Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
□ Types of wave: transmission of energy by transverse and longitudinal type waves with reference to compressions,
rarefactions.
□ Graphing waves: interpret/draw amplitude versus time wave diagrams as well as amplitude versus displacement
diagrams, and to be able to recognise amplitude, period and/or wavelength.
□ Sound: knowledge as a longitudinal wave, speed of sound in different mediums.
□ Understanding of how pitch relates to frequency/period and loudness relates to amplitude.
□ Knowledge of range of human hearing and limitations as we grow older.
□ How tones can sound musical and the mathematical relationship between the frequency of these tones, in particular
whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency.
□ Understanding of the term resonance.
□ Interpretation of standing waves and resonance questions.
□ Understanding of how most complex tones are a combination of multiples of the fundamental harmonic.
□ Being able to comprehend/interpret spectrum analysis plots in terms of fundamental and consequent harmonics for
complex tones. E.g answering questions about harmonics graphs.
□ Understand how instruments can be used to create music.
□ Electromagnetic spectrum: knowledge of how energy radiation versus low energy, and qualitative relationship between
frequency and wavelength, as on p116. All em travels at speed of light in space.
□ Calculations involving v = fλ.
□ Calculations involving f = 1/T.
□ Polarisation of light.
□ Magnetic Fields: Knowledge of the field patterns of bar magnets and solenoids and that of the earth.
□ How magnetism can be created electrically, how to construct an electromagnet.
□ The existence and nature of the force that magnetism places on moving electrons
□ Synchrotron: Know at least three different uses for it.
□ Be able to describe the fundamentals of how a synchrotron beam is produced using the terms: electron gun, linac,
booster ring, storage ring, beamline, experimental station.
□ How magnetism is used to guide beam lines.
□ Understand the meaning of diffraction and interference.
□ Nature of synchrotron light: polarisation, coherency, brightness and why this is an advantage.
□ Range of available radiations in the synchrotron.
Contents:
Breaking the silence vid.. p2
Speed of sound questions p3
Middle C assignment p4-6
Resonance in spring prac p6
Physics of music vid p7-9
Using the oscilloscope, calculating frequency from waveform, determining harmonics. p10-12
Related harmonics questions p13-14
Wave equations – simple p15
Wave questions involving sound using both f=1/T and v =fp16-18
A lightly story – vid p19-20
Mapping magnetic fields p21
wave experiment to determine c(speed of light) p22-23
General notes and wave questions p24-35
Basic revision wave quests: p36-40
1
Video: VC 534 BRE C3137 Breaking the Silence: Yr 10 science: Name:
The following questions may be answered while watching the video or upon its conclusion.
......................................................................................................................................................................................
Q6. What does the term frequency mean?....................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................................
Q7. In what units is frequency measured?....................................................................................................................
Q8. What is the lowest frequency that humans can hear?.............................................................................................
Q9. What is the highest frequency that humans can hear?............................................................................................
Q10. What determines whether a sound is high or low?.................................................................................................
Q11. What is the highness or lowness of a sound called?...............................................................................................
Q12. How are pitch and volume different? Describe....................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................................
Q13. On a stringed instrument describe three ways in which the pitch of a string can be altered.
......................................................................................................................................................................................
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Q15. How does sound travel through air?....................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................................
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Q17. Can sound travel through other materials other than air? Does it travel differently in other materials? Describe
an example of this.........................................................................................................................................................
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Q18. Describe how you can hear an echo of your own voice........................................................................................
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2
Year 10 Physics The Speed of Sound
To complete this sheet you will need to refer to page 114 of your text book (Science Quest 4)
Also d=vt
Where d is distance (metres)
V is velocity (metres per second)
t is time (seconds)
1. Calculate the distance travelled by a sound wave travelling in air for 5.4 seconds
2. Calculate the distance travelled by a sound wave travelling in sea water for 1.6 seconds
3. A sound wave travels a distance of 680m in 2.62 seconds. What substance is it probably travelling through?
4. How long would it take an American fighter jet (travelling at Mach 1) to cover 2300 km (in seconds)?
5. The Brazilians claim that they have an even faster jet that covers 6012 km in 10 minutes. Does it travel faster
than the American jet?
