DASAR-DASAR INTERNET

DAN WEBSITE

TIF 102 – DASAR-DASAR WEB

Oleh: MUHAMMAD SAFRI LUBIS, ST, M.COM

THE INTERNET

Developed beginning in the 1960s, sponsored by ARPA
(Dept. of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)

ARPA: Advanced Research Projects Agengy, USA
 Funding researchers and computers
 Networking a solution to buying everyone a
computer
 Made possible by timesharing main frames

ARPAnet proposal, 1967

Challenges:- Incompatible proprietory machines

Original Motivation
 Load Sharing and Data Sharing

Emerging Use
 Large number of messages and Notice boards
 ARPAnet Characteristics and implementation

Fast Response time

Distributed, decentralised

Packet Switching digital approach

Intermittent Connections
 Modems are not connected all the time

1969

IMP: Interface Message Processor
 Packet switching node: forwards packets from
source to destination
 One per site, extended to multiple per site

First IMP machine
 Honeywell DDP-516 minicomputer
 http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/personal_history.html
1970’s

LAN and WAN’s proliferate

Satellite and wireless comms

IMP used to communicate between proprietory machines

Killer Application
 Email

1980’s

Business Investment in networking

SUN
 The network is the computer

Apple
 Mac with build in networking, WYSIWYG user interface

Novell, 3Com, Cisco, Ethernet etc
 Other network projects

BITNET. “Because it’s there”. Network of US

universities. Popularity peaked in 1991.
NSFNET. National Science Foundation.
Hepnet. High energy physics labs
JANET. Joint academic high speed network (UK)
NSFNET, hepnet, and JANET now all part of the
internet.
Applications

More Email

Ftp
 Especially research file sharing

Bulletin Boards
 Online discussions, news posts

Online Games
 MUD’s etc

Merupakan jaringan dari jaringan komputer yang dapat
berkomunikasi secara transparan

Protocol for communication between computers is called
TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol.

Information is transmitted by packet switching: data is
broken up into packets, which are then passed from one
computer to the next until they reach their destination.
This is in contrast to the phone system, which creates a
temporary direct link between communicating parties.
Packet switching is robust since it can route around
disabled nodes and use multiple paths. But there is
no guarantee packets will be delivered within any
given time.
Internet protocols
In a network, standards are needed for data representation,
signaling, authentication, error detection etc

In ARPANET, the network itself handled communication

protocols using NCP (Network Control program). Highly
incompatible with other networks. Now obsolete.

1983. NCP replaced by TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol/

Internet Protocol). Here the hosts are responsible for
protocols.
Internet protocol suite
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model

Application layer. Used by “network aware” programs to

communicate with other programs

Transport layer. Ensures data arrives at destination and

provides reliability checks

Network layer. Determines how nodes in a network are

defined.

Data link layer. Specifies how packets are transported

over the physical layer.

Physical layer. The hardware that transports the data.

 Examples
•Application layer. HTTP, SMTP, FTP, Telnet, ssh, …
•Transport layer. TCP
•Network layer. IP
•Data link layer. Ethernet, ISDN, WiFi
•Physical layer. Wire, radio, fibre optic

Implementation
•world wide web (Web)
•e-mail (POP, SMTP, IMAP)
•chat (IRC)
•file transfer (FTP)
•remote access (telnet)

IP requires each connected computer to have a unique
address: a number such as 150.108.64.52.

Clients such as home computers are generally assigned
IP addresses dynamically (by DHCP) from a pool of
available numbers upon connecting to the Internet.

Server computers have static IP addresses.

Computers can also be identified by names. Domain
Name Service (DNS) translates between name and
number.

Internet names have two parts: a host name (the first
component) and a domain (everything else). Example:

erdos.dsm.fordham.edu

Various protocols are built on top of TCP/IP:
 E-mail (SMTP)
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Drive and printer sharing protocols, e.g. NetBIOS
 Network Time Protocol (NTP) for setting computers'
clocks.
 Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP): the World-Wide
Web

TCP requires computers to connect via numbered ports
defined by the network software applications. Each protocol
uses a different port. For instance, Web transactions usually
use port 80.

Note that the Web is just one of many protocols using the
Internet.
THE WORLD-WIDE-WEB

Invented around 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee, a programmer at
CERN (a physics lab in Geneva) to simplify sharing of
information between research groups.

Designed to be easy to program, easy to use, flexible and

decentralized.

