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( ) 1. If there are no statistical discrepancies, countries with current account deficits must receive net
capital inflows.
True.
( ) 2. That a rich country like Japan has such a small ratio of imports to GDP is clear evidence of an
unfair playing field for US exporters to Japan.
False.
( ) 3. If the dollar is expected to appreciate against the yen, uncovered interest parity implies that the US
nominal interest rate will be greater than the Japanese nominal interest rate.
False.
( ) 4. A real appreciation means that domestic goods become less expensive relative to foreign goods.
False.
( ) 5. Opening the economy to trade tends to increase the multiplier because an increase in expenditure
leads to more exports.
False. The multiplier will be smaller as there will be “leakage” effects due to imports as explained in lecture
notes.
( ) 6. If the trade deficit equals zero, the domestic demand for goods and the demand for domestic goods
are equal.
True.
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False. J‐curve effect: Econometric evidence suggests that a real depreciation does not lead
to an immediate improvement in the trade balance. Typically, the trade balance
improves six to twelve months after a real depreciation.
( ) 8. A small open economy can reduce its trade deficit through fiscal contraction at a smaller cost in
output than can a large open economy.
True.
False. Y increases, imports will increase while exports remain the same.
( ) 10. Other things equal, the interest parity condition implies that the domestic currency will appreciate
in response to an increase in the expected exchange rate.
True.
( ) 11. If the Japanese interest rate is equal to zero, foreigners will not want to hold Japanese bonds.
Uncertain. If expected appreciation of the yen is greater than or equal to the interest rate
in other countries, than foreign investors will hold yen bonds.
( ) 12. Under fixed exchange rate, the money stock must be constant.
False. The money stock will change in response to shocks (including policy shocks)
so that the home interest rate equals the foreign interest rate.
Part II: Quantitative Questions. Please refer to the end-of-chapter exercises from 6th
edition textbook (scanned version attached) and do the following.
Ch18: #2 and #4
2. a. The nominal return on the U.S. bond is 10,000/(9615.38)–1=4%.
The nominal return on the German bond is 6%.
b. Uncovered interest parity implies that the expected exchange rate is given by
E(1+i*)/(1+i)=0.75(1.06)/(1.04)=0.76 Euro/$.
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c. If you expect the dollar to depreciate, purchase the German bond, since it pays a
higher interest rate and you expect a capital gain on the currency.
d. The dollar depreciates by 4%, so the total return on the German bond (in $) is
6% + 4% =10%. Investing in the U.S. bond would have produced a 4% return.
e. The uncovered interest parity condition is about equality of expected returns, not equality
of actual returns.
4. a. GDP is 15 in each economy. Consumers will spend 5 on each good.
b. Each country has a zero trade balance. Country A exports clothes to Country B, Country
B exports cars to Country C, and Country C exports computers to Country A.
c. No country will have a zero trade balance with any other country.
d. There is no reason to expect that the United States will have balanced trade with any
particular country, even if the United States eliminates its overall trade deficit. A
particularly large trade deficit with one country may reflect the pattern of
specialization rather than trade barriers.
Ch19: #6 and #8
6. a. It is convenient to wait to substitute for G until the last step.
Y = C + I + G + X – IM = 10 + 0.8(Y ‐ 10) + 10 + G + 0.3Y*‐ 0.3Y
Y = [1/(1 ‐ .8 + .3)](12 + G + 0.3Y*) = 2(12 + G + 0.3Y*) = 44 + 0.6Y*
When foreign output is fixed, the multiplier is 2 (=1/(1‐0.8+0.3)). The closed
economy multiplier is 5 (=1/(1‐0.8)). In the open economy, some of an increase in
autonomous expenditure falls on foreign goods, so the multiplier is smaller.
b. Since the countries are identical, Y=Y*=110. Taking into account the endogeneity of
foreign income, the multiplier equals [1/(1‐0.8 ‐0.3*0.6 +0.3)]=3.125. The multiplier
is higher than the open economy multiplier in part (a) because it takes into account
the fact that an increase in domestic income leads to an increase in foreign income
(as a result of an increase in domestic imports of foreign goods). The increase in
foreign income leads to an increase in domestic exports.
c. If Y=125, then Y*=44+0.6(125)=119. Using these two facts and the equation
Y=2(12+G+0.3Y*) yields 125=24+2G+0.6(119), which implies G=14.8. In the
domestic economy, NX=0.3(119)‐0.3(125)=‐1.8 and T‐G=10‐14.8=‐4.8. In the
foreign economy, NX*=1.8 and T*‐G*=0.
d. If Y=Y*=125, then 125=24+2G+0.6(125), which implies G=G*=13. In both countries,
net exports are zero, but the budget deficit is 3.
e. In part, fiscal coordination is difficult to achieve because of the benefits of doing
nothing and waiting for another economy to undertake a fiscal expansion, as
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indicated from part (c).
8. a. Y = C + I + G + X – IM
Y=c0+c1(Y‐T)+d0+d1Y+G+x1Y*‐m1Y
Y=[1/(1‐c1‐d1+m1)][c0‐c1T+d0+G+x1Y*]
b. Output increases by the multiplier, which equals 1/(1‐c1‐d1+m1). The condition
0< m1< c1+d1<1 ensures that the multiplier is defined, positive, and greater than one.
As compared to the original multiplier, 1/(1+c1), there are two additional parameters:
d1, which captures the effect of an additional unit of income on investment, and m1,
which captures the effect of an additional unit of income on imports. The
investment effect tends to increase the multiplier; the import effect tends to reduce
the multiplier.
c. When government purchases increase by one unit, net exports fall by
m1Y= m1/(1‐c1‐d1+m1). Note that the change in output is simply the multiplier.
d. The larger economy will likely have the smaller value of m1. Larger economies tend
to produce a wider variety of goods, and therefore to spend more of an additional
unit of income on domestic goods than smaller economies do.
e. Y NX
small economy (m1=0.5) 1.1 0.6
large economy (m1=0.1) 2 0.2
f. Fiscal policy has a larger effect on output in the large economy, but a larger effect on
net exports in the small economy.
Ch20: #1 and #5
1. a. The IS curve shifts right, because net exports tend to increase. Domestic output
increases.
b. The IS curve shifts right, because the increase in i* tends to create a depreciation of
the domestic currency and therefore an increase in net exports. Domestic output
increases. The interest parity line also shifts up.
c. A foreign fiscal expansion is likely to increase Y* and to increase i*. A foreign
monetary expansion is likely to increase Y* and to reduce i*.
d. A foreign fiscal expansion is likely to increase home output. A foreign monetary
expansion has an ambiguous effect on home output. The increase in Y* tends to
increase home output, but the fall in i* tends to reduce home output.
5. a. An increase in Y* shifts the IS curve to the right. The incipient rise in the home
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interest rate creates a monetary expansion as the home central bank purchases
foreign exchange to prevent the domestic currency from appreciating. So, the LM
curve shifts right. Output and net exports increase.
b. The interest parity line shifts up, and the LM curve shifts left as the central bank sells
foreign exchange to prevent the domestic currency from depreciating. Output falls,
which leads to an increase in net exports.
c. A fiscal expansion in the Leader country, which increases Y* and i*, reduces domestic
output, if the effect of Y* on domestic output is small. A monetary expansion in the
Leader country, which increases Y* and reduces i*, increases domestic output.
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