Literature Review

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

Nur Tsurayya Priambodo,1 Hening Tuti Hendarti 2

1 2
Oral Medicine Resident Dental Faculty Airlangga University, Surabaya
2
Lecture of Oral Medicine Dental Faculty Airlangga University, Surabaya

ABSTRACT
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INTRODUCTION
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a malignant skin
tumor, derived from basal epidermal cells that
develop slowly and rarely or even not
bermetatase. It is a local malignancy that
involves the de tissue under the skin, muscles
and bones (Greenberg & Glick 2015).
Other name Basal cell epithelioma, rodent
ulcer, Basalioma (Rajendran & grows slowly, invades the surrounding tissue,
Sivapathasundharam.2012)
Epidemiology BCC is not statistically reported
However, the American Cancer Society
estimates more than 3.5 million cases of BCC
and SCC skin diagnoses each year. BCC is more
common in white people. BCC is more common
at age between 55 and 75 years. Occurs twice
as often in men as compared to women. The
most commonly affected area of the face is the
area between the forehead and the corner of
the lips, from this area 2/3 over the most
frequently affected (DeLong & Burkhart, 2013)
Etiology and presidental factors until now still
not known for sure the cause. Several studies
have suggested that presdisposing factors play
an important role in basal cell carcinoma
development. Internal factors: age, race,
genetic, and gender. External factors: ultraviolet
radiation (UV B 290-320 nm), ionizing radiation,
karsiogenic materials, eg: arsenic, inorganic,
chemical substances, polycyclic hydrocarbons,
mechanical trauma of the skin eg vaccine,
burns, chronic irritation. Genetic
predispositions for BCC as seen in some
syndromes, such as basal cell nevoid carcinoma
syndrome, which can be passed on to offspring.
(DeLong & Burkhart, 2013)
Subtype of Basal cell carcinoma:
1. Nodular basal cell carcinoma
Most commonly, small papules originate in the central ulcer. Easy to heal but easily damaged anyway, mild trauma
can cause bleeding. At the time of the recurrence process there is an ulcer crust that appears on the superficial. The
lesions that are not on the edge can become larger infiltration deeper into the tissues and even get to the bone.
ETIOPATHOGENESIS BCC begins in deep basal
cells in the epidermal layer in sun-exposed
areas. BCC will occur in every area in people
suffering from nevoid BCC syndrome and
xeroderma pigmentosum. Xeroderma
pigmentosum is a disease that is passed on to
people who lack a special enzyme that is
needed to repair DNA from sun damage. BCC
and destroys locally. In rare cases, untreated
BCC may also metastasize (DeLong & Burkhart,
2013)
Extraoral Examination:
Seventy percent of BCC is found in the head with
most of it on the face. Early BCC greedy papules, if
the tumor will change the size to nodular which is the
specific characteristics of the emergence of a BCC.
The central area of the nodule may become
depressed, ulcerated, and may become crusted. The
border of the lesion looks prominent like a pearl, with
a small visible capillary tissue on the surface. This
lesion does not hurt and arises over time, depending
on the size of the lesion. These tumors are destructive
locally and can cause defects if not treated early on.
Perioral and Intraoral Examination:
BCC is rarely seen in intraoral. Can occur on the lips
or vermilion which has the same characteristics.
Special characters:
Visible to this tumor, a borderline appears like a pearl
with a capillary janringan that surrounds the center,
the presence of crusting in the area. (DeLong &
Burkhart, 2013)
BCC is most commonly seen in the middle of a
third of the face, but can occur anywhere where
skin is exposed to sunlight. BCC does not arise
from the mucosa of the oral cavity unless there
is invasion and infiltration of the skin surface.
(Rajendran & Sivapathasundharam.2012)
2. Basal cell carcinoma pigmentation
Clinical features that appear almost similar to nodular basal cell carcinoma but in this lesion have increased pigment,
brown or black. It's more common in black people.

3. Basal cell carcinoma cyst

The lesion is a grayish-blue transulent, a nodule and similar to a benign cyst.

4. Superficial basal cell carcinoma

The lesion is scaly or pink-browned, at its central clean. Erosion is generally less than with the type of nodule. More
shallow and less inclined to invasive.

5. Micronodular basal cell carcinoma

These lesions, including the type of aggressive has a clear limit, tend to be a bit of an ulcer, appear yellowish white.
Hard when in touch.

6. Morpheaform and basal cell carcinoma infiltration

Including the aggressive with the scar of plaque or papules. Irregular boundaries, often beyond the clinical limit.
There are rare ulcers, bleeding, and crusting. Often mistaken for scar tissue.

Investigations & Histopathology Overview: To establish a diagnosis by biopsy. The histopathogic image
of BCC is a large, hyperchromatic, basal-to-cell basalioma cell with little cytoplasm and there are various
sizes (varies). Mitosis in small amounts. Cells at the edge of the nest show palisading. The ratio between
the nucleus with the cytoplasm is greater or there is no bridge between cells. The cell nucleus of BCC is
more uniform (not much different in size and intensity of coloring) and does not appear anaplastic
image. (Rajendran & Sivapathasundharam.2012)

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REVIEW(S)

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DISCUSSION

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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REFERENCES

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