MODELING AND SIMULATION FOR VOLTAGE

SAGS/SWELLS MITIGATION USING DYNAMIC VOLTAGE

RESTORER (DVR)

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the problem of voltage sags and swells and its severe impact on non
linear loads or sensitive loads. The dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) has become popular as a cost
effective solution for the protection of sensitive loads from voltage sags and swells. The control
of the compensation voltages in DVR based on dqo algorithm is discussed. It first analyzes the
power circuit of a DVR system in order to come up with appropriate control limitations and
control targets for the compensation voltage control. The proposed control scheme is simple to
design. Simulation results carried out by Matlab/Simulink verify the performance of the
proposed method.

INTRODUCTION
Power Quality problems encompass a wide range of disturbances such as voltage
sags/swells, flicker, harmonics distortion, impulse transient, and interruptions. Voltage sags can
occur at any instant of time, with amplitudes ranging from 10 – 90% and a duration lasting for
half a cycle to one minute. Voltage swell, on the other hand, is defined as a swell is defined as an
increase in rms voltage or current at the power frequency for durations from 0.5 cycles to 1 min.
typical magnitudes are between 1.1 and 1.8 up. Swell magnitude is also is also described by its
remaining voltage, in this case, always greater than 1.0. [2,3,4]. Voltage swells are not as
important as voltage sags because they are less common in distribution systems.
 Voltage sag and swell can cause sensitive equipment (such as found in semiconductor or
chemical plants) to fail, or shutdown, as well as create a large current unbalance that could blow
fuses or trip breakers. These effects can be very expensive for the customer, ranging from minor
quality variations to production downtime and equipment damage. There are many different
methods to mitigate voltage sags and swells, but the use of a custom Power device is considered
to be the most efficient method. Switching off a large inductive load or Energizing a large
capacitor bank is a typical system event that causes swells. This paper introduces Dynamic
Voltage Restorer and its operating principle. Then, a simple control based on dqo method is used
to compensate voltage sags/swell. At the end, MATLAB/SIMULINK model based simulated
results were presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control method of DVR
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR):

Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is one of the custom power devices that are used as an
effective solution for the protection of sensitive loads against voltage disturbances in power
distribution system. The efficiency of the DVR depends on the performance of the efficiency
control technique involved in switching the inverters.

Introduction:
Among the power quality problems (sags, swells, harmonics…) voltage sags are the most
severe disturbances. In order to overcome these problems the concept of custom power devices is
introduced recently. One of those devices is the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), which is the
most efficient and effective modern custom power device used in power distribution networks.
DVR is a recently proposed series connected solid state device that injects voltage into the
system in order to regulate the load side voltage. It is normally installed in a distribution system
between the supply and the critical load feeder at the point of common coupling (PCC). Other
than voltage sags and swells compensation, DVR can also added other features like: line voltage
harmonics compensation, reduction of transients in voltage and fault current limitations.
 Location of DVR

Basic Configuration of DVR:

The general configuration of the DVR consists of:
I. An Injection/ Booster transformer
ii. A Harmonic filter
Iii. Storage Devices
Iv. A Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
v. DC charging circuit
vi. A Control and Protection system
 Schematic diagram of DVR

Injection/ Booster transformer:

The Injection / Booster transformer is a specially designed transformer that attempts to

limit the coupling of noise and transient energy from the primary side to the secondary side. Its
main tasks are:
 It connects the DVR to the distribution network via the HV-windings and transforms
and couples the injected compensating voltages generated by the voltage source
converters to the incoming supply voltage.
 In addition, the Injection / Booster transformer serves the purpose of isolating the load
from the system (VSC and control mechanism).
Harmonic Filter:

The main task of harmonic filter is to keep the harmonic voltage content generated by the
VSC to the permissible level.

Storage Devices

Energy Storage Unit is responsible for energy storage in DC form. Flywheels, batteries,
superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and super capacitors can be used as energy
storage devices. It is supplies the real power requirements of the system when DVR is used for
compensation.

Voltage Source Converter:

A VSC is a power electronic system consists of a storage device and switching devices, which
can generate a sinusoidal voltage at any required frequency, magnitude, and phase angle. In the
DVR application, the VSC is used to temporarily replace the supply voltage or to generate the
part of the supply voltage which is missing.
There are four main types of switching devices: Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect
Transistors (MOSFET), Gate Turn-Off thyristors (GTO), Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
(IGBT), and Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCT). Each type has its own benefits and
drawbacks. The IGCT is a recent compact device with enhanced performance and reliability that
allows building VSC with very large power ratings. Because of the highly sophisticated
converter design with IGCTs, the DVR can compensate dips which are beyond the capability of
the past DVRs using conventional devices. The purpose of storage devices is to supply the
necessary energy to the VSC via a dc link for the generation of injected voltages. The different
kinds of energy storage devices are Superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES), batteries
and capacitance.
DC Charging Circuit:

The dc charging circuit has two main tasks.

 The first task is to charge the energy source after a sag compensation event.
 The second task is to maintain dc link voltage at the nominal dc link voltage.

Control and protection:

The control mechanism of the general configuration typically consists of hardware with
programmable logic. All protective functions of the DVR should be implemented in the software.
Differential current protection of the transformer, or short circuit current on the customer load
side are only two examples of many protection functions possibility

Equations related to DVR

The system impedance Zth depends on the fault level of the load bus. When the system voltage
(Vth) drops, the DVR injects a series voltage VDVR through the injection transformer so that the
desired load voltage magnitude VL can be maintained. The series injected voltage of the DVR
can be written as
Where

: The desired load voltage magnitude

: The load impedance.

: The load current

: The system voltage during fault condition

The load current IL is given by,

When VL is considered as a reference equation can be rewritten as

∝, β, δ are angles of respectively and θ is Load power angle

The complex power injection of the DVR can be written as,

It requires the injection of only reactive power and the DVR itself is capable of generating the
Reactive power.
Operating modes of DVR:

The basic function of the DVR is to inject a dynamically controlled voltage VDVR
generated by a forced commutated converter in series to the bus voltage by means of a booster
transformer. The momentary amplitudes of the three injected phase voltages are controlled such
as to eliminate any detrimental effects of a bus fault to the load voltage VL. This means that any
differential voltages caused by transient disturbances in the ac feeder will be compensated by an
Equivalent voltage generated by the converter and injected on the medium voltage level through
the booster transformer.

The DVR has three modes of operation which are: protection mode, standby mode,
injection/boost mode.

Protection mode:
If the over current on the load side exceeds a permissible limit due to short circuit on the
load or large inrush current, the DVR will be isolated from the systems by using the bypass
switches (S2 and S3 will open) and supplying another path for current (S1 will be closed).

Protection Mode (creating another path for current)

Standby Mode: (VDVR= 0)
In the standby mode the booster transformer’s low voltage winding is shorted through the
converter. No switching of semiconductors occurs in this mode of operation and the full load
current will pass through the primary.

