PROJECT REPORT

(Submitted for the Degree of B.Com. Honours in Accounting & Finance. HERAMBA CHANDRA COLLEGE
under the University of Calcutta)

Title of the Project

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY.

Submitted by
Name of the Candidate : …………................................................
Registration No. : ………….................................................
Name of the College : ............……………................................
College Roll No. : ….………………….............................

Supervised by
Name of the Supervisor :
Name of the College :

MARCH, 2020
 Supervisor's Certificate

This is to certify that Mr./Ms ................................................................. a

student of B.Com. Honours in Accounting & Finance
of…………………………………………. (Name of the College) under the University
of Calcutta has worked under my supervision and guidance for his/her
Project Work and prepared a Project Report with the title
.........................................................................................................................
............................... which he/she is submitting, is his/her genuine and
original work to the best of my knowledge.

DATE : SINGNATURE :
PLACE : NAME :
DESIGNATION :
NAME OF THE COLLEGE :
 STUDENT'S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Project Work with the title (in block letters)
.....................................................................................................................................
submitted by me for the partial fulfillment of the degree of B.Com. Honours
in Accounting & Finance under the University of Calcutta is my original work
and has not been submitted earlier to any other University /Institution for
the fulfilment of the requirement for any course of study. I also declare that
no chapter of this manuscript in whole or in part has been incorporated in
this report from any earlier work done by others or by me. However,
extracts of any literature which has been used for this report has been duly
acknowledged providing details of such literature in the references.

DATE : SINGNATUE :
PLACE : NAME :
REGISTRATION NO. :
ADDRESS :
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

At on set of this report we would like to thank first of all

themanagement of the insurance for co- operating with
our teamto gather information about their working. throughout the p
roject on the Insurance Industry we received full co-
operatingfrom all level ,and as gesture of
INSURANCE’S gratitude wewould like of dedicate this report to the
staff of INSURANCEand their spirit of working ,which has motivated
us all along theInsurance Project.
First we submit our sincere thanks to our Director K.MADHAVI KHARE
and to our Prof. K.K.BHASIN whogave us the chance to exploit
ourselves in business environment.
 OBJECTIVE OF REPORT

 To develop analytical skills of industry.

 To develop communication skills.

 To have realistic behavior of industry.

 To have empirical touch of a program.

 To know about the different aspects of industry.

 To take the system of function of industry.

 To nourishing the practical knowledge.

 To take a chance to interact with persons in

industrial environment.
INSTODUCTION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a type of international private business self-

regulation that aims to contribute to societal goals of a philanthropic, activist, or
charitable nature or by engage in or
support volunteering or ethically-
oriented practices. While once it was
possible to describe CSR as an internal
organizational policy or a corporate ethic
strategy, that time has passed as various
international laws have been developed
and various organizations have used
their authority to push it beyond individual or even industry-wide initiatives. While it
has been considered a form of corporate self-regulation for some time, over the last
decade or so it has moved considerably from voluntary decisions at the level of
individual organizations, to mandatory schemes at regional, national and
international levels. Considered at the organizational level, CSR is generally
understood as a private firm policy. As such, it must align with and be integrated into
a business model to be successful. With some models, a firm's implementation of CSR
goes beyond compliance with regulatory requirements and engages in "actions that
appear to further some social good, beyond the interests of the firm and that which is
required by law". The choices of 'complying' with the law, failing to comply, and
'going beyond' are three distinct strategic organizational choices. While in many areas
such as environmental or labor regulations, employers may choose to comply with
the law, or go beyond the law, other organizations may choose to flout the law. These
organizations are taking on clear legal risks. The nature of the legal risk, however,
changes when attention is paid to soft law. Soft law may incur legal liability
particularly when businesses make misleading claims about their sustainability or
other ethical credentials and practices. Overall, businesses may engage in CSR for
strategic or ethical purposes. From a strategic perspective, the aim is to increase long-
term profits and shareholder trust through positive public relations and high ethical
standards to reduce business and legal risk by taking responsibility for corporate
actions. CSR strategies encourage the company to make a positive impact on the
environment and stakeholders including consumers, employees, investors,
communities, and others. From an ethical perspective, some businesses will adopt
CSR policies and practices because of ethical beliefs of senior management. For
example, a CEO may believe that harming the environment is ethically objectionable.
Proponents argue that corporations increase long-term profits by operating with a
CSR perspective, while critics argue that CSR distracts from businesses' economic role.
A 2000 study compared existing econometric studies of the relationship between
social and financial performance, concluding that the contradictory results of previous
studies reporting positive, negative, and neutral financial impact, were due to flawed
empirical analysis and claimed when the study is properly specified, CSR has a neutral
impact on financial outcomes. Critics questioned the "lofty" and sometimes
"unrealistic expectations" in CSR. or that CSR is merely window-dressing, or an
attempt to pre-empt the role of governments as a watchdog over powerful
multinational corporations. In line with this critical perspective, political and
sociological institutionalists became interested in CSR in the context of theories of
globalization, neoliberalism and late capitalism. Some institutionalists viewed CSR as a
form of capitalist legitimacy and in particular point out that what began as a social
movement against uninhibited corporate power was transformed by corporations
into a "business model" and a "risk management" device, often with questionable
results. CSR is titled to aid an organization's mission as well as serve as a guide to
what the company represents for its consumers. Business ethics is the part of applied
ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in
a business environment. ISO 26000 is the recognized international standard for CSR.
Public sector organizations (the United Nations for example) adhere to the triple
bottom line (TBL). It is widely accepted that CSR adheres to similar principles, but with
no formal act of legislation.
 EVOLUTION OF CSR IN INDIA