6. Joe and Jack are watching a storm (with fork lightning). Jack tells Joe that he can accurately measure the
distance from the lightning bolt to where they are standing. To do this he downloads an “app” to his i-phone
(one that can accurately measure time). Jack sees a lightning bolt and then using his “app” is able to
measure that it takes 2.03 seconds to hear the thunder. Explain, in terms of waves, why jack saw the
lightning before he heard it.
7. Jack then does a calculation to work out the distance from the lightning bolt. His answer was 710 meters. Is
he correct? Support your answer using a relevant calculation.
3
YEAR 10 PHYSICS ASSIGNMENT 1
CONSTRUCTING A MUSCIAL INSTRUMENT
Task:
Design, construct and evaluate a simple musical instrument using low cost materials.
Your instrument is to be designed so it will play Middle C (256Hz(old) or 262Hz(new-since 1940’s).
Bring your instrument to class and demonstrate what it can do
Submit a written report with test results from the sound analyzer found in Data studio
6. Evaluation:
(a)Does your instrument make musical sounds?
(b)Can you improve it by changing a particular part or by changing the size of a part?
(c) Discuss how you could change the frequency or the loudness of the sound that it makes.
(d) Describe the tone of your instrument. Does it sound pure and simple like a tuning fork or does it seem
fuller and more complex like a clarinet?
(e) State how close you got to middle C, list the number of harmonics and their frequencies .
4
(f)Does the waveform suggest a complex sound and presence of a large number of harmonics.?)
WHERE DO I START?
Think of some different musical instruments and how they work, see if you can examine one closely. You can
then design and make your own instrument using a variety of materials. Here are some suggested starting
points.
Unfortunately there is very little to construct by filling a bottle to a suitable depth, bottles
will not be accepted.
5
Yr 10 Physics Assignment
Assessment sheet.
Name: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Assessment Criteria:
Instrument:
Creativity 0 1 2 3 4 5
Use of materials 0 1 2 3 4 5
Presentation(appearance) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Durable construction 0 1 2 3 4 5
Audibility 0 1 2 3 4 5
Ability to play C 0 1 2 3 4 5
Not shown - poor -satisfactory – good - very good - excellent
Report:
Introduction 0 1 2 3 4 5
Construction process 0 1 2 3 4 5
Diagram of Instrument 0 1 2 3 4 5
Accurate log 0 1 2 3 4 5
Waveform/Spectrum 0 2 4 6 8 10
Evaluation 0 3 6 9 12 15
Summary 0 1 2 3 4 5
(Logical/neat presentation 0 2 4 6 8 10
Total: /90marks
Comments:
Please attach this sheet to your report, and sign below that you have included all the points from the
assessment rubric above:
Signature………………………………………………………
Date:…………………………………………………………
6
Comment on the accuracy of the results you obtained, make mention of how and where measuring errors could have
occurred.
Write the “simple rule” that gives the relationship between the fundamental frequency and the frequency of each
successive harmonic in :
Words:
An Equation:
( where fn is the frequency of the nth harmonic and ff is the fundamental frequency)
Play some music that contains only harmonics
Go and look at the Tacoma bridge!
Research, how long was it resonating like above?
7
Name................................................
Physics of music - Video
1. Complete the following sentence:
....................................................................................................................................................
3. What is music made up of?
....................................................................................................................................................
4. What is noise?
....................................................................................................................................................
5. What is another term for pitch? What are the units?
....................................................................................................................................................
6. What happens to the loudness of a sound as amplitude is decreased?
....................................................................................................................................................
Part 2
7. What makes instrument sounds different from each other even when they are playing the same
note?
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
8. Describe how you could produce a complex wave?
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
9. In a stringed instrument, what is:
(a) The primary vibrator? .................................................................................
10. How does increasing the mass of a string change the nature of a note?
....................................................................................................................................................
11. How does increasing the tension in a string change the nature of a note?
....................................................................................................................................................
12. Describe how a standing wave can be produced?
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
13. Describe the process by which a wine glass or a violin produces a note.
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14. What causes beats?
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
16. When can notes be described as being most ‘pleasing to the ear’?
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
15. What are the three components of all musical instruments?
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
16. What does resonance do to a sound?
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
17. What is a node?
....................................................................................................................................................
18. What is an antinode?
....................................................................................................................................................