Standby Mode

Injection/Boost Mode: (VDVR>0)

In the Injection/Boost mode the DVR is injecting a compensating voltage through the
booster transformer due to the detection of a disturbance in the supply voltage.

Voltage injection methods of DVR:

Voltage injection or compensation methods by means of a DVR depend upon the limiting
factors such as; DVR power ratings, various conditions of load, and different types of voltage
sags. Some loads are sensitive towards phase angel jump and some are sensitive towards change
in magnitude and others are tolerant to these. Therefore the control strategies depend upon the
type of load characteristics.
There are four different methods of DVR voltage injection which are
i. Pre-sag compensation method
ii. In-phase compensation method
iii. In-phase advanced compensation method
iv. Voltage tolerance method with minimum energy injection

Pre-sag/dip compensation method:

The pre-sag method tracks the supply voltage continuously and if it detects any
disturbances in supply voltage it will inject the difference voltage between the sag or voltage at
PCC and pre-fault condition, so that the load voltage can be restored back to the pre-fault
condition. Compensation of voltage sags in the both phase angle and amplitude sensitive loads
would be achieved by pre-sag compensation method. In this method the injected active power
cannot be controlled and it is determined by external conditions such as the type of faults and
load conditions VDVR = Vprefault - Vsag

Pre-sag compensation method

In-phase compensation method:
This is the most straight forward method. In this method the injected voltage is in phase
with the supply side voltage irrespective of the load current and pre-fault voltage. The phase
angles of the pre-sag and load voltage are different but the most important criteria for power
quality that is the constant magnitude of load voltage are satisfied.

In-phase compensation method

|VL|=|Vprefault|
One of the advantages of this method is that the amplitude of DVR injection voltage is minimum
for certain voltage sag in comparison with other strategies. Practical application of this method is
in non-sensitive loads to phase angle jump.
In-phase advanced compensation method:
In this method the real power spent by the DVR is decreased by minimizing the power
angle between the sag voltage and load current. In case of pre-sag and in-phase compensation
method the active power is injected into the system during disturbances. The active power supply
is limited stored energy in the DC links and this part is one of the most expensive parts of DVR.
The minimization of injected energy is achieved by making the active power component zero by
having the injection voltage phasor perpendicular to the load current phasor. In this method the
values of load current and voltage are fixed in the system so we can change only the phase of the
sag voltage. IPAC method uses only reactive power and unfortunately, not al1 the sags can be
mitigated without real power, as a consequence, this method is only suitable for a limited range
of sags.

Voltage tolerance method with minimum energy injection:

A small drop in voltage and small jump in phase angle can be tolerated by the load itself.
If the voltage magnitude lies between 90%-110% of nominal voltage and 5%-10% of nominal
state that will not disturb the operation characteristics of loads. Both magnitude and phase are the
control parameter for this method which can be achieved by small energy injection.
 Voltage tolerance method with minimum energy injection

DVR CHARACTERISTICS:

In this section we shall present the fundamental, positive-sequence, steady state analysis
of a DVR connected power system. The voltage regulation scheme is shown in Figure. This
consists the following:
• DVR: represented by voltage sources Vfa, Vfb and Vfc
• Supply voltage: represented by sources Vsa, Vsb and Vsc
The DVR is connected between a terminal bus on the left and a load bus on the right. The
voltage sources are connected to the DVR terminals by a feeder with an impedance of R+jX. We
shall assume that the loads are balanced and the load impedance is given by Zl= Rl + jXl. It is to
be noted that the phase angle Φl between the load terminal Vl and the line current is depends on
the load impedance and is independent of the line impedance or the DVR voltage.

Figure Schematic diagram of a DVR

The objective of the discussion presented below is to regulate the magnitude of the load
voltage equal to that of the source voltage through DVR voltage injection. Further we stipulate
the following condition on the DVR:
• The DVR does not supply any real power in the steady state. This implies that the phase angle
difference between DVR voltage phasor and line current phasor must be Π /2 in the steady state.
Let us assume that the load current lags the load voltage. To draw a phasor diagram of the steady
state operation, we assume that the load voltage is fixed at V per unit and the source voltage is
allowed to vary. Since the primary target is to make the magnitudes of V1and Vs equal, the locus
of desirable Vs is the arc NB as shown in Figure. To make the magnitude of the load voltage
equal to that of the source voltage, the RIs drop must be less than NM. If the drop is less than
this limiting value, the DVR must compensate the entire reactive drop in the feeder and provide
additional injection such that the source voltage becomes V per unit.
 Phasor diagram showing multiple solutions

It can be seen from Figure that there are two possible intersection points with the arcone
at A and the other at B. This implies that two possible values of DVR voltage and can be
obtained for each feeder drop. For the first value, the source voltage will be along OA, while for
the other value, it will along OB. It is needless to say that the best choice is the A intersection
requiring much smaller voltage injection from the DVR.

Voltage sags:

Sag. A short-term decrease in voltage lasting anywhere from milliseconds up to a few seconds.
Sags starve a machine of the electricity it needs to function, causing computer crashes or
equipment lock-ups. Usually caused by equipment start-up—such as elevators, heating and air-
conditioning equipment, compressors, and copy machines—or nearby short circuits on the utility
system.
 The measurement of a Voltage Sag is stated as a percentage of the nominal voltage it is a
measurement of the remaining voltage and is stated as a sag TO a percentage value. Thus a
Voltage Sag to 60% is equivalent to 60% of nominal voltage, or 288 Volts for a nominal 480 Volt
system.

