EXERCÍCIOS -Dividores de tensão , Divisores de corrente e Pontes-

(por Tony R. Kuphaldt, http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/books/socratic/index.html)

1. Calculate the voltage dropped by each of these resistors, given a battery voltage of 9 volts. The resistor
color codes are as follows (assume 0% error on all resistor values):
R1 = Brn, Grn, Red, Gld
R2 = Yel, Vio, Org, Gld
R3 = Red, Grn, Red, Gld
R4 = Wht, Blk, Red, Gld

Now, re-calculate all resistor voltage drops for a scenario where the total voltage is di®erent:

2. Design a voltage divider circuit that splits the power supply voltage into the following percentages:

3. Calculate VA (voltage at point A with respect to ground) and VB (voltage at point B with respect to
ground) in the following circuit:

Now, calculate the voltage between points A and B (VAB).

4. What will happen to the voltages across resistors R1 and R2 when the load is connected to the divider

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circuit?

5. Calculate both the maximum and the minimum amount of voltage obtainable from this potentiometer
circuit (as measured between the wiper and ground):

6. Calculate both the maximum and the minimum amount of voltage that each of the voltmeters will
register, at each of the potentiometer's extreme positions:

7. When the 5 k- potentiometer in this circuit is set to its 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% positions, the
following output voltages are obtained (measured with respect to ground, of course):

. At 0% setting, Vout = 0 V
. At 25% setting, Vout = 2:5 V
. At 50% setting, Vout = 5 V
. At 75% setting, Vout = 7:5 V
. At 100% setting, Vout = 10 V

Calculate what the output voltages will be if a 1 k- load resistor is connected between the "Vout"
terminal and ground:

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.At 0% setting, Vout =
.At 25% setting, Vout =
.At 50% setting, Vout =
.At 75% setting, Vout =
.At 100% setting, Vout =

8. Which voltage divider circuit will be least afected by the connection of identical loads? Explain your
answer.

What advantage does the other voltage divider have over the circuit that is least afected by the
connection of a load?

9. One of the resistors in this voltage divider circuit is failed open. Based on the voltage readings shown
at each load, determine which one it is:

10. One of the resistors in this voltage divider circuit is failed (either open or shorted). Based on the
voltage readings shown at each load, determine which one and what type of failure it is:

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11. Size both resistors in this voltage divider circuit to provide 6 volts to the load, assuming that the load
will draw 7 mA of current at this voltage, and to have a "bleeder" current of 1 mA going through R2:

As part of your design, include the power dissipation ratings of both resistors.

12. Explain what will happen to the first load's voltage and current in this voltage divider circuit, as a
second load is connected as shown:

13. Suppose a voltmeter has a range of 0 to 10 volts, and an internal resistance of 100 k-:

Show how a single resistor could be connected to this voltmeter to extend its range to 0 to 50 volts.
Calculate the resistance of this "range" resistor, as well as its necessary power dissipation rating.

14. What will happen to the current through R1 and R2 if resistor R3 fails open?

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15. Determine the amount of current conducted by each resistor in this circuit, if each resistor has a color
code of Org, Org, Red, Gld (assume perfectly precise resistance values { 0% error):

Also, determine the following information about this circuit:

.Voltage across each resistor
.Power dissipated by each resistor
.Ratio of each resistor's current to battery current ( IR
.Ratio of total circuit resistance to each resistor's resistance

16. Calculate one possible set of resistor values that would produce the following percentage splits in
current:

17. Suppose an ammeter has a range of 0 to 1 milliamp, and an internal resistance of 1000 -:

Show how a single resistor could be connected to this ammeter to extend its range to 0 to 10 amps.
Calculate the resistance of this "range" resistor, as well as its necessary power dissipation rating.

18. How much voltage needs to be dropped across resistor R1 in order to make voltage VAB equal to zero?

How much resistance must R1 possess in order to drop that amount of voltage?