The overall resultant waveform is quite complicated yet does repeat itself. This gives this piano its
characteristic sound
The spectrum analysis supports the complicated waveform showing 8 significant harmonics:
256,2256=512, 3256=768, 1024,1280,1536,1792,2048.
The 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th harmonics being dominant.
The controls above are the only ones you need to adjust.
To print the display you must copy it into a word document. To do this PrtSc(top right of your
keyboard and paste into Word. You can trim the ‘fat’ of the image by first pasting it into
‘Paint’ by selecting only the oscilloscope and therefore not end up pasting the rest of your
desktop into your document, also invert the colour to save toner when you print!.
The relative intensities of the harmonics is what determines what the tone sounds like.
Ie whether it is a trumpet or a violin or a good violin.
We need to be able to state the % that each harmonic contributes to the overall tone.
For the Piano tone there are eight significant frequencies that make up the overall tone.
To work out % of each follow the following procedure:
10
Method
4.5
100 19%
23.4
Harmonic Height % of total
1 4.5 19
2 7.3 31
3 1.6 7
4 0.5 2
5 7 30
6 0.5 2
7 0.8 3
8 1.2 5
Total 23.4 100
You must evaluate these and include them in the report for
The method below represents a more accurate yourway
instrument.
of obtaining the exact frequency of the waveform.
Evaluating the frequency from the waveform display rather than the Spectrum Analyser view
You will be required to use this way in your project.
A typical waveform may look like the above. The time that has been pictured is represented by SWEEP.
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The sweep value is 3.86ms (Time for one complete cycle of the waveform)
This means 3.86/1000=0.00386 s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------
The frequency of the note can also be evaluated by the following formula(which is an adaptation of the
previous one)
number..of ..waves
f
sweep (sec onds)
Notice the simplicity of the above wave form. The sound obtained by blowing across a bottle is a very pure
type of sound, giving an almost perfect wave.
12
The spectrum analysis shows only one significant peak at 256 HZ, showing that the tone consists only of the
1st harmonic of 256 Hz
Compare the overall wave form with that of the whiskey bottle and the piano.
1. Sketch the 2nd and 3rd harmonics for a vibrating string of 10cm in length.
2. If the frequency of the fundamental tone of the string is 250Hz, find the frequency of the 3rd
harmonic.
3. The frequency of the 4th harmonic of a string is observed to be 800Hz, find the frequency of the 5th
Harmonic.
13
4. A vibrating rubber band resonsates at a frequency of 400Hz, the next frequency it resonates at is
600Hz. What is the lowest frequency that it will resononate at? Explain your answer.
5. A harmonic spectrum is taken from a single note played on the piano(262.5Hz middle C). The first
line on the plot corresponds to the frequency 262.5Hz.
6.
(a) What is the name given to the first line(from the left)
(b) What is the general name used to describe the other lines?
(c) Is there any mathematical relationship between the frequency of the lines? If so state what it is.
(d) What do the presence of these additional lines do to the overall sound?
(e) How would the plot of the piano be different to a person who whistles middle C
7. Nigel is a very fussy concert pianist. He insists that he will only play pianos that have a particular
overall tone. His requirement is that there should only be three even harmonics in the tone and that
they should be dominant and of equal intensity. He is not fussed by the number of odd harmonics,
but insists they should be no more than half the intensity of the even harmonics.
Given that you have to find such a piano, show on the spectrum below what you would be looking for when
you sample the sound, the fundamental is already included.
14
The Wave Equation
V = fλ
and
T = 1/f or f = 1/T
3. The same wave generator as mentioned in Q2 is shown to produce waves with a wave length of 2.3 cm. What
is the velocity of the wave (in m/s)?
4. A sound wave is found to have frequency of 700Hz and a wavelength of 0.5 metres.
a. What is the velocity of the sound wave?
b. What is the period of the sound wave?
5. A sound wave travelling in wood is known to have speed of 4000 m/s. If the frequency of the wave is 812 Hz,
find the wavelength.
6. A sound wave is found to have period of 0.25 seconds. Calculate it’s speed if it has a wavelength of 65 metres.
What medium is this wave likely to be travelling through (refer page 114 of text)
7. An electromagnetic wave travels at the speed of light (3 x 108 m/s). If it has a wavelength of 65 cm, find its’
frequency and its’ period. Give your answers in Scientific Form and correct to two significant figures.
