Chapter 1 Measurements and Experimentation - ICSE Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics ICSE

8/9/2019 Chapter 1 Measurements and Experimentation - ICSE Selina Solutions for Class 9 Physics ICSE - TopperLearning
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Selina Solutions / Physics /
Measurements and Experimentation
Undoubt Chapter 1 :
Measurements
and
Test
Experimentation -
Selina Solutions
Plans
for Class 9
Physics ICSE
Chapter 1 - Measurements and E
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Page / Exercise
Chapter 1 -
Measurements and
Experimentation
Excercise Ex 1(C)
Question 1
A simple pendulum completes


40 oscillations in a minute.
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Find its (a) Frequency
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(a) Frequency = Oscillations per
second
My Class = (40/60) s-1
= 0.67 s-1
Videos
(b) Time period = 1/frequency
= (1/0.67) s
= 1.5 s
Undoubt
Question 2
Test
If the length of a simple
pendulum is made one-fourth,
then its time period becomes
1. Four times
2. One-fourth
Plans 3. Double
4. Half.
Solution 2
My Profile
Half
Question 3
What is a simple pendulum? Is

the pendulum used in a
pendulum clock as a simple
pendulum? Give reason to your
answer.
Solution 3
A simple pendulum is a heavy


point mass (known as bob)
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No, the pendulum used in
pendulum
MENU 1 to clock is not a
simple
12 pendulum because
the simple pendulum is an
ideal case. We cannot have
a heavy mass having the
My Class size of a point and string
having no mass.
Videos
Question 4
The time period of a simple

pendulum is 2 s. What is its
Undoubt frequency?
Solution 4
Test
Time period = 2 s
Frequency = 1/time period
= (½)s-1
Plans
= 0.5 s-1
Such a pendulum is called

the seconds' pendulum.
My Profile
Question 5
The time period of a pendulum

clock is
1. 1 s
2. 2 s
3. 1 min
4. 12 h
Solution 5
2s
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Define the terms: (i) oscillation,
Class JEE NEET Find
(ii) amplitude, (iii) frequency and video les
MENU 1 to period as related to a
(iv) time
simple 12pendulum.
My Class Solution 6
(i) Oscillation: One complete to

and fro motion of the pendulum
is called one oscillation.
Videos
(ii) Amplitude: The maximum
displacement of the bob from its
mean position on either side is
called the amplitude of
Undoubt oscillation. It is measured in
metres (m).
(iii) Frequency: It is the number

of oscillations made in one
second. Its unit is hertz (Hz).
Test
(iv)Time period: This is the
time taken to complete one
oscillation. It is measured in
second (s).
Plans
Question 7
My Profile
A seconds pendulum is taken to
a place where acceleration due
to the gravity falls to one-fourth.
How is the time period of the
pendulum affected, if at all?
Give reasons. What will be its
new time period?
Solution 7
Time period of 'a' is inversely

proportional to the square root
of acceleration due to gravity.
i.e. 
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Let the new time period be T'
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and let g' be the acceleration Find video les
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due to gravity.
12
Then,
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Videos
Undoubt
Test Question 8
The length of a second's

pendulum clock is :
a. 0.5 m
Plans
b. 9.8 m
c. 1.0m
d. 2.0 m
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Solution 8
The time period of a second's

pendulum is T = 2 s.
The time period is related to the

length as
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Draw a neat diagram of a simple
Class
pendulum. JEE NEET Find video les
Show1 the
to effective length and
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12
one oscillation of the pendulum.
My Class Solution 9
Simple Pendulum:
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Undoubt
Test
Plans
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Question 10
Find the length of a

second's pendulum at a
place where g = 10 m s-2
(Take π = 3.14)
Solution 10
Given, g= 10 m/s2 and time

period (T) = 2s 
Let 'l' be the length of the
seconds' pendulum.
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Undoubt Question 11
Name two factors on which the

time period of a simple
pendulum depends. Write the
Test relation for the time period in
terms of the above named
factors.
Plans Solution 11
Two factors on which the time

period of a simple pendulum
depends are
My Profile
(i) Length of pendulum (l)
(ii) Acceleration due to gravity

(g)
Question 12
Compare the time periods of 

the two pendulums of
lengths 1 m and 9(Toll

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Solution 12
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12
Let T1 and T2 be the time
periods of the two
pendulums of lengths 1m
My Class
and 9m, respectively.
Videos
Undoubt
Test
Plans Question 13
Name two factors on which the

time period of a simple
pendulum does not depend.
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Solution 13
Two factors on which the time

period of a simple pendulum
does not depend are
(i) Material of the bob
(ii) Amplitude
Question 14
A pendulum completes two

oscillations in 5 s. What is 
its time period? If (Toll

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Solution
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Time period = Total
time/total no. of oscillations
= (5/2) s
My Class
= 2.5 s
Let 'l' be the length. Then,
Videos
Undoubt
Test
Plans
Question 15
My Profile
How is the time period of a
simple pendulum affected, if at
all, in the following situations:
(a) The length is quadrupled.
(b) The acceleration due to
gravity is reduced to one-fourth.
Solution 15
We know that,
(a) If length quadruples then,
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My Class Therefore, the time period is

doubled.
(b) If the acceleration due to

Videos gravity is reduced to one-fourth,
Undoubt
Test
Plans
Therefore, the time period is

My Profile doubled.
Question 16
The time periods of two

simple pendulums at a
place are in the ratio 2:1.
What will be the
corresponding ratio of their
lengths?
Solution 16

Let T1 and T2 be the time
periods of the two pendulums of
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lengths l1 and l2, respectively.
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period is a
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the square
Class root
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the pendulum.
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12
My Class
Videos
Undoubt
Question 17
How is the time period T and

frequency f of a simple
Test pendulum related to each other?
Solution 17
Plans
Time period of a simple
pendulum is inversely
proportional to its frequency.
My Profile
Question 18
It takes 0.2 s for a pendulum

bob to move from the mean
position to one end. What is
the time period of the
pendulum?
Solution 18

