1.

0 ‒ Introduction

Mathematics can be defined as the study or study of quantities, structural

patterns, changes and space, or in other words, the study of numbers and
diagrams. It includes shapes, symbols and spaces and is divided into several
branches such as arithmetic, calculus, trigonometry, geometry and not to mention
algebra.
Based on Islamic perspective, Algebraic or in Arabic language, al-jabr which
means to combine, connect, or complement is one of the mathematical branch
that related to the study of structure, relations, and quantities. Every
mathematical statement that associate these two quantities is usually
accompanied by the use of alphabetical symbols or also called variables to
describe the relation of one quantity to another. Meanwhile, according to David R.
Wetzel (2008) in Uthaya Chandrika Ramiah. (2012), algebra not only involves the
use of symbols but also involves the activity of finding solutions to problems in
everyday life whether through equality, inequality and absolute values.
Therefore, it is obvious that algebra is an important part of everyday life
because algebra can solve everyday problems such as calculations in the
construction of an infrastructure that requires accurate calculations so that the
projects produced are very good and safe.

2.0 ‒The application of linear algebra in daily life

For every problems that involves money, time, distance, perimeter of a fence or skate
ramp, volume of something, comparing prices when you shop, rent something - cost
versus time, or etc. can be solved through algebra because algebra teaches human to
make logical reasoning and problem solving skills when it comes to most every
situation in life. We have to logically think our way through something to obtain the best
results. For example: I want to jump my bike off the ramp a distance of 2 metre. Then,
I need to measure the height of the ramp and length of the run up distance, along with
the wind that have same direction as I’m going or against me. These are variables and
rational numbers that are used in algebra. Hence, a decision will be made either that I
can or cannot make the jump.

For the second example, you play a sport that you have to mentally determine the
angle you throw the ball in order to make an accurate throw. You will approximate the
distance between yourself and the target, but you also have to consider on how much

3
force to apply to your throw. It also applies to football, when you are kicking the ball to
another player or into the goal. The same mental calculations occur as you consider
your options (variables and rational numbers) for making a goa or just past to the other
players.

In conclusion, these examples shown that algebra are applied in daily life. Hence,
it's very significant for people to understand the concept of linear algebra in real life
so that the daily problems that people often to face can be solved systematically.

3.0 ‒ Solving Problem 1.

Mr Ali is a farmer, he has an orchard in his backyard. There are 3 types of fruit
trees in the orchard which are mangoes, durians and pomegranates. The fruit that has
been harvested will be shared with neighbours and sold at night market for every
Friday night. In the first week, Mr Ali sold a pack of mango seed and a pack of durian
seed while two packs of pomegranate seed were given to his neighbour. Mr Ali has
earned RM2 from the sale for that week. In the second week, Mr Ali sold two packs of
mango seed, three packs of pomegranate seed and gave a pack of durian seeds to
his neighbour. Mr Ali has earned RM15 from the sale for that week. The following week,
Mr Ali sold three packs of mango seed, two packs of durian seeds and a pack of
pomegranate seed. Mr Ali has earned RM19 from the sale for that week. At the same
time, Mr Ali’s son, Abu is learning about matrices operation method during his school
session. Hence, help Abu in calculating the price for each seed pack for these three
types of fruit by using matrices’ operation method based on his father’s business sales.

Type of Seed
Profit
Mango Durian Pomegranate
(RM)
Week

First x y -2z 2

Second 2x -y 3z 15

Third 3x 2y x 19

Figure 2.0 - Table of total sale (Fruits’ seed)

4
3.1 ‒ Gaussian Jordan- Elimination.

Solution:

𝑥 = Pack of Mango Seeds

𝑦 = Pack of Durian Seeds

𝑧 = Pack of Pomegranate Seeds

First-week’s sale:

Sold a pack of Mango Seeds = +𝑥

Sold a pack of Durian Seeds = +𝑦

Gave two packs of Pomegranate Seeds = -2𝑧

Profit = RM 2

Equation: 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 2

Second-week’s sale:

Sold two packs of Mango Seeds = +2𝑥

Gave a pack of Durian Seeds = -𝑦

Sold three packs of Pomegranate Seeds = +3𝑧

Profit = RM 15

Equation: 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 15

Third-week’s sale:

Sold three packs of Mango Seeds = +3𝑥

Sold two packs of Durian Seeds = +2𝑦

Sold a pack of Pomegranate Seeds = +𝑧

Profit = RM 19

Equation: 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 19

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Equations:

𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 2…(1)

2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 15…(2)

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 19…(3)

Based on equations above, form a matrix that consist all the elements in those
equations. The first equation becomes the first row, the second equation becomes
the second row and the third equation becomes the third row. The first column
represents the x variable, the second column represents the y variable and the third
column represents the z variable.

