“THE QUIETER YOU BECOME,

THE MORE YOU ABLE TO HEAR”

…kALI LINux
 TOPICS TO BE COVERED TODAY - DAY 1
 OPERATING SYSTEM
 OVERVIEW OF LINUX OS
 BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF LINUX OS
 COMPONENTS OF LINUX OS
 LINUX FILE SYSTEM
 INSTALLATION OF KALI LINUX
 USER TYPES IN LINUX OS
 CREATING STANDARD USER IN KALI
 DETERMINING DISK USAGE
 FILE/DIRECTORY OWNERSHIP AND PERMISSION
 SPECIAL FILE PERMISSION
 BOOTING UP KALI LINUX: THE KALI MENU
 FINDING YOUR WAY AROUND KALI
 FIND, LOCATE, WHICH AND WHOAMI
OPERATING SYSTEM
(OS)
 An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a
computer user and computer hardware.
OVERVIEW OF LINUX
OPERATING SYSTEM
 Released by Andrew S.
Tanenbaum

1991, while studying in

University of Helsinki
BASIC ARCHITECTURE
COMPONENT OF LINUX OS
 Hardware layer − Hardware consists of all peripheral devices
(RAM/ HDD/ CPU etc).

 Kernel − It is the core component of Operating System,

interacts directly with hardware, provides low level services to
upper layer components.

 Shell − An interface to kernel, hiding complexity of kernel's

functions from users. The shell takes commands from the user
and executes kernel's functions.

 Utilities − Utility programs that provide the user most of the

functionalities of an operating systems.
 LINUX FILE SYSTEM STRUCTURE
In a computer the hard disk forms a physical medium which can
store files, and thus forms a filesystem. The major filesystem types in
Linux are:

 EXT3 and EXT4: Ext3 and Ext4 are used to create and access
logical volume

 VFAT: VFAT is used in external medias like Pendrive and all

 Swap: Swap is used to create a swap area in the hard disk,

which can be used as a virtual memory.
Directory Usage

/bin Binary directory; Stores commands used in Linux

/boot Store files like boot loader, required during boot time

/dev Device information directory. Device files are kept here

/etc System configuration files are stored here

/home Document directory of all normal users

/root Document directory of super-user

/mnt Mount directory for manual mounting

/media Auto-mount directory

/lib Shared libraries and kernel modules are stored here

/lost + found Back-up point for ext3 file system

/proc Process information directory. It provides interface to kernel data structures

/tmp Directory provided for storing temporary files

/sbin Directory for storing only default system commands

 INSTALLATION OF KALI LINUX

INSTALLING ON FLASH DRIVE

STAND ALONE/PARTITION INSTALLATION

INSTALLING ON VM (ORACLE VM VIRTUALBOX)

“UNTIL WE LEARN WHAT BREACHES TEACH
US, WE WILL BE A TARGET FOR DATA
LEECHES.”

…NATIVEINTELLIGENCE.COM
 USER TYPES IN LINUX
Linux has three types of users
 Super-user: Super-user in Linux is called “root”. Root user has
complete privilege in Linux. Only he has the administrator power.

 Normal-user: Normal user doesn't have administrator power.

Normal users have only a limited access. It is the root user which
creates the normal user.

 System user: System users are the users created by applications in

the system. For example in servers the application allows only
authorised users to access its service.

Once Kali Linux is installed, unlike other Linux

distro, Kali will give root access direct.
 CREATING STANDARD USER IN KALI
 The command to add standard user on kali
 #useradd –m ‘username’ –G sudo –s /bin/bash
 #passwd ‘username’

 -m: instruct the in built scripts to create user on home directory

 -G: add the user to an existing group
 Sudo: the group – allow the user to enter root mode

 To remove a stand user, use

 #userdel –r ‘username’
 -r: delete all files and home directory for the ‘username’
 DETERMINING DISK USAGE

GUI: Applications Systems tools Disk Usage

Analyzer

TUI: df - Report file system disk space usage

command:
#df -h
 FILE/DIRECTORY OWNERSHIP AND PERMISSIONS
 Reading, writing, and executing are the three main settings in permissions.
Since users are placed into a group when their accounts are created, you
can also specify whether certain groups can read, write to, or execute a
file.

 Those three sets are “the owner of the file”, “the group” in which the file
belongs, and "others," meaning other users on the system.

 For example -rw-rw-r--

r — file can be read

w — file can be written to
x — file can be executed (if it is a program)
- (dash) — specific permission has not been assigned

 Using the command on TUI: “#ls –l ” will show the files/directories and the
level of permission for each file/directory
•
FILE/DIRECTORY OWNERSHIP AND PERMISSIONS cont’d
The “chmod” command: is use to change permission for filles/directories.

Identities Permissions
u — the user who owns the file (that is, the owner) r— read access
g — the group to which the user belongs w — write access
o — others (not the owner or the owner's group) x — execute access
a — everyone or all (u, g, and o)

Actions
+ — adds the permission
- — removes the permission
= — makes it the only permission

On the TUI
g+w — adds write access for the group
o-rwx — removes all permissions for others
u+x — allows the file owner to execute the file
a+rw — allows everyone to read and write to the file
ug+r — allows the owner and group to read the file
g=rx — allows only the group to read and execute (not write)
a+rwx – allows full access to all users
a-rwx – remove permission for all users, including the owner
 SPECIAL FILE PERMISSIONS
 There are 3 types of special permission in Linux system

1.Sticky Bit: Using the command

“chmod +t file_name” will attach the sticky bit. What ever permission,
the user has, he will not be able to delete the file.
Remove sticky bit: “chmod –t file_name”

2.Suid (set user id): Using the command “chmod g+s file/folder_name”
Remove Suid: chmod g-s file/folder_name”

3.Sgid (set group id): using the command “chmod u+s file/folder”
Remove Sgid: “chmod u-s file/folder_name”
BOOTING UP KALI LINUX

THE KALI MENU

FINDING YOUR WAY AROUND KALI

apt-get update
apt-get upgrade
apt-get install <name_of_tool>
 FIND, LOCATE, WHICH AND WHOAMI
 To find, one need to know the actual name of what you want to
find.
 Using the command “find –name ‘file/folder_name’ “ will show
where such file is located.

 Locate will return result of all directories which contain the keyword
searched
 Using the command “locat dnsname” will return result of directories
where dnsname can be found

 which - Locate a command.

 Using the command “which dnsenum”

 Whoami display the current user name of the system.

 CONCLUSION
 We have introduced the linux operating system, its architecture
including the file system and types of users.
 The concept of linux file system was introduced, ownership and
permission and creating users on linux operating system.
 Kali linux is a type of linux operating system based on Debian
architecture used by information security professionals to conduct
vulnerability assessments on IT infrastructure
 We discussed the various method of installing kali linux on your
machine, booting up kali and find your way around the operating
system
 We have successfully installed the kali linux, and how to navigate
around the kali (linux) environment, including file system, types of
users, ownership and permission etc.
 I am confident we are ready for the next activity