Time period = Time taken to
complete 1 oscillation
= (4 × 0.2) s
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Question 19
How do you measure the time

My Class period of a given pendulum?
Why do you note the time for
more than one oscillation?
Videos Solution 19
Measurement of time period of a

simple pendulum:
Undoubt (i) To measure the time period of
a simple pendulum, the bob is
slightly displaced from its mean
position and is then released.
This gives a to and fro motion
Test about the mean position to the
pendulum.
(ii) The time 't' for 20 complete

oscillations is measured with the
help of a stop watch.
Plans
(iii)Time period 'T' can be found
by dividing 't' by 20.
To find the time period, the

My Profile time for the number of
oscillations more than 1 is
noted because the least
count of stop watch is either
1 s or 0.5 s. It cannot record
the time period in fractions
such as 1.2 or 1.4 and so
on.
Question 20
How much time does the

bob of a second's pendulum
take to move from one
extreme to the other
extreme of its oscillation? 
Solution 20
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penduluma =call
2s
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taken toJEE
complete
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oscillation,
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to the12other extreme = 1 s.
My Class
Question 21
How does the time period (T) of

Videos a simple pendulum depend on
its length (l)? Draw a graph
showing the variation of T2 with
l. How will you use this graph to
determine the value of g
(acceleration due to gravity)?
Undoubt
Solution 21
Test
The time period of a simple
pendulum is directly proportional
to the square root of its effective
length.
Plans
My Profile
From this graph, the value of

acceleration due to gravity (g)
can be calculated as follows.
The slope of the straight line 

can be found by taking two
points P and Q on the straight
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axis, respectively. Then, the Customer Sign
value of T2
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and b, the value
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at c and d.
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Then,1 to
MENU
12
My Class
This slope is found to be
constant at a place and is equal
to , where g is the
Videos acceleration due to gravity at
that place. Thus, g can be
determined at a place from
these measurements using the
following relation:
Undoubt
Test
Question 22
Plans
Two simple pendulums A and B
have equal lengths, but their
bobs weigh 50 gf and 100 gf,
respectively. What would be the
My Profile ratio of their time periods? Give
reasons for your answer.
Solution 22
The ratio of their time

periods would be 1:1
because the time period
does not depend on the
weight of the bob.
Question 23
Two simple pendulums A and B 

have lengths 1.0 m and 4.0 m,
respectively, at a certain place.
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Solution
12
Pendulum A will take more

My Class
time (twice) in a given time
because the time period of
oscillation is directly
proportional to the square
root of the length of the
Videos pendulum. Therefore, the
pendulum B will have a
greater time period and thus
making lesser oscillations.
Undoubt
Question 24
State how does the time period

Test of a simple pendulum depend
on (a) length of pendulum, (b)
mass of bob, (c) amplitude of
oscillation and (d) acceleration
due to gravity.
Plans
Solution 24
My Profile (a) The time period of

oscillations is directly
proportional to the square root
of the length of the pendulum.
(b) The time period of

oscillations of simple pendulum
does not depend on the mass of
the bob.
(c) The time period of

oscillations of simple pendulum
does not depend on the
amplitude of oscillations.
(d) The time period of

oscillations of simple
pendulum is inversely
proportional to the square
root of acceleration due to
gravity. 
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pendulum?
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Solution 25
My Class
A pendulum with the time

period of oscillation equal to
two seconds is known as a
Videos seconds pendulum.
Undoubt
Question 26
State the numerical value of the

frequency of oscillation of a
second's pendulum. Does it
depend on the amplitude of
Test oscillations?
Solution 26
Plans
The frequency of oscillation
of a seconds' pendulum is
0.5 s-1. It does not depend
My Profile on the amplitude of
oscillation.
Chapter 1 -
Measurements and
Experimentation
Excercise Ex 1(A)
Question 1
What is meant by
measurement?

Solution 1
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of comparing a given Support
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physical quantity with a Find video les
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known
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the same nature.
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Question 2
The fundamental unit

present in the list mentioned
Videos
below is
1. Newton
2. Pascal
3. Hertz
Undoubt 4. Second
Solution 2
Test Second
Plans Question 3
The wavelength of light of a

particular colour is 5800 A.
My Profile (a) Express it in (i)
nanometre and (ii) metre.
(b) What is its order of
magnitude in metre?
Solution 3
Wavelength of light of
particular colour = 5800
(a)
(i) 1 = 10-1 nm
5800 = 5800 × 10-1 nm
= 580 nm
(ii) 1 = 10-10 m

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5800
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(b) The order of its
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magnitude
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because
12 the numerical value
of 5.8 is more than 3.2.
My Class
Question 4
Videos What do you understand by

the term unit?
Solution 4
Undoubt
Unit is a quantity of constant
magnitude which is used to
measure the magnitudes of
other quantities of the same
Test manner.
Plans Question 5
Which of the following unit is

not a fundamental unit:
1. Metre
My Profile 2. Litre
3. Second
4. Kilogramme
Solution 5
Litre
Question 6
The size of bacteria is 1 µ.