1 1 −2
(2 −1 3 )
3 2 1

Now, proceed to the calculation based on Gaussian Jordan Elimination Method.

1 1 −2 𝑥 2
[2 −1 3 ] (𝑦) = (15)
3 2 1 𝑧 19

1 1 −2 2 Multiply the 1st row by 2

(2 −1 3 |15)
3 2 1 19

2𝑅1
Inverse the sign of 1st row, plus the
2 2 −4 4
(2 −1 3 |15) value of 1st row to 2nd row and
3 2 1 19 restore it.

−2𝑅1 + 𝑅2 → 𝑅2

1 1 −2 2
Multiply the 1st row by 3.
(0 −3 7 |11)
3 2 1 19

3𝑅1

3 3 −6 6
(0 −3 7 |11) Inverse the sign of 1st row plus the
3 2 1 19 value of 1st row to 2nd row and
restore it.
−2𝑅1 + 𝑅2 → 𝑅2

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 1 1 −2 2 Find the pivot in the 2nd column
(0 −3 7 |11) (inversing the sign in the whole row)
0 −1 7 13 and swap the 3rd and the 2nd rows

𝑅3 ⇄ 𝑅2

1 1 −2 2 Inverse the sign of 2nd row, plus the

(0 1 −7|−13) value of 2nd row to 1st row and
0 −3 7 11 restore it.

−𝑅2 + 𝑅1 → 𝑅1

1 0 5 15 Multiply the 2nd row by -3

(0 1 −7|−13)
0 −3 7 11

−3𝑅2

1 0 5 15 Inverse the sign of 2nd row, plus the

(0 −3 21|39)
value of 2nd row to 3rd row and restore
0 −3 7 11
it.
−3𝑅2 + 𝑅3 → 𝑅3

1 0 5 15 Make the pivot in the 3rd column by

(0 1 −7 |−13)
dividing the 3rd row by -14
0 0 −14 −28
𝑅3
−
14

1 0 5 15 Multiply the 3rd row by 5

(0 1 −7|−13)
0 0 1 2

5𝑅3
Inverse the sign of 3rd row, plus the
1 0 5 15
(0 1 −7|−13) value of 3rd row to 1st row and restore
0 0 5 10 it.

−5𝑅3 + 𝑅1 → 𝑅1

1 0 0 5 Multiply the 3rd row by 7

(0 1 −7|−13)
0 0 1 2

7𝑅3

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 Plus the value of 3rd row to 2nd row and
1 0 0 5
(0 1 −7|−13) restore it.
0 0 7 14
7𝑅3 + 𝑅2 → 𝑅2

1 0 05
(0 1 0|1)
0 0 12

Hence, 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 2

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3.2 ‒ Cramer’s Rule Method

𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 2…(1)

2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 15…(2)

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 19…(3)

Solution:
Implement those equations above in form of 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵.

1 1 −2 𝑥 2 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑥 𝑏1

[2 −1 3 ] (𝑦) = (15) = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 | (𝑦) = (𝑏2 )
3 2 1 𝑧 19 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑧 𝑏3
Where,
1 1 −2
𝐴 = [2 −1 3 ]
3 2 1
𝑥
𝑋 = (𝑦 )
𝑧
2
B = (15) .
19

Determinant whole matrix.

|𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝑐11 − 𝑎12 𝑐12 + 𝑎13 𝑐13 ,

|𝐴| = 1 |−1 3| − 1 |2 3
| + (−2) |
2 −1
|
2 1 3 1 3 2

= 1(−1 − (6)) − 1(2 − 9) + (−2)(4 + 3)

= −7 + 7 − 14
= −14
Determinant of 1st column.
2 1 −2 𝑏1 𝑎12 𝑎13
|𝐴1 | = |15 −1 3 | |𝐴1 | = |𝑏2 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
19 2 1 𝑏3 𝑎32 𝑎33

−1 3 15 3 15 −1
= 2| | − 1| | + (−2) | |
2 1 19 1 19 2

= 2(−1 − (6)) − 1(15 − 57) + 1(30 − (−19))

= −70

9
Determinant of 2nd column.
𝑎11 𝑏1 𝑎13
1 2 −2
|𝐴2 | = |𝑎21 𝑏2 𝑎23 |
|𝐴2 | = |2 15 3 |
𝑎31 𝑏3 𝑎33
3 19 1

15 3 2 3 2 15
= 1| | − 2| | + (−2) | |
19 1 3 1 3 19

= 1(15 − 57) − 2(2 − 9) + (−2)(38 − 45)

= −14

Determinant of 3rd column.

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑏1
1 1 2
|𝐴3 | = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑏2 |
|𝐴3 | = |2 −1 15|
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑏3
3 2 19
= 1(−1 − 30)) − 1(38 − 45) + 2(4 − (−3))
= −28

x value:

⌈𝐴1 ⌉
𝑥= 𝐴

−70
= −14

=5

y value:

⌈𝐴2 ⌉
𝑦=
𝐴
−14
= −14

=1

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z value:

⌈𝐴3 ⌉
𝑧= 𝐴

−28
= −14

=2

Hence, 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 2.