8. An infrared remote control produces waves with a period of 10-16 s. What is the frequency of the wave?
Calculate the wavelength of the wave if it travels at the speed of light. Give your answers in Scientific Form
and correct to two significant figures.
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16
17
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A Lightly Story DVD 535, LIG D686, Yr 10 Physics
1. ................ was a clue to the nature of light
4. Where did the idea that light was rays come from?...........................
10. What behaviour of light cast doubt on the earlier theory that light was tiny
particles?.............................................................................................................................................
................
19
11. The death of Galileo and the birth of Isaac Newton coincided in what year?......................
12. Describe the experiment done by Newton that led to the conclusion there is no such thing as ‘white’
light?
............................................................................................................................................................
...................
16. How was the first real accurate determination of the speed of light done?
............................................................................................................................................................
...................
19. What did Faraday theorise makes the observation possible, a magnetic..................
20. James Maxwell worked on this idea and came up with a speed for the magnetic wave, what was
it?........................................................
20
21. This led to the idea that light was an ........................... .......................... wave.
21
Yr. 10 Physics: Mapping Magnetic field lines.
Aim: To be familiar with the use of a compass of detecting directions and locations of magnetic fields.
Background: North(red) end of compass points in direction of magnetic field(B).
Method:
L M
K
G P
J F H
I
E
X
A S N B
Place compass at A - move compass around in general area. Mark line where needle points for 5 different
points within area A.
How far can compass be moved away from A before needle reverts to influence of earth’s magnetic field?
Repeat for Area B.
Move compass in arcs E to I and from J to P label direction of field at points along the arcs
Find direction of field at X.
Do the observations you have made exist in three dimensions?, explain how you tested in the 3rd dimension.
Conclusion:
22
Try this: cheese slices
Want to stay healthy? Don't eat cholesterol laden cheese – use it to measure the speed of light!
Warning: Melted cheese can burn. Take extra care.
a metric ruler
pen
paper
calculator
What to do
1. Remove carousel
2. Spread cheese slices over bottom of microwave, perhaps using a plate so the movement of the
carousel drive doesn’t affect the cheese.
3. Heat the cheese on high power until it starts to melt in two or three spots - this usually takes
about 40 seconds. You should stop before the cheese is nuked
4. Remove the cheese from the microwave and measure the distance between neighbouring globs
of melted cheese.
D=
3. Show with the aid of a diagram why we need to multiply this distance by 2.
4. Establish the frequency of your microwave, its usually written on the back of the unit
somewhere. Typical values are 2.45GHz, Giga = multiply by a billion or 10 9. Hence 2.45GHz
= 2.45 x 10 9 Hz, this is the value that needs to be used in the equation v = f
f=
23
What's happening?
Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation, like x-rays and radio waves. All electromagnetic
radiation travels at the speed of light. This means the microwaves in your microwave oven are
travelling at the speed of light.
Electromagnetic radiation travels in waves. The frequency is how often these waves go up and down
– it is the measure of the peak of one wave to the peak of the next wave. The hot spots in your
chocolate are half the wavelength, as a wave will pass through the chocolate bar twice as it goes
through a cycle.
Once you have the wavelength and the frequency it is easy to calculate the speed as the wavelength
multiplied by the frequency gives the speed.
Applications
Microwaves are great for heating up food, but aren't actually hot. This was accidentally discovered by
Dr. Percy Spencer around 1946.
Percy had been working on a magnetron, a type of radar, which gives off short bursts of microwaves
to detect incoming planes. He'd left a chocolate in his pants and it melted because of a microwave
burst – not just because it was a hot day.
Percy realised the importance of his discovery and blasted some popcorn kernels with microwaves
from the magnetron. This was fluffy microwave popcorn's world debut!
Percy's microwave cooking had limited success – next he tried cooking raw eggs, but the pressure
rose too quickly and the eggs burst (don't try that at home).
Microwaves pass through glass, paper, pastry, fats and most china. Water, however, absorbs
microwaves very well. The microwaves ‘shake' the water molecules, making them vibrate about 2.45
billion times each second. As the molecules vibrate, they rub against each other and the friction
produces heat for cooking.
Microwaves can be used for more than just cooking. Here are some other technologies that use
microwaves:
radar
radio astronomy
some pay TV
24
__________________________________________________________________________
Notes
Compressions are regions of high air pressure while the rarefactions are regions of low air pressure.