Find the number of bacteria
present in 1 m length. 
Solution 6
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Since1 1toµ = 10-6 m
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Number of the particle =
Total length/size of
My Class one bacteria
= 1 m/10-6 m
= 106
Videos
Question 7
Undoubt
What are the three
requirements for selecting a
unit of a physical quantity?
Test
Solution 7
The three requirements for

Plans selecting a unit of a physical
quantity are
(i) It should be possible to
define the unit without
ambiguity.
My Profile (ii) The unit should be
reproducible.
(iii) The value of units
should not change with
space and time.
Question 8
The unit of time is

1. Light year
2. Parsec
3. Leap year
4. Angstrom.
Solution 8 
Leap year
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Question
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The distance of a galaxy is
5·6 × 1025 m.
My Class Assuming the speed of light
to be 3 × 108 m s ". (i) Find
the time taken by light to
travel this distance and (ii)
express its order of
Videos
magnitude.
[Hint : Time taken =
distance/speed ]
Undoubt
Solution 9
Distance of galaxy = 5.6 ×

Test 1025 m
Speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s
(a) Time taken by light =

Plans
Distance travelled/speed of
light
= (5.6 × 1025 / 3 × 108) s
= 1.87 × 1017 s
My Profile (b) Order of magnitude =
100 × 1017 s = 1017 s
(This is because the
numerical value of 1.87 is
less than the numerical value
3.2)
Question 10
De ine the three

fundamental quantities.
Solution 10 
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S.I. unit of length (m): A
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metre was originally Find video les
de ined
MENU 1 to
in 1889
12
as the distance
between two marks drawn
on a platinum-iridium (an
alloy made of 90% platinum
My Class and 10% iridium) rod kept at
0°C in the International
Bureau of Weights and
Measures at serves near
Paris.
Videos
S.I. unit of mass (kg): In
1889, one kilogramme was
de ined as the mass of a
cylindrical piece of a
Undoubt platinum-iridium alloy kept
at International Bureau of
Weights and Measures at
serves near Paris.
Test S.I. unit of time (s): A second

is de ined as 1/86400th part
of a mean solar day, i.e.
Plans 1s = × one mean

solar day.
My Profile
Question 11
1 A is equal to
1. 0.1 nm
2. 10-10cm
3. 10-8m
4. 104 µ.
Solution 11
0.1 nm
Question 12 
Name the three systems

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Solution
12 12
Three systems of unit and

their fundamental units:
My Class
(i) C.G.S. system (or French
system): In this system, the
unit of length is centimeter
(cm), unit of mass is
Videos gramme (g) and unit of time
is second (s).
(ii) F.P.S. system (or British

system): In this system, the
Undoubt unit of length is foot (ft), unit
of mass is pound (lb) and
unit of time is second (s).
(iii) M.K.S. system (or metric

Test system): In this system, the
unit of length is metre (m),
unit of mass is kilogramme
(kg) and unit of time is
second (s).
Plans
Question 13
My Profile
Light year (ly) is the unit of
1. Time
2. Length
3. Mass
4. None of these.
Solution 13
Length
Question 14
Define a fundamental unit. 
Solution 14
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A fundamental Support Up
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unit Class
is that which is
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independent of any other
unit 12
or which can neither be
changed nor can be related
to any other fundamental
My Class
unit.
Question 15
Videos
What are the fundamental
units in S.I. system? Name
them along with their
symbols.
Undoubt
Solution 15
Test
Fundamental quantities, units
and symbols in S.I. system are
Plans Quantity Unit Sy
Length metre m
Mass kilogramme kg
My Profile Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
Luminous candela cd
intensity
Electric ampere A
current
Amount of mole m
substance
Angle radian rd
Solid angle steradian st-

Question 16
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example.
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Solution 16
My Class The units of quantities other

than those measured in
fundamental units can be
obtained in terms of the
fundamental units, and thus
Videos the units so obtained are
called derived units.
Example:
Speed = Distance/time
Hence, the unit of speed =
Undoubt fundamental unit of
distance/fundamental unit of
time
Or, the unit of speed =
metre/second or ms-1.
Test
As the unit of speed is
derived from the
fundamental units of
distance and time, it is a
Plans derived unit.
Question 17
My Profile
Define standard metre.
Solution 17
A metre was originally

defined in 1889 as the
distance between two marks
drawn on a platinum-iridium
(an alloy with 90% platinum
and 10% iridium) rod kept at
0o C in the International
Bureau of Weights and
Measures at serves near
Paris. 
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Name two units of length
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which
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are bigger than a Find video les
1 to
metre.
12 How are they related
to the unit metre?
My Class
Solution 18
Astronomical unit (A.U.) and

kilometer (km) are units of
Videos length which are bigger than
a metre.
1 km = 1000 m
1 A.U. = 1.496 × 1011 m
Undoubt
Question 19
Test Write the names of two units

of length smaller than a
metre. Express their
relationship with metre.
Plans
Solution 19
Centimeter (cm) and

My Profile millimeter (mm) are units of
length smaller than a metre.
1 cm = 10-2 m
1 mm = 10-3 m
Question 20
How is nanometer related to

Angstrom?
Solution 20

1 nm = 10
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Name three convenient units
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used1to
MENU to measure lengths
12
ranging from very short to
very long value. How are
they related to each other?
My Class
Solution 21
Three convenient units of

Videos
length and their relation with
the S.I. unit of length:
(i) 1 Angstrom (A) = 10-10 m
(ii) 1 kilometre (km) = 103 m
Undoubt (iii) 1 light year (ly) = 9.46 ×
1015 m
Test
Question 22
Name the S.I. unit of mass

Plans and define it.
Solution 22
My Profile
S.I. unit of mass is
'kilogramme'.
In 1889, one kilogramme
was defined as the mass of
a cylindrical piece of a
platinum-iridium alloy kept
at the International Bureau
of Weights and Measures at
serves near Paris.
Question 23
Complete the following

(a) 1 light year = ...........m
(b) 1 m = ...........A 
(c) 1 m = ...........µ (micron)
(d) 1 micron = ...........A
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(e) 1 fermi = ...........m
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Solutiona23
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(a) 112light year = 9.46 × 1015
m
(b) 1 m = 1010
My Class
(c) 1 m = 106 µ (micron)
(d) 1 micron = 104

(e) 1 fermi = 10-15 m
Videos
Question 24
Undoubt
State two units of mass
smaller than a kilogram.
How are they related to the
unit kilogramme?
Test
Solution 24
Plans The units 'gramme' (g) and

