WATER WEED REMOVER New

Seminar Report AQUA ARC WATER WEED REMOVER
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Weed control is the botanical component of pest control, which attempts to

stop weeds, especially noxious or injurious weeds, from competing with desired flora and
fauna, this includes domesticated plants and livestock, and in natural settings, it includes
stopping non local species competing with native, local, species, especially so in reserves and
heritage areas.
It is just a prototype of weed removing machine named as Aqua arc. It includes a

chain conveyor driving using high torque right angled DC motor. The conveyor is used to
collect the weed from the river. There are two cylinders, which is mounted for press to
remove the water content of the weed. Then the crushed weed is collected in the storage box
made up of multi wood pvc material and there is a pvc pipe attach both left and right side of
the machine for float over the water. The machine is floated over the water with the help of
four brushless motor attached at the tail of the machine and it is connected to a receiver is
controlled by a receiver is controlled by a fly sky six channel transmitter. The storage units
are the batteries of four thousand mah lipo batteries for each of the motors and the base is
made up of iron square tubes of two mm square.
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -1- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Why is aquatic weed control necessary?

Plants are natural and important components of the aquatic environment. Microscopic
plants (algae) form the base of the aquatic food chain. Larger algae and plants provide habitat
for fish and food organisms, and all plants produce oxygen as they photosynthesize during
the daylight hours. However, excessive growths of these plants can have a detrimental effect
on a body of water and its inhabitants. Many shallow, nutrient-rich ponds, lakes, and drainage
ditches provide ideal conditions for abundant aquatic weed growth.
Some of the problems caused by aquatic weeds are as follows:
 Interfere with or prohibit recreational activities such as swimming, fishing, and boating.
 Detract from the aesthetic appeal of a body of water.
 Stunt or interfere with a balanced fish population.
 Fish kills due to removal of too much oxygen from the water. Oxygen depletion occurs
when plants die and decompose. Photosynthetic production of oxygen ceases, and the
bacteria, which break down the plant material, use oxygen in their own respiration. Fish
kills in summer are frequently caused by die-offs of algae blooms. Fish kills in winter
occur when snow accumulates on ice cover. Light is blocked thus preventing
photosynthesis by any living plants or algae. Decomposition of plants that died in the fall
causes further oxygen depletion. Fish kills also can be caused by insecticide runoff,
ammonia runoff from feedlots, and diseases.
 Produce quiet water areas that are ideal for mosquito breeding.
 Certain algae can give water bad tastes and odors.
 Impede water flow in drainage ditches, irrigation canals, and culverts, causing water to
back up.
 Deposition of weeds, sediment, and debris, can bodies of water to fill in.

2.2 Water Use Situations
The demand for water resources for recreation, agriculture, and industry is increasing.
Many kinds of plant and animal aquatic pests can interfere with water uses. Control of
aquatic pests must be done without harm to people and the environment.
Habitats for aquatic weeds involve various proportions of water and soil, including
intermittently wet ditches, ditches which always hold standing water, streams, stock ponds,
farm ponds, lakes, ornamental ponds, and intermediate habitats. This manual considers three
types of water situations - static, limited flow impoundments, and moving water.
Static Water
Static water is confined for considerable periods of the year, or totally confined within
a known area, with no downstream movement. However, even totally enclosed bodies of
water often have appreciable water movement because of wind and changes in water
temperature. Weeds commonly grow in static water up to 12 feet deep. Weeds may grow in
very clear water that is more than 20 feet deep. If a herbicide is applied for weed control,
there is no reason to expect that any appreciable downstream effect may occur, unless there is
overflow resulting from unusual storm conditions.
Limited -flow Water Impoundments
Ditches may be intermittently wet or dry, depending upon climatic conditions.

However, herbicides applied to these habitats may move downstream following an influx of
water from surrounding areas. The purpose of the ditch is to drain the surrounding land area
so considerable amounts of water must pass through it.
Many farm ponds may be characterized as having limited flow because there nearly
always is an overflow pipe and an emergency overflow channel (spillway). The overflow
pipe is designed to permit passage of a continuous and relatively well-defined amount of
water at all times. The emergency spillway is provided to release from the pond when storms
dump in excess amounts of water in a short time. In these situations, small amounts of
pesticides may be carried downstream from the application site. Larger amounts may be
found downstream after sudden rain storms, which interrupt or come immediately after
pesticide application.

