Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Results for
87 Airfoil at
s Numbers in
Unclas
_II02 015oiC6
NASA Technical Memorandum 4062
National Aeronautics
and Space Administration
1988
Contents
Abstract
...................................
Introduction
................................. 1
Symbols ................................... 1
Presentation of Results
............................
Discussion of Results
.............................
Tables
....................................
Figures ................................... 12
,°°
III
Abstract This report presents only the pressure model re-
sults obtained from this research program. Tests
Experimental results have been obtained for an on a pressure model of the Eppler 387 airfoil have
Eppler 387 airfoil in the Langley Low-Turbulence been conducted over a Mach number range from 0.03
Pressure Tunnel (LTPT). The tests were conducted to 0.13 and a chord Reynolds number range from
over a Mach number range from 0.03 to 0.13 and a 60000 to 460000. Lift and pitching-moment data
chord Reynolds number range from 60 000 to 460 000. were obtained from airfoil surface pressure measure-
Lift and pitching-moment data were obtained from ments, and drag data were obtained from wake sur-
airfoil surface pressure measurements, and drag data veys. Oil flow visualization was used to determine
were obtained from wake surveys. Oil flow visualiza- laminar-separation and turbulent-reattachment loca-
tion was used to determine laminar-separation and tions. Comparisons of these results with data on the
turbulent-reattachment locations. Comparisons of Eppler 387 airfoil from two other facilities, as well
these results with data on the Eppler 387 airfoil from as with predictions from the Eppler airfoil code, are
two other facilities, as well as with predictions from included. A discussion of the most pertinent results
the Eppler airfoil code, are included. from this test is reported in reference 5. The data
are presented herein in both tabulated and plotted
Introduction formats.
Although the design and evaluation techniques for c (C) airfoil chord, 6 in.
airfoils at Reynolds numbers above 500 000 are well Cc section chord-force coefficient,
developed, serious problems related to boundary-
f cp
layer separation and transition have been encoun-
tered at lower Reynolds numbers. Presently avail- ¢d (CD) section profile-drag coefficient,
able design and analysis methods generally do not fwake Ctd d(h/c)
adequately model flow phenomena such as laminar point-drag coefficient (see
separation bubbles. Experimental results obtained appendix A)
on an Eppler 387 airfoil at low Reynolds numbers
in the Model Wind Tunnel at Stuttgart (ref. 2) and Cl (CL) section lift coefficient,
c ncOsO_- C csinOl
the Low-Turbulence Tunnel at Delft (ref. 3) have
shown large differences in airfoil performance. This Cm (CM) section pitching-moment
is not surprising because of the sensitivity of the coefficient about quarter-
airfoil boundary layer to free-stream disturbances, chord point, - f Cp(x/c -
model contour accuracy, and model surface rough- 0.25) d(x/c) + f Cp z/c d(z/c)
ness. Also, the model forces and pressure differences
c12 section normal-force coeffi-
are small and difficult to measure accurately.
NASA Langley Research Center has initiated cient, -f Cp d(x/c)
max maximum
Wind Tunnel
meas measured
The test was conducted in the LTPT. This fa-
cc (INF) free-stream conditions
cility is described in detail in reference 6, and dy-
Abbreviations: namic flow quality measurements are reported in ref-
erence 7. The LTPT is a pressurized, closed-circuit,
LS laminar separation from flow continuous-flow wind tunnel with an operating pres-
visualization
sure from approximately 0.10 to 10 atm. The test
LTPT Low-Turbulence Pressure section was designed for two-dimensional testing of
Tunnel airfoil sections and is 7.5 ft high, 7.5 ft long, and
3 ft wide. The contraction ratio is 17.6:1, and 9 anti-
NT natural transition from flow turbulence screens are installed in the settling
visualization chamber.
This facility was selected to develop test tech-
rms root mean square
niques for low Reynolds number aerodynamics be-
sep. separation cause of its good flow quality, precision pressure in-
turbulent reattachment from strumentation, and variable pressure capability. The
TR
flow visualization tunnel operating envelope for a 6-in-chord airfoil
model is shown in figure 5; test conditions for the
Eppler 387 model are also indicated. In order to en-
Model, Apparatus, and Procedure chance the resolution of model forces and pressure
differences, it is desirable to operate at the higher
Model
end of the dynamic pressure envelope.
The airfoil model was machined from stainless To supplement the turbulence measurements for
steel. To provide structural integrity and room for the LTPT (see ref. 7) in the low Reynolds number
pressure tubing, the trailing edge of the model was range, additional test-section turbulence was mea-
thickened from 0 to 0.01 in. The additional thick- sured with a hot-wire anemometer by Gregory S.
ness was blended into the Eppler 387 coordinates at Jones of the Langley Research Center. These prelim-
x/c = 0.95. (See table I.) The basic camber distri- inary results, shown in figure 6, indicate that free-
bution of the Eppler 387 airfoil was retained. The stream turbulence is increased for a constant unit
model had a chord length of 6 in. and a span of 36 in. Reynolds number as the tunnel total pressure is de-
A drawing of the Eppler 387 section shape is shown creased. For example, at a unit Reynolds number
in figure 1. A photograph of the model mounted in of 200000 per foot, the test-section turbulence level
the LTPT is shown in figure 2. The model design (frequency bandpass from 1 to 50000 Hz) increases
contour accuracy was within +0.001 in. The differ- from about 0.06 percent to 0.18 percent as the to-
ences between the design and measured coordinates tal pressure is reduced from 15 psi to 3 psi. It is
are shown in figure 3 as a function of both chord- well known (ref. 1) that boundary-layer receptivity
wise and spanwise locations. In general, the specified is strongly affected by the frequency content of the
2
disturbance environment
aswellasby themagnitude Instrumentation
of both velocityandpressurefluctuations.
Measurements of pressure on the model sur-
faces, wake-rake pressures, and basic tunnel pressures
Wake Survey Rake
were made with variable-capacitance precision trans-
The wake survey rake (fig. 7) was mounted on ducers. These transducers have an accuracy of
the tunnel survey apparatus and located 1.50 chords -t-0.25 percent of reading. An automatic pressure-
scanning system was used to record the model
behind the trailing edge of the airfoil. The rake con-
tained seven total-pressure tubes, each 0.063 in. in pressures. The following full-scale ranges of pres-
diameter, which were flattened to 0.020 in. (inter- sure transducers were used: Pt, 1000 mm Hg; q,
nal height) over a length of 0.25 in. from the tip of 10 mm Hg; wake rake, 10 mm Hg; model upper
the tube. The rake is equipped with both standard surface, 50 and 10 mm Hg; model lower surface,
10 mm Hg.
and disc-type static-pressure probes. The standard
probes were used to measure the static pressure in Model angle of attack was measured by a cali-
the wake for the present test. The static probes brated digital shaft encoder driven by a pinion gear
were 0.125 in. in diameter with eight flush orifices and rack attached to the pitch mechanism. Data
(0.018 in. diameter) drilled 45 ° apart and located were obtained by a high-speed data acquisition sys-
8 tube diameters from the tip of the probe. The rake tem and recorded on magnetic tape. Real-time data
also contained two claw-type flow-angularity probes, displays on cathode-ray tubes were available for tun-
which consisted of two open-ended probes inclined nel parameters, model pressures, and wake profiles.
90 ° with respect to each other. These probes were
used to obtain the mean flow direction of the wake. Tests and Methods
by the roll actuator. This allows survey positions to The static-pressure measurements at the model
be made at distances up to 12 in. from the tunnel surface were reduced to standard pressure coeffi-
centerline. The forward pivoting head is mounted at cients and numerically integrated to obtain section
the end of the offset boom and may be rotated in normal-force and chord-force coefficients and sec-
the vertical plane by the (internally mounted) pitch tion pitching-moment coefficients about the quarter-
adjustment mechanism. Figure 8 shows the survey chord point. Section profile-drag coefficients were
apparatus with the wake rake mounted on the for- computed from the wake-rake total and static pres-
ward pivoting head assembly. In addition, the en- sures by the method of reference 9.
tire apparatus can be positioned vertically in the Standard low-speed wind-tunnel boundary cor-
wind tunnel by using the movable strut that moves rections (ref. 9) have been applied to the section data.