'milligramme' (mg) are two
units of mass smaller than
'kilogramme'.
1 g = 10-3 kg
My Profile 1 mg = 10-6 kg
Question 25
State two units of mass

bigger than a kilogram. Give
their relationship with the
unit kilogramme.
Solution 25
The units 'quintal' and

'metric tonne' are two units
of mass bigger than 
'kilogramme'.
1 quintal = 100 kg
1 metric tonne = 1000

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Complete the following
(a) 1 g = ..........kg
(b) 1 mg = ..........kg
My Class (c) 1 quintal = ..........kg
(d) 1 a.m.u (or u) = ..........kg
Videos Solution 26
(a) 1 g = 10-3 kg
(b) 1 mg = 10-6 kg
(c) 1 quintal = 100 kg
Undoubt
(d) 1 a.m.u (or u) = 1.66 x
10-27 kg
Test
Question 27
Name the S.I. unit of time and

Plans de ine it.
Solution 27
My Profile
The S.I. unit of time is second
(s).
A second is de ined as
1/86400th part of a mean
solar day, i.e.
1s= × one mean

solar day
Question 28
'The year 2016 will have

February of29 days'. Is this
statement true? 
Solution 28
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year 2016a was
call a leap year.
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12
Question 29
My Class
What is a leap year?
Solution 29
Videos
A leap year is the year in

which the month of
February has 29 days.
Undoubt
Question 30
Test
'The year 2016 will have
February of29 days'.
Is this statement true?
Plans
Solution 30
Yes, the given statement is

My Profile true.
Question 31
What is a lunar month?
Solution 31
One lunar month is the time

in which the moon
completes one revolution
around the earth. A lunar
month is made of nearly 4
weeks. 
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Request
Complete a the
call following
(a) 11nanosecond
MENU to =.........s.
(b) 112µs =.........s.
(c) 1 mean solar day =.........s.
(d) 1 year = .........s.
My Class
Solution 32
(a) 1 nanosecond = 10-9 s

Videos
(b) 1 µs = 10-6 s
(c) 1 mean solar day =
86400 s
(d) 1 year = 3.15 × 107 s
Undoubt
Question 33
Test
Name the physical
quantities which are
measured in the following
units
Plans (a) u (b) ly (c) ns (d) nm
Solution 33
My Profile
(a) Mass (b) Distance (or
length) (c) Time (d) Length
Question 34
Write the derived units of

the following
(a) Speed (b) Force
(c) Work (d) Pressure.
Solution 34
(a) ms-1 (b) kg ms-2 (c) kg 

m2s-2 (d) kg m-1s-2
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How1are
to the following
12
derived units related to the
fundamental units?
(a) Newton (b) Watt
My Class (c) Joule (d) Pascal.
Solution 35
Videos
(a) kg ms-2 (b) kg m2s-3
(c) kg m2s-2 (d) kg m-1s-2
Undoubt
Question 36
Name the physical

quantities related to the
Test
following units:
(a) km2 (b) Newton (c) Joule
(d) Pascal (e) Watt
Plans
Solution 36
(a) Area (b) Force (c) Energy

My Profile
(d) Pressure (f) Power
Chapter 1 -
Measurements and
Experimentation
Excercise Ex 1(B)
Question 1
Explain the meaning of the

term 'least count of an
instrument' by taking a 
suitable example.
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Solution 1
Sign
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The Class JEE ofNEET
least count an Find video les
MENU 1 to
instrument is the smallest
12
measurement that can be
taken accurately with it. For
example, if an ammeter has
My Class 5 divisions between the
marks 0 and 1A, then its
least count is 1/5 = 0.2 A or
it can measure current up to
the value 0.2 accurately.
Videos
Question 2
Undoubt
The least count of a vernier
calipers is :
a. 1 cm
b. 0.001 cm
c. 0.1 cm
Test d. 0.01 cm
Solution 2
Plans
The least count of a vernier
calipers is 0.01 cm
My Profile
Question 3
A stopwatch has 10
divisions graduated
between the 0 and 5 s
marks. What is its least
count?
Solution 3
Range of the stop watch = 5s
Total number of divisions = 10
L.C. = 5/10 = 0.5 s


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Question 4 (Toll Free)
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A boy makes
Request a call a scale with Support Up
graduations in cm on it, i.e.
100 1divisions
MENU to in 1 m. To
what12accuracy can this
scale measure? How can
this accuracy be increased?
My Class
Solution 4
Total length of the scale = 1

Videos m = 100 cm
No. of divisions = 100
Length of each division =
Total length/total no. of
divisions
Undoubt = 100 cm/100
= 1 cm
Thus, this scale can
measure with an accuracy
of 1 cm.
Test
To increase the accuracy,
the total number of divisions
on the scale must be
increased.
Plans
Question 5
My Profile
A microscope has its main
scale with 20 divisions in 1
cm and vernier scale with
25 divisions, the length of
which is equal to the length
of 24 divisions of main
scale. The least count of
microscope is
1. 0.002 cm
2. 0.001 cm
3. 0.02 cm
4. 0.01 cm
Solution 5
0.002 cm

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A vernier has 10 divisions
Class JEE NEET
and 1they
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are equal to 9 Find video les
divisions
12 of the main scale
in length. If the main scale is
calibrated in mm, what is its
least count?
My Class
Solution 6
Videos Value of 1 m.s.d. = 1 mm
10 vernier divisions = 9 m.s.d.
L.C. = Value of 1 m.s.d./number

of divisions on vernier scale
Undoubt
= 1 mm/10
= 0.1 mm or 0.01 cm
Test
Question 7
A microscope is provided with a