INDIA HAS THE WORLD’S RICHEST TRADITION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR). THE TERM
CSR MAY BE RELATIVELY NEW TO INDIA, BUT THE CONCEPT DATES BACK TO MAURYAN HISTORY, WHERE
PHILOSOPHERS LIKE KAUTILYA EMPHASIZED ON ETHICAL PRACTICES AND PRINCIPLES WHILE CONDUCTING
BUSINESS. CSR HAS BEEN INFORMALLY PRACTICED IN ANCIENT TIMES IN FORM OF CHARITY TO THE POOR
AND DISADVANTAGED. INDIAN SCRIPTURES HAVE AT SEVERAL PLACES MENTIONED THE IMPORTANCE OF
SHARING ONE’S EARNING WITH THE DEPRIVED SECTION OF
SOCIETY. WE HAVE A DEEP ROOTED CULTURE OF SHARING
AND CARING. RELIGION ALSO PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN
PROMOTING THE CONCEPT OF CSR. ISLAM HAD A LAW
CALLED ZAKAAT, WHICH RULES THAT A PORTION OF ONE’S
EARNING MUST BE SHARED WITH THE POOR IN FORM OF
DONATIONS. MERCHANTS BELONGING TO HINDU
RELIGION GAVE ALMS, GOT TEMPLES AND NIGHT SHELTERS
MADE FOR THE POORER CLASS. HINDUS FOLLOWED
DHARMADA WHERE THE MANUFACTURER OR SELLER CHARGED A SPECIFIC AMOUNT FROM THE
PURCHASER, WHICH WAS USED FOR CHARITY. THE AMOUNT WAS KNOWN AS CHARITY AMOUNT OR
DHARMADA. IN THE SAME FASHION, SIKHS FOLLOWED DAASHAANT. HERE, WE CAN UNDERSTAND THAT
THE HISTORY OF CSR IN INDIA RUNS PARALLEL TO THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA. CSR HAS
EVOLVED IN PHASES LIKE COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE PRODUCTION, AND SOCIALLY
RESPONSIBLE EMPLOYEE RELATIONS. THEREFORE, THE HISTORY OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN
INDIA CAN BE BROADLY DIVIDED INTO FOUR PHASES:
THE FIRST PHASE OF CSR WAS DRIVEN BY NOBLE DEEDS OF PHILANTHROPISTS AND CHARITY. IT WAS
INFLUENCED BY FAMILY VALUES, TRADITIONS, CULTURE AND RELIGION ALONG WITH INDUSTRIALIZATION.
TILL 1850, THE WEALTHY BUSINESSMEN SHARED THEIR RICHES WITH THE SOCIETY BY EITHER SETTING UP
TEMPLES OR RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. IN TIMES OF FAMINES, THEY OPENED THEIR GRANARIES FOR THE
POOR AND HUNGRY. THE APPROACH TOWARDS CSR CHANGED WITH THE ARRIVAL OF COLONIAL RULE IN
1850. IN THE PRE-INDEPENDENCE ERA, THE PIONEERS OR PROPAGATORS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ALSO
SUPPORTED THE CONCEPT OF CSR. IN 1900S, THE INDUSTRIALIST FAMILIES LIKE TATAS, BIRLAS, MODIS,
GODREJ, BAJAJS AND SINGHANIAS PROMOTED THIS CONCEPT BY SETTING UP CHARITABLE FOUNDATIONS,
EDUCATIONAL AND HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS, AND TRUSTS FOR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT. IT MAY
ALSO BE INTERESTING TO NOTE THAT THEIR EFFORTS FOR SOCIAL BENEFIT WERE ALSO DRIVEN BY POLITICAL
MOTIVES.
THE SECOND PHASE WAS THE PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE STRUGGLE WHEN THE INDUSTRIALISTS WERE
