GAD

Access Gender Equality in four broad areas

1. Economic participation and opportunity – 57.8%
2. Educational attainment – gap 96.1%
3. Health and Survival – 95.7%
4. Political empowerment – 24.7% Largest gender disparity
Focus on relative position of women to men
India rank in gender gap index in 112 – 68.9% - 99 years to achieve
Wage gap – 78% of males in rural and urban
Domestic violence – one in three married women (15-49 years) experience physical, sexual or
emotional form of spousal violence
Crime against girl child – 60% of total children crime
In leadership hold – 8.32% in state legislative assemblies
Female labour participation force – 17.5%
Operational landholding – 14% of all landholding
Sex u r born with and gender what u r given
Distinction:
Sex Gender
Biological Socially determined
Universal Varies as per society and context
Cannot be changed Can change overtime
Sex specific roles Gender roles and identities (masculinity and
feminity)
Complementary relation Gender relations- challenged, negotiated
Sex ratio Gender discrimination

Gender as social construct

1. Social construction of men and women
2. Relationship between men and women
3. Social Institution and mind sets are based on idea of accepted gender
Gender – Biological categories of men and women become social categories of men and women
through acquisition of culturally define masculinity and femininity as well as resource and
responsibilities associated with these categories.
Gender relation – Social relations, which create and reproduce systemic differences in the
positioning of women and men. They are embedded in social relations which structure the division
of resources, responsibilities, claims and obligations b/w men and women, Hierarchical relation of
power b/w men and women that tend to disadvantage women.
Gender Belief System – Gender stereotype, belief about sexual orientation, beliefs about one’s own
gender roles, attitude towards gender roles.
Patriarchy – rule of father or patriarch, male dominated, its a system of hierarchical and unequal
power relations where men control women production, reproduction and sexuality. Developed and
legitimized through several social institution – religion, family, caste, state etc, Accepted as
biologically determined.
Biologist argued difference in cell metabolism
1. Women – anabolic, able to transform and store food
2. Men – Katabolic, immediate use of food reserves
Roots of patriarchy
1. Engels 1884 – origin of family, pvt property and the state – restricting female to home and
increase economic dependency on men
2. Maria miles – Social origin of sexual division of labour- male control over nature, women,
means of production through tools, technologies, ideologies, violence
3. Gerda Lerner 1993 – Creation of feminist consciousness – Appropriation and
commodification of women’s reproductive capacity and sexuality by men.
Patriarchy in India – Bhramin patriarchy
1. Patriarchy located in relation to caste, social stratification
2. Women seen as gateways to caste system
3. Legitimacy of marriage and motherhood, control over mobility at three levels –
a. Patriarchal ideology, as pativrata, self-imposed and appeared natural
b. Law and customs – Traditional Practices
c. The state – enforced patriarchal norms by punishing women for transgression
defined by men
Structure of patriarchy –Family, Religion, Class, Caste, Community, State
Social Construction of Gender
1. Universally naturalized gender differences – treating women inferior to women
2. Ambiguity towards women – Inferior and dangerous but worshipped as goddess
3. Impact on gender relations – Curtail reproductive right, treating women body as unpure –
exclusion of social life
Gender Equality – have same opportunity in life as men, liberal perspective of legislation (equality in
opportunity) , ensure quality of outcomes
Gender Equity – Equivalence in life outcomes for men and women, recognizing their different needs
and interests, requiring redistribution of power and resources. More political than gender equality
goals.
Gender division of labour – social determined ideas and practices which defines what roles and
activities are deemed appropriate for women and men. Its types are
1. Reproductive/Domestic Work – Care and maintenance of HH and its members, Primary
women responsibility, labour intensive, time consuming
2. Productive work – Production of goods and services for consumption and trade and has
exchange value which is undervalued or underpaid and less visible.
3. Community work – organization and management of collective community
Session 3 –
Sex as binary category – treat transgender and intersex as abnormal
Transgender is an umbrella term for persons whose gender identity, expressions or behaviour does
not conform to that typically associated with sex to which they were assigned at birth.
Discrimination is faced in employment, housing healthcare, education, legal system and in families

Masculinity – least researched, unrecognized and least visible pool of darkness. This invisibility is
political.
social construction – shaped by socio-cultural norms, institutions and expectations. Risk taking as
male norm- unsafe sex, drugs. Emotional range to expression of anger
Bringing Men in development –
1. 1994 Internation conference on population and development, cario – involve men in sexual
and reproductive health, childcare
2. 1995 fourth world conference on women, Beijing – work with men and boys to promote
women empowerment and gender equality
3. 2004 48th session of the commission on the status of women – close gender gap in
occupational segregation
4. Men Engage alliance – 600 ngo, 32 country
5. 2009 Global symposium – New delhi
Why?
Bringing women to mainstream is confusing men, anger mis-constructed affects both men and
women
Pathways to change cannot be imposed – Men as partners and co beneficiaries, life cycle approach,
live values of gender justice and social inclusion, Power with rather than power over
Session 4-
Health – State of complete social, psychological and physical well-being and not merely absence of
disease.
It is influenced by socio-cultural, economic and psychological factors and is product of way in which
society is organized. Produced through social as much as biological process
Dimensions of health equality in india – less resource allocation to health, inequality in health
outcomes and infrastructure among states, rising cost, health workforce shortage
National health mission
Janani Shishu Suraksha karyakam – Free entitlement for pregnant women and sick new borns.
Rashtriya bal swasthya karykram – cover 4 D’s – defect at birth, deficiencies, diseases, development
delays including disability.
Determinant of health inequities-
Structural determinant – Government policies, cultural and social values
Intermediary determinants – health services and community context
Family and peer influences – individual attributes

