7.

CAUSAL- COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH
❑is used to identify cause-effect relationships or
to examine the consequences of differences that
already exist between two groups.
❑is an attempt to identify a causative relationship
between an independent variable and a
dependent variable.
❑referred to as “ex-post facto”
2 Types of Causal-Comparative Research

1. Retrospective Causal-Comparative Research

2. Prospective Causal-Comparative Research

Retrospective Causal-Comparative Research

– In this type of comparative research, the researcher

is investigating a research question after the effects
have already occurred. The researcher studies how
one variable may have influenced another
variable. This is the most common type of causal-
comparative research.
Prospective Causal-Comparative Research

- Researchers using this type of method

begin by studying the causes and then
investigating the possible effects.
EXAMPLE NO. 1

A teacher has a math class that has done

considerably better than another of her math
classes and wants to investigate whether or
not it is due to the practice sessions that she
implemented with first group.

RETROSPECTIVE CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH

 Characteristics of Causal-comparative
Research:

❑Typically starts with the effect and seeks to find

possible causes

❑ Used when studying differences where the

variables cannot be manipulated
 Characteristics of Causal-comparative
Research:

❑ Involves selecting two comparison groups to be

studied: Experimental Group and Control Group
❑ Participants are already organized into these groups
and groups are pre-existing
❑ No random selection of participants is possible
❑ Groups chosen because one group possesses a
characteristic or experience and the other group does
not
 Characteristics of Causal-comparative
Research:
❑Involves making comparisons between these pre-existing
groups in regards to the variables of interest
❑Studies variables that cannot be manipulated for ethical or
practical reasons
❑ Independent variable – the characteristic, experience or
differing factor between the groups
❑ Dependent variable – the effect of the characteristic,
experience or differing factor on groups that possess the
variable
8. CORRELATIONAL STUDY

-this is designed to determine the

relationship of two variables (X and Y)
whether the relationship is positive,
negative, or perfect, very high, high, marked
or moderate.
Two Basic Correlation Types

❖POSITIVE CORRELATION
❖NEGATIVE CORRELATION
PERFECT POSITIVE CORRELATION
VERY HIGH POSITIVE
CORRELATION
HIGH POSITIVE
CORRELATION
MARKED OR MODERATE
POSITIVE CORRELATION
PERFECT NEGATIVE
CORRELATION
VERY HIGH NEGATIVE
CORRELATION
HIGH NEGATIVE CORRELATION
MARKED OR MODERATE
NEGATIVE CORRELATION
9. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

ETHNOGRAPHY
- is the in- depth study of natural occurring
behavior with a culture or social group. It seeks to
understand the relationship between culture and
behavior; with culture referring to beliefs, values,
and attitudes of a specific group of people.
❑The ethnographer undertakes the
study without any prior hypotheses.
 3 METHODS OF CONDUCTING
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
❑Passive observation
❑ Active participation
❑ Contextual interviews
EXAMPLE NO. 1
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
1.CULTURAL THEMES
2. FIELDWORK
❑ Emic
. CULTURAL THEMES data ❑ Etic data ❑ Negotiation data

3. DESCRIPTION, THEMES AND INTERPRETATION

4. CONTEXT OR SETTING
5. RESEARCHER REFLEXIBILITY