PRESSURIZED TO SHOW THEIR DEDICATION TOWARDS THE BENEFIT OF THE SOCIETY. MAHATMA GANDHI
URGED TO THE POWERFUL INDUSTRIALISTS TO SHARE THEIR WEALTH FOR THE BENEFIT OF
UNDERPRIVILEGED SECTION OF THE SOCIETY. HE GAVE THE CONCEPT OF TRUSTEESHIP. THIS CONCEPT OF
TRUSTEESHIP HELPED IN THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROWTH OF INDIA. GANDHI REGARDED THE INDIAN
COMPANIES AND INDUSTRIES AS “TEMPLES OF MODERN INDIA”. HE INFLUENCED THE INDUSTRIALISTS
AND BUSINESS HOUSES TO BUILD TRUSTS FOR COLLEGES, RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTES. THESE
TRUSTS ALSO WORKED TO ENHANCE SOCIAL REFORMS LIKE RURAL DEVELOPMENT, WOMEN
EMPOWERMENT AND EDUCATION. IN THE THIRD PHASE FROM 1960-1980, CSR WAS INFLUENCED BY
THE EMERGENCE OF PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS TO ENSURE PROPER DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH. THE
POLICY OF INDUSTRIAL LICENSING, HIGH TAXES AND RESTRICTIONS ON THE PRIVATE SECTOR RESULTED IN
CORPORATE MALPRACTICES. THIS LED TO ENACTMENT OF LEGISLATION REGARDING CORPORATE
GOVERNANCE, LABOR AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES. STILL THE PSUS WERE NOT VERY SUCCESSFUL.
THEREFORE THERE WAS A NATURAL SHIFT OF EXPECTATION FROM THE PUBLIC TO THE PRIVATE SECTOR
AND THEIR ACTIVE INVOLVEMENT IN THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROWTH. IN 1965, THE ACADEMICIANS,
POLITICIANS AND BUSINESSMEN SET UP A NATIONAL WORKSHOP ON CSR, WHERE GREAT STRESS WAS LAID
ON SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY. IN THE FOURTH PHASE FROM 1980 ONWARDS, INDIAN
COMPANIES INTEGRATED CSR INTO A SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS STRATEGY. WITH GLOBALIZATION AND
ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION IN 1990S, AND PARTIAL WITHDRAWAL OF CONTROLS AND LICENSING SYSTEMS
THERE WAS A BOOM IN THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE COUNTRY. THIS LED TO THE INCREASED
MOMENTUM IN INDUSTRIAL GROWTH, MAKING IT POSSIBLE FOR THE COMPANIES TO CONTRIBUTE MORE
TOWARDS SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. WHAT STARTED AS CHARITY IS NOW UNDERSTOOD AND ACCEPTED AS
RESPONSIBILITY. IN THE CURRENT SCENARIO IN INDIA, THE NEW COMPANIES ACT AMENDED IN DECEMBER
2012 MANDATES THE CORPORATE TO SPEND 2% OF THEIR AVERAGE NET PROFITS OF THE LAST THREE
FINANCIAL YEARS TOWARDS CSR. THIS IS APPLICABLE FOR COMPANIES WITH A TURNOVER OF 1000 CR/
PAT OF 5 CR/ OR NET WORTH OF 500 CR. THE NEW BILL REPLACES THE COMPANIES ACT 1956 AND
EMPHASIZES CARRYING FORWARD THE AGENDA OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY.
 SEVEN PILLARS OF CSR STRATEGY

