CONTACTLESS LIQUID LEVEL

CONTROLLER
• Block Diagram
• Flow Chart
• Hardware Requirements
• Schematic Diagram
• Working
• Applications
 BLOCK DIAGRAM
LCD
(16 X 2)

ULTRASONIC AT89S52
SENSOR (Micro-
controller) LAMP/(MOTOR)

ASM ‘C’Program
FLOW CHART

No
• POWER SUPPLY BLOCK
• MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/AT89C51)
• ULTRASONIC MODULE

• IRFZ44 MOSFET

• BC547 TRANSISTOR

• IN4007 DIODE

• RELAY

• LCD(16X2)

• PUSH BUTTONS

• RESISTORS

• CAPACITORS
 POWER SUPPLY
230 V AC Bridge rectifier 5v Regulator
50 Hz

5V
DC

12V step down

transformer Filter(470µf)
 Microcontroller
• Microcontroller is a small computer on a
single integrated circuit containing a processor core,
memory, and . programmable input/output peripherals.

CPU RAM ROM

A single chip
Serial
I/O Timer COM Microcontroller
Port
Port
MICRO CONTROLLER
• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP)
Flash Memory.
• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range.
• Crystal Frequency 11.0592MHz.
• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM.
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines.
• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters.
• Eight Interrupt Sources.
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel.
AT89S52
•Ultrasonic sensors (also known as
transceivers) work on a principle similar to radar
or sonar which evaluate attributes of a target by
interpreting the echoes from radio or sound
waves respectively.
•Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency
sound waves and evaluate the echo which is
received back by the sensor.
•Ultrasonic sensors use electrical–mechanical energy transformation.
• The ultrasonic waves are used to measure the distance from the
sensor to the target object.
•Properties of ultrasonic waves:
•Longitudinal mechanical waves.
•Travel as a succession of compressions and rarefactions.
•Any sound wave above 20KHz is called ultrasound.
•When ultrasonic waves are incident on an object, diffused reflection of the energy
takes place over a wide solid angle which might be as high as 180 degrees.

•Thus some fraction of the incident energy is reflected back to the transducer in the
form of echoes and is detected.

TRANSMITTER

CONTROL
θ SURFACE
CIRCUIT

L
RECEIVER
•The distance to the object (L) can then be calculated through the
speed of ultrasonic waves (v) in the medium by the relation

Vtcosθ
L =
2
• V = Velocity of wave.

•t = Time taken by the wave to reach back to the sensor.

•θ = angle between the horizontal and the path taken as

shown in the figure.
PROPERTIES:

•Ultrasonic generators use piezoelectric materials such as zinc or

lead zirconium tratarate or quartz crystal.

•The material thickness decides the resonant frequency when

mounted and excited by electrodes attached on either side of it.

•The medical scanners used for abdomen or heart ultrasound are

designed at 2.5 MHz . In this circuit, a 40 kHz transducer is used for
object detection in the air medium.
FEATURES
•Ensures the stable detection of a variety of objects regardless
of the colour, transparency, or material (metallic or non-
metallic) of the objects.

•Use for motion or distance sensing.

•Frequency: 40kHz ±1.0kHz ,
•Aluminum case.
•Capacitance: 2000Pf ±20% .
 BC547 (NPN –Transistor)

•The BC547 transistor is an NPN

Epitaxial Silicon Transistor.
•It is used in general-purpose
switching and amplification
BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA
NPN general-purpose transistors.
•Whenever base is high, then current starts flowing through base and emitter
and after that only current will pass from collector to emitter.
• The MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect
Transistor) is a Voltage controlled device.
• This means that a voltage at the gate control the current flow from
the drain to the source.
• There are three terminals: Gate - connected to the input device.
• Drain - connected to the positive, since electrons drain away to
the positive. Source - the source of the electrons
• High power devices like motors and light bulbs give a large
current output for a very tiny current input.

• A MOSFET can act as the interface between an integrated circuit

that can give only a tiny current, and the motor that takes a big
current.

• In complimentary pairs they are used in hi-fi power amplifiers.

• They produce less distortion as they are more linear than bipolar
transistors.
 RELAY
•A relay is an electromagnetically operated switch.
•It is an electrical switch that uses an electromagnet to move the switch from the off to on
position instead of a person moving the switch.
• It is used to enable a low current circuit to control a high current circuit.