within the confines of fixed leading- and trailing-edge Corrections were applied to the free-stream dynamic
fairings. Positioning and rate of movement of the pressure because of solid and wake blockage and ap-
rake are controlled by a microprocessor controller. plied to lift, pitching moment, and angle of attack be-
In general, wake surveys using this apparatus pro- cause of the effects of floor and ceiling constraints on
vided good drag results with a survey rate of about streamline curvature. No blockage corrections have
0.10 in/sec or less. been applied to the pressure coefficient data. The
magnitudeof these corrections for the Eppler 387 Effect of tunnel environment on
airfoil are chordwise pressure distributions
for R = 60 000 ............. 14
a corrected = a + 0.0083(c/+ 4Cm)
Spanwise pressure data for c_ = 5°;
ct corrected = c/(0.9988 - 0.0333Cd) R = 60000 and 100000 ......... 15
Cm corrected = Cm(0.9997 - 0.0333Cd) + 0.0002ct
Effect of Reynolds number on
Cd corrected = Cd(0.9995 -- 0.0333Cd) section data .............. 16
6
dragcoefficientis probablytoo low. However,the to develop test techniques for low Reynolds number
codedoesnot accountquantitativelyfor the influ- aerodynamics. The tests were conducted in a man-
enceof the bubbleon drag. ner as to minimize both experimental apparatus and
The LTPT data andpredictionsfromthe Eppler instrumentation uncertainties. The following results
code are shown in comparisonin figure 29 for were determined from this investigation:
Reynoldsnumbersfrom 60000 to 460000. For
Reynoldsnumbersof 200000or larger,agreement 1. The performance of the Eppler 387 airfoil is
betweentheoryandexperimentis considered good. dominated by laminar-separation bubbles at
Bubblewarningsoccurredonlyat the extremitiesof Reynolds numbers below 200 000.
the dragpolar. For R = 100000 (fig. 29(b)), good 2. The wind-tunnel test-section environment had
agreement between theory and experiment is indi- a measurable influence on the size of the
cated for the lift and pitching-moment data. How- laminar-separation bubble and, thus, on air-
ever, the experimental drag data are higher than pre- foil performance.
dicted except near a lift coefficient of about 1.06. 3. Two flow phenomena, laminar separation with
Bubble warnings appear for all lift coefficients except and without turbulent reattachment, were ob-
cl = 1.06. For R = 60000 (fig. 29(a)), bubble warn- served at the same angle of attack for a
ings appear at all conditions. The code does predict Reynolds number of 60 000.
laminar stall for a lift coefficient of about 0.6 with 4. A boundary-layer turbulator was effective in
flow reattachment occurring at a higher Cl, as is also decreasing bubble size and, hence, drag at a
indicated by the experimental results. Thus, even Reynolds number of 100 000.
though the code cannot account for the influence of 5. The comparison of results from the Langley
bubbles on the drag, the boundary-layer phenomena Low-Turbulence Pressure Tunnel with data
that occur at low Reynolds numbers are predicted from the Delft tunnel generally showed good
well. The code prediction of laminar-separation loca- agreement; however, the comparison with
tions and the oil flow data are shown in comparison in data from the Stuttgart tunnel showed large
figure 21 for different angles of attack and Reynolds differences.
numbers. Generally good agreement between theory 6. Comparison of the present results with pre-
and experiment is indicated. dictions from the Eppler airfoil code gener-
ally showed good agreement for the lift and
Concluding Remarks pitching-moment data. However, large differ-
ences between predicted and measured drag
Wind-tunnel tests have been conducted in the
occurred at Reynolds numbers below 200 000.
Langley Low-Turbulence Pressure Tunnel to deter-
mine the performance characteristics of the NASA Langley Research Center
Eppler 387 airfoil at Reynolds numbers from 60 000 Hampton, VA 23665-5225
to 460000. These tests are part of a research effort August 4, 1988
7
Table I. Design and Measured Airfoil Coordinates With Thickened Trailing Edge
=-014]
Upper surface Lower surface
Zd_
e
Zme_
c
(z)di. Zdes
C
Zme_
C (Z) diff"
8
Table I. Concluded
[A=0.56]
Upper surface Lower surface
9
Table II. Model Orifice Locations, c = 6 in.
Orifice z_
Orifice Zc b_2 Zc C C
Spanwise
10
Table III. Upper Surface Chordwise Locations (x/c) of Separation
and Reattachment From Oil Flow Visualization
LS laminar separation
TR turbulent reattachment
NT natural transition
11
.1
z/o 0 _.
-.li I I I i I I I i I i I I I I I
.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .9 1.0
0 .1
x/c
12
ORI_L P;_GE IS
OF FOOR QUALITY
I'-,.
oO
0'3
oO
'-o
C
t_
oO
""O
,-¢::I
t:u0
O
13
0
O
oOOo,
oO_,o
° cO
0
IO
[]
® [] P
I
bo
fJ
I-
D E)
II 0
-6 [] d_ (J
O,I = [] O
o x
Jo :.= DO
v
o4
0
,, I I
0
,,:t-o
0
J.q
(J (J C_l 0 ("4
O O O 0 0 0 O
"E'E O 0 0 0 O
:3:3 d o d o O o
I I _ o
I,.,. I,-
"Ul 'SaPz -- SDaUJz
(I.)
o.. 3
O.O 0 ""_
:D ...J ,._ el
O
On
o j °l
po° LJ_
00
0
i
. ,...,
E)
LO
2 _0
0
B O O I
u
04 = [] OI
o x
.O =O [] O I
gg, 0
("4
0
I I
, 2o_- I 0
',:1- ,,_.0
04 0
O (:3 (:3 0 0
O 0 0 0 0
(:3 o d 0 d
I I
"Ul 'saPz -- SDOUJz
14
_ O _ 0
I I
O] I 0 [] I
®
U
I U
I
C
'- O Ol -_ p 0 1
d
O
_ I o * I
I I
II .9 []
9> c4 II .9 DIO
_0
U U
o-O d .o
X a x o n I
>,, ,. i0
u_
- O -o
I I
I I
0 n O
I 0 DI 0
I I I I
O
0 0 0 0 O 0
0 0 0 0 O 0
o u 0 0 o d d 0
I I ,-d
"ET:
o._
O.o
:::)
..J
OD _ 0 _ 0
I I
.,,=_
I [] OI 0
.,,in cp _ LO 00 _ u_
O • 0 d
c4 _, I I
,- I I
" P q DO
C4 c_
_o_ (J U _o.
o J0 0 ..Q
v
X O 0 v
x o I []
_- 01 i.
uO
- 0 -0
I I
I I I I
OO
I I I I o I I I I jO
041 O c41 C4 0
O O o 0 0 0
O O o 0 0 0
O O d 0 0 d
I I
15
OF FOG;__L_.k,
LfTY
gO
gO
Q;
Q;
t_-
O0
.e
_J
q::
16
10 e
P t' psi
• 16 .20 15,0
.0 5.0
F_ 10 5
.005 3.0
4 t I t I t I t I
100.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16
U
Figure 5. Low Reynolds number operating envelope for LTPT for c = 6 in.
17
P t' psi M
- O 3 .050 to .208
[] 5 .050 to .215
10 .025 to .161
A 15 .018 to .133
"U/U,
I 0 -1
0 -2 i i i _ I , _ II I i i i i i _ I I
10 4 10 5 10 '
R/ft
18
+ L _ -1_]-.....
Static-pressure probes \
Total-pressure probes
(Tubes flattened} _
Static-pressure probes ._ __
7.5 in.
fT
(Disc type)
0.50i-_n. ( "
__t
1.0 in.
0.50 in.
0.50 in.
Y _
t
0.375 in.
t
I
Dia. - 0.437 in._ -1"0 in.--_---" _45" //f Inside di_- 0.024 in.
, /' _ ._" I IM"( 0.20 in.
___ d'__-----L^ Side view
oA+o/I
Dia. - 0.018 i_ view
_ 0.70 in.--------_
I- 0,094 in. Outside din. - O.063 in. Claw probe detail
19
-Z
o
O
h0
Go
mD
or)
06
2O
t_"_" r,,lp_. ' F' ;
21
O0
O0
O_t-
o-O
_00
It
II 11
ID 0
O0
0 OrO
l-
oq
ID _-'0
ID II II o
_u
c_
0
OrO
0 _-
o o.
O4O
11 II
I I a
,,.- o
d o o
22
o
/
_n
E
_ ---.-_ r v I c_
o_
I
00
I f 0
/ 9 o
C
J
o_ _
..[3
0
_-_ _oc- 0
0 II
rY _
_0
c5
-0
(3_
0 []
0
23
O
E
o
k'N
I
o o
O ,_
._
c_
c_
00
©
O OO
d
°_
J_
o_
O
o_©
I
cO c.o O k'N
•_- e_ O
24
0.040
P t' psi M
0.035 0 5 .09
[] 10 .04
0 15 .03
0.030
0 o deg
0.025
°____o__o
_- %_ ooo ooo 5
c d 0.020
0
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000
-15 -5 0 5 10 15
Span, in.
(a) R = IO0000.
25
a, deg
O 0
D 5
0.020 -
0.015
0.005
R = 300,000 M = .08
I I I I ] I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ] I ' K I I I ' I I I
0.000
5 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Span, in.
