how much capacitor and inductors are used.

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Oscilloscope:
Structure:

Internal structure:

In old oscilloscope it consists

of a cathode ray tube there for it is also
called cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO).
This tube provides the electron beam.
When this beam collides with the screen
it produces glow.

In digital oscilloscope it
consists of power supply circuit with
transistors and ICs. That not only generates
signals but also have ability to compare
signals of different types. As shown in Fig.

Parts:
1. Vertical system
2. Horizontal system
3. Display and display system
4. Trigger system
5. Front panel

Vertical System:
1. Voltage per division is shown in vertical system it is changed by scale circuit in
vertical system.
2. Increasing the voltage per division decreases the height of the graph.
3. The vertical system detects the analog voltage.

Horizontal System:
1. It consists of a sample clock.
2. It determines how much the sample input signal takes in a time.
3. Increasing the sample clock time more part or more no of waves becomes shown.
4. It is calculated in time per division.

Display System:
1. The display system is used to view the input signal.
2. The properties, values and shape of the graph is studied in display system.
3. It is controlled by display controllers from front panel.

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Trigger System:

1. It is used to display a steady signal.

2. It starts the sample clock in such a manner that each time the signal recorded at
same point on curve.

Front Panel:

In outer structure it has many controllers in form of knobs and buttons. It has
two channels. The two input signal of channels is displayed and controlled by using
rotary knobs. Each channel has two rotary knobs to set its position to Y-axis and X-axis
as shown in Fig. There is an Auto button that automatically set the scale of input signal
to display signals properly. The top bar contains controller of screen that is used to
display measured value of signals and properties of signals. The top rotary knob in
control panel is used as toggle from one place to another place in options, it works as
courser. F buttons at left side is used to select options.

Uses:

1. It is used to display and measure the input voltages or current signal.

2. It can also be used to measure the instantaneous values of signals and to compare
the values of two different signals.
3. It is used to measure the frequency, amplitude and time period of input signals.
4. It can also be used to check the quality of communication signals.

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 5. A digital oscilloscope also has the ability to examine digitized information stored
in its memory and make automatic measurements.

Function Generator:

It is a device that is used to generate wave forms of a signal of

different types such as saw-tooth, square and sinusoidal waves. Frequency and
amplitude of the graph can also be adjusted by this equipment. It is also used to
compare the quality of generated signal by circuit and by function generator. It is also
used to test and repair of electrical circuits and signals.

Structure:

The left rotary knob is used to change the frequency of signal and second row
buttons are used to change the type of waveform. Bottom right rotary knobe is used to
change the amplitude of waveform.

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Bread Board:

It is a connection board that is

used to test a non-permanent circuit.

Explanation:

The bread board as shown in figure consists of rows and columns connected
conductively. For example one rows signed with positive or negative sign is connected
conductively and column one or any of them is connected conductively. For example
the terminal 1A and 1E is connected with each other.

Digital Multi Meter:

It is a device that is used to measure

input voltages (V), current (A) and resisters (Ω). The
voltage of current may be AC or DC. We can rotate the
Diller to get different types of measurement as shown in
figure. There are four ports on the multimeter. One is
fixed for Ground terminal and one is used for measuring
voltage and resistances and other two are used for
measuring current of two ranges. One current measuring
port measures current in mA and other measures in A.

Important Note: Do not measure high current in

milliamps switch and probe it may damage the circuit of
fuse may be burnt.

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 Task # 2
Generating a signal 5V peak voltage and 2KH frequency and
Observation on Oscilloscope
Procedure:

 Connect the power line of function generator with lab power line.
 Turn on the function generator by pressing the button form backside.
 Toggle the screen of function generator by pressing toggle button and select the
frequency mode.
 Set frequency mode to 2KH.
 Toggle the screen to amplitude mode. And set Peak to Peak Voltage to 10 V.
 Repeat the steps from 3 to 5 for wave forms of square wave, sinusoidal wave and
saw tooth wave.

Observation of above signals on oscilloscope:

Procedure:

 Connect oscilloscope to main supply.

 Start oscilloscope by pressing start button.
 Turn the channel one on and channel two off.
 Calibration: Calibrate the Oscilloscope by connecting probe of oscilloscope to
calibration pin. Press the auto button. Maximum voltage of probe will begin to
display. If the voltage written on the probe is same as showing the oscilloscope
the oscilloscope is calibrated.
 Connect the signal to channel one.
 Press the auto button for auto scaling. If we want scale by yourself we can done
by using scale knob.
 Check the minimum box voltage and time division for the given scale.

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Observations:

1. Sinusoidal wave form. 2. Saw-tooth wave form.

3. Rectangular wave form. 4. Observed Values

Calculations:

Peak Voltage = Vp = Number of Boxes x Voltage per division = 2.5 x 2V = 5V

Peak to Peak Voltage = Vp-p = 5 x 2V = 10V

Time Period = Number of Boxes x Time per division = 2.5 x 200us = 500us

Frequency = 1 / Time Period = 1/500us = 2 KHz

𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑−𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
Percentage Error = x 100
𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑

Value Observed (Oscilloscope) Calculated %error

Voltage Vp-p 10V 10V 0%
Time Period 500.4us 500us 0.0008%
Frequency 1.998 KHz 2 KHz -0.001%

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