Voltage Sag- A reduced voltage for a limited period

Voltage sags are probably the most significant power quality (PQ) problem facing
industrial customers today, and they can be a significant problem for large commercial customers
as well. There are two sources of voltage sags: external (on the utility’s lines up to your facility)
and internal (within your facility). Utilities continuously strive to provide the most reliable and
consistent electric power possible. In the course of normal utility operations, however, many
things can cause voltage sags. Storms are the most common cause of external sags and
momentary interruptions in most areas of the U.S. A storm passing through an area can result in
dozens of major and minor PQ variations, including sags. For example, consider how PQ would
be affected by a lightning strike on or near a power line or by wind sending tree limbs into power
lines. Other common causes of external voltage sags are ice storms, animals (particularly
squirrels), and the start-up of large loads at neighboring facilities. Internal causes of voltage sags
can include starting major loads and grounding or wiring problems.
 Figure shows an example of sag on a three phase circuit, monitored by PTs with a 120
volt nominal output. The sag initiated on Phase A, and involved Phase B 3 cycles later. A number
of well-known studies have been conducted in the past concerning frequency and extent of
power quality disturbances. Two recent studies have been conducted by the Electric Power
Research Institute (EPRI) and the National Power Laboratories (NPL) on the distribution and
point-of-use levels, respectively. The EPRI sponsored program has used 300 power quality
monitoring nodes on the distribution systems of 24 utilities through US, which was undertaken
by Electrotek Concepts, Inc. Monitoring units, were placed at the distribution substation, at a
point near the middle of the feeder, and at a point near the end of the feeder. It has been reported
that approximately 42% of the sags observed to date were outside CBEMA limits.
 Figure shows a graph of the distribution by duration of sags below 90 Vrms. The NPL
study was a four year study between 1990 and 1994 of point-of-utilization power quality
monitoring at 112 North American locations. Single phase, line-toneutral data was collected at
the standard wall receptacle. Monitors were placed for varying lengths of time at the site,
depending on the need to determine climatic effects and other correlating factors. Sites included:
a climactic and geographic cross section of the US, cross section of major types of utility loads
(heavy industry, light industry, office and retail stores, residential, mixed); and, a broad range of
building locations, building types, building ages, and population areas.
A 104 Vrms limit for sag and 127 Vrms limit for a swell was used, as per the ANSI
C84.1-1989 limits and CBEMA curve. A quantity of 1057 site months of data was collected,
which yielded over 160,000 power disturbances during the monitoring period. Sags were the
most prevalent type of events, averaging 27.9 per month, with average sag amplitude of 99.3
Vrms. The median duration of sag was 0.26 sec, versus a 2.1 sec average, which the result of
several long-term sags
 PERCENTAGE OF SAGS OF GIVEN DURATION

CAUSES OF VOLTAGE SAGS

SAG CAUSES - TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

The causes of voltage sags on a transmission level system are similar to those on a
distribution system. They include the weather (especially lightning), construction accidents,
transportation accidents (helicopter or light planes are common culprits), animals or a fault on
another part of the system causing "sympathetic" sags. There have been recorded instances of the
nesting habits of large birds in the towers resulting in phase-to-ground faults when the insulators
were "shorted out" by bird droppings that were made into a conductive path during rain storms
 Lightning is often attributed with being the most common cause of faults on overhead
transmission and distribution lines. The fault can occur by lightning directly striking a phase
conductor, or by striking a grounded object, such as shield wire or tower, which is called a
backflash. A flashover develops from the voltage path across the phase conductors to ground or
to another other phase, resulting in flow of fault current. Transmission-related voltage sags are
normally shorter in duration than distribution voltage sags. This is attributed to the fact that the
fault clearing mechanisms (the relay/breaker schemes) must react faster, because of the large
amount of energy in transmission faults. Total time for fault detection and breaker operation is 3-
6 cycles on older systems, with newer breakers having fault clearing times within a cycle.
Another reason for the shorter duration is that transmission systems are looped or networked,
versus radial for distribution systems. This means that when a single line trips, the remaining
system can still handle the load, including the fault current. However, the larger currents
involved can have further reaching effects. The effects of sag to 90% have been found to be
experienced up to 700 miles away from the fault, while a sag to 75% have effect up to 300 miles
away.

SAG CAUSES - DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

Similar to the transmission system causes, weather (lightning, wind, ice), animal contact,
contamination of insulators, construction accidents, motor vehicle accidents, falling or contact
with tree limbs can result in voltage sags. Such faults may be 3-phase, line-to-line, or single line-
to-ground. The 3-phase faults are the most severe, but are relatively unusual. "Single line-to-
ground faults on the utility system are the most common cause of voltage sags in an industrial
plant". Preliminary results from the EPRI study indicate that most important cause of
momentary voltage sags is lightning strikes. In the majority of sags, the voltage drops to about
80% of nominal value on the parallel feeders, while the faulted feeder may have a lower sag
value, or may result in an outage if the fault cannot be cleared. Distribution system sags tend to
cluster around several duration ranges based on the fault protection schemes: 6-20 cycles (typical
distribution fault clearing times, 30-60 cycles (the instantaneous reclosing time for breakers) or
120-600 cycles (the delayed reclosing time for breakers).
 A typical distribution substation is show in Figure. A fault on the 115KV primary side of
the transformer (transmission level) will effect all of the feeders, as the 13.8KV bus voltage will
be lowered. A fault on a single feeder will most likely cause an outage to loads on that feeder, as
well as sag on the parallel feeders. The closer the fault is to the substation bus, the more of an
effect it will have on the parallel feeders.
When the breaker opens or the fuse blows, clearing the fault, the system current and bus
voltage will return to normal. Distribution breakers typically allow faults to remain longer than
transmission breakers and typically reclose slower, in order to allow time for the protective
equipments (such as fuses) that are downstream to function. The recloser will open, and then
reclose into the fault after about 1-10 seconds (depending on type of recloser scheme), after
which time the breaker is either locked out, or the fault has been cleared. Depending on the
number of reclosers before lock-out, parallel feeders can experience as many as four voltage sags
in succession. When the fault occurs on a fused branch of a distribution feeder, the fuse blows
and customer located on that branch will experience an outage, which will last until which time
that the fuse is replaced. If the breaker/reclose operates during the fault, all the customers on that
feeder experience an interruption of a duration that depends on the recloser setting.
SAG CAUSES - POINT OF UTILIZATION (LOADS)
In the NPL study, 50% or more of the recorded low/high RMS events were caused by
load equipment in the same building. Sudden increases in the current requirement can have the
same effect within a facility's wiring as on a utility distribution system. Voltage sags can be
caused by fault conditions within the building, or the start up of large inductive loads, such as
motors, that create a temporary in rush current condition. The starting of large horsepower
motors that would draw adequate current are typically longer in duration than 30 cycles, and the
associated voltage magnitudes are not as low as with a utility fault. The voltage sag condition
lasts until the large current demand decreases, or the fault is cleared by a protective device. In the
plant, this will typically be a fuse or a plant feeder breaker.

Utility Systems

Operation of Reclosers and Circuit breakers

If for any reason a sub-station circuit breaker or a recloser is tripped, then the line which
it is feeding will be temporarily disconnected. All other feeder lines from the same substation
system will see this disconnection event as a voltage sag which will spread to consumers on
these other lines. The depth of the voltage sag at the consumer’s site will vary depending on the
supply line voltage and the distance from the fault. Typically a higher supply voltage will have
larger sag affected zone

Equipment Failure
If electrical equipment fails due to overloading, cable faults etc., protective equipment
will operate at the sub-station and voltage sags will be seen on other feeder lines across the
utility system.
Bad Weather
Thunderstorms and lightning strikes cause a significant number of voltage sags. If
lightning strikes a power line and continues to ground, this creates a line to ground fault. The line
to ground fault in turn creates a voltage sag and this reduced voltage can be seen over a wide
area. Note the lightning strike to ground causes Voltage Sags on all other lines. Circuit breakers
and reclosers operate more frequently in poor weather conditions
High winds can blow tree branches into power lines. As the tree branch strikes the line, a line to
ground fault occurs which creates a voltage sag. If the line protection system does not operate
immediately, a series of sags will occur if the branch repeatedly touches the power line. Broken
branches landing on power lines cause phase to phase and phase to ground faults Snow and Ice
build up on power line insulators can cause flash-over, either phase to ground or strike another
line. These events cause voltage sags to spread through other feeders on the system phase to
phase. Similarly snow or ice falling from one line can cause it to rebound and

Pollution
Salt spray build up on power line insulators over time in coastal areas, even many miles
inland, can cause flash over especially in stormy weather. Dust in arid inland areas can cause
similar problems. As circuit protector devices operate, voltage sags appear on other feeders

Animals & Birds

Animals particularly squirrels, racoons and snakes occasionally find there way onto
power lines or transformers and can cause a short circuit either phase to phase or phase to
ground. Large birds, geese and swans, fly into power lines and cause similar faults. While the
creature rarely survives, the protective circuit breaker operates and a voltage sag is created on
other feeders.