19. A thermistor is a special resistor that dramatically changes resistance with changes in temperature.
Consider the circuit shown below, with two identical thermistors:

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The "+to" label in each one shows that they both have positive α coeficients.
How much voltage would you expect the voltmeter to register when the two thermistors are at the exact
same temperature? Which thermistor would have to become hotter in order to cause the voltmeter to read
a significant negative voltage?

20. A strain gauge is a device used to measure the strain (compression or expansion) of a solid object by
producing a resistance change proportional to the amount of strain. As the gauge is strained, its electrical
resistance alters slightly due to changes in wire cross-section and length.
The following strain gauge is shown connected in a "quarter-bridge" circuit (meaning only one-quarter of
the bridge actively senses strain, while the other three-quarters of the bridge are fixed in resistance):

Explain what would happen to the voltage measured across this bridge circuit (VAB) if the strain gauge
were to be compressed, assuming that the bridge begins in a balanced condition with no strain on the
gauge.

21. Predict how the operation of this thermistor bridge circuit will be affected as a result of the following
faults. Consider each fault independently (i.e. one at a time, no multiple faults):

.Thermistor R1 fails open:

.Thermistor R3 fails open:
.Solder bridge (short) across thermistor R3:
.Resistor R2 fails open:
.Resistor R4 fails open:
For each of these conditions, explain why the resulting effects will occur.

22. Explain how this strain gauge circuit exploits a property of bridge circuits to provide automatic
temperature compensation (so that changes in specimen temperature do not compromise strain
measurement accuracy):

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23. The following bridge circuit uses two strain gauges (one to measure strain, the other to compensate
for temperature changes), the amount of strain indicated by the voltmeter in the center of the bridge.
Unfortunately, though, it has a problem. Instead of registering a very small voltage as it normally does, the
voltmeter shows a large voltage difference, with point B positive and point A negative:

Something is wrong in the bridge circuit, because this voltage is present even when there is no physical
stress on the specimen. Identify which of the following faults could cause the excessive voltage to appear
across the voltmeter, and which could not. Consider only one of these faults at a time (no multiple,
simultaneous faults):
.Resistor R1 failed open
.Resistor R1 failed shorted
.Resistor R2 failed open
.Resistor R2 failed shorted
.Strain gauge (measurement) failed open
.Strain gauge (measurement) failed shorted
."Dummy" gauge (temperature compensation) failed open
."Dummy" gauge (temperature compensation) failed shorted
.Voltage source is dead (no voltage output at all)

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Soluções

-Dividores de tensão e Divisores de corrente, Pontes-

(por Tony R. Kuphaldt, http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/books/socratic/index.html)

1.
First scenario:
ER1 = 0.225 volts
ER2 = 7.05 volts
ER3 = 0.375 volts
ER4 = 1.35 volts
Second scenario:
ER1 = 0.45 volts
ER2 = 14.1 volts
ER3 = 0.75 volts
ER4 = 2.7 volts
Follow-up question: what do you notice about the ratios of the voltages between the two scenarios?

2. There are many different sets of resistor values that will achieve this design goal, but here is one pair of
resistance values that will suffice: 250Ω and 750 Ω

3.
VA = 65.28 V
VB = -76.74 V
VAB = 142.02 V (point A being positive relative to point B)

If you are experiencing difficulty in your analysis of this circuit, you might want to refer to this redrawing:

To make it even easier to visualize, remove the ground symbols and insert a wire connecting the lower
wires of each circuit together:

It's all the same circuit, just different ways of drawing it!
Follow-up question: identify, for a person standing on the ground (with feet electrically common to the
ground symbols in the circuits), all the points on the circuits which would be safe to touch without risk of
electric shock.