Plans
main scale graduated with 20
divisions in 1 cm and a vernier
scale with 50 division on it of
length same as of 49 divisions
of main scale. Find the least
My Profile count of the microscope.
Solution 7
Thus, the least count of the 

microscope is 0.001 cm.
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Question 8
MENU 1 to
12
A boy measures the length
of a pencil by a metre rule
and expresses it to be 2.6
My Class cm. What is the least count
of the metre rule? Can he
write it as 2.60 cm?
Videos
Solution 8
The least count of a metre

rule is 1 cm.
Undoubt The length cannot be
expressed as 2.60 cm
because a metre scale
measures length correctly
only up to one decimal
Test place of a centimeter.
Plans Question 9
The diameter of a thin wire

can be measured by
1. A vernier calipers
My Profile
2. A metre rule
3. A screw gauge
4. Any of these.
Solution 9
A screw gauge
Question 10
Define the least count of

vernier callipers. How do
you determine it? 
Solution 10
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The least count of vernier Up
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callipers is equal to the
Class JEE NEET
difference between the Find video les
MENU 1 toof one main scale
values
12
division and one vernier
scale division.
My Class Let n divisions on vernier

callipers be of length equal
to that of (n - 1) divisions on
the main scale and the
value of 1 main scale
Videos division be x. Then,
Value of n divisions on
vernier = (n - 1) x
Alternatively, value of 1
division on vernier =
Undoubt
Hence,
Least count =
Test
L.C. = (Value of one main

scale division)/(Total no. of
Plans divisions on vernier
callipers)
Value of one main scale
division = 1 mm
Total no. of divisions on
My Profile vernier = 10
Therefore, L.C. =
Question 11
A boy uses a vernier

callipers to measure the
thickness of his pencil. He
measures it to be 1.4 mm. If
the zero error of vernier
callipers is +0.02 cm, what
is the correct thickness of
the pencil?

Solution 11
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Thicknessa of the pencil Support Up
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(observed
Class reading)
JEE = 1.4 mm Find video les
NEET
MENU 1 to
Zero 12
error = + 0.02 cm = + 0.2
mm
Correct reading = observed

reading - zero error (with sign)
My Class
= 1.4 mm - 0.2 mm
= 1.2 mm
Videos
Question 12
Undoubt Define the term 'Vernier

constant'.
Test Solution 12
Vernier constant is equal to

the difference between the
Plans values of one main scale
division and one vernier
scale division. It is the least
count of vernier callipers.
My Profile
Question 13
A vernier callipers has its

main scale graduated in mm
and 10 divisions on its
vernier scale are equal in
length to 9 mm. When the
two jaws are in contact, the
zero of the vernier scale is
ahead of the zero of the
main scale and the 3rd
division of the vernier
scale coincides with a main
scale division.
Find : (i) The least count and
(ii) The zero error of the

vernier callipers.
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Solution 13 Customer Sign
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(i) Value
MENU 1 to of 1 m.s.d. =1 mm
12
L.C. = Value of 1 m.s.d./number of

divisions on the vernier scale
My Class
= 1 mm/10
= 0.1 mm or 0.01 cm
Videos
(ii) On bringing the jaws together,
the zero of the vernier scale is
ahead of zero of the main scale,
the error is positive.
Undoubt
3rd vernier division coincides
with a main scale division.
Total no. of vernier divisions = 10
Test Zero error = +3 × L.C.
= +3 × 0.01 cm
= +0.03 cm
Plans
Question 14
My Profile
When is a vernier calipers
said to be free from zero
error?
Solution 14
A vernier calipers is said to

be free from zero error, if
the zero mark of the vernier
scale coincides with the
zero mark of the main scale.
Question 15 
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The main scale of (Toll
a vernier
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callipers
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and 19 divisions of main Up
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scale are equal in length to
Class JEE NEET
20 divisions
MENU 1 to
of the vernier Find video les
scale.12In measuring the
diameter of a cylinder by this
instrument, the main scale
reads 35 divisions and 4th
My Class division of vernier scale
coincides with a main scale
division. Find
(i) Least count and (ii)
Videos Radius of a cylinder.
Solution 15
Undoubt
(i) Value of 1 m.s.d = 1 mm = 0.1
cm

Test
L.C. = Value of 1 m.s.d./number of
divisions on the vernier scale
= 1mm/20
Plans = (0.1/20) cm
= 0.005 cm
My Profile (ii) Main scale reading = 35 mm =

3.5 cm
Since 4th division of the main

scale coincides with the main
scale, i.e. p = 4.
Therefore, the vernier scale

reading = 4 × 0.005 cm = 0.02 cm
Total reading = Main scale

reading + vernier scale reading
= (3.5 + 0.02) cm
= 3.52 cm
Radius of the cylinder = Diameter

(Total reading) / 2
= (3.52/2) cm

= 1.76 cm
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What is meant by zero error
of vernier
MENU 1 to callipers ? How is
it determined?
12 Draw neat
diagrams to explain it. How
is it considered to get the
correct measurement?
My Class
Solution 16
Videos
Due to mechanical errors,
sometimes the zero mark of the
vernier scale does not coincide
with the zero mark of the main
scale, the vernier callipers is said
Undoubt to have zero error.
It is determined by measuring the

distance between the zero mark
of the main scale and the zero
mark of the vernier scale.
Test
The zero error is of two kinds
(i) Positive zero error
(ii) Negative zero error

Plans
(i) Positive zero error: On

bringing the two jaws together, if
My Profile the zero mark of the vernier scale
is on the right of the zero mark of
the main scale, the error is said to
be positive.
To ind this error, we note the

division of the vernier scale,
which coincides with any division 
of the main scale. The number of
this vernier division when
multiplied by the least

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the vernier
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zero error. Customer Sign
For example, for the scales
shown, the least count is 0.01 cm
MENU 1 to th
and the
12 6 division of the vernier
scale coincides with a main scale
division.
My Class
Zero error = +6 × L.C. = +6 × 0.01
cm
= +0.06 cm
Videos
(ii) Negative zero error: On

bringing the two jaws together, if
Undoubt
the zero mark of the vernier scale
is on the left of the zero mark of
the main scale, then the error is
said to be negative.
Test
Plans
My Profile
To ind this error, we note the

division of the vernier scale
coinciding with any division of
the main scale. The number of
this vernier division is subtracted
from the total number of
divisions on the vernier scale and
then the difference is multiplied
by the least count.
For example, for the scales

shown, the least count is 0.01 cm
and the sixth division of the
vernier scale coincides with a
certain division of the main scale.
The total number of divisions on
vernier callipers is 10. 
Zero error = - (10 - 6)(Toll