The wavelength of a wave is merely the distance which a disturbance travels along the medium in one complete wave
cycle.
Since a sound wave consists of a repeating pattern of high pressure and low pressure regions moving through a medium, it
is sometimes referred to as a pressure wave.
The above diagram can be somewhat misleading if you are not careful. The representation of sound by a sine wave is
merely an attempt to illustrate the pressure-time fluctuations. Do not conclude that sound is a transverse wave which has
crests and troughs.
1 Hertz = 1 vibration/second
Since a sound wave is a pressure wave, a detector could be used to detect oscillations in pressure from a
high pressure to a low pressure and back to a high pressure.
The diagram below shows two pressure-time plots, one corresponding to a high frequency and the other to a low
frequency.
The ears of a human (and other animals) are sensitive detectors capable of detecting the fluctuations in air pressure which
impinge upon the eardrum.
The sensation of a frequencies is commonly referred to as the pitch of a sound. A high pitch sound corresponds to a high
frequency sound wave and a low pitch sound corresponds to a low frequency sound wave.
The ability of humans to perceive pitch is associated with the frequency of the sound wave which impinges upon the ear
1. A sound wave is a pressure wave; regions of high (compressions) and low pressure (rarefactions) are established as the
result of the vibrations of the sound source. These compressions and rarefactions result because sound
a. is more dense than air and thus has more inertia, causing the bunching up of sound.
b. waves have a speed which is dependent only upon the properties of the medium.
c. is like all waves; it is able to bend into the regions of space behind obstacles.
d. is able to reflect off fixed ends and interfere with incident waves
1. Two notes which have a frequency ratio of 2:1 are said to be separated by an octave. A frequency which is separated by
an octave from middle C (256 Hz) is
A sound wave is a pressure disturbance which travels through a medium by means of particle-to-particle interaction.
Since the speed of a wave is defined as the distance which a point on a wave (such as a compression or a rarefaction)
travels per unit of time, it is often expressed in units of meters/second (abbreviated m/s). In equation form, this is
speed = distance/time
Factors Affecting Wave Speed
The speed of any wave depends upon the properties of the medium through which the wave is traveling. Typically there are two
essential types of properties which affect wave speed - inertial properties and elastic properties.
Elastic properties
In general, solids have the strongest interactions between particles, followed by liquids and then gases. For this reason,
longitudinal sound waves travel faster in solids than they do in liquids than they do in gases.
vsolids > vliquids > vgases
The density of a medium is an example of an inertial property. The greater the inertia (i.e., mass density) of individual
particles of the medium, the less responsive they will be to the interactions between neighboring particles and the slower
that the wave will be. A sound wave will travel faster in a less dense material than a more dense material. Thus, a sound
wave will travel nearly three times faster in Helium as it will in air. This is mostly due to the lower mass of Helium particles
as compared to air particles.
The speed of a sound wave in air depends upon the properties of the air, namely the temperature and the pressure. At
high pressure the particles interact more quickly and the speed is greater. At high temperature the particles have more
energy and the speed is greater.
At normal atmospheric pressure and a temperature, a sound wave will travel at approximately 343 m/s; Light travels
through air at a speed of approximately 300 000 000 m/s; For this reason, humans can observe a detectable time delay
between the thunder and the lightning during a storm. The arrival of the light wave from the location of the lightning strike
occurs in so little time that it is essentially negligible. Yet the arrival of the sound wave from the location of the lightning
strike occurs much later.
For instance if the thunder is heard 3 seconds after the lightning is seen, then sound (whose speed is approximated as 345
m/s) has traveled a distance of
Another phenomenon related to the perception of time delays between two events is an echo.
For instance if an echo is heard 1.40 seconds after making the holler, then the distance to the canyon wall can be found as
follows:
The canyon wall is 242 meters away. You might have noticed that the time of 0.70 seconds is used in the equation.
While an echo is of relatively minimal importance to humans, echolocation is an essential trick of the trade for bats
The mathematical relationship between speed, frequency and wavelength is given by the following equation.
v=fx
An alteration in wavelength does not affect (i.e., change) wave speed. Rather, an
alteration in wavelength affects the frequency in an inverse manner. A doubling of the wavelength results in a halving of
the frequency; yet the wave speed is not changed. The speed of a sound wave depends on the properties of the medium
through which it moves and the only way to change the speed is to change the properties of the medium.