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4.0 Solving problem 2.

Amin, Anis, and Afiq are best friends since kindergarten. Wherever they go to
somewhere to buy something, they will go together. Last Friday, they went to a bundle
clothes store near to their home to buy pants, shirts and jackets. Amin bought two
pants, three shirts and four jackets while Anis bought two pants, three shirts and five
jackets. Afiq bought the least clothes which were one pants, two shirts and one jacket.
Total price that Amin need to pay was RM 54 while Anis was RM 62 and Afiq was RM
21. Find the exact price for each clothes that they bought.

Type of
Total Price
clothes Pant Shirt Jacket
(RM)
Name

Amin 2x 3y 4z 54

Anis 2x 3y 5z 62

Afiq x 2y z 21

Figure 3.0 - Table of total price (clothes).

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4.1 ‒ Gaussian Jordan- Elimination.

Solution:

𝑥 = Quantity of Pants

𝑦 = Quantity of Shirt

𝑧 = Quantity of Jacket

Amin’s total purchase:

Bought two pairs of pants = +2x

Bought three pieces of shirt = +3𝑦

Bought two sheets of jacket = +4𝑧

Total price = RM 54

Equation: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 54

Anis’s total purchase:

Bought two pairs of pants = +2x

Bought three pieces of shirt = +3𝑦

Bought five sheets of jacket = +5𝑧

Total price = RM 62

Equation: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 62

Afiq’s total purchase:

Bought a pair of pants = +x

Bought two pieces of shirt = +2𝑦

Bought a sheet of jacket = +𝑧

Total price = RM 21

Equation: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 21

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Equations:

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 54…(1)

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 62…(2)

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 21…(3)

Based on equations above, form a matrix that consist all the elements in those
equations. The first equation becomes the first row, the second equation becomes
the second row and the third equation becomes the third row. The first column
represents the x variable, the second column represents the y variable and the third
column represents the z variable.

2 3 4
(2 3 5)
1 2 1

Now, proceed to the calculation based on Gaussian Jordan Elimination Method.

2 3 4 𝑥 54
[2 3 5] (𝑦) = (62)
1 2 1 𝑧 21

2 3 4 54 Find the pivot in the 1st column and

(2 3 5|62) swap the 3rd row with the 1st row.
1 2 1 21

𝑅3 ⇄ 𝑅1
Multiply the 1st row by 2.
1 2 1 21
(2 3 5|62) .
2 3 4 54
2𝑅1

2 4 2 42
Inverse the sign of 1st row, plus the
(2 3 5|62)
2 3 4 54 value of 1st row to 2nd row and
restore it.
−2𝑅1 + 𝑅2 → 𝑅2

2 4 2 42
(0 −1 3|20) Inverse the sign of 1st row, plus the
2 3 4 54 value of 1st row to 3rd row and restore
it.
−2𝑅1 + 𝑅3 → 𝑅3

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 1 2 1 2 Find the pivot in the 2nd column
(0 −1 3|20) (inversing the sign in the whole row)
0 −1 2 12 and multiply the 2nd row by 2

1 2 12𝑅2 2 Inverse the sign of 2nd row, plus the

(0 2 −6|−40) value of 2nd row to 1st row and
0 −1 2 12 restore it.

−2𝑅2 + 𝑅1 → 𝑅1

1 0 7 61 Plus the value of 2nd row to 3rd row and

(0 1 −3|−20)
restore it.
0 −1 2 12

𝑅2 + 𝑅3 → 𝑅3

1 0 7 61 Inverse the sign of 3rd row and multiply

(0 1 −3|−20)
the 3rd row by7
0 0 −1 −8
7𝑅3

1 0 7 61 Inverse the sign of 3rd row, plus the

(0 1 −3|−20)
value of 3rd row to 1st row and restore
0 0 7 56
it.
−7𝑅3 + 𝑅1 → 𝑅1

1 0 0 5 Multiply the 3rd row by 3

(0 1 −3|−20)
0 0 1 8

3𝑅3
Inverse the value of 3rd row into
1 0 0 5
(0 1 −3|−20) negative value, plus the value of 3rd
0 0 3 24 row to 1st row and restore it.

3𝑅3 + 𝑅2 → 𝑅2

1 0 05
(0 1 0|4)
0 0 18

Hence, 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 4, 𝑧 = 8

Price of a pair of pants= RM5, a piece of shirt= RM4 and

a sheet of jacket = RM 8

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4.2 ‒ Inverse Matrix Method

Based on equation of: 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵,

𝐴−1 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
𝐼𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵

Determinant of matrix; |𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝑐11 − 𝑎12 𝑐12 + 𝑎13 𝑐13

Where; 𝑐𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗 is cofactor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 .