Based on client-server model:

 client computer runs a browser (e.g. Internet Explorer or
Netscape) that requests information from a server
 server computer runs a web server (e.g. Microsoft Internet
Information Server or Apache Web Server) that listens for
requests and sends back information

Aplikasi web dapat dibagi menjadi: web statis dan web

dinamis
 World Wide Web (1990s)

Tim Burners-Lee worked out how to use hypertext over networks. Three
key inventions:

URL: Uniform Resource Locator

HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HTML: Hypertext Mark-up Language

The first web page

http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/News/9201.html

W3C

 World Wide Web Consortium. Based at MIT, USA.

 Consortium that produces “recommendations” for the WWW
 Eg, there were some incompatible HTML versions from different vendors.
W3C aims to get everyone to agree to common standards.
 Standards are crucial to effective internet programming.
World Wide Web

Lingkungan Web:

-Web server
-Web browser
-HTTP
-URL

Uniform Resource Indicator

A URI is a generalized protocol element that refers to a
resource on the internet. It can be a name, locator, or both.
A URL is a type of URI that provides the location of a resource
together with the means (http, ftp, …) of accessing it.
A URN (Uniform Resource Name) is a URI that identifies a
resource namespace, without specifying where or how it is
located. More later…
Client-Server Model

request

response

Internet
Web Server Client
(web browser)
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol

•Protokol HTTP membutuhkan protokol TCP/IP

•TPC/IP : protokol untuk mengatur tata cara pemaketan data dari pengirim dan
pembukaan data pada komputer penerima.
Loading a web page
User
Client Web Server
(browser) Daemon
URL
HTTP Request string
source

TCP/IP

Displayed
information
HTTP Response string
 Uniform Resource Locator
•Standardized address name for resources (documents, images, …) on the WWW.
•Domain dikelola oleh InterNIC
•Untuk domain .id dikelola oleh Depkominfo

A URL has two parts:

[protocol scheme] :// [target]

Eg:
http://www.imdb.com
ftp://astro.caltech.edu

http://www.safri-lubis.info/file/index.php

http: protokol
Alamat server: www.safri-lubis.info
Top level domain (TLD): .info
Sub folder: file
Halaman web: index.php
Bahasa language yang digunakan: php
Sistem pemberian nama domain
Secara umum ada tiga jenjang dari domain yaitu Root-Level Domains
(merupakan level paling atas dari domain dan diekspresikan dengan lambang
(“.”)),
Top-Level Domains /TLD (yang merupakan top level dari domain dan terdiri
dari berbagai jenis misalnya .com, .edu, .net dan sebagainya, top-level domains
dapat berisi second-level domains dan hosts)

Second-Level Domains (dalam second-level ini terdapat host dan domain lain,
yang disebut dengan subdomain. Pada host name, domain yang digunakan
akan menciptakan fully qualified domain name (FQDN) untuk setiap computer).

• registrant, yaitu individu/organisasi yang mendaftar suatu domain name

kepada registrar dalam periode waktu tersentu yang telah ditentukan;
• registrar, yaitu suatu organisasi yang memberikan jasa pendaftaran domain
name kepada registrant.
• registry, yaitu suatu entitas yang mana menerima informasi mengenai domain
name service (DNS) dari para registrar. Informasi DNS tersebut kemudian
disimpan pada suatu registry database dan kemudian di-propagasi-kan di
internet sehingga domain name tersebut bisa dikenali dan diakses di seluruh
dunia.
Secara umum Top-Level Domains terbagi menjadi dua jenis yaitu TLD internasional dan TLD
negara atau yang sering dikenal dengan nama Country Code Top Level Domain atau ccTLD.

Adapun yang bersifat internasional seperti TLD .com (yang menangani aktifitas komersial), .net
(untuk jaringan), .org (untuk organisasi), .edu (untuk lembaga pendidikan), .gov (untuk lembaga
pemerintahan), .mil (untuk kepentingan militer), .biz, .info, .mobi, .num (nomor telepon), .arpa dan
.name.

Sedangkan yang bersifat spesifik Negara (ccTLD) seperti .ca (Canada), .uk (United Kingdom), .au
(Australia), .my (Malaysia), .in (India) dan .id (Indonesia).

Penetapan TLD internasional tersebut berada dalam wewenang ICANN (The Internet Corporation
for Assigned Names and Numbers, http://www.icann.org) dan pengelolaan TLD secara
administratif merupakan wewenang dari IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority,
http://www.iana.org). Hingga saat ini ada kurang lebih 265 TLD yang dimanajemen oleh IANA
(http://data.iana.org/TLD/tlds-alpha-by-domain.txt).