1800-212-7858 × L.C.
Free)
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= - 4 × 0.01 cm = - 0.04 cm Customer Sign
MENU 1 to
Correction:
12
To get correct measurement with
vernier callipers having a zero
error, the zero error with its
My Class proper sign is always subtracted
from the observed reading.
Correct reading = Observed

Videos reading - zero error (with
sign)
Undoubt
Question 17
In the vernier callipers, there

Test are 10 divisions on the
vernier scale and 1 cm on
the main scale is divided into
10 parts. While measuring
the length, the zero of the
Plans
vernier lies just ahead of the
1.8 cm mark and the 4th
division of vernier coincides
with
My Profile a main scale division.
(a) Find the length.
(b) If zero error of vernier
callipers is -0.02 cm,
What is the correct length ?
Solution 17
(a) L.C. of vernier callipers = 0.01

cm
Main scale reading = 1.8 cm
Since 4th division of the main

scale coincides with the main
scale, i.e. p = 4.

Therefore, the vernier scale
reading = 4 × 0.01 cm = 0.04 cm
Total reading = Main (Toll

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reading- +8:00pm
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= (1.8 + 0.04) cm Support Up
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Class
= 1.84 cm JEE NEET Find video les
MENU 1 to
12
(b) Observed reading = 1.84 cm
Zero error = -0.02 cm
My Class Correct reading = Observed

reading - Zero error (with sign)
= [1.84 - (-0.02)] cm
= 1.86 cm
Videos
Question 18
Undoubt
A vernier callipers has a
zero error of + 0.06 cm.
Draw a neat labelled
diagram to represent it.
Test
Solution 18
Plans
My Profile
Question 19
While measuring the length

of a rod with a vernier
callipers, Fig. 2.22 shows the
position of its scales. What is
the length of the rod? 
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MENU 1 to
12
My Class Solution 19
L.C. of vernier callipers = 0.01 cm
In the shown scale,

Videos
Main scale reading = 3.3 mm
6th vernier division coincides

with an m.s.d.
Undoubt
Therefore, vernier scale reading =
6 × 0.01 cm = 0.06 cm
Total reading = m.s.r. + v.s.r.
Test = 3.3 + 0.06
= 3.36 cm
Plans
Question 20
Draw a neat and labelled

diagram of a vernier
My Profile callipers. Name its main
parts and state their
functions.
Solution 20
Diagram of vernier callipers:
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12
My Class
Videos
Main parts and their functions:
Undoubt Main scale: It is used to

measure length correct up to 1
mm.
Vernier scale: It helps to

measure length correct up to 0.1
Test mm.
Outside jaws: It helps to

measure length of a rod,
diameter of a sphere, external
diameter of a hollow cylinder.
Plans
Inside jaws: It helps to
measure the internal diameter of
a hollow cylinder or pipe.
My Profile Strip: It helps to measure

the depth of a beaker or a
bottle.
Question 21
The pitch of a screw gauge

is 0.5 mm and the head
scale is divided in 100 parts.
What is the least count of a
screw gauge?
Solution 21
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Pitch of a screw gauge
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0.5
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No. of divisions on the circular Support Up
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scale = 100 call
L.C. 1
MENU
= to
(0.5/100) mm
12
= 0.005 mm or 0.0005 cm
My Class
Question 22
Videos State three uses of the

vernier callipers.
Solution 22
Undoubt
Three uses of vernier
callipers are
(a) Measuring the internal
Test diameter of a tube or a
cylinder.
(b) Measuring the length of
an object.
(c) Measuring the depth of a
Plans beaker or a bottle.
My Profile
Question 23
The thimble of a screw

gauge has 50 divisions. The
spindle advances 1 mm
when the screw is turned
through two revolutions.
(i) What is the pitch of the
screw gauge?
(ii) What is the least count of
the screw gauge?
Solution 23
No. of divisions on the circular

scale = 50 
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(i) Pitch = Distance moved
(Toll Free)
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ahead in
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= 1 mm/2 = 0.5 mm Support Up
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MENU 1 to
12 = Pitch/No. of divisions
(ii) L.C.
on the circular head
= (0.5/50) mm
My Class
= 0.01 mm
Videos Question 24
Name the two scales of a

vernier callipers and explain
how it is used to measure
Undoubt
length correct up to 0.01
cm.
Test Solution 24
Two scales of vernier calipers

are
Plans (a) Main scale
(b) Vernier scale
The main scale is graduated to

read up to 1 mm and on vernier
My Profile
scale, the length of 10 divisions
is equal to the length of 9
divisions on the main scale.
Value of 1 division on the main

scale= 1 mm
Total no. of divisions on the

vernier scale = 10
Thus, L.C. = 1 mm /10 = 0.1 mm

= 0.01 cm.
Hence, a vernier callipers

can measure length correct
up to 0.01 cm.