 Need of partnership in CSR

 Cross learning

 Supplementing and nurturing CSR

 Per beneficiary cost reduction and maximizing the impact while

reaching more people

 Knowledge management and documentation

 Use and reuse of resources for better CSR

 Capacity building of the CSR workforce and re-skilling.

AN OVERVIEW OF CSR RULES UNDER COMPANIES ACT, 2013

The Ministry of Corporate Affairs has notified Section 135 and Schedule VII of
the Companies Act 2013 as well as the provisions of the Companies (Corporate Social
Responsibility Policy) Rules, 2014 to come into effect from April 1, 2014.

With effect from April 1, 2014, every

company, private limited or public
limited, which either has a net worth
of Rs 500 crore or a turnover of Rs
1,000 crore or net profit of Rs 5 crore,
needs to spend at least 2% of its
average net profit for the
immediately preceding three financial
years on corporate social responsibility activities. The CSR activities should not be
undertaken in the normal course of business and must be with respect to any of the
activities mentioned in Schedule VII of the 2013 Act. Contribution to any political
party is not considered to be a CSR activity and only activities in India would be
considered for computing CSR expenditure. The net worth, turnover and net profits
are to be computed in terms of Section 198 of the 2013 Act as per the profit and loss
statement prepared by the company in terms of Section 381 (1) (a) and Section 198 of
the 2013 Act. While these provisions have not yet been notified, is has been clarified
that if net profits are computed under the Companies Act, 1956 they needn't be
recomputed under the 2013 Act. Profits from any overseas branch of the company,
including those branches that are operated as a separate company would not be
included in the computation of net profits of a company. Besides, dividends received
from other companies in India which need to comply with the CSR obligations would
not be included in the computation of net profits of a company. The CSR Rules appear
to widen the ambit for compliance obligations to include the holding and subsidiary
companies as well as foreign companies whose branches or project offices in India
fulfill the specified criteria. There is a need for clarity with respect to the compliance
obligations of a company as well as its holding and subsidiary companies.
 NATIONAL SCENARIO OF CSR IN INDIA
INDIA IS THE FIRST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD TO MAKE CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)
MANDATORY, FOLLOWING AN AMENDMENT TO THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013 IN APRIL 2014.
BUSINESSES CAN INVEST THEIR PROFITS IN AREAS SUCH AS EDUCATION, POVERTY, GENDER
EQUALITY, AND HUNGER AS PART OF ANY CSR COMPLIANCE .

 PRESENT STATUS OF CSR IN INDIA :

Tata Chemicals Ltd. has been ranked as the number one company third year in a row for
Sustainability & CSR practice in Responsible Business Ranking 2019, a study conducted by Futures
cape. It is number 1 on the list
of top 20 Indian companies for
CSR in 2019.

The study follows the

environment, social and
governance (ESG) framework to
examine corporate
performance. Besides reviewing
the spending patterns on CSR,
the study also combined
performance and spending into
the responsibility matrix of the
companies. While the study
examines the ESG performance
of companies, the research also
indicates that companies are
gradually incorporating Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into their responsible business
actions.

What follows is an analytical examination of Indian sustainability reports, annual reports and
business responsibility reports. It covers industries as diverse as automobiles, banks, FMCG,
infrastructure, information technology, metals and mining, oil, power, steel, pharmaceuticals,
telecommunications and others. Here are the Top 20 Indian companies for CSR in 2019.
 TOP 20 INDIAN COMPANIES FOR CSR IN 2019

1. TATA CHEMICALS LTD.

Although the prescribed CSR for 2018-2019 was 19.86 Crores, the company went on to spend 25.68
crores this year. Improving the quality of life and fostering sustainable and integrated development
in the communities where it operates is central to TATA CHEMICALS’ corporate philosophy.