0.020 -
Cd 0.010
oooooooooo oooooo8oOooo°o
0.005
R = 200,000 M = .06
I I I I l I I I I I , I ' I I _ I I l I I I I [ I , I , _ l
0.000
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
Span, in.
26
-1.4
PV psi M cz cd cm
-1. Ct Cd Cm
0 5.47 .08 ,111 .0203 -.1012
[3 9.62 .04 .101 .0201 -.1005
14.79 .03 .102 .0217 -,1040
k
mm_,
--,8
-.._[
-.6 I
-.4
Cp -.2
Cp
" k P-IIL
P
J,-i r"_
.2 {z
.4 y
}
.6
.6
.8
1
0 .1
.2 .3 .4 :5 .6 .7 .8 ,9 1.0 0 .1 .2 ,3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c x/c
(a) a ,_ -3 °.
(b) a = -2 °.
-1.2
-1.2
Pt, psi M ct cd Cm
-1. p_ psi M cI cd Cm
0 5.43 .08 .287 ,0143 -.og5_ -1.0
0 5.08 .08 .391 .0156 -.0965
rq 9.66 .04 .289 .0155 -.0955
-.; _ 14.79 ,03 .294 .0159 -,0978 [] 9.66 .04 .392 ,0173 -,0971
-.8 _ 14.78 .03 390 .0173 -.097S
Cp
5 _., _> Cp "__.,. \_,
,4 9
.6[
[
1.0
0
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
X/C X/C
27
-I .2,
-1.2 t t Pt" psi M c! cd cm
Pr psi M c l cd cm
-1.0 0 5,10 .08 .591 .0221 -.1003
-I .0 o 5,26 08 .492 .0183 -.0963
r-I 9,69 .04 .589 .0216 -.0983
[] 9.68 .04 ,491 .0189 -.0972
-.8 _ 14.80 .03 .587 D211 -,0981
--,8 (> 14.80 .03 .487 ,0188 -.0967
,@
--.6 -.6 _ }-,
[_-- "'-(>,.j t
r"
-45 _t
(2
--.2
i Cp
Cp _,... r
0
r "" '_II_IIN L, ......
}.4 _-; _4 |
.4
16
.8
.8
I
1 .I .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
.8 .9 1.0 0
.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7
x/c
x/c
(f) _ = 2 °.
(e) _ ----- 1 °.
-1.4
-I .4
PV psi M c I ca cm
pr psi M Cl Cd Cm
-1.2
-I .2 0 5.29 .08 .692 .0236 -.0994 0 5.31 08 .787 0250 -.0970
[] 9.71 .04 .786 .0241 -.0943
[] 9.70 .04 686 .0238 -.09831
14.80 .03 .778 .0230 -.0920
0 14.80 .03 .694 .0227 -.0988 -1.0
-I .0
--.8
\
\ -.4
\.
Cp
Cp -.2 k
_J
0
0
_4
,,_ h,.4 _IHH_ _e4 _) .2
.2 .,d r
_r
.4 Re .4 |
|
.6' }
.8
J=
L l
1 I 1
.4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
.6 .7 .8 .g 1.0 0 .1 .2 .3
0 .1 .2 3 .4 .5
×/c
x/c
28
-1.8 -1.8
p_ psi M cl cd cm
-1.6 | p_ psi M ct c d c m
-1. • L
-1 ._
,%
-1 -1.0
k
-.8 )
--.8
\
-.6 --,6
\
-.4
Cp Cp
\
-.2 t
-.4
,-(
0 }.
0
!
.2
Jlw
.4 .4
J r: _r
.6 _ t r
K
.8 _ .8 |
) r
1.2 1.2
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 0 .1 .2 ._ .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c x/c
(i) _ = 5 °. O) e = 6 °
-3.2
-3.2
p? psi M ct cd cm
-2.8 [ p_ p=i M c! ca c m
-2.C
t
-2.( _
m
-1.6
_k
-1 .(
-1 % ),,,
-1
C
p Cp
-,8
-.4
•q ,,_
.4 H " HHH
.4
.8 j r y-
V
1
F
1.2
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 ,9 1.0 0 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c x/c
(k) e = 7 °. (l) _, = 8 °.
29
-1.4
-1.4
Pt" psi M ct cd cm Pt' psi M c i c d c m
-1.2 0 2.79 09 .351 .0263 -.1117 -1.2 0 2.81 .09 .582 .0316 -,1248
[] 4,81 .0.5 ,343 .0237 -.1104 [] 5.19 .05 .559 0322 -.1171
-1 0
-1 .o
-.8
-.8
i--.[l=ll:t]l=i i
-.6 -.6 _ ,-, lh c
-.Z
i_, 1-¢ _1.,>,_, ,_, >._, ,.1 i,I; =li=]l! :.l
i .8 I
1.C 1.0
.1 .2 ,3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1,0 0 .1 .2 .3 ,4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
0
X/C X/C
(a) o_ ---- 0 0 •
(b) ol = 2°.
-1.4
-1.4
Pt' psi M c, L cd cm ] Pt" psi M cl cd cm
-1.2 0 2.83 .09 628 0368 -.1205 0 2.87 ,09 608 .0477 -.1132
[] 4.84 .05 .634 .0368 -.1199 [] 5.04 .05 643 D431 -.1180
-1 ,[ _ 4.87 ,05 .721 .04-00 -.1125
-1.0
_t_,<>-<>-,<, I
't
-8 _i.,, \
_'t_fl-i7"l I_ t. -.6 _tll_ "11_.FI <t
-.6 •_ ,_ ...<
>_>...... <>-<
K-I_
.ill _-., _ '" _ ,-'-1
I--_-c_-__:_l:_v-{;-,,-__ t..
_1 '_i_t:t_l:l 1=1 l:_l-(l'll "l j- __
-.4 ", \X ;'e
-.2
i \ Cp '_'-c
Cp
4>
),1 Ill i-_l-ti-I_-I i-_t-(.:l-ii- .),tI-IH-}-t i-lll-tl-I ,'" • .2 _.i-__, -i!-! !:Ii Jt-=ll_ l:tl:ll:ll_ _II-_ .-l_-, r_>--',,
II
.6
'
i 1 1
I 1.0
1'C0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 0 .1 .2 .3 ,4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
×/c x/c
Figure 14. Effect of tunnel environment on chordwise pressure distributions for R -= 60 000. Centered symbol
30
-1.4 -1.4
Pt" psi M ci cd cm Pt' psi M cl cd cm
-1.2 -1.
O 2.91 .09 .623 .0547 -.1099 O 2.94 .09 .665 .0637 -.1092
[] 5.06 .05 .638 .0439 -.1139 [] 5.11 .05 .661 .0639 -.1080
-1.0
7 %[ 1
-1 .I
"[
-.i
%[ ]_ _f
,_( D
-.6 -.6
5
_4 L \
) )-()-( _-()-()-()-i w() "()2 _-c i.C)_. %
-.4 _" )- )-I t-C 1-()-(3-i I-_ i-¢J-(3. I.( _.
J
\
Cp Cp -.2
)
C
_<.)-(4J
,.6>-()-( __[ .]-I -E •_ia-I I-t_ 1.( |.(__ ]-EI-f]-_=-'
.2 .2
A #, ;" r41-E H 3-1 I-I:]-t_-I _ _
.6"_
B D
8!
1
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 0 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c x/c
-3.," -3.2
Pt" psi M ct cd cm
p_ psi M c I c d c m
-2J
O 2.96 .09 .707 .0756 -.1099 -2.8 O 2.97 .09 1.097 .0319 -.0845
[] 5.15 .05 1.040 .0337 -.0876
[] 5.17 .05 1.097 .0310 -.0808
-2.4
5,
-2.0
-1.6 _ -1.6 It
)L
J'l
-1.2 "( )_,.
-1 .:
"E k r a. )-r
Cp Cp ,,-i )-i F=_)-|
_, ),.( ),, "- J" I-i "I-[]-[]-[3-F -.i {,
", )- )-< )-_ _-( )-( )-( )-q _-_lq( )-( )__ __(
-.4
-.4 %
J" I-[]_;_.(_
,_,__, ___.(.)-ib-_)-_)-(') -_ _-_ -,
_).!)-,_)-,
.... i [:t_-ii-i_-I i-la-[.]-IB-el-¢,-¢,-, , -
,-I_-4 I-{1-l}-I_-}'{
.4 ,_
P
8 | Ar
r F
1 1.2
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 ,5 .6 ,7 ,8 .9 1.0 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c x/c
31
-3.2
Pt* psi M cz c d cm
-2.4
-2,0
%
-1 2 ,-q p. }-{)-(1
Cp
-.8
\
_z
"- I.{ )_f 'l
-I J- i.{ ].r _
w
1.2
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c
(i) a = 8 °.