ICANN juga menetapkan ccTLD, tetapi pengelolaannya diserahkan kepada lembaga yang
ditunjuk di negara bersangkutan. Indonesia sendiri memiliki ccTLD .id dan pengelolaannya
diserahkan kepada Depkominfo Departemen Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik Indonesia
(https://register.net.id/). Hingga saat ini Depkominfo telah mengatur 9 sub domain (second-level
domains) bagi ccTLD .id yaitu .go.id (lembaga pemerintahan), .co.id (perusahaan), .net.id
(jaringan atau ISP), .or.id (organisasi), .ac.id (lembaga pendidikan), .mil.id (lembaga militer),
.sch.id (sekolahan), .web.id (situs pribadi) dan .war.net.id (untuk Warnet).
Untuk memiliki sebuah domain, maka harus berhubungan ke
Registar yang memiliki hak untuk menambahkan domain baru
dibawah TLD yang sudah ada.

Adapun jenis lembaga tersebut tergantung dengan jenis TLD

yang diinginkan, jika menginginkan jenis TLD yang bersifat
global, calon registrant dapat menghubungi berbagai lembaga
yang dapat mengurus hal tersebut di internet.

Sedangkan untuk ccTLD Indonesia atau .id dapat menghubungi

Depkominfo. Biasanya para registrant yang telah mendaftar
akan diberikan akses ke control panel pada situs web registrar,
sehingga pemilik domain dapat melakukan pengesetan lebih
lanjut untuk mengaitkan domain miliknya dengan alamat IP
address host yang akan menggunakan domain tersebut.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
•An application layer protocol in the internet protocol suite.

•http is a request/response protocol between clients and servers.

• Determines how client requests are structured
• Determines how hypertext is sent from server to client

•Clients: usually browsers

•Web servers: software program that (usually) works as a daemon listening to

requests from clients and serving up the web documents.
•A hypertext document is a text file with control instructions to cross reference with
other documents, or perform some action - “branch or perform on request” (Nelson
1970).

•Early implementations (eg Apple’s Hypercard) worked fine on non-networked

computers.

•But couldn’t be used to refer to documents distributed over a network.

•Bersifat stateless: tidak ada komunikasi berkelanjutan, server tidak menyimpan
pesan
 Web Programming Elements

HTML: Hyper-Text Markup Language. Provides formatting of text
and graphics, as well as links between documents.

CSS: Cascading Style Sheets. Provide more powerful and detailed
control of style and formatting.

JavaScript: a programming language for client-side scripting, to
provide dynamically changing content.

Java: a more powerful programming language for web applications
on the client that can also run independently of the browser.

Server-side scripting and programming (SHTML, ASP, PHP, CGI).
These permit access to databases and other information located on
the server.
Technologies that support Web based applications

 Browsers

HTML, javascript

 Network Protocols

TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP etc

 Servers

Web Servers, Server side programming environments

 Operating Systems

Linux, BSD unix, GNU software, Windows

 Script language

HTML, javascript, PHP, ASP, XML

 Interface design

CSS

 Editor

Kedit, vi, notepad
Server Side Application Programming

Web servers
 Apache, Netscape Application Server, IIS
server etc.
 Cgi programming, server api, perl, php

Application Servers
 Sun ONE J2EE server, BEA Weblogic, IBM
Websphere, tomcat, jboss, jonas etc.
Client side programming

Browser Based Clients
 HTML + DHTML

Applets
 Clients run in a sand box, secure
environment

Application Based Clients
 Heavy and Light Clients with full access to
local machine
Database driven applications

Upto Date web content

Ease of Management

Flexibility in Delivery
 Multiple output formats

Individualised Web Content
 Browsers

User Friendly Browsers
 NCSA Mosaic
 Netscape
 MS Internet Explorer (free)
 Safari (Mac OS X)

Search Engines
Excite, Lycos, Yahoo, Google

Java

Language built for the internet

Security Model

Applets, Applications

Server side programming
Linux

Redhat

Suse
 etc

Opensource software
 GNU tools
 Apache
 MySQL, PostgresSQL
 Jboss, Jonas

CGIs

Common Gateway Interface
 Standard for starting programs on the server
 Interfaces web server with external programs

Specify output content-type, e.g text/html

Then send body

A lot of overhead in (re)starting external programs for each request
 PhP and JSPs allow one to integrate requests directly into the server
 MIME types

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
 Specifies the file format to follow
 e.g.

text/html

image/jpg

application/pdf

Your server side application must specify the correct MIME type it
is delivering

Variations

HTTPS: Secure version of HTTP. Encrypts the session using SSL

(Secure Socket Layer) or TLS (Transport Layer Security) protocols

HTTP proxy: Clients on a network, indirectly connect to servers on the

internet via a middleman proxy server network.