2. INFOSYS LTD.
Digital services and consulting conglomerate Infosys Limited spent INR 342 crores as against its
prescribed CSR expenditure of 340 crores (2% of the net profit of INR 17,018 Cr) towards various
schemes of Corporate Social Responsibility.

3. BHARAT PETROLEUM CORPORATION LTD.

The CSR budget of INR 146.87 crores from the financial year 2017-18 was carried forward next year
(FY 2018-19). Bharat Petroleum could not spend the entire amount and left INR 172.25 crores
unspent during the year because the majority of its projects span between one to five years.

4. MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA LTD.

Mahindra & Mahindra spent INR 93.50 crores on CSR initiatives during the financial year 2018-19,
according to the annual report published by the company.The company spent INR 8.36 crore on
Nanhi Kali programme which provides educational support to underprivileged girls in India through
an afterschool support programme.

5. ITC LTD.
ITC Limited is an Indian multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Kolkata, West
Bengal. The Company has spent more than the prescribed CSR budget in last three financial years. In
FY 2018-19, ITC Limited spent INR 306.95 Crores.
6. AMBUJA CEMENT LTD.
Ambuja Cement Foundation (ACF) – the corporate social responsibility arm of Ambuja Cement – has
been pivotal in advancing the company’s objective to be a socially responsible corporate citizen.
Ambuja Cement Foundation (ACF) aims to ‘Energise, Involve and Enable Communities to Realise
their Potential’ through its initiatives.

7. TATA MOTORS LTD.

Auto brand Tata Motors Limited went beyond compliance and spent INR 22 crores (standalone)
towards various schemes of CSR. The CSR spend amount excludes INR 2.99 crore donated to Tata
Community Initiative Trust (TCIT) for repair of infrastructure which was affected during the flood in
Kerala (August 2018), company said in its Integrated Annual Report for the FY 2018-19.

9. HINDALCO INDUSTRIES LTD.

Hindalco Industries Limited is the metals flagship company of the Aditya Birla Group. With a
consolidated turnover of US$18.7 billion, Hindalco is the world’s largest aluminum rolling company
and one of Asia’s biggest producers of primary aluminum.

10. TOYOTA KIRLOSKAR MOTOR INDIA

As a socially committed corporate, Toyota Kirloskar Motor India has actively contributed towards
the “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan”. The company has constructed more than 650 units of sanitation
facilities in 206 government schools across India, of which 125 units are located in Varanasi, 426
units in Ramanagara district in Karnataka and 125 units in Vaishali in Bihar.

11. INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LTD.

Indian Oil has been actively engaged in a gamut of social welfare activities across the nation, in
addition to reaching essential fuels viz. kerosene, LPG, petrol, diesel, etc. to all corners of the
country. For the year 2018-19, entire CSR budget allocation of INR 490.60 crore was spent on
projects in the core areas mentioned below.
12. WIPRO LTD.
Wipro has spent more than the prescribed CSR budget in the last three financial years. This national
level programme has directly engaged more than 12500 schools and colleges, 6500 educators and
30000 students since inception. Through this programme the company also hosts a national
sustainability quiz program for colleges, a unique internship program and academic partnerships
with IIM-Bengaluru, IIM-Ahmedabad, Xavier University – Bhubaneshwar, CEPT-Ahmedabad, IIT-
Mumbai and ICT-Mumbai on developing and integrating sustainability curricula. Wipro’s work in
primary health care from 6 projects across four states touches the lives of more than 70,000
people. In terms of disaster management, Wipro has helped rebuild the lives of people affected by
Karnataka Floods, Bihar Floods, Odisha Floods, the Japan Tsunami, Hurricane Sandy and Philippines
Cyclone.