-3.2
Pt' psi M c?, cd cm
3
-2._ 0 278 ,og 1.217 .04.72 -.0614
-2.' Ii1_
-2.0 _1
-1.6
\
-1.2 [l-z_l }=1_.,
Cp
t, I,,,
-.4
I-C
0
L-{
-t 1-1;
4
.l_-q
m-
1.2
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 ,9 1 0
x/c
(j)_ = 10°
32
-1.8 0 x/c = 0.05 -I .6 0 x/c = 0.05
[] x/c -- 0.90 [] xYc = 0.90
-_ .2 -_ .2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-.8 -.8
0 0 0 0 0 o Oo
0
Cp Cp
--.4 DD [] [] [] D --,4
[]
[]
D D D [] [] D []
.4 l I I I I .4 I I I l I
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 l.O .2 .4 .6 .8 J..O
y/(b/2) y/ (b/2)
-i .2 -1.2 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O0
-.8 -.8
Cp Cp
-.4 -.4
D D [] D [] D D D DO O O [] D [] O
.4 I I I I !
.4 I I I I I
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0 .2 .4 .6 .8 I 0
y/(b/2] y/(b/2)
33
0
E
I 0
_v
c,l
I
CO
O
,- /q CO
O
/ /U
d
/ /
/ o" .o
> ," "Q-O.___O01) O
_ rlyO / )OC
O
©
CO o
,v i_D
(N
_ oO _-D _°
c- 04 .,-.-- "--
r.." _" o 0(3
0,1 ,--. "-
0
0
0
0
0
O
d
0 0 0
r',.- ddd
',.0 0 0
_.- o,1
omo O
I
_" C_ O Od
I
34
O
E
I O
n_
oq
I
w_
O
-O
\ O
.0
_=
o
O C0
_5
cO
/LJ °_
i--] j
c'q
y_v T--
09
w]
,- L6] % 00
O7
n- _-. rO
c_
-O
O O O
O O o
O O O
0_ dcSo" m.
O O
c,J w]
cO
_-
0<.
O
080
X_
I
Oq O o3 CD O4 O c'_
35
-1.4
a,deg cz cd cm
-1.2 ' O -2.94 -.056 .0336 -.0757
D L2.00 .114 .0236 -.0941
.00 .348 .0243 -.1102
-1.0
_ 2.01 .559 .0322 -.1171
Cp
'_ )_'--L l-- J--[]--L |--C]--It
¢ JT"_>-,J !_I1-I
>--"
_H • I-Jl:l_-t'-_
_'-' l--i i.--__.-' ,
l--i i-- t,--t _--I i -lt-I --i i--t t--i --it----
.4
?_'
Oi
.6
0 .1 .2 .5 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
X/C
(a) R = 60 000.
Figure 17. Effect of angle of attack on chordwise pressure distributions. Centered symbol designates lower
surface.
36
-321
a.deg ct cd Cm
-2.8 I 0 4.00 •721 .0400 -.1125
13 4.99 •838 .0439 -.1139
0 6.01 •661 .0639 -.1080
-2.41 z_ 7.01 1.040 .0337 -.0876
-2. )_
161 , ,
-1.2 _"" '
L j
Cp \z_..,
4_,'-
ILt'
1.2r"
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
37
_3.2
=,deg cz cd cm
%
-2.0 _J
) CL
J
o,
-1.6
-1.2
Cp
-,< _. ',
--.8
-,<__\
--.4
.4
t_llr
1.2
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c
(a) R = 60000. Concluded.
38
-1.4
ot,deg ct cd cm
-1.2 t
0 -2.98 •102 .0217 -.104.0
[] -1.99 .210 .0162 -.1069
-1.0 D 0 .oo .390 .0167 -.0978
Z& 1.99 .587 .0211 -.0981
C
P
)
0 .1 .2 .5 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c
(b) R = 100 000.
39
-3.6
[I a,deg ¢l cd Cm
-2.4
3m,
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
4O
-3.6
a,deg c/. cd cm
-2.4
-2.0 I_[
-1.6 I 1
Cp
-1.2 I 1_
R
__ L--,
"-" "_ _i-&-t_ _,
0 .._ ,-t_
.8
1.2 _-----
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c
(b) R = 100 000. Concluded.
41
a.deg ct cd cm
Cp
.4
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
42
-4.0,
a,deg c/, Cd Cm
--,.3.
L_ 0 3.99 .785 .0133 -.0803
[] 6.04 .999 .014-4. -.0790
0 8.03 1.182 .0174 -.0751
Z_ 10.02 1.231 .0357 -.0643
,k
-2.8, ,_
- o°
-2.0 ],,i_:_
Cp
-1.2
].,.,..[
-.4
0 '"-__'1_ ¢_
.4
.8
1.2
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c
43
-4.4
a,deg ct cd cm
-3.2
=t
-2.8 ,
-2.4
-2
"5.,
-1.6
"I k,,
Cp
"_&
-1.2
,\'t )..
-< 1)"'_# %
_.1_,_Ih ;_,
,,q
-1
-['"' '= )_f]=;I-_]-f_-I !-i_ .... _ 'lq#
1. _
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c
(c) R = 200 000. Concluded.
44
-1.6_
a,deg c/, cd cm
-1.0 i
Cp
0 •1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
X/C
(d) R = 300000.
45
-4.4
a,deg cI cd cm
-2.8
-2. _'
-.1-
) -_h
1. 9
0 .1 .2 .3 .4. .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
X/C
46
a,deg c/, cd cm
__IJ.I
Cp
-1
11_, • "4 ,
211
0 .1 .2 .3 .4. .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c
(d) R = 300000. Concluded.
47
Cp
El
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
X/C
48
-4.4
a,deg ct cd cm
-3.
i,
-2.8 _
-2. _:_
-2.0' __<_kz
Cp -1.6
-1.2
.4
1.2
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c
49
-6
e_,deg c% cd cm
-3
Cp
-1
A A
2
0 .1 .2 .3 .4. .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c
(e) R--460000. Concluded.
5O
-I .'
-1.6 [
R cI cd cm R C_ Cd Cm
I -1.
0 60,000 .113 .0233 -.0941 0 200,000 .156 D133 -0814
Cp
'" qb,-, Cp
-.2 V_
i,a
(
j'
...
°1 tg
"-I I -b f--_ _'1
r_
.8_
.8VI
©I 1
0 .1 .2 .5 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 0 .1 2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c ×/c
(a) o_ = --2 °.
-I.2 -1.2
R ct c d c m R Cl Cd Cm
-1.0 -1.0
0 60,000 .345 .0237 -.1104 0 200,000 .352 .0105 -.0782
-.6 --.6
,,,_
Y_!=_,',-t
!'I
t-,
-.4 --,4
)-_,- _ i-_:_'-
I .,.,
;( \ _,\
<Imp., ,, \
Cp Cp
0
'_""_'4)'4_-'4")-t_,%__ L,. -- =_ )
.2
.6 .6
-3
, )
x/c ×/c
(b) e, = 0 °.
Figure 18. Effect of Reynolds number on chordwise pressure distributions. Centered symbol designates lower
surface.
51
-1.4 -1.4
R cz % cm R c_ cd c_
-1 2 -1.2
0 60,000 .559 0322 -.1171 0 200,000 .574 .0118 -.0794
-.1 -.8
z:,,t p<_'¢
-,6 -.6
['C)-()
-,4- -.4-
2
C \ Cp
<\ k
P C ? J_
0
_L mt _b. _ i
.2
ill P-4p..4 _ I-{H_)-4 _l_),,_p-I
t
.}
.4
.6
.8
1.C
,1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.o .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.o
x/c x/c
(C) c_ ---- 2 °.
-1.4 -1.4
R cz cd cm R cz Cd ¢m
-1.2 -1.2
0 60,000 .721 .0400 -.1125 0 200,000 .785 .0133 -.0803
-1 I
[] 100,000 .778 0230 -.0920
-1 .(
Ik D 300,000 .792 .0109 -.0794
<_ 200,000 .785 ,0133 -.0803 460,000 .803 .0090 -.0801
_]-} L"<.
_>-,
,_ ir
-.t
'-'i
-_ .-..[ _
i-(
2- r
_C,.
\ <>. -.4
"%),
>\ c\ \
Cp -.2 Cp -.2
0
_f:_ 0 ),
-,,I
.2 .2 _4
p v v v w -_ ....
.4
F .4
ir
.8
1
0 2 3 .4 5 .6 .7 8 .9 10 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c X/C
(d) e = 4°.