Gender and Health - Structural and gender discrimination affects health and well being, Gender diff
in health are context specific and work to disadvantage of both men and women

Maternal health and new born health – investment in women will produce far reaching economic
and social benefit. Both are closely linked
Gender and Men health – involvement vs engagement, social expectations, engage adolescent boys
and younf men, community leaders and strategy for change – accommodative or transformative
HDI – 129/189.
Mternal mortality –
India 15% of world maternal deaths , 254 in 10000 live birth
Infant mortality rate – 41 (M -47.7 and F – 51%)
Session 5 –
SSF – 60-80 of food – majorly women yet women and girls account worlds undernourished
Women have same access to productive resources increase yield by 20-30%. Total agriculture yield
by 4% and reduce number of hungry people globally by 100-150 million
Crisis – stagnating production, slow increase wages, child labour, high post harvest loss, lack of
institutional attention
Men response – migrate(Seasonal or long term) , engage in low quality, non farm employment and
self employment led to increase women share
Feminization of agriculture – increase role and visibility of women
Factors determining womens participation – agro climatic condition, type of crop grown, poverty,
culture norms, social mobility

Women and asset – land ownership in India by women is less than 10%
Land important for women – welfare (reduced risk of poverty, vulnerability)
Empowerment – social status and bargaining power
Efficiency – improved productivity, access to credit, water , extension and information services
Session 6 –
2.1 billion don’t have access to safe drinking water
2.3 billion basic sanitation
1 billion do OD
India – 69% rural and 19% urban OD, 17% of world population and 4% of global water resource
SDG 6 and 5 – Wash and gender quality are linked like lack of wash leads to health, livelihood,
education and dignity, security.
Gender and sanitation – access to information, better awareness, adaptation of existing water,
sanitation and hygience services, training and sensitizing key stake holders
Session 7
Reducing urban- rural disparity and gender inequality is a crucial element for any poverty
Rural development and gender equality – strategy to reduce poverty and create income
Build bottom up growth strategy – enable rural people and women to participate in mainstream
economy. Which include – creation of business regulatory environment, strengthening entrepreneur
capabilities, promotion of collective self-efforts and small scale entrepreneur
Entrepreneur – bring resources, labour, material and other assets into combination and introduces
change innovation and new order
Women entrepreneur – enterprise owned and controlled by women saving a minimum financial
interest 51% of capital and giving 51% of employment to women
-session 8
Gender mainstreaming –

Gender mainstreaming – process of accessing implication of women and men of any planned action,
including legislation, policies or programs in any are and at all levels.
It is a
1. a gender perspective
2. process
3. comprehensive approach encompassing development and human rights
4. not end in itself but a means to achieve gender equality
5. involve process of change
it discuss that
1. role of men and women are interdependent and complimentary
2. not to particular sector but integrated approach
 3. gender issues address at macro and meso levels
4. gender issues must be addressed at every stage in program cycle
levels of gender mainstreaming – national, development organization and organization
different domains of organization – cultural, technical and political

session 9
Typology of prjects
Women specific Designed only for women
Compensate for past inequalities
Women component Provide separate resource for women
Add on
Assumption women needs same as men
Integrated Equal importance in all activities
Relational analysis but limited
Main stream Awarness and commitment to women concerns
and priorities
Adress gender bias from project activites
Gender analysis – starting point for gender mainstreaming, a tool understand those affected
planned development
Why gender analysis –
1. Identify needs of women and men
2. Understand constraints to participation
3. Capability to participate
4. Determine diff Benefits of participation
Key concept of gender analysis – gender equality and equity, sex and gender, gender relation,
gender roles, access to control over resources and gender needs(practical, strategical)
Practical gender needs
1. Need Women identify in social accepted roles
2. Don’t challenge division of labour
3. Response to immediate perceived necessity
4. Identified within specific context
5. Practical nature
6. Addressing inadequacy in living conditions
Strategic gender needs –
1. Need women identify because of subordinate position
2. Vary as per context
3. Related to gender division of labour, power and control
4. Challenge women subordinate position
5. Legal rights, equal wages etc

Gender planning framework-

Harvard analytical framework
1. activity profile
2. access and control profile
3. analysis of factors influencing activities access an control
4. project cycle analysis