Question 25
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The pitch
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1 mm and the circular scale Customer Sign
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has 100 divisions. In
Class JEE
measurement of the NEET Find video les
MENU 1 to
diameter
12
of a wire, the main
scale reads 2 mm and 45th
mark on the circular scale
coincides with the base line.
My Class Find
(i) The least count and
(ii) The diameter of the wire.
Videos
Solution 25
Pitch of the screw gauge = 1mm

Undoubt No. of divisions on the circular
scale = 100
(i) L.C. = Pitch/No. of divisions on

Test the circular head
= (1/100) mm
= 0.01 mm or 0.001 cm
Plans
(ii) Main scale reading = 2mm =

0.2 cm
My Profile No. of division of circular head in

line with the base line (p) = 45
Circular scale reading = (p) × L.C.
= 45 x 0.001 cm
= 0.045 cm
Total reading = M.s.r. + circular

scale reading
= (0.2 + 0.045) cm
= 0.245 cm
Question 26
Describe in steps, how would 

you use a vernier callipers to
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measure the length ofFree)
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small rod
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Solution
MENU 1 to 26
12
Measuring the length of a small

rod using vernier calipers:
My Class
The rod whose length is to be

measured is placed in between
the ixed end and the vernier
Videos scale as shown in the igure.
Undoubt
Test
In this position, the zero mark of

the vernier scale is ahead of 1.2
Plans cm mark on main scale. Thus the
actual length of the rod is 1.2 cm
plus the length ab (i.e., the length
between the 1.2 cm mark on the
main scale and 0 mark on vernier
My Profile scale).
To measure the length ab, we

note the pth division of the
vernier scale, which coincides
with any division of main scale.
Now, ab + length of p divisions on

vernier scale = length of p
divisions on main scale
Alternatively, ab = length of p
divisions on the main scale -
length of p divisions on the
vernier scale.
= p (length of 1 division on main

scale - length of 1 division on
vernier scale)
= p × L.C.

Therefore, total reading

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main
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scale reading
9:00am + vernier
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reading Customer Sign
= 1.2 cm + (p × L.C.)
MENU 1 to
12
Question 27
My Class
When a screw gauge with a

least count of 0.01 mm is
used to measure the
Videos diameter of a wire, the
reading on the sleeve is
found to be 1 mm and the
reading on the thimble is
found to be 27 divisions.
Undoubt
(i) What is the diameter of
the wire in cm?
(ii) If the zero error is
+0.005 cm, what is the
Test correct diameter?
Solution 27
Plans
(i) L.C. of screw gauge = 0.01 mm
or 0.001 cm
Main scale reading = 1 mm or 0.1

cm
My Profile
No. of division of circular head in
line with the base line (p) = 27
Circular scale reading = (p) × L.C.
= 27 × 0.001 cm
= 0.027 cm
Diameter (Total reading) = M.s.r.

+ circular scale reading
= (0.1 + 0.027) cm
= 0.127 cm
(ii) Zero error = 0.005 cm
Correct reading = Observed 

reading - zero error (with sign)
= [0.127 - (+0.005)] (Toll

1800-212-7858 cm Free)
Or
= 0.122 cm Customer Sign
MENU 1 to
12
Question 28
Name the part of the vernier

My Class callipers which is used to
measure the following
(a) External diameter of a
tube,
(b) Internal diameter of a
Videos mug,
(c) Depth of a small bottle,
(d) Thickness of a pencil.
Undoubt
Solution 28
(a) Outside jaws

(b) Inside jaws
(c) Strip
Test (d) Outer jaws
Plans Question 29
A screw gauge has 50

divisions on its circular scale
and its screw moves by 1
My Profile mm on turning it by two
revolutions. When the lat
end of the screw is in contact
with the stud, the zero of the
circular scale lies below the
base line and 4th division of
the circular scale is in line
with the base line. Find
(i) The pitch,
(ii) The least count and
(iii) The zero error of the
screw gauge
Solution 29
No. of divisions on the circular 

scale = 50
(i) Pitch = Distance moved

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(Toll Free)
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in one revolution
Customer Sign
= 1 mm/2 = 0.5 mm Support Up
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MENU 1 to
12 = Pitch/No. of divisions
(ii) L.C.
on the circular head
= (0.5/50) mm
My Class
= 0.01 mm
(iii) Because the zero of the

Videos circular scale lies below the base
line, when the lat end of the
screw is in contact with the stud,
the error is positive.
No. of circular division coinciding

Undoubt with m.s.d. = 4
Zero error = + (4 × L.C.)
= + (4 × 0.01) mm
Test = + 0.04 mm
Plans Question 30
Explain the terms (i) Pitch

and (ii) Least count of a
screw gauge. How are they
My Profile determined?
Solution 30
(i) Pitch: The pitch of a screw

gauge is the distance moved by
the screw along its axis in one
complete rotation.
(ii) Least count (L.C.) of a

screw gauge: The L.C. of a
screw gauge is the distance
moved by it in rotating the
circular scale by one division.
Thus, L.C. = Pitch of the screw

gauge/total no. of divisions on
its circular scale. 
1800-212-7858
If a screw moves by(Toll
1 mm in
Free)
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one rotation
9:00am andIST
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divisions on its circular scale, Customer Sign
then pitchaofcall
Request screw = 1 mm. Support Up
Class JEE NEET
MENU
Thus, L.C. = 1 mm / 100 =Find video les
1 to
0.0112
mm = 0.001 cm
My Class
Question 31
Fig., below shows the

reading obtained while
Videos measuring the diameter of a
wire with a screw gauge. The
screw advances by 1 division
on the main scale when
circular head is rotated
Undoubt once.
Test
Plans
Find: (i) Pitch of the screw
gauge,
(ii) Least count of the screw
gauge and
My Profile
(iii) The diameter of the
wire.
Solution 31
No. of divisions on the circular

scale = 50
(i) Pitch = Distance moved ahead

in one revolution
= 1 mm/1 = 1 mm.
(ii) L.C. = Pitch/No. of divisions

on the circular head 
= (1/50) mm
= 0.02 mm
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(iii) Main ascale
callreading = 4 mm
No. of1 circular
MENU to division coinciding
with 12
m.s.d. (p) = 47
Circular scale reading = p × L.C.
My Class = (47 × 0.02) mm
= 0.94 mm
Diameter (Total reading) = M.s.r.