52
-2,4 -2.4
-2.1 I R c 2 Cd Cm R cz Cd Cm
0 60,000 .661 .0639 -.1080 -2.q iL 0 200,000 1.004 .0141 -0809
-1.2 >.
-1.2
Cp &
r-(), )_()__ _-(_-()-( }.().()_q )-()-,_
)
0 0
k
.8 r II
1.2
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 1.o
1.2
0
I
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
×/c ×/c
(e) e = 6°.
-3.1
-3.6
R ct cd cm
-3.: R c! cd Cm
0 60.000 1.142 .0280 -.0756 -3.:
0 200,000 1.180 .0175 -.0763
100.000 1,172 .0210 -.0752
-2._ [] 300.000 1.180 .0168 -.0756
! 200,000 1.180 .0175 -.0763 -2._
460.000 1.179 .0161 -.0759
-2_
-2.1
-2.0
_tt
-1 .t
-1.6
"tt
Cp -1.2
""l £h ko
Cp -1,2
--.8
I L
rk --.8
--.4
--.4
F_d
0
0
1.2
0 1.2
.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c
x/c
53
-5
-51 R c I cd c m
R ct Cd Cm
O_
0 p(p4 _4 _HP4 p4HP4
_ L_ l _HH-:H P4HHP4 P4H_
1! F.,,
2
.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7
L ,.8 .9 .0
2
0 1 ,2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
0 ,1
x/c
x/c
(g) o_---- 10 °.
-6
-6I R c l c d c m
R Cl Cd Cm
q
i,4 X
Cp -2
t_-.;.\
-1 #,,
.... _ _HH_ r_HH_ m
0
_ _ZL _J
i. I_ ,.4:t'-' ' v
2 .2 ,3 .4 .5 ,6 ,7 .8 .9 .0
.5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .0 0 .1
0 ,1 .2 .3 .4
x/c
x/c
(h) a = 12 °.
54
0 O_ = 0 °
[] O_ = 4°
10 -1 1
8
4
[-4
\
\
\
2
(}. _3,,,
C d 10 -2 1 () []..
8
_.(,-,)
6
lO-S 1
1 2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 1
10 4 10 5 10 6
R
Figure 19. Variation of drag coefficient with Reynolds number.
55
1.4
1.3 ..0
)J
--(
C ?,,max 1.2
1.1
1.0
2 4 6 8 1
1 2 4 6 8
10 5 10 6
10 4
R
Figure 20. Variation of maximum lift coefficient with Reynolds number.
56
o
oo
o
o 0
o
o,I
o
o
o.
o o
ii)
oo o
o C) u
o-- d
°
0
I L_
I 0i'-I0 n,.
0
o
_u
r_
oo
o _
_.D b.o
O4
1 "-
0
/ n_
z L i I l l I 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
I I
57
-.8 -.8
LS
.4 -.4
Cp Cp
\
0 0
.4 .4
.8 O( =0 °
.8 _ o_ = -2 °
____ 1 1 I I I
,].2 I I I I I I 1.2
0 .2 .4 .6 .B 1.0 0 ,2 .4 .6 .8 1.0
x/c x/c
-1.6 -'I ,6
-'I .2 -1.2
LS
-.8 -.B
-.4 -.4
Cp Cp
0000_
0 0
M., M/
.4 .4
0(_--4 °
.8 o¢= 2° .8
Figure 22. Comparison of pressure data with oil flow results illustrating laminar-separation and turbulent-
reattachment locations. Centered symbol designates lower surface.
58
t
-4 0 -4.0
-:3.0 0(=5 °
-3.0 O( ----6 °
-2.0 -2.0
P CD
-1.0 -i .0
TR
0000%
-4.0 -4.0
i
-2,0 __ G =8 °
-2.0
Cp P
-1.0 TR -I .0
1.0
J 1.O
0 .2 .4 .6 .B 1.0 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.O
x/c x/c
59
-I 6
-:1.6 F
-1.2
-I .2 i
-.8
-.B
LS
LS TR -.4
Cp
Cp-'4 __
0
.4
.B O_ = -2 °
4!
.8 _ = 0°
I
l 1.2 L---- ± .... ___ J_____ J .... 1
1.2 [..... L.... L.... L _ _t....
1.0 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0
0 .2 .4 .6 .8
x/c x/c
-_..6 -1.6 m
I
-12L
-1.2
LS - 8
-.8
- 4 - 4
Cp Cp
0 0
G(: 4°
0(=2 °
(b) R=200000.
60
-4.0
-4.0
-3.0 _ ___ 5 °
-3.0 0(----6 °
-2 0
-2.0
CD
CD
LS
-1 0
-1.0 TR
-4.0
-4.0
-3.0 a=/°
-3.0 I _=8o
-2.0
-2.0
P
Cp
-J..0
-i .0
1.O
1 0 ---L t I ..... _J.__ __j
.2 .4 .6 .B 1.0
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0
x/c
X/C
61
-1.6 F
I
-1 2 1
-1.6 i
Cp
.4
O( ---- -- 2°
.8
L - - [....... L .... .I
1.2 ___l_--
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 I .0
X/C
-1.6
-1
-1 2
[ LS
B _TR
4 X
LS
Cp
Cp
o s.%%
0_:4 °
0(---- 2 °
(c) R = 300000.
62
-4.0
-4.0
-3.0 O( ----6 °
-3.0
I a = 6.5 °
)
-2.0
-2.0
Cp
Cp
-I[ .0
-1.0
_ _ _ _ .......
-4.0
i
-4.0
-3.0
_=7 °
-3.0 ._ a = 8°
-2.0
-2.0
P
CD
-i ,0
-1.0
63
0
J
--tD
_r"
tOe-O-E
c_
I
O3
0
U
/
C d
A Yo_/ _/
_-C __'_0_
.o
_<g'_v-_ o_,:f _
BO
0
(n 00 c'_
c c,_ M')
n r--"
e" c.a _
o
a£
I
1[ []
"_ _3 J
O
u- 0 C
0 j_
© ©
00
_D C_
0
_g
co
._go
"0.._ _.._, 0
0 []
I
O0 _ _- 0_1 0 c_
I
64
o
o_
I
r_
o
_ o
o
0 I._.0
o_
K_ J
c'q
o
_- o )
o
)
_ QJ
oO
o
s...
o
o []
I
O4 0 CO ,q.-
I
65
0
t_a
cq
I
.i g O
-O
bO O
09 _--
c- C{
rY '---
o_
5
c)
cJ (N
4-
o
0 g
0
(5
c_
00
c o
o O7
-O
C -
}....
121 i....
N c_
© [] I.,F_ O
"0..
"0....
"0
I
C'4 0 00 _0 _- (N O c_
I
66
0
O4
I
1 t,q
0
,,( i©"
.©
.-. bO _ 0
01 U'3
cZ3 _ 00
°_
_L O,
C j
0 _J
o o
o4
o C
N-.-
"- 0
0
0
o3
¢- o
o
©
._cm"_
0
a...
__c c_
"s...
0
© [] "0.(
..©
I
O4 0 00 cO _ c,4 0 cxl
I
67
-1.4 -1.4
Angle of attack cz cd cm Angle of attack cl cd cm
ilR_4P -.t
-.8 I_
-.6
-.6 _ i t'
_-I I-r L
-.4, _r_C -.4 • _fc ,,tJ .... tJ, )"_'CJ-rL,
Cp "'" '" _-,_ Cp _lli_
2 "i I-_ D-qt-( }. B-i Lr .... 0 r '_'_ |-I a.,_
a-=j_=j_,j_j_._ -(
.2 ./ .2_
!
P
.6}"
.6 ,_
n
T
.8"_
1.£
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 0 1 .2 .3 ,4 .5 .6 .7 .8 9 1.0
x/c x/e
-1.2 -1 2
Angle of attack c_ cd cm Angle of attack c 2 c= c m
-1.0 0 _ncreasing .559 .0322 -.1171 -1.0 0 increasing .643 .0431 -.1180
Cp _ c _-.
O,r, i_._1___ _........ o
.6
.8
1 1.£
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 ,9 1.0 0 1 .2 .3 ,4 .5 ,6 .7 .8 ,9 1.0
x/c x/c
Figure 24. Hysteresis effects on chordwise pressure distributions for R : 60 000. Centered symbol designates
lower surface.
68
-1.8
Angle of attack
-_gLI
c z c d cm Angle of attack c_ c d cm
-1 .i
338 .0439 -.1139
0 increasing -1 5_J 0 increasing 685 .0684 -.1083
D Decreasing •628 .0533 -.1086 Decreasing .672 .0677 -.1075
-1.,
-1.4 I,_ 0[] Decreasing .985 .0375 -.0960
-1.2
- 1.2 I I'_>.
i " ,>
-1.0
/
'\().
-.6
]
].
;J..