CONFIGURATION
Relays (and switches) come in different
configurations. The most common are:
1. Single Pole Single Throw (SPST)
2. Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT)
3. Double Pole Single Throw (DPST)
4. Double Pole Double Throw(DPDT)
 Description
• Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) is the simplest with only two contacts.
• Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) has three contacts.
• The contacts are usually labelled
• Common (COM)
• Normally Open (NO)
• Normally Closed (NC)

• The Normally Closed contact will be connected to the Common contact when no
power is applied to the coil. The Normally Open contact will be open (i.e. not
connected) when no power is applied to the coil.

• When the coil is energized the Common is connected to the Normally Open contact
and the Normally Closed contact is left floating.

• DPST (double pole single throw) and DPDT (double pole double throw) relays are
relays which have two switches - i.e. they can control two different things at the
same time.
WORKING:
•A normal relay has two circuits.
•The control (Green) circuit energizes an electromagnetic coil.
• Energized magnetic coil attracts the armature, pulling it down and closing the contacts
of the high current switch of the power circuit (Red).
•Externally, the control circuit is connected to a low current switch at one end and ground
at the other end.
•The power circuit is connected to a power source at the one end and the load at the
other end.
•Closing the control circuit switch energizes the magnetic coil which, in turn, closes the
relay contacts, completing the circuit to the load.
 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
•Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2
and 20x2 displays.
•This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per
line by 2 lines, respectively.
•The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the
controller chip which receives data from an external source (and
communicates directly with the LCD.
LCD BACKGROUND
•If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines.
• Control lines = 3.
• Data bus lines = 8 ((D – D ) = (Pin 7- pin 14))
0 7

Control Lines

EN RS RW

•EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data)
•RS=Register Select
•RS = LOW ( 0 ) Data is treated as command.
•RS = HIGH ( 1 ) Data being sent is text data .

•R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data

written to the LCD)
•R/W = LOW ( 0 ) data is written to the LCD.
•R/W = HIGH ( 1 ) data is read to the LCD.
•The ultrasonic module attached to the board will check liquid level
from reflecting ultrasonic waves.

•If the water falls below certain level, the sensor will sense it from the
reflecting waves and gives the information to the microcontroller.

•The controller will switch on a lamp, indicating a pump, to start filing

the water tank.
 • If the water rises beyond a certain level the controller will switch off the

•
lamp, indicating motor off.

•
A relay is used to switch on and off the lamp.
The relay is turned on or off by a switching mechanism consisting of a
mosfet and a transistor.
+12V
TO
RELAY
R5
Q2 ON
OFF
FROM
MICRO CONTROLLER

Q1 OFF
ON R4
I/P = 0
I/P = 1
•A zero logic from the MC maintains Q1(transistor) in off state such that R4
provides a voltage level to turn on the relay.

•A high logic from the controller switches on Q1 that provides zero voltage
level at R4 to turn the device fully "OFF”.

•INPUT = 0 (From microcontroller)

•Q1= Off, Q2 = On.
•Relay = On.
•INPUT = 1 (From microcontroller)
•Q1= On, Q2 = Off.
•Relay = Off
 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

• PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:
• Embedded C , ALP (Assembly Language)

• COMPILERS:
• Keil 4.0/0.0uv
• DUMPING SOFT WARE:

Using Micro controller flash Software we are dumping our HEX Code into

Micro Controller .
 APPLICATIONS

Automotives

Liquid level
Industries
controller

Household
• Liquid level controllers have got really high demand in various
aspects of life.

• These controllers can be used in automotives to indicate the

level of fuel.

• Further they are also used in industries where direct

implementation of sensor into the process tank is not possible.

• Moreover they can also be used in household applications like

the control of over head tank, they may be required for devices
such as automated coffee machines, water dispensers, juice
squeezers, water evaporators, steamers, fridges and freezer,
boilers, heating systems, dishwashers, washing machines and a
number of other appliances.
 CONCLUSION
This project is best suitable for all industrial and
household purposes where liquid level control is of
prime importance.
 FUTURE SCOPE
• This project can be extended to be used in
nuclear power plants, Dams and Industries
where automatic control of liquid level is
necessary.
• “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems” by
Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi , Pearson
Education.
• ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.
• www.atmel.com
• www.beyondlogic.org
• www.wikipedia.org
• www.howstuffworks.com
• www.alldatasheets.com