Vehicle Problems
Utility power lines frequently run alongside public roads. Vehicles occasionally collide
with utility poles causing lines to touch, protective devices trip and voltage sags occur.
Construction Activity
Even when all power lines are underground, digging foundations for new building
construction can result in damage to underground power lines and create voltage sags.

Industrial Plants
Voltage sags can be caused within an industrial facility or a group of facilities by the
starting of large electric motors either individually or in groups. The large current inrush on
starting can cause voltage sags in the local or adjacent areas even if the utility line voltage
remains at a constant nominal value.

Multi Phase Sags and Single Phase Sags

Single Phase Sags

The most common voltage sags, over 70%, are single phase events which are typically
due to a phase to ground fault occurring somewhere on the system. This phase to ground fault
appears as a single phase voltage sag on other feeders from the same substation. Typical causes
are lightning strikes, tree branches, animal contact etc. It is not uncommon to see single phase
voltage sags to 30% of nominal voltage or even lower in industrial plants.

Phase to Phase Sags

2 Phase, phase to phase sags may be caused by tree branches, adverse weather, animals or
vehicle collision with utility poles. The two phase voltage sag will typically appear on other
feeders from the same substation.
Phase Sags
Symmetrical 3 phase sags account for less than 20% of all sag events and are caused
either by switching or tripping of a 3 phase circuit breaker, switch or recloser which will create a
3 phase voltage sag on other lines fed from the same substation. 3 phase sags will also be caused
by starting large motors but these types of event typically causes voltage sags to approximately
80% of nominal voltage and are usually confined to an industrial plant or its immediate
neighbours.

Voltage Sags Affect Production

Both single phase and multiphase voltage sags can cause unplanned production stoppages
but single phase (120V) control devices and electronic sensors can be very vulnerable to voltage
sags. Modern electronic equipment requires more precise voltage regulation than traditional
devices such as induction motors. When manufacturing industry used mechanical devices and
gearboxes to control the speed of its processes, many of which were relatively slow and required
manual operation or intervention by operators, voltage variations were not such a serious issue.
Automation has lead to high speed processes, automatic electronic sensing and controls;
precision machine tools have sophisticated electronic controls, variable speed drives have
replaced many gearboxes and any unplanned manufacturing stoppage can be very expensive.

Electronic process controls, sensors, computer controls, PLC’s and variable speed drives,
even conventional electrical relays are all to some degree susceptible to voltage sags. In many
cases one or more of these devices may trip if there is a voltage sag to less than 90% of nominal
voltage even if the duration is only for one or two cycles i.e. less than 100 milliseconds. The time
to restart production after such an unplanned stoppage can typically be measured in minutes,
hours or even days. Costs per event can be many tens of thousands of dollars.
Solutions to Voltage Sag Problems

First Identify the Problem

Equipment Identification
In order to provide a optimal and cost effective solution to voltage sag problems it is
necessary to determine which equipment is susceptible to unplanned stoppages. In most
industries there is still a significant amount of electrical equipment which is not sensitive to
voltage variation or which can be restarted at little or no cost. Usually it is not necessary to
protect an entire industrial facility, it is sufficient to protect the key sensitive equipment.

Identify the Voltage Sags

The next stage is to determine the frequency, depth and duration of the voltage sags.
These can vary widely even in apparently similar industrial facilities. Collection of this data is
essential if the optimal solution is to be identified. In North America, only a small proportion of
manufacturing businesses have installed electrical metering which is capable of measuring and
recording the voltage variations which are responsible for the majority of their very costly
Unplanned Production Stoppages.

Measure the Problem

Install Metering
To identify the depth of the voltage sags and their duration, the sag events need to be
measured and recorded for subsequent analysis. As a typical voltage sag events last only a few
cycles, the most cost effective way to measure these is by installation of an electronic meter with
wave form capture capability.
As and when a voltage sag occurs, these devices capture the 3 phase voltages values
throughout the sag event, the duration of the event in cycles, and can time stamp the start and or
finish of the event. The data is captured automatically and is downloaded to a computer for later
analysis.
Record Unplanned Production Stoppages
It is extremely helpful to record precisely the time and date of unplanned production
stoppages and then to compare these against voltage variations recorded by the meter, as not all
voltage sags lead to stoppages. This analysis will show the value of the sag voltage which
typically causes production problems and equally those events which have not caused problems.
Surprisingly in many industries, people are so busy trying to restart the process they fail to
record the time of the stoppage with any formal system. Even in large companies precise data on
the number and duration of unplanned stoppages is often difficult to find.

Meter Cost vs. Cost of Unplanned Production Stoppage

The cost of an installation with a meter capable of wave form capture and its software is
typically a few thousand dollars. This is often only a small fraction of the cost of even one
unplanned production stoppage. Unfortunately installation of such meters has not become
commonplace in many industries as “there is no money in the budget for this”.

Choose a Solution
Once the characteristics of typical voltage sag have been determined by examining recorded data
from the wave-form capture meter over a period of time, it is possible to calculate the type of
voltage sag correction required to cover the depth and duration of expected future voltage sag
events.
If it is possible to correct the problem by changing some sensitive components, this may
well be the least expensive solution. This approach has been widely adopted in the semi-
conductor industry and it is notable that this industry has invested heavily in high quality meters
to identify the problems. This is an industry where an unplanned stoppage may cost $1 million
per event or more. If component substitution is not practical, it is necessary to identify the size of
the load to be protected in kVA and its supply voltage. This may be an entire plant at medium
voltage or a critical machine at low voltage or anything in between.
There are Voltage Sag Correction Devices Available.

Traditional Solutions
Traditional methods of Voltage Control included Transformer Tap Changers both
mechanical and SCR switched units, Servo-Variac technology and Ferro-Resonant Transformers
(constant voltage transformers). In some cases and for some applications these traditional
technologies may still be applicable and work well but in many cases they were designed to
correct problems other than voltage sags.