1. An automatic focus camera is able to focus on objects by use of an ultrasonic sound wave. The camera sends out sound
waves which reflect off distant objects and return to the camera. A sensor detects the time it takes for the waves to return
and then determines the distance an object is from the camera. If a sound wave (speed = 340 m/s) returns to the camera
0.150 seconds after leaving the camera, how far away is the object?
2. On a hot summer day, a pesky little mosquito produced its warning sound near your ear. The sound is produced by the
beating of its wings at a rate of about 600 wing beats per second.
b. Assuming the sound wave moves with a velocity of 350 m/s, what is the wavelength of the wave?
3. Doubling the frequency of a wave source doubles the speed of the waves.
a. True b. False
4. Playing middle C on the piano keyboard produces a sound with a frequency of 256 Hz. Assuming the speed of sound in
air is 345 m/s, determine the wavelength of the sound corresponding to the note of middle C.
5. Most people can detect frequencies as high as 20 000 Hz. Assuming the speed of sound in air is 345 m/s, determine the
wavelength of the sound corresponding to this upper range of audible hearing.
6. An elephant produces a 10 Hz sound wave. Assuming the speed of sound in air is 345 m/s, determine the wavelength of
this infrasonic sound wave.
8. Miles Tugo is camping in Glacier National Park. In the midst of a glacier canyon, he makes a loud holler. He hears an
echo 1.22 seconds later. The air temperature is 20 degrees C. How far away are the canyon walls
9. Two sound waves are traveling through a container of unknown gas. Wave A has a wavelength of 1.2 m. Wave B has a
wavelength of 3.6 m. The velocity of wave B must be __________ the velocity of wave A.
a. one-ninth b. one-third
10. Two sound waves are traveling through a container of unknown gas. Wave A has a wavelength of 1.2 m. Wave B has a
wavelength of 3.6 m. The frequency of wave B must be __________ the frequency of wave A.
a. one-ninth b. one-third
The actual frequency at which an object will vibrate at is determined by a variety of factors. Each of these factors will either
affect the wavelength or the speed of the object. Since
The second harmonic of a guitar string is produced by adding one more node between the
ends of the guitar string. This additional node gives the second harmonic a total of three nodes
and two antinodes. The third harmonic of a guitar string is produced by adding two nodes
between the ends of the guitar string. And of course, if two nodes are added to the pattern, then two antinodes must be
added as well in order to maintain an alternating pattern of nodes and antinodes.
After a discussion of the first three harmonics, a pattern can be recognized. Each harmonic results in an additional node
and antinode, and an additional half of a wave within the string. If the number of waves
This information is summarized in the table below.
Harm. # of # of # of
# Waves Nodes Anti-
in String nodes
1 1/2 2 1
2 1 or 2/2 3 2
3 3/2 4 3
If the crest of an ocean wave moves a distance of 20 meters in 10 seconds, then the speed of the ocean wave is 2 m/s.
When a wave undergoes reflection, it remains within the medium and merely reverses its direction of travel.
you often hear the echo of the holler. The sound wave travels through the medium (air in
this case), reflects off the canyon wall and returns to its origin (you).
Noah stands 170 meters away from a steep canyon wall. He shouts and hears the echo of
his voice one second later. What is the speed of the wave?
In this instance, the sound wave travels 340 meters in 1 second, so the speed of the wave
is 340 m/s. Remember, when there is a reflection, the wave doubles its distance. In other
words, the distance traveled by the sound wave in 1 second is equivalent to the 170 meters down to the canyon wall plus
the 170 meters back from the canyon wall.
2. The teacher then begins introducing pulses with a different wavelength. Which of the two pulses (C or D) will travel from
the hand to the wall in the least amount of time ? Justify your answer.
3. The time required for the sound waves (v = 340 m/s) to travel from the tuning fork to point A is ____ .
4. Two waves are traveling through the same container of nitrogen gas. Wave A has a wavelength of 1.5 m. Wave B has a
wavelength of 4.5 m. The speed of wave B must be ________ the speed of wave A.
a. one-ninth b. one-third
c. the same as d. three times larger than
5. An automatic focus camera is able to focus on objects by use of an ultrasonic sound wave. The camera sends out sound
waves which reflect off distant objects and return to the camera. A sensor detects the time it takes for the waves to return
and then determines the distance an object is from the camera.