" ).(
• • w v
\
\
'_ ]_[ 3-1 I-[1-[1-[3-1 i-[)~[] -
-,4 I-El- r
Cp Cp
-[
\ I \
_.2 [
\
(
0 ,ll
-i t-E1 . ,J _.-I l°1 ""
.2
_1 i-E] -_ 3-I
I-r.l-L-_-j-,
_'E-'°-'
I_>"
0
D
.1 .2 .5 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.o
.81_1
_li, I
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5
I
.6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c x/c
-3.2 -3.2
Angle of attack cz cd cm Angle of attack Cz cd Cm
-2.E -2.,
0 Increasing 1.142 .0280 -.0756
0 increasing , 1.208 .0471 -.059_
3 r3 Decreasing 1.146 .0283 -.0762
17 Decreaeing 1.206 .0472 -.059,
-2.4 -2,,
-2.0
4k
-1 .e -1.6
\
\
-1.2 " "'( L,,
-1.2
\
C ]-(]. {)'[}- 3.,
P "1 Cp
--,8 '7: )...
\ 1
k, P"r i.
-.4
,a Fr
m,
,_li _
IF
1.2 1.2
0 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c x/c
69
-2) = _j
Angle of attack C_ Cd Cm
t
-2.0
-1.6
\
-1.2 -\
'l
"1 )_f' i_
Cp -{ 1" 1
"1 k()_.
-.4
'- 3- t-()-r__,2 m _"
0 _-I I-( -t
,_J k-I_)-I
.4
L-_ "(
m_
1.2
.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .0
0 .1
x/c
(i) a = 12 °.
70
-1.4
Angle of attack c z cd Cm
Angle of attack cI cd Cm
-1.2
0 Increasing ,3go .0167 -.0978
0 Increasing .778 .0230 -.0920
[] Decreasing .391 ,0169 -.0972
-1.0 [] Decreasing .780 .0238 -.og30
-8 ¸
-.6
/,
-.4
d
C & r
P
"'E L(
or_
9
LJ
.2:3
•4' I
.6
)
.8
0 .1 .2
.3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c x/c
-3.6
-3.6
Angle of attack ct c d Cm
Angle of attack c= cd cm
0 Increasing 1.174 .0207 -.0755 -3.
0 Increasing 1.200 .0413 -.05gg
[_ Decreasing 1.175 .0207 -.0751
-2.1 -2. [] Decreasing 1.202 .0403 -.0607
-2.4 _1_
-2., b
-2.C "_
5. -2.o :_
-1.6
"eL_ -1,6 _1 }.
-[
Cp -1.2
Cp -1.2
--,8
--,8 "C k,,
},
--,4
• -.4
_ il
Ill _
1.2 1.2
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c x/c
Figure 25. Hysteresis effects on chordwise pressure distributions for R = 100000. Centered symbol designates
lower surface.
71
-1
Angle of attack c_ cd c m
-.4
-.2
Cp
0
.2
I't -t "'v
.4
iml
.6
Ir
.8
J
E'
li'
.4 ,5 .6 .7 .8 1.0
.1 .2 ,3
x/c
(e) o_= 14 °.
72
0
.,¢
0
II
E)_'E]-_ 1=1.
" 3)._ ///[
-- U--u_-_E '_
.2
o
I
.--lib
j
o4 _
]I]
g
0 O_
O_
_ C
0 0
k-
0
0 []
1
oq <:D 0
(.P
73
-1.4 -1.4
Turbulator CZ Cd Cm Turbulator c l cd cm
-1.'
L -1 .(
-.6 -.6
L
..l_li:{I-II.,_
-.4
-,4
k fl ['Cl-rl -
"1i-_{l =1= ]=1 'l_J k . • _ll.-r Fl-tl--tl:l}:! !-(
.J
Cp -.2
p -.2
J )-tL,. L-I k,.I \\
jt I-El. \ t_l,_.,,, \ \
- _" "E
)" )-I')-i I-tiJ .. o _p r'-i-J. I. _-i l., _....... !'-i
a "-I Y-I P=i I't
.4 g 5
.6 _ .6 ;[
£
)
.8
1 "l
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c x/c
(a) a_ -3 °. (b) a = -2 °.
-1.4 -1.4
Turbulotor cI c d cm Turbulotor cl cd Cm
-1,2 0 Off .294 .0156 -,0978 -1.2 0 Off .390 .0167 -.0978
-1.0 -1.0
-,8
-( t_1l_J ill_ d
\
I''111- I=IIL._ ' 1- \ 0 i_
F,, I- t'I t= t,t i.= I .... "" !-_I
0 _ '--_ ''i _'l _'l t:l I:l l:U:,a__, •,][ }'i: 9
.2 _ .2
[
.4 ; ,4 •
t ,6
t L
1.C
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 0 .1 .2 •3 ,4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c x/c
Figure 27. Effect of turbulator tape on chordwise pressure distributions. R = 100000. Centered symbol
designates lower surface.
74
-1.4 -I .4
Turbutator cl cd cm Turbuletor c l c d c m
-1.2 -I .2
0 Off .487 .0188 -.0967 0 Off ,587 .0211 -.0981
-1 .o -I .0
-.8 -.8
-.6
-.6 r #.
0
/it 3,,,\ "El. ]._
! L )-m
- -- v-_-_-q p-l:_-[_.
I i=lF-G)'I _'_'i_-ll)-d P-I)-I_-E1-l)-I}-| I-El-I_-I
.4
.6
.8 .8
1
.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 o .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c x/c
-1.4 -1.4
Turbulotor
Turbulotor c I ca cm Cl Cd Cm
-1.2 -1.2
0 Off .684 .0227 -.0968 0 Off ,778 ,0230 -.0920
-1.0 -1.0
a
|=F "i:L'Jk.
--.8 -.8
_{ )-:I F r'l: b.c_.
--.6 8 -, _L_l-l}._}.
_k!!-,_
? _" _1-'1I=()-[}-I
9 \\
--.4
3 \ -.4
\\
(
\\
C \
P Cp -.2 X \
El_(
k_
•, ] t_t: t-t I-_ tl.l I-¢ I-[ ._-I _-d _-_)-t |4 "_
.2
.2 ,,_-{.}-I#-I_l-t)-Ip-I I-i l-lP-t_-I i-(H.}-(._-I I-E }-{ '}-t ")
lr r
.4
.4
.6
.1
.1 .2 .3 ,4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 0 I .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c x/c
(g) e = 3 °. (h) o_ = 4 ° .
75
-1.8 -1.
Tur bulator
Turbulator cZ cd cm Ct Cd Cm
-1.6 0 Off 373 .0240 -.0889 0 off .974 .0224 -.0829
-1.
[] On ,875 .0197 -,0825 [] on •971 .0210 -.0813
-1.4 -1.4 _k
-1.2
%
-1 .£ r_ Ix, _x
-1.0
]
t
--.8
"={I=c3-t_.j L-C
-.8 -r
;J:I_I=Et=f Lt _
--.6 -.6
\\
\\
\"
Cp --.4 Cp
\\
%
--.2 '1
-.2
_E L
0 0 L
_-Et-{
.2
'Lt _-I
.4 =f
]r .4 _
t_
.6 _1
.6 =_
.8 I
ft
I
0 .I .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c x/c
(i) a = 5° (j) c_ =6 °.
Turbulotor Cl Cd Cm
-2.C
-1.6
L* t
-1
Cp
_-_]\
-.8
k
-.4
F-t,I-}-(3_.
0
1
0 ,2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 ,8 .9 1.0
x/c
(k) a = 7°.
76
-3.6 -3.6
Turbuletor Cl Cd Cm Turbulotor C1 Cd Cm
-3.2 0 off 1,172 ,0210 -,0752 -3.:
0 Off 1.207 .0289 -,0671
[] on 1,166 ,0204 -,0747 D On 1A92 ,0301 -,0676
-2._
}
-2.4a -2.4
-2.£ -2.0
i
-1.6 -1.6
\
r_._
-.8 -.8
)..,
-.4 -.4
"C). L..
•_- I, c ]., -'}" I-, )-t
0
_ i L_I; I-(
,_J I-El-E}-!i- )-I_}-E'}-I I-E ]-I_- 34
.4
.4 ",1
,(
B
1.2 1.2
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c x/c
-3.6
Turbulotor
CI Cd Cm
-2._
-2.4
-2.0 C
-1.6
Cp -1.2
"" t_r
--.8
L
--.4
)-I
1-1
. =-I )-E)-IB'I_)-E )-E
sij
!