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 54…(1)

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 62…(2)

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 21…(3)

Solution:

Implement those equations above in form of 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵.

2 3 4 𝑥 54 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑥 𝑏1

[2 3 5] (𝑦) = (62) = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 | (𝑦) = (𝑏2 )
1 2 1 𝑧 21 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑧 𝑏3
Where,
2 3 4
𝐴 = [2 3 5]
1 2 1
𝑥
𝑋 = (𝑦 )
𝑧
54
B = (62)
21

16
Determinant whole matrix.

|𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝑐11 − 𝑎12 𝑐12 + 𝑎13 𝑐13 ,

|𝐴| = 2 |3 5 2 5 2 3
|− 3| | +4| |
2 1 1 1 1 2

= 2(3 − 10) − 3(2 − 5) + 4(4 − 3)

= −14 + 9 + 4
= −1

Cofactors of each elements.

3 5 2 5 2 3
𝑐11 = + | | 𝑐12 = − | | 𝑐13 = + | |
2 1 1 1 1 2
= 3 − 10 = −(2 − 5) =4−3

= −7 =3 =1

3 4 2 4 2 3
𝑐21 = − | | 𝑐22 = + | | 𝑐23 = − | |
2 1 1 1 1 2
= −(3 − 8) = (2 − 4) = −(4 − 3)

=5 = −2 = −1

3 4 2 4 2 3
𝑐31 = + | | 𝑐32 = − | | 𝑐33 = + | |
3 5 2 5 2 3

= +(15 − 12) = −(10 − 8) = +(6 − 6)

=3 = −2 =0

−7 3 1 𝑐11 𝑐12 𝑐13

𝐶 = [ 5 −2 −1] 𝐶 = [𝑐21 𝑐22 𝑐23 ]
3 −2 0 𝑐31 𝑐32 𝑐33

Adjoint and Inverse Matrix.

−7 5 3
adj 𝐴 = [ 3 −2 −2]
1 −1 0
−7 5 3
1 1
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴; = −1 [ 3 −2 −2]
1 −1 0
7 −5 −3
= [−3 2 2]
−1 1 0

17
 Determine value of element x,y and z.

𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
7 −5 −3 54
= [−3 2 2 ] (62)
−1 1 0 21
378 − 310 − 63
= [−162 + 124 + 42] Multiply between 𝐴−1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
−54 + 62 + 0
5
= [4]
8
5
= (4)
8
Hence, 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 4, 𝑧 = 8

Price of a pair of pants= RM5, a piece of shirt= RM4 and

a sheet of jacket = RM 8.

5.0 Advantages of the Methods

Gaussian Jordan Cramer’s Rule Inverse Matrices and

Elimination Determinant

 This method is  Easily find the  Get to know the

completely fair and unknown variables solution and it’s

dependable. without the need to inverse matrix.
know about the
 It can solve more
other variables
than 2 linear
equations  Reducing a

simultaneously. lengthy
calculation to a
greater extent

18
6.0 ‒ Conclusion.

In conclusion, linear algebra is one of an extensive knowledge that very

relatable due to our daily life. This field is also a very important components in
development of science studies. According to a well-known mathematician, Carl
Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) says that "Mathematics is the Queen of Science." It
consists of symbols, space and is divided into several branches such as calculus,
trigonometry, geometry and even algebra and obviously we are surrounded by
mathematical elements in daily life without realizing it. Therefore, in solving linear
algebra problems, there are many methods that can be used to solve a problem.
Appreciating science and technology in our daily lives means that we also appreciate
math too.

19
Reference

Carter D. (TT). Cramer’s Rule. retrieved on 13 Februari 2020 from

https://library.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/1924176/Cramer.pdf

Donna Roberts. (2012). Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences Word Problems.

retrieved on 13 Februari 2020 from
http://regentsprep.org/Regents/math/algtrig/ATP2?SequenceWordpractice.htm

Rohani Abd. Rahman & Sabariah Baharun. (1998). Linear Algebra.

Diterbitkan oleh Pencetakan Surya Sdn. Bhd.

Kunasundari Nallasamy. (2012). Penyelesaian Masalah dalam Algebra.

Retrieved on 13 Februari 2020 from
http://www.slideshare.net/nkunasundari/penyelesaian-masalah-dalam-algebra

TP. (2018). Aplikasi Linear Algebra dalam Pengurusan Sumber .

Retrieved on 13 Februari 2020 from https://vdokumen.net/aplikasi-linear-algebra-
dalam-pengurusan-sumbe.html

Uthaya Chandrika Ramiah. (2012). Algebra. Retrieved on 13 Februari 2020

from https://www.scribd.com/doc/91107104/Presentation

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