UPS Solutions
Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) technology has been available for over 20 years
and is ideally suited for those applications such as high speed data processing where continuous
protection against any power variation and more importantly against any power interruption is
essential.
Industrial UPS units are widely used to protect electronic process control equipment and
to allow for an orderly shutdown of the process but it is rarely economic to install large UPS
systems with their attendant large battery banks for high power electrical equipment such as high
horsepower drives, extruders etc.

Electronic Voltage Regulators

There are several manufacturers of devices designed specifically for voltage sag
correction in industrial applications. These devices use a combination of an inverter plus short
term electrical storage or an inverter with a specially designed injection transformer to provide
voltage correction against voltage sags as they arise. Typical response times from initiation of a
voltage sag to its correction are of the order of one half cycle or less. Some devices offer limited
ride through a zero voltage event for a short time, others do not.
 These devices provide excellent protection against both 3 phase and single phase voltage
sags. Some manufacturers offer small single phase devices at low voltage 120V or 220V
typically with small kVA ratings. Others provide only 3 phase devices at low voltage 208V –
600V and at medium voltage to 36kV. The kVA ratings of 3 phase devices typically range from
<20kVA -5 MVA at low voltage and from 1MVA to 50MVA for medium voltage applications. A
few manufacturers offer solutions in the 50MVA to 100+MVA range at medium voltage but
demand for these occurs infrequently.

Pay back on Sag Correction Investment

Typically pay back periods for actual savings achieved by businesses who have installed
voltage sag correction equipment can be as little as few weeks, more commonly 12 months or
less, but rarely exceed two years.

VOLTAGE SWELLS

Swell:
The sudden removal of large loads or application of large capacitor banks may lead to
transient voltage rise. This increase in voltage (swell), although not as common as sags, may lead
to insulation failure of the equipment upon times.
A temporary increase in the RMS value of voltage of more than 10% at the power
frequency, for durations from one-half cycle to one minute.

A swell is defined as an increase to between 1.1 pu and 1.8 pu in rms voltage or current at
the power frequency for durations from 0.5 cycle to one minute.

As with sags, swells are usually associated with system fault conditions, but they are not as
common as voltage sags. One way that a swell can occur is from the temporary voltage rise on
the unfaulted phases during a single line-to-ground (SLG) fault. Figure illustrates a voltage swell
caused by a SLG fault. Swells can also be caused by switching off a large load or energizing a
large capacitor bank.
 Swells are characterized by their magnitude (rms value) and duration. The severity of a
voltage swell during a fault condition is a function of the fault location, system impedance, and
grounding. On an ungrounded system, with an infinite zero- sequence impedance, the line-to-
ground voltages on the ungrounded phases will be 1.73 per unit during a SLG fault condition.
Close to the substation on a grounded system, there will be little or no voltage rise on the
unfaulted phases because the substation transformer is usually connected delta-wye, providing a
low impedance zero-sequence path for the fault current. Faults at different points along 4-wire,
multi-grounded feeders will have varying degrees of voltage swells on the unfaulted phases. A
15% swell, like that shown in the figure, is common on US utility feeders.

The term momentary overvoltage is used by many writers as a synonym for the term swell.

SWELL CAUSES
Swells are less common than voltage sags, but also usually associated with system fault
conditions. A swell can occur due to a single line-toground fault on the system, which can also
result in a temporary voltage rise on the unfaulted phases. This is especially true in ungrounded
or floating ground delta systems, where the sudden change in ground reference result in a voltage
rise on the ungrounded phases. On an ungrounded system, the line-to ground voltages on the
ungrounded phases will be 1.73 pu during a fault condition. Close to the substation on a
grounded system, there will be no voltage rise on unfaulted phases because the substation
transformer is usually connected delta-wye, providing a low impedance path for the fault current.
Swells can also be generated by sudden load decreases. The abrupt interruption of current can
generate a large voltage, per the formula: v = L di/dt, where L is the inductance of the line, and
di/dt is the change in current flow. Switching on a large capacitor bank can also cause a swell,
though it more often causes an oscillatory transient.

MONITORING & TESTING

As with other technology-driven products, the power quality monitoring products have
rapidly evolved in the last fifteen years. Increased complexity and performance of VLSI
components, particularly microprocessor, digital signal processors, programmable logic, and
analog/digital converters, have allowed the manufacturer's of power quality monitoring
instruments to include more performance in the same size package for the same or reduced price.
A different type of monitoring equipment is available, depending on the user's knowledge
base and requirements. The four basic categories of power quality monitors (also known as
power line disturbance monitors) are: event indicators, text monitors, solid state recording
volt/ammeters, and graphical monitors. While all of these devices can be used to
measure/monitor sags and swells, the effectiveness of each depends on what information the user
wants to gain. Since sags and swells are relatively slow events (as opposed to microsecond
duration transients), the wide variety of instruments are generally capable of capturing a sag or
swell with reasonable reliability.
Event indicators are usually on the lower price end of the market. They indicate to the
user that a sag or swell has occurred through visual means, such as indicator lights or illuminated
bar graphs. Some products will store the worst case amplitudes of such and/or the number of
occurrences of the type of event. Most such device do not provide an indication of the time of
occurrence or the duration. The voltage limit detectors may be preset or programmable, with the
accuracy being in the 2-5% range. Textual-based monitors were actually the first dedicated
power quality monitors, produced back in 1976. The function of these instruments is similar to
the event indicators, except the output is in alphanumeric format Additional information, such as
duration and time-of-occupance is often included. Some of these products allow for the
correlation of other information (such as environmental parameters and system status levels) to
assist the user in determining the cause of the event.
 Solid state recording volt/ammeters have replaced the older pen-and-ink chart recorders
as a means of providing a graphical history of an event. These devices typically lack the
resolution necessary for monitoring fault-clearing sags. Sampling techniques range from average
of several cycles to samples over 2-30 cycles. The averaging over several cycles may mask the
sag or swell, as well as result in misleading amplitudes. Sampling over multiple cycles will not
properly represent the event either.
Graphical monitors provide the most information about a sag or swell. Most graphical
monitors provide a cycle-by-cycle picture of the disturbance, as well as recording
minimum/maximum values, duration, and time-of-occurance. The three-phase voltage graphs,
coupled with graphs of neutral to ground voltage, phase currents, neutral current (in wye), and
ground currents, will usually provide the user with enough information to determine if the fault
occurred upstream or downstream. The timing and magnitude information can often identify the
source of the fault. For example, if the phase current levels of the load did not change prior to the
voltage sag, the fault is more likely upstream. If the magnitude of the sag is down to 20% of
nominal, it is likely that the fault was close by. If the sag duration was less than four cycles, it
was most likely a transmission system fault. If the swell waveform is preceded by a oscillatory
transient, it may be the result of a power factor correction capacitor being switched on. Line-to-
neutral voltage sag is often accompanied by a neutral-to-ground voltage swell.
The location of the monitor, power supply wiring, and measurement input wiring, and
immunization especially critical with the higher performance graphical monitors. The monitor
itself must also be capable of riding through the sag and surviving extended duration swells. The
functionality of the monitor should be thoroughly evaluated in the laboratory, under simulated
disturbances, before placing out in the field. Just because it didn't record it, does not mean it
didn't happen.
Unless there is significant information pointing to the cause of the disturbance before the
monitoring begins, it is common practice to begin at the point of common coupling with the
utility service as the initial monitoring point. If the initial monitoring period indicates that the
fault occurred on the utility side of the service transformer, then further monitoring would not be
necessary until attempting to determine the effectiveness of the solution. If the source of the
disturbance is determined to be internal to the facility, the placing multiple monitors on the
various feeds within the facility would most likely produce the optimal answer in the shortest
time period. Otherwise, the monitor must be moved from circuit to circuit, with particular
attention to circuits powering suspected sources, and the circuits of the susceptible devices.
Recent developments in artificial intelligence tools, especially fuzzy logic, have allow software
vendors to develop products that allow knowledge and reasoning patterns to be stored in the
software program. Further analysis of the event, beyond the IEEE 1159 classifications, is
possible. These include the severity of the event, relative to the type of equipment that would be
effected, and probability factors on the cause of the disturbance. Multiple, successive sags that
return to nominal for an adequate time for the power supply capacitors to recharge may not be as
severe as a longer duration sag of a higher amplitude.

CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM CONFIGURATION OF DVR

Dynamic Voltage Restorer is a series connected device designed to maintain a constant
RMS voltage value across a sensitive load.
The DVR considered consists of:
A. an injection / series transformer
B. a harmonic filter,
C. a Voltage Source Converter (VSC), 465
D. an energy storage and
E. a control system, as shown in Figure

Schematic diagram of DVR

 The main function of a DVR is the protection of sensitive loads from voltage sags/swells
coming from the network. Therefore as shown in Figure 1, the DVR is located on approach of
sensitive loads. If a fault occurs on other lines, DVR inserts series voltage VDVR and
compensates load voltage to pre fault value. The momentary amplitudes of the three injected
phase voltages are controlled such as to eliminate any detrimental effects of a bus fault to the
load voltage VL. This means that any differential voltages caused by transient disturbances in the
ac feeder will be compensated by an equivalent voltage generated by the converter and injected
on the medium voltage level through the booster transformer.
The DVR works independently of the type of fault or any event that happens in the
system, provided that the whole system remains connected to the supply grid, i.e. the line breaker
does not trip. For most practical cases, a more economical design can be achieved by only
compensating the positive and negative sequence components of the voltage disturbance seen at
the input of the DVR. This option is Reasonable because for a typical distribution bus
configuration, the zero sequence part of a disturbance will not pass through the step down
transformer because of infinite impedance for this component.

The DVR has two modes of operation which are: standby mode and boost mode. In
standby mode (VDVR=0), the booster transformer’s low voltage winding is shorted through the
converter. No switching of semiconductors occurs in this mode of operation, because the
individual converter legs are triggered such as to establish a short-circuit path for the transformer
connection. Therefore, only the comparatively low conduction losses of the semiconductors in
this current loop contribute to the losses. The DVR will be most of the time in this mode. In
boost mode (VDVR>0) the DVR is injecting a compensation voltage through the booster
transformer due to a detection of a supply voltage disturbance
 Equivalent Circuit of DVR

Figure shows the equivalent circuit of the DVR, when the source voltage is drop or
increase, the DVR injects a series voltage Vinj through the injection transformer so that the
desired load voltage magnitude VL can be maintained. The series injected voltage of the DVR
can be written as
Vinj = Vload + Vs
(1)
Where;
VLoad is the desired load voltage magnitude
Vs is the source voltage during sags/swells condition
The load current ILoad is given by,
MATLAB

Matlab is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates

computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and
solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include Math and
computation Algorithm development Data acquisition Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
Data analysis, exploration, and visualization Scientific and engineering graphics Application
development, including graphical user interface building.

Matlab is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require
dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those
with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in
a scalar no interactive language such as C or FORTRAN.

The name matlab stands for matrix laboratory. Matlab was originally written to provide
easy access to matrix software developed by the linpack and eispack projects. Today, matlab
engines incorporate the lapack and blas libraries, embedding the state of the art in software for
matrix computation.

Matlab has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university
environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in
mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, matlab is the tool of choice for high-
productivity research, development, and analysis.

Matlab features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very

important to most users of matlab, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized
technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of matlab functions (M-files) that extend
the matlab environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are
available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets,
simulation, and many others.
The matlab system consists of five main parts:

Development Environment

This is the set of tools and facilities that help you use matlab functions and files. Many of
these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes the matlab desktop and Command Window, a
command history, an editor and debugger, and browsers for viewing help, the workspace, files,
and the search path.

The matlab Mathematical Function Library

This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions,

like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix
inverse, matrix eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.

The matlab Language.

This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions, data
structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both "programming
in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and "programming in the
large" to create large and complex application programs.

Matlab has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as well as
annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level functions for two-dimensional and
three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It
also includes low-level functions that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics as
well as to build complete graphical user interfaces on your matlab applications.

The matlab Application Program Interface (API)

This is a library that allows you to write C and FORTRAN programs that interact with
matlab. It includes facilities for calling routines from matlab (dynamic linking), calling matlab as
a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.
SIMULINK:

Introduction:

Simulink is a software add-on to matlab which is a mathematical tool developed by The

Math works,(http://www.mathworks.com) a company based in Natick. Matlab is powered by
extensive numerical analysis capability. Simulink is a tool used to visually program a dynamic
system (those governed by Differential equations) and look at results. Any logic circuit, or
control system for a dynamic system can be built by using standard building blocks available in
Simulink Libraries. Various toolboxes for different techniques, such as Fuzzy Logic, Neural
Networks, dsp, Statistics etc. are available with Simulink, which enhance the processing power
of the tool. The main advantage is the availability of templates / building blocks, which avoid the
necessity of typing code for small mathematical processes.

Concept of signal and logic flow:

In Simulink, data/information from various blocks are sent to another block by lines
connecting the relevant blocks. Signals can be generated and fed into blocks dynamic /
static).Data can be fed into functions. Data can then be dumped into sinks, which could be
scopes, displays or could be saved to a file. Data can be connected from one block to another,
can be branched, multiplexed etc. In simulation, data is processed and transferred only at discrete
times, since all computers are discrete systems. Thus, a simulation time step (otherwise called an
integration time step) is essential, and the selection of that step is determined by the fastest
dynamics in the simulated system.
Simulink library browser
Connecting blocks:

Connectung blocks

To connect blocks, left-click and drag the mouse from the output of one block to the input of
another block.
Sources and sinks:

The sources library contains the sources of data/signals that one would use in a dynamic
system simulation. One may want to use a constant input, a sinusoidal wave, a step, a repeating
sequence such as a pulse train, a ramp etc. One may want to test disturbance effects, and can use
the random signal generator to simulate noise. The clock may be used to create a time index for
plotting purposes. The ground could be used to connect to any unused port, to avoid warning
messages indicating unconnected ports.