1.2
0 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
x/c
(n) ex = 10%
77
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I1 : i
I /, i
p..,
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' I
i A, / % I _O
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84
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85
Appendix A
Uncertainty Analysis
The method used for the uncertainty analysis is that of Kline and McClintock as reported in
reference 10. The basis for this method is the careful specification of the uncertainty associated with
each variable used in the given calculation. This method is straightforward and more accurate than
simple error combinations that determine maximum and minimum deviations from the nominal result of
a computation.
The uncertainty involved in determining the drag coefficient c d from wake surveys is as follows:
cd =
i=1
where
c'_= 2 (Aps--Apt)l/2
\ h_£ [l__ ( 1 Apo_
APt j j
_1/21
Thus, cd is a function of Aps, Apt, Apoo, Ah, and c. The uncertainty associated with each variable is
Wc = 0.001 in.
The uncertainty of c_ is
where
\ Ap_ - Apt ] ]
04 1 ( - Ap, 1
Oapt - Ap_ \ _--S-_p_ ] - --
Apoo [(L\A_--_pt]
Apo¢ ,_1/2 - (Apoc)__
k--A_p_---_ptpt
Ap t ) 1/21
OCtd Aps -- Apt _1/2 [--Apt'_ ( Aps - Apt 1/2 [ ( Apoo -- Apt 1/2]
86
where
4
(Wc_)2 k°4 kaY- w
Oc d Ah
c3c td c
c3cd
(e e)
Since at least two tubes on the rake independently measure the same wake,
4 point-drag coefficient
C airfoil chord
Aps = Ps -- Ptoo
Apt = Pt - Pto¢
Apoo = Poc -- Ptoo
W uncertainty in measurement
87
e,i
XXXXXXXX
000_0
ooo_oo
XXXXXXXX
,I1,_
"o
,-t
XXXXXXXX
i=1
"_ o
0 ol _oooo_
".3 XXXXXXXX
i=1
0
.,< 8
0
¢ XXXXXXXX
ol
<1
XXXXXXXX
<1
XXXXXXXX
Q,.
88
R
.0010 O 60,000
[] 100,000
200,000
300,000
.0008 460,000
"13
0
.E .0006 0
4,J
c
0
[]
.0004 0
0
C []
[]
<>
A
.0002
I I I I I I I I
.0000 I
89
Appendix B
Section Characteristics
This appendix contains a computer listing of the section characteristics for the Eppler 387 airfoil
section as measured in the Langley Low-Turbulence Pressure Tunnel (table B1). Standard low-speed
wind-tunnel boundary corrections have been applied to the data. Also included are the theoretical results
from the Eppler airfoil code (table B2) and experimental results from the Model Wind Tunnel at Stuttgart
(table B:_) and the Low-Turbulence Tunnel at Delft (table B4).
90
Table B1. Experimental Results From Langley Low-Turbulence Pressure Tunnel
ALPHA_ DEG CL CD CM
ALPrlAp DEG Ct CD CM
91
Table B1. Continued
ALPHA, DEG CL CO CM
ALPHAt DEG CL CD CM
92
Table B1. Continued
C0 CM
ALPHAp DEG CL
93
Table B1. Continued
ALPHA, DEG CL CD CM
ALPHAp DEG CL CD CM
94
Table B1. Continued
G CL C0 CM
O5
Table B1. Continued
96
Table B1. Continued
R - 60pO00
RUNS 31s32 PTINF • 5 PSI M = 0,05
ATTACK)
HYSTERESIS (DECREASING ANGLE OF
C0 CM
ALPHAe DEG Ct
97
Table B1. Continued
98
Table B1. Concluded
• lOOpO00
RUNS 43,,44 PTINF-=15 PSI M • 0.03
TURBULATOR TAPE, ON
C_
ALPHA, DEG CL C0
-.0014
-2.83 .oq5 . 0186 -.0_95
-2,00 ,167 *01'_2 -.0852
-i.5 1 ,205 ,0142 -.0789
-1. O0 ,242 , 0133 -.0789
_.qq .242 .0144 -.07_9
-,99 , 242 ,0136 -.081_
,00 .351 .0145 -,0830
,01 ,352 ,0145 -.n819
1,00 ,455 ,0143 -.0819
1,00 ,455 .0161 -,0819
1.01 .455 , 0103 -,0792
2.00 .556 . Ol 55 -.0827
3*00 .665 ,0179 -,0827
3,00 .665 . 0175 -,0804
4.00 .765 . 0190 -,0825
5,01 ,875 .0197 -,OR13
6.00 .971 .0217 -.0813
6.01 .971 .0210 -.0779
6.99 1,07 1 , 0211 -.0779
7.01 1.071 .0206 -,0758
7,51 I,II 8 .01_2 -.0760
70 52 i* 121 . 0189 -.0747
_.01 1,16_ , 0204 -,0715
8,51 I*189 ,0239 -.0676
9.02 1,192 ,0301 -.0601
i0.01 I. 202 **** -,0498
12.01 1.173 w,*** -.0541
13, Ol 1.151 **** -.1398
14.00 ,855 ***_'
M - 0,09 R • 60,000
RUNS 46, 47 PTI_F - 3 PSI
C"
C9
ALPHA, OEG CL
99
Table B2. Theoretical Results From Eppler Airfoil Code
q .. 60.000
ALPHA, DEG
CL CD
CM
-2.00
.173 .0164,
-I.00 -.08??
,282 .0148,
.00 .300 -.0830
1.00 .0152. -.0834
2.00 .0157,
,574 -.0_98
3.00 .0163, -.0776
,643
4.00 .0170,
• 705 -.0713
5.00 .OITQ*
. 704 -,0656
6.00 .0192. -.063_
,842
7.00 .0206,
1.031 -,0587
7.25 .025_*
1.098 -.0671
7.50 ,0256. -.0672
1.073
.0261. -.0658
I00. 000
aLPHA. DEG C[
CD CM
-2.00
.173
-i.00 .0141,
.Z83 -.0822
.00 .0113.
.393 -.0832
.01_2,
1.00 ,503 -.0842
2.00 .0127, -.0852
.611
3.00 .0131, -.085q
• 702
4.00 .0138. -. 08 Z7
,705
5.00 .0146,
.892 -. 0800
.0157*
6.00 -.0786
.g60 .0160,
7.00 -.0722
1.063 .0225
7.25 -.07?0
1.060
7.50 .0230, -.0706
1.005
7, 75 ,0235*
1.063 -.0689
.0240,
-.0676
R I
ZOO, 000
ALPHA. DEG CL CD
CM
-2.00
.177 .0118,
-I.00 -.0A22
,283 .0090
.00 -.0P32
• 393
1.00 .0093 -,08&2
,503
2.00 .0097
,613 -,0853
.0099
3.00 .723 -.0864
.0105
4.00 .832 -.0875
5.00 .0111 -.0885
.g40 .0121
6.00 1.032 -,089_
7.00 ,0130
I. Og8 ".0863
7.25 .0190
I.Ii0 -.0783
7.50 .0200,
1.127 -.075 _
7.75 .OZ05*
1.143 -.0740
7,87 .0710,
1.151 -.0724
_',00 .0213. -.0717
1.15g .0215,
8.12 1.165 -.0707
o,25 .0218'
1.173 -.0698
,0220'
-.0690
100
Table B2. Concluded
R " 300,000
ALPHA_ DEG CL CD CM
-2,00 .173 .0107, --.0822
-i,00 ,283 .0078 --.0832
,00 ,393 .0081 --.0_42
I*00 ,503 .0084 --.0853
2.00 ,613 .0086 --,0864
3,00
,723 .0090
4,00 --.0876
,833 .0095
5,00 --.0887
,943 .010_
6,00 -.0898
1,051 .0113
7,00 -.0907
1,112 .0173
7,25 -.0810
1.126 ,0185"
7,50 -,0785
[.144 ,0189"
7, 75 -.0771
1.161 .0194,
7,87 1.16q -,0754
.0197, -.0746
?=00 1.177 ,OlOq* -.0737
8.12 1.185 ,0202' -,0729
8,25 1,1q3 .0204, -.0771
8,50 1.208 .0209,
-.0703
R •
460,000
ALPHA, DEG CL CD CM
-2..00 .173 .0097, -.0822
-i.00 ,283 .0068
.00 .39_ -.0837
.0070 -.0842
1.00 .503 .0073
2. O0 -.0853
.613 .0075
3.00 -.0864
.723 .0078
4.00 -.0876
.833 .00_3
5.00 -.0887
.943 .0090
6.00 -.0900
1.053 ,0098
7.00 -.0Oli
1.120 .0157
7.25 -.0826
I. 13._ .0170
7,50 -.0810
1.159 ,0175'
7.75 -.0799
i. 178 .0179.
7,87 -.0786
1.187 ,0181.
8,00 -.0779
It 196 .0194.