4. When the load is connected across R2, R2's voltage will "sag" (decrease) while R1's voltage will rise
(increase).

5.
Vmax = 3.85 volts
Vmin = 0.35 volts

6.
For upper voltmeter:
Vmax = 10.24 volts Vmin = 1.71 volts

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 For lower voltmeter:
Vmax = 12.29 volts Vmin = 3.76 volts
Follow-up question: identify the positions in which the potentiometer wiper must be set in order to obtain
all four of the voltage readings shown above.

7.
.At 0% setting, Vout = 0 V
.At 25% setting, Vout = 1:29 V
.At 50% setting, Vout = 2:22 V
.At 75% setting, Vout = 3:87 V
.At 100% setting, Vout = 10 V

8. The divider circuit with proportionately lower-value resistors will be affected least by the application of a
load. The other divider circuit has the advantage of wasting less energy.

9. Resistor R1 has failed open.

10. Resistor R1 has failed shorted.

Follow-up question: note that the voltage at load #2 is not fully 25 volts. What does this indicate about
the nature of R1's failure? Be as specific as you can in your answer.

11.
R1 = 750 Ω and R2 = 6 kΩ. 1/8 watt resistors are perfectly adequate to handle the dissipations in this
circuit.

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Ideally, the first load's voltage and current will remain unaffected by the connection of load #2 to the
circuit. In reality, there will inevitably be a slight sag in the load voltage though, because the voltage
source is bound to have some internal resistance.

13.

A power dissipation rating of 1/8 watt would be more than sufficient for this application.

14. If you think the currents through R1 and R2 would increase, think again! The current through R1 and
the current through R2 both remain the same as they were before R3 failed open.

15.
Current through each resistor = 3.33 mA
Voltage across each resistor = 11 V
Power dissipated by each resistor = 36.67 mW
Current ratio = 1/3
Resistance ratio = 1/3

16. There are many different sets of resistor values that will achieve this design goal! I'll let you try to
determine one of your own.

17.

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A power dissipation rating of at least 10 watts is necessary for this application

18.
VR1 = 9 V
R1 = 20 k-
Follow-up question: what do you notice about the four resistors' values in this condition where VAB = 0?
Pair up these four resistors into two sets of two pairs, and calculate the ratios of those pairs. What do you
notice about these ratios?

19.
If the two thermistors are at equal temperature, the voltmeter should register 0 volts. To get the
voltmeter to register negative, the left-hand thermistor would have to be warmer than the right-hand
thermistor.

20.
The bridge circuit will become more unbalanced, with more strain experienced by the strain gauge. I will
not tell you what the voltmeter's polarity will be, however!

21.
. Thermistor R1 fails open: Voltmeter "pegs" in the negative direction.
. Thermistor R3 fails open: Voltmeter "pegs" in the positive direction.
. Solder bridge (short) across thermistor R3: Voltmeter "pegs" in the negative direction.
. Resistor R2 fails open: Voltmeter "pegs" in the positive direction.
. Resistor R4 fails open: Voltmeter "pegs" in the negative direction.

22.
The "dummy" gauge is attached to the specimen in such a way that it is not subjected to strain like the
working" gauge is. It is merely exposed to the same specimen temperature. The action of this circuit is
easiest to comprehend in a scenario where there is no stress applied to the specimen, but its temperature
changes.
Follow-up question: suppose the "dummy" strain gauge develops an open failure, so no current may pass
through it. Identify the polarity of the voltage drop that will develop across the voltmeter as a result of this
fault.

23.
. Resistor R1 failed open Possible
. Resistor R1 failed shorted Not possible
. Resistor R2 failed open Not possible
. Resistor R2 failed shorted Possible
. Strain gauge (measurement) failed open Not possible
. Strain gauge (measurement) failed shorted Possible
. "Dummy" gauge (temperature compensation) failed open Possible
. "Dummy" gauge (temperature compensation) failed shorted Not possible
. Voltage source is dead (no voltage output at all) Not possible
Follow-up question: identify possible wire or connection failures in this circuit which could cause the same
symptom to manifest.

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