The sinks are blocks where signals are terminated or ultimately used. In most cases, we
would want to store the resulting data in a file, or a matrix of variables. The data could be
displayed or even stored to a file. the stop block could be used to stop the simulation if the input
to that block (the signal being sunk) is non-zero. Figure 3 shows the available blocks in the
sources and sinks libraries. Unused signals must be terminated, to prevent warnings about
unconnected signals.
Sources and sinks
Continuous and discrete systems:

All dynamic systems can be analyzed as continuous or discrete time systems. Simulink
allows you to represent these systems using transfer functions, integration blocks, delay blocks
etc.

Continous and descrete systems

Non-linear operators:

A main advantage of using tools such as Simulink is the ability to simulate non-linear
systems and arrive at results without having to solve analytically. It is very difficult to arrive at
an analytical solution for a system having non-linearities such as saturation, signup function,
limited slew rates etc. In Simulation, since systems are analyzed using iterations, non-linearities
are not a hindrance. One such could be a saturation block, to indicate a physical limitation on a
parameter, such as a voltage signal to a motor etc. Manual switches are useful when trying
simulations with different cases. Switches are the logical equivalent of if-then statements in
programming.

simulink blocks
Mathematical operations:
Mathematical operators such as products, sum, logical operations such as and, or, etc.
.can be programmed along with the signal flow. Matrix multiplication becomes easy with the
matrix gain block. Trigonometric functions such as sin or tan inverse (at an) are also available.
Relational operators such as ‘equal to’, ‘greater than’ etc. can also be used in logic circuits

Simulink math blocks

SIGNALS & DATA TRANSFER:

In complicated block diagrams, there may arise the need to transfer data from one portion
to another portion of the block. They may be in different subsystems. That signal could be
dumped into a go to block, which is used to send signals from one subsystem to another.

Multiplexing helps us remove clutter due to excessive connectors, and makes matrix
(column/row) visualization easier.
 Signals and systems

Making subsystems

Drag a subsystem from the Simulink Library Browser and place it in the parent block
where you would like to hide the code. The type of subsystem depends on the purpose of the
block. In general one will use the standard subsystem but other subsystems can be chosen. For
instance, the subsystem can be a triggered block, which is enabled only when a trigger signal is
received.
 Open (double click) the subsystem and create input / output PORTS, which transfer
signals into and out of the subsystem. The input and output ports are created by dragging them
from the Sources and Sinks directories respectively. When ports are created in the subsystem,
they automatically create ports on the external (parent) block. This allows for connecting the
appropriate signals from the parent block to the subsystem.

Setting simulation parameters:

Running a simulation in the computer always requires a numerical technique to solve a

differential equation. The system can be simulated as a continuous system or a discrete system
based on the blocks inside. The simulation start and stop time can be specified. In case of
variable step size, the smallest and largest step size can be specified. A Fixed step size is
recommended and it allows for indexing time to a precise number of points, thus controlling the
size of the data vector. Simulation step size must be decided based on the dynamics of the
system. A thermal process may warrant a step size of a few seconds, but a DC motor in the
system may be quite fast and may require a step size of a few milliseconds.
PROPOSED METHOD
A. Main Circuit
Figure shows the configuration of the proposed DVR design using
MATLAB/SIMULINK, where the outputs of a three-phase half-bridge inverter are connected to
the utility supply via wye-open connected series transformer. Once a voltage disturbance occurs,
with the aid of dqo transformation based control scheme, the inverter output can be steered in
phase with the incoming ac source while the load is maintained constant. As for the filtering
scheme of the proposed method, output of inverter is installed with capacitors and inductors.

Proposed system configuration

B. Control Algorithm
The basic functions of a controller in a DVR are the detection of voltage sag/swell events
in the system; computation of the correcting voltage, generation of trigger pulses to the
sinusoidal PWM based DC-AC inverter, correction of any anomalies in the series voltage
injection and termination of the trigger pulses when the event has passed. The controller may
also be used to shift the DC-AC inverter into rectifier mode to charge the capacitors in the DC
energy link in the absence of voltage sags/swells.
The dqo transformation or Park’s transformation is used to control of DVR.

The dqo method gives the sag depth and phase shift information with start and end times.
The quantities are expressed as the instantaneous space vectors. Firstly convert the voltage from
ab- c reference frame to d-q-o reference. For simplicity zero phase sequence components is
ignored. Figure illustrates a flow chart of the feed forward dqo transformation for voltage
sags/swells detection. The detection is carried out in each of the three phases.

The control scheme for the proposed system is based on the comparison of a voltage
reference and the measured terminal voltage (Va, Vb, Vc).The voltage sags is detected when the
supply drops below 90% of the reference value whereas voltage swells is detected when supply
voltage increases up to 25% of the reference value. The error signal is used as a modulation
signal that allows to generate a commutation pattern for the power switches (IGBT’s)
constituting the voltage source converter. The commutation pattern is generated by means of the
sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique (SPWM); voltages are controlled through the
modulation. The block diagram of the phase locked loop (PLL) is illustrated in Figure. The PLL
circuit is used to generate a unit sinusoidal wave in phase with mains voltage.
Flow chart of feed forward control technique for DVR based on dqo transformation

Equation defines the transformation from three phase system a, b, c to dqo stationary frame. In
this transformation, phase A is aligned to the daxis that is in quadrature with the q-axis. The theta
(θ) is defined by the angle between phases A to the d-axis.
 SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Discrete,
Ts = 5e-005 s.
powergui g
+ A a
A A A Vinabc
B
B B B b
From7
- C C
1 C C c
[pulses] Three-Phase
z dc Universal Bridge Series RLC Branch Three-Phase Scope4
From2 Unit Delay V-I Measurement
no de 10

no de 10

A
B

B1
B1+
A1
A1+
C

C1+

C1
Vabcdvr
Three-Phase Three-Phase Transformer A A From3
Series RLC Branch1 12 Terminals B B

B2+

C2+
A2+
C C

C
A
B

B2
A2

C2
Scope1
Three-Phase
Series RLC Branch2
A a
A A
node 10 B b B B
C C Vabcload
C c
Three-Phase
Three-Phase From6
Series RLC Branch3
V-I Measurement2
A a A A Scope3
A
A A A a
B B
B B B B b B b
C C
C C C c
C
C c Three-Phase
source imp Series RLC Branch4
Source Three-Phase
Transformer vi 2
(Two Windings)

A A Va bc abc
N B B a dq0
b
C C c sin_cos [Vabcref]
Three-Phase vi 1 Goto2
Programmable abc_to_dq0
Voltage Source1 Transformation
PI dq0
Freq
abc Uref Pulses [pulses]
Add
Vinabc Vabc(pu) wt Vinabc abc Discrete sin_cos
Transport Goto1
dq0 PI Controller
From12 Sin_Cos From13 dq0_to_abc Delay
sin_cos Discrete
Transformation PWM Generator
Discrete
3-phase PLL abc_to_dq0
Transformation1

TABLE I: SYSTEM PARAMETERS AND CONSTANT

A detailed system as shown in Figure 3 has been modeled by MATLAB/SIMULINK to study
the efficiency of suggested control strategy. The system parameters and constant value are listed
in Table . It is assumed that the voltage magnitude of the load bus is maintained at 1 pu during
the voltage sags/swells condition. The results of the most important simulations are represented
in Figures. The load has been assumed linear with power factor pf =0.85 lagging and its capacity
of 5 KVA.