8.12 1.204 -.0771
.0186,
%,75 -.0763
1.213 .Ol8q*
8, .50 -.0754
1.228 .0194,
8,75 -.0736
i. 244 ,Olqq*
9.00 -,0770
i. Z58 ,0_04'
q,25 -.0701
1.Z72 .0208,
-.0683
101
TableB3. ExperimentalResultsFromModelWindTunnelat Stuttgart
R = 60tO00
CO
ALPH J,e DEG CL
R - 100,000
CD
ALPHA, DEG CL
102
Table B3. Concluded
R - 200,000
ALPHAs DEG CL CD
-4•00 -•130 •043_
-3.00 • 020 ,0257
-2•00 •130
-1.00 • 0172
•230
•00 .0130
.330 • O108
1.00 •430 ,0097
2•00 • 520
3•00 ,0092
•620 ,0093
4•00 •710 •0098
5•00 •800 • 0107
0.00 ,8PO
7.00 .012_
,950 • 0146
8•00 1.010
9,,00 .01_J3
1•060
I0•00 • 0_.46
I.080
11.00 ,0331
1•100 •0402
IZ.O0 1.110
13•00 .0448
1.100
14•00 1. 090 W,W,,I,,I,
15•00 I,060
16,00 i•010
103
Table B4. Experimental Results From Low-Turbulence Tunnel at Delft
R = _0,000
C_
ALPHA, DEG Ct
P = IO0,000
cr)
ALPHA, DEG CL
104
TableB4. Concluded
R - 200PO00
105
Appendix C
106
Table C1. Spanwise Drag Coefficients
RUNS 5,6
PTINF = 15 PSI M = 0.08 300,000
ALPHA = 0.0 DEG. ALPHA = DEG.
SPAN,IN. CD
SPAN, IN. CD
0.1522 0.0089
1.9948 0.0791 0.0114
0.0091 1.0035
3.0210 0 0085 0.0114
3.9805 2.0428 0 0114
0 0089 3.0210
6.0123 0 0085 0 0113
8.0051 3.9805 0 0119
0 0089 5.0271
9.9957 0 0089 0 0114
12.0023 5.99O8 0 0120
0 0092 6 9916
11.0038 0 O092 0 0114
9 0170 8 0051 0 0124
0 0087 9 0170
7 0118 0 0091 0 0114
5 0047 i0 0242 0 0118
0 0088
1 0035 11 0038 0 0111
0 0087 12 0058
-i 9828 0 OO89 0 0126
-3 9921 8 0051 0 0122
0 0088 8 0237
-6 0444 0 0088 0.0121
-8.0145 -i 0157 0.0112
0 0089 -2.0068
-i0 0029 0 0089 0 0112
-12 0037 -2.9856 0 0112
0 OO89
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0 0087
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0 0085 -6 O23O
-9 0087 0 0087 0 0110
-7 0220 -7 0220 0 0116
0 0089
-4 9936 -8 0145 0 0115
0 0091 -8 9919
-3 0093 0 0088 0 0115
-0 9914 -11 0196 0 0113
0 0089 -12 0018
0 0791 0 0087 0 0114
-10 0171 0 0112
-6 0016 0 0111
-5 0383 0 0116
107
Table C1. Continued
M = 0.06 R = 200,000
RUNS 12,14 PTINF = 15 PSI
SPAN,IN. CD
SPAN,IN. CD
-0 0183 0 0138
0 0304 0 0109
1 0278 0 0142
-0 9914 0 0108
2 0188 0 0139
-1 9828 0 0109
3 0210 0 0135
-3 0329 0 0107
3 9805 0 0140
-4 0152 0 0106
5 0047 0 0139
-5 0160 0 0107
5 9694 0 0136
-6 0016 0 0107
7 0118 0 0147
-7 0220 0 0106
8 0051 0 0141
-7 9957 0 0107
9.0170 0 0139
-9 0087 0 0109
i0.0100 0 0143
-9 9743 0 0106
10.9932 0 0141
-i0 9986 0 0107
11.9906 0 0145
-12 0007 0 0109
11.9906 0 0140
-7 0220 0 0106
11.9906 0 0147
-2 0309 0 0109
6.9916 0 0140
-2 OO68 0 0098
2.9737 0 0134
-2 0068 0 0105
3 4918 0 0142
-2.O068 0 0104
2 4742 0 0137
-2.0309 0 0103
-0 0183 0 0141
-2.0309 0.0106
-0 9914 0 0143
0 1035 0.0107
-2 0068 0 0139
1 0035 0.0108
-3 0329 0 0141
2 0188 0 0107
-4 0162 0 0141
2 9974 0 0103
-4 9936 0 0144
4 0267 0 0105
-6 0016 0 0138
5 0047 0 0118
-7 0018 0 0143
5 0271 0 0109
-8 0145 0 0142
5 9908 0 0106
-8 9919 0 0143
6 9916 0 0110
-I0 0171 0 0139
8 0237 0 0107
-ii 0196 0 0141
9 0002 0 0106
-ii 9609 0 0144
9.0002 0 0107
0 0791 0 0140
i0.0100 0 0108
-I 0400 0 0141
11.0248 0 0111
11.9990 0 0107
108
TableC1. Continued
SPAN,IN. CD
SPAN,IN. CD
109
TableC1. Continued
CD SPAN,IN. CD
SPAN,IN.
110
Table C1. Continued
SPAN,IN. CD SPAN,IN. CD
111
Table C1. Concluded
SPAN,IN. CD SPAN,IN. CD
112
Appendix D
This appendix contains a computer listing of the pressure coefficient data for the Eppler 387 airfoil
section as measured in the Langley Low-Turbulence Pressure Tunnel. No wind-tunnel blockage corrections
have been applied to the data.
113
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6. McGhee, Robert J.; Beasley, William D.; and Fos-
References
ter, Jean M.: Recent Modifications and Calibration of
the Langley Low-Turbulence Pressure Tunnel. NASA
1. Mueller, Thomas J.: Low Reynolds Number Vehicles.
TP-2328, 1984.
AGARD-AG-288, Feb. 1985.
7. Stainback, P. Calvin; and Owen, F. Kevin: Dynamic
2. Althaus, Dieter: Profilpolaren fur den Modellflu9
Flow Quality Measurements in the Langley Low Turbu-
Windkanalmessungen an Profilen im Kritischen lence Pressure Tunnel. Technical Papers 13th Aerody-
ReynoldszaMbereich. Neckar-Verlag VS-Villingen, c.1980. namic Testing Conference, American Inst. of Aeronautics
3. Volkers, D. F.: Preliminary Results of Windtunnel Mea- & Astronautics, 1984, pp. 257 265. (Available as AIAA-
surements on Some Airfoil Sections at Reynolds Numbers 84-0621.)
Between 0.6 × 105 and 5.0 x 105. Memo. M-276, Dep. of 8. Loving, Donald L.; and Katzoff, S.: The Fluorescent-Oil
Aerospace Engineering, Delft Univ. of Technology, June Film Method and Other Techniques for Boundary-Layer
1977. Flow Visualization. NASA MEMO 3-17-59L, 1959.
4. Harvey, William D.: Low-Reynolds Number Aero- 9. Pankhurst, R. C.; and Holder, D. W.: Wind-Tunnel
dynamics Research at NASA Langley Research Center. Techniques. Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd. (London),
Aerodynamics at Low Reynolds Numbers 104 < Re < 1965.
106--Proceedings, Volume II, Day e, Royal Aeronauti- 10. Kline, S. J.; and McClintock, F. A.: Describing Un-
cal Soc., c.1986, pp. 19.1-19.49. certainties in Single-Sample Experiments. Mech. Eng.,
5. McGhee, Robert J.; Jones, Gregory S.; and Jouty, vol. 75, no. l, Jan. 1953, pp. 3-8.
Remi: Performance Characteristics From Wind-Tunnel 11. Eppler, Richard; and Somers, Dan M.: A Computer Pro-
Tests of a Low-Reynolds-Number Airfoil. AIAA-88-0607, gram for the Design and Analysis of Low-Speed Airfoils.
NASA TM-80210, 1980.
Jan. 1988.
228
Report Documentation Page
_a_ _ Adrr,n _ITa1,_ rl
16. Abstract
Experimental results have been obtained for an Eppler 387 airfoil in the Langley Low-Turbulence
Pressure Tunnel. The tests were conducted over a Mach number range from 0.03 to 0.13 and a chord
Reynolds number range from 60 000 to 460 000. Lift and pitching-moment data were obtained from
airfoil surface pressure measurements and drag data from wake surveys. Oil flow visualization was
used to determine laminar-separation and turbulent-reattachment locations. Comparisons of these
results with data on the Eppler 387 airfoil from two other facilities, as well as with predictions from
the Eppler airfoil code, are included.
For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161-2171