If a sound wave (speed = 340 m/s) returns to the camera 0.150 seconds after leaving the camera, then how far away is
the object?
6. TRUE or FALSE:
Doubling the frequency of a wave source doubles the speed of the waves.
7. While hiking through a canyon, Noah Formula lets out a scream. An echo (reflection of the scream off a nearby canyon
wall) is heard 0.82 seconds after the scream. The speed of the sound wave in air is 342 m/s. Calculate the distance from
Noah to the nearby canyon wall.
8. Mac and Tosh are resting on top of the water near the end of the pool when Mac creates a surface wave. The wave
travels the length of the pool and back in 25 seconds. The pool is 25 meters long. Determine the speed of the wave.
9. The water waves below are traveling along the surface of the ocean at a speed of 2.5 m/s and splashing periodically
against Wilbert's perch. Each adjacent crest is 5 meters apart. The crests splash Wilbert's feet upon reaching his perch.
How much time passes between each successive drenching? Answer and explain using complete sentences.
- feedback
When all the wavelengths of the visible light spectrum strike your eye at the same time, white is perceived. The sensation
of white is not the result of a single color of light. Rather, the sensation of white is the result of a mixture of two or more
colors of light. Thus, visible light - the mix of ROYGBIV - is sometimes referred to as white light. Technically speaking,
white is not a color at all - at least not in the sense that there is a light wave with a wavelength which is characteristic of
white. Rather, white is the combination of all the colors of the visible light spectrum. If all the wavelengths of the visible
light spectrum give the appearance of white, then none of the wavelengths would lead to the appearance of black. Once
more, black is not actually a color. Technically speaking, black is merely the absence of the wavelengths of the visible light
spectrum. So when you are in a room with no lights and everything around you appears black, it means that there are no
wavelengths of visible light striking your eye as you sight at the surroundings.
3. Consider the visible light spectrum as you answer these two questions.
a. Which color of the visible light spectrum has the greatest frequency?
b. Which color of the visible light spectrum has the greatest wavelength?
1) Compare transverse waves with compression waves. Include a diagram and an example of each in
your answer.
(Refer to your text book Science Quest 4 pages 112 – 117
b) frequency
c) pitch
d) wavelength
e) amplitude
4) Draw a labelled diagram to show the difference between a compression and a rarefaction(3 marks)
5) For a wave moving at a particular speed, what happens to the frequency as the wavelength decreases?
6) What units are used to measure frequency? Include the word and its abbreviation.
7) Give three differences between sound waves and electromagnetic waves.
(Refer to p116 and 117 of your text book – Science Quest 4
9) A flash of lightning is often followed several seconds later by the thunder it has caused. Explain, in
terms of waves, why we see the lightning before we hear the thunder.
Where T = period (s
10. Year 10 Science students are conducting a slinky experiment. They are studying the effect of different
variables upon the speed of a wave. Their data table is shown below. Use this data to calculate the
missing values in the table.
11. As the wavelength of a wave in a uniform medium increases, its speed will _____.
12. As the wavelength of a wave in a uniform medium increases, its frequency will _____.
13. A ruby-throated hummingbird beats its wings at a rate of about 70 wing beats per second.
a. What is the frequency in Hertz of the sound wave?
b. Calculate the period of the sound wave
c. Assuming the sound wave moves with a velocity of 350 m/s, what is the wavelength of the
wave
14) A violin string has a length of 22 cm. It is vibrating in its fundamental mode at 920Hz. The speed of the
sound through air is 340m/s.
(a) .................................................................... What is the length of one wavelength on the violin string?
......................................................................................................................................................................
(b) .............................. What is the velocity of a transverse vibration which travels along this violin string?
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15). A guitar string is 0.66m in length . When plucked in its centre it produces a fundamental frequency of 80 Hz.
The guitarist presses the string against a fret, shortening the string to produce notes of different frequency. How
long should the string be to produce a note of frequency
(b) ................................................................................................................................................320Hz.........
.
(i)The two graphs above represent the behaviour of the same wave on a spring and appear identical, what is the
difference between the two graphs?..............................................................................................................
(i) ............................................................................................................. What is the period of the wave. .