13. TATA POWER COMPANY LTD.

Tata Power is India’s largest integrated power company. It has always undertaken various initiatives
with an aim to improve quality of life and ensure holistic development of its surrounding
communities. They deploy development initiatives to incubate, implement and multiply diverse
community-based projects and interventions, to help build a better and sustainable society through
Tata Power Community Development Trust (TPCDT).

14. RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD.

RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LIMITED SPENT INR 904 CRORES ON CSR PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS
DURING THE FINANCIAL YEAR (FY) 2018-19, AS PER THE ANNUAL REPORT . CSR ACTIVITIES OF THE
COMPANY ARE CARRIED OUT UNDER THE AEGIS OF RELIANCE FOUNDATION. THE FOUNDATION HAS
TOUCHED THE LIVES OF 26 MILLION PEOPLE THROUGH VARIOUS PLATFORMS.

15. ULTRATECH CEMENT LTD.

INDIA’S BIGGEST CEMENT COMPANY, ULTRATECH CEMENT LTD SPENT INR 74.96 CRORE ON CSR
INITIATIVES DURING THE FINANCIAL YEAR 2018-19. I T WAS OVER AND ABOVE THE PRESCRIBED LIMIT
OF INR 61.18 CRORE. THE COMPANY IS PART OF THE ADITYA BIRLA G ROUP AND A DIVISION OF
GRASIM INDUSTRIES.
16. HINDUSTAN ZINC LTD.
THE CORE FOCUS OF HINDUSTAN ZINC CSR INTERVENTIONS ARE 184 VILLAGES LOCATED AROUND
OUR OPERATIONS – ACROSS 66 G RAM PANCHAYATS IN 12 TEHSILS SPREAD ACROSS UDAIPUR,
RAJSAMAND, CHITTORGARH, BHILWARA AND AJMER DISTRICTS OF RAJASTHAN. THEY ALSO WORK IN
5 VILLAGES IN PANTNAGAR.

17. TATA STEEL LTD.

TATA S TEEL LTD SPENT INR 315 CRORE ON ITS CSR INITIATIVES DURING FY 2018-19, WITH AN AIM

TO TOUCH MORE THAN 2 MILLION LIVES BY 2025 THROUGH CSR INITIATIVES. PROJECTS IN HEALTH ,

DRINKING WATER , SANITATION , EDUCATION , LIVELIHOODS AND INFRASTRUCTURE MEET COMMUNITY

NEEDS.

18. HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LTD.

HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LIMITED (HUL), HAS SPENT INR 126. 45 CR CRORE AS AGAINST ITS
PRESCRIBED CSR EXPENDITURE OF INR 124.19 CRORE (2.4% OF AVERAGE NET PROFIT OF THE
COMPANY FOR LAST 3 FINANCIAL YEARS OF INR 6209.71 CRORE) DURING FY 2018-19 TOWARDS
VARIOUS SCHEMES OF CSR AND SUSTAINABLE D EVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES.

19. GAIL (INDIA) LTD.

GAIL (INDIA) LTD WAS INCORPORATED IN AUGUST 1984 AS A CENTRAL PUBLIC SECTOR
UNDERTAKING (PSU) UNDER THE MINISTRY OF P ETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS. CSR INITIATIVES AT
GAIL COVER A WIDE SPECTRUM OF WELFARE AND DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITIES SPANNING ACROSS
VARIOUS FOCUS AREAS AND ARE MOSTLY UNDERTAKEN IN AND AROUND OUR MAJOR WORK
CENTRES .

20. LARSEN & TOUBRO LTD.

LARSEN & TOUBRO IS A MAJOR TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, CONSTRUCTION, MANUFACTURING AND
FINANCIAL SERVICES CONGLOMERATE , WITH GLOBAL OPERATIONS. L ARSEN & TOUBRO (L&T), IN
CONSULTATION WITH EXPERTS , IDENTIFIED WATER -STRESSED VILLAGE CLUSTERS IN R AJASTHAN ,
TAMIL NADU, MAHARASHTRA AND GUJARAT AND NOW WORKS IN THREE STATES . THE PROJECT
COVERS 11,006 HOUSEHOLDS , AND AN AREA OF 9,337 HECTARES IN THESE STATES .