+ circular scale reading
Videos
= (4 + 0.94) mm
= 4.94 mm
Undoubt
Question 32
A screw has a pitch equal to

Test 0.5 mm. What should be the
number of divisions on its
head in order to read
correctly up to 0.001 mm
with its help?
Plans
Solution 32
My Profile Pitch of the screw gauge = 0.5

mm
L.C. of the screw gauge = 0.001

mm
No. of divisions on circular scale

= Pitch / L.C.
= 0.5 / 0.001
= 500
Question 33
Draw a neat and labelled

diagram of a screw gauge. 
Name its main parts and
state their functions.
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Solution 33 Customer Sign
Diagram
MENU 1 to of screw gauge:
12
My Class
Videos
Undoubt
Main parts and their functions:
Test 1. Ratchet: It advances the

screw by turning it until the
object is gently held between
the stud and spindle of screw.
2. Sleeve: It marks the main

Plans scale and base line.
3. Thimble: It marks the circular

scale.
4. Main scale: It helps to read

My Profile the length correct up to 1 mm.
5. Circular scale: It helps to

read length correct up to
0.01 mm.
Question 34
State one use of a screw

gauge.
Solution 34

A screw gauge is (Toll

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Free)
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measuring
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circular objects mostly wires Customer Sign
with an accuracy of 0.001
cm. Class JEE NEET Find video les
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12
Question 35
My Class
State the purpose of ratchet

in a screw gauge.
Videos
Solution 35
Ratchet helps to advance

Undoubt
the screw by turning it until
the object is gently held
between the stud and
spindle of the screw.
Test
Question 36
Plans What do you mean by zero

error of a screw gauge?
How is it accounted for?
My Profile
Solution 36
Due to mechanical errors,

sometimes when the anvil and
spindle end are brought in
contact, the zero mark of the
circular scale does not coincide
with the base line of main scale.
It is either above or below the
base line of the main scale, in
which case the screw gauge is
said to have a zero error. It can
be both positive and negative.
It is accounted by subtracting
the zero error (with sign) from
the observed reading in order to
get the correct reading.

Correct reading = Observed
reading - zero error (with
sign)
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Question
MENU 1 to 37
12
A screw gauge has a least
count 0.001 cm and zero
error +0.007 cm. Draw a
My Class neat diagram to represent it.
Solution 37
Videos
Diagram of a screw gauge with
L.C. 0.001 cm and zero error
+0.007 cm.
Undoubt
Test
Plans
My Profile
Question 38
What is backlash error?

Why is it caused? How is it
avoided?
Solution 38
Backlash error: If by reversing

the direction of rotation of the
thimble, the tip of the screw
does not start moving in the
opposite direction immediately
but remains stationary for a part

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of rotation; it is called backlash
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Reason: It happens due to wear Support Up
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and tear of the screw threads.
MENU 1 to the backlash error,
To avoid
12
while taking the
measurements the screw
should be rotated in one
My Class direction only. If the
direction of rotation of the
screw needs to be changed,
then it should be stopped for
a while and then rotated in
Videos the reverse direction.
Question 39
Undoubt
Describe the procedure to

measure the diameter of a
wire with the help of a screw
Test
gauge.
Solution 39
Plans
Measurement of diameter of wire

with a screw gauge:
My Profile
The wire whose thickness is to be
determined is placed between the
anvil and spindle end, the thimble
is rotated until the wire is irmly
held between the anvil and
spindle. The rachet is provided to
avoid excessive pressure on the
wire. It prevents the spindle from
further movement. The thickness
of the wire could be determined
from the reading as shown in the
igure below.
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12
My Class
The pitch of the screw = 1 mm
L.C. of screw gauge = 0.01 mm
Main scale reading = 2.5 mm

Videos
46th division of circular scale
coincides with the base line.
Therefore, circular scale reading

= 46 × 0.01 = 0.46 mm
Undoubt
Total reading = Main scale
reading + circular scale reading
= (2.5 + 0.46) mm
Test = 2.96 mm
Plans
Question 40
Name the instrument which

can accurately measure the
My Profile following
(a) The diameter of a
needle,
(b) The thickness of a
paper,
(c) The internal diameter of
the neck of a water bottle,
(d) The diameter of a pencil.
Solution 40
(a) Screw gauge
(b) Screw gauge
(c) Vernier calipers
(d) Screw gauge


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Which ofa the
callfollowing
Class JEE NEET
measures a small length Find video les
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with 12
high accuracy: metre
scale, vernier callipers or
screw gauge?
My Class
Solution 41
Screw gauge measures a

Videos length to a high accuracy.
Undoubt Question 42
Name the instrument which

has the least count
Test (a) 0.1 mm (b) 1 mm (c)

0.01 mm.
Solution 42
Plans
(a) Vernier callipers (b)
Metre scale (c) Screw
gauge.
My Profile
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Chapter 1 Measurements and Experimentation - ICSE Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics ICSE

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Videos Topperlearning / ICSE Class 9 /

A simple pendulum completes

What is a simple pendulum? Is

A simple pendulum is a heavy

The time period of a simple

Frequency = 1/time period

Such a pendulum is called

The time period of a pendulum

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(i) Oscillation: One complete to

(iii) Frequency: It is the number

Time period of 'a' is inversely

The length of a second's

The time period of a second's

The time period is related to the

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Given, g= 10 m/s2 and time

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Name two factors on which the

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(ii) Acceleration due to gravity

Compare the time periods of 

lengths 1 m and 9(Toll

Name two factors on which the

Two factors on which the time

(i) Material of the bob

A pendulum completes two

its time period? If (Toll

(a) If length quadruples then,

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My Class Therefore, the time period is

(b) If the acceleration due to

Therefore, the time period is

The time periods of two

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It takes 0.2 s for a pendulum

How do you measure the time

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To find the time period, the

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From this graph, the value of

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The ratio of their time

Two simple pendulums A and B 

Pendulum A will take more

State how does the time period

My Profile (a) The time period of

(b) The time period of

(c) The time period of

(d) The time period of

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A pendulum with the time

State the numerical value of the

The fundamental unit

The wavelength of light of a

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Videos What do you understand by