Voltage Sags
The first simulation show of three phase voltage sag is simulated. The simulation started
with the supply voltage 50% sagging as shown in Figure (a).In Figure (a) also shows a 50%
voltage sag initiated at 0.15s and it is kept until 0.35s, with total voltage sag duration of 0.2s.
Figures (b) and (c) show the voltage injected by the DVR and the corresponding load voltage
with compensation. As a result of DVR, the load voltage is kept at 1 pu. The effectiveness of the
DVR under unbalanced conditions is shown in figure, in figure also shows the occurrence of
50% single phase voltage sag on a utility grid. Through simulation the supply voltage with one
phase voltage dropped down to 50% as shown in Figure (a). The DVR injected voltage and the
load voltage are shown in Figures (b) and (c) respectively. Its corresponding load voltages are
shown in Figure (c) where it is possible to see that the compensation method is keeping the load
voltages constant at 1 p.u.
Three-phase voltages sag: (a)-Source voltage, (b)-Injected voltage, (c)-Load voltage
Single-phase voltage sag: (a)-Source voltage, (b)-Injected voltage, (c)-Load voltage
Three-phase voltages swell: (a)-Source voltage, (b)-Injected voltage, (c)-Load voltage
Two-phase voltages swell: (a)-Source voltage, (b)-Injected voltage, (c)-Load voltage
Voltage Swells
The second simulation shows the DVR performance during a voltage swell condition.
The simulation started with the supply voltage swell is generated as shown in Figure (a). As
observed from this figure the amplitude of supply voltage is increased about 25% from its
nominal voltage. Figures (b) and (c) show the injected and the load voltage respectively. As can
be seen from the results, the load voltage is kept at the nominal value with the help of the DVR.
Similar to the case of voltage sag, the DVR reacts quickly to inject the appropriate voltage
component (negative voltage magnitude) to correct the supply voltage. Figure shows that the
performances of the DVR with an unbalanced voltage swell. In this case, two of the three phases
are higher by 25% than the third phase as shown in Figure (a). The injected voltage that is
produced by DVR in order to correct the load voltages and the load voltages maintain at the
constant are shown in Figures (b) and (c), respectively.
CONCLUSION
The modeling and simulation of a DVR using MATLAB/SIMULINK has been presented.
A control system based on dqo technique which is a scaled error of the between source side of
the DVR and its reference for sags/swell correction has been presented. The simulation shows
that the DVR performance is satisfactory in mitigating voltage sags/swells.

From simulation results also show that the DVR compensates the sags/swells quickly and
provides excellent voltage regulation. The DVR handles both balanced and unbalanced situations
without any difficulties and injects the appropriate voltage component to correct rapidly any
anomaly in the supply voltage to keep the load voltage balanced and constant at the nominal
value

The main advantage of this DVR is low cost and its control is simple. It can mitigate long
duration voltage sags/swells efficiently. Future work will include a comparison with a laboratory
experiments in order to compare simulation and experimental results.
REFERENCES
[1] N.G. Hingorani, “Introducing Custom Power in IEEE Spectrum,” 32p, pp. 4l-48, 1995.

[2] IEEE Std. 1159 – 1995, “Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality”.

[3] P. Boonchiam and N. Mithulananthan, “Understanding of Dynamic Voltage Restorers through

MATLAB Simulation,” Thammasat Int. J. Sc. Tech., Vol. 11, No. 3, July-Sept 2006.

[4] J. G. Nielsen, M. Newman, H. Nielsen, and F. Blaabjerg, “Control and testing of a dynamic
voltage restorer (DVR) at medium voltage level,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 19, no.
3,p.806, May 2004.

[5] A. Ghosh and G. Ledwich, “Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices,”
Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

[6] S. Chen, G. Joos, L. Lopes, and W. Guo, "A nonlinear control method of dynamic voltage
restorers," in 2002 IEEE 33rd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2002, pp. 88-
93.

[7] R. Buxton, "Protection from voltage dips with the dynamic voltage restorer," in IEE Half Day
Colloquium on Dynamic Voltage Restorers – Replacing Those Missing Cycles, 1998, pp. 3/1-
3/6.

[8] H. Awad, J.Svensson, M. Bollen, “Mitigation of Unbalanced Voltage Dips Using Static Series
Compensator”, IEEE Trans. On Power Elec., Vol. 19, No. 13, May 2004
[9] B. Singh, A. Adya, J. Gupta, “Power Quality Enhancement with DSTATCOM for small
Isolated Alternator feeding Distribution System” Power Electronics, And Drive System 2005,
(PEDS 2005), Vol1., 16-18 Jan Pages: 274-279
[10] C. Hochgraf, R. Lasseter, “Stacom controls for Operation with Unbalanced Voltages “ IEEE
Trans. On Power delivery, Vol. 13, No. 2, April 1998

BIOGRAPHY

Rosli Omar received the degree in electrical & electronics engineering from University
Technology Malaysia in 1991 and M.Eng from University Of Science Malaysia in 2001. Where
he is currently working toward the Ph.D, degree in electrical and electronic engineering. His
research interests include power electronic, power quality and renewable energy

Professor Dr. Nasrudin Abdul Rahim received the B.Sc. (Hons.) and M.Sc. degrees from the
University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K., and Ph.D, degree in 1995 from Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh, U.K. He is expertise in Power Electronics and Drives in the Department
of Electrical Engineering. Currently, he the Director of the Center for Research Power
Electronics, Drives, automation and control Faculty of Engineering. has received a University
Excellence Staff Award from the University. His research interests include power electronics and
drives, and related industrial applications.

Prof Dr Marizan Sulaiman obtained his B.sc., M.E.E. and Ph.D. in Electrical from University
Of Missouri-Columbia (UMC), USA in 1984, 1985 and 1989. Currently he is the Dean of
Faculty of Electrical, University Technical Malaysia Malacca. His research interests including all
area of power systems, energy efficient systems, control and instrumentation and e-learning.