Moving Water
Moving water is found in small streams, creeks, streams, and rivers where there is always
some detectable downstream current. Applied pesticides may be found in downstream
locations in varying amounts away from the area of original application. Such situations
present the greatest potential for concern as an environmental hazard.
2.3Aquatic Weed Identification

Identification is the first step in managing aquatic weeds. Most control methods are
aimed at specific weeds or groups of weeds with similar growth habits. Aquatic weeds can be
divided into two botanical groups; algae and flowering plants. Algae are usually very simple
in structure with no apparent leaves or stems. However, some (for example, Chara) can
resemble flowering plants. For effective chemical control, it is essential that you distinguish
between algae and flowering plants.
Algae
Microscopic algae form scums and/or color the water green or yellow-green.
Sometimes they cause red, black, or oily streaks in the water called "blooms." Blooms
usually occur where abundant nutrients are reaching the water. They should be treated with
chemicals before they cause a noticeable color but a sudden die-off of these algae can cause
fish kills.
Filamentous algae (also known as moss) form floating, mat-like growths which
usually begin around the edges and bottom of ponds in the early spring. Moss is probably the
most common in lakes and ponds in the Midwest. Often, repeated chemical treatments during
the summer season are necessary for effective control.
Chara, or stonewort usually grows in very hard water and is often calcified and
brittle. The plant is rooted, and leaves are arranged along the stem in whorls. It grows
completely underwater and has a musky smell. Chara can be difficult to control once it has
become established and has a heavy coating of calcium carbonate. Use contact herbicides
when the plants are still young and not heavily calcified. Although this plant resembles some
flowering plants, it is an alga.

Flowering Plants
Flowering plants can be grouped into broad categories according to where they are found in a
body of water.
Submersed plants are rooted in the bottom sediments and grow up through the water.
Flowers or flowering spikes sometimes emerge above the water surface. The main criteria for
identification are leaf arrangement and leaf shape.
Common underwater weeds are
 Curly-leaf pondweed has an alternate leaf arrangement. It grows best in the spring and
tends to die out in the summer. This weed is common in ponds, lakes, and ditches.
 Leafy pondweed has very narrow leaves with an alternate arrangement. It is more
common in ponds than in large lakes.
 Waterthread pondweed, usually restricted to shallow water, has small floating leaves that
are about 1" long. Leaves of other floating-leaved pond weeds (such as American
pondweed) may be 4" to 5" long.
 Coontail has branched, spined leaves in a whorled arrangement. This weed is very
common in the Midwest.
 Brittle naiad, more common in the southern Midwest, has an opposite or whorled leaf
arrangement.
 Eurasian watermilfoil usually has four feather-like leaves at a node. This serious, rapidly
spreading invader is found in lakes and ponds throughout the Midwest.

Floating weeds
Free-floating plants, such as duckweed and watermeal are seed-bearing plants which
float free on the water's surface. They never become rooted in the soil, and are propagated by
sexual and asexual means. They can completely cover the surface of a pond. Both are
extremely small. Duckweed is no more than 1/4 inch in diameter, and watermeal is even
smaller. Both plants are found in nutrient-rich waters. Input of waste water from sources such
as livestock feedlots and septic tank fields should be eliminated.
Rooted floating plants
include waterlily, spatterdock, and water lotus. Spatterdock is usually the weedier of
the three and completely fill in shallow areas less than 3' or 4' deep. Spatterdock is a massive,
difficult to kill underground rhizome from which new plants sprout. It differs from waterlily
in having heart-shaped leaves that come above the surface of the water and a yellow
flower. Waterlily has round leaves.
Emergent (shore or marginal) plants
Commonly include cattails, bulrushes, spike rushes, reed canarygrass, and other grass-
like perennial plants. Broadleaves include willow trees and creeping water primrose.
2.4 Managing Aquatic Weeds
The basic control approaches are
1. Preventive Measures
Proper design and construction of ponds is an important factor in preventive control of

weeds. Shallow water at the margins provides an ideal habitat for immersed weeds, such
as cattails. These weeds can spread then to deeper water. Banks should be sloped steeply
so that very little water is less than 2' to 3' deep.
Proper design and construction of ditches and channels makes weed control easier in the
future. If the banks are leveled and smoothed, hard-to-reach places will be eliminated.
Lining canals will help to alleviate water weed problems, too.

2. Mechanical Control
Even with preventive measures, many ponds still have severe waterweed infestations. In
some cases, use of a herbicide may not be possible if the water is used for livestock,
drinking, or fish. Hand-pulling the weeds or dredging the pond are possible methods of
control. But often the infestation is so severe that these methods are impractical or
uneconomical.
Motor-driven underwater weed cutters are available and can be used for the control of
such plants as waterlilies and watermilfoil. Some mowers simply cut the weeds loose
beneath the water surface. Aquatic weed harvesters collect weeds for removal. Disposal
of harvested weeds can be a problem. Most mechanical control methods fragment weeds.
Many weed species can spread and reproduce from these pieces.
Mechanical control is usually slower and more expensive than use of herbicides.
Underwater weed cutting must be done continuously during the summer and usually
represents a long term financial investment.
3. Chemical Control Methods
Control with Herbicides
Chemicals used in aquatic weed control are classified as herbicides. Herbicides used
primarily to control algae may be called algicides, even though they also kill other aquatic
plants. For most aquatic weed problems, properly-used herbicides control vegetation without
harming the fish. Aquatic herbicides are effective and commonly used means of controlling
aquatic vegetation.
Four zones of a body of water may be treated
Generally, only 1/4 to 1/3 of the surface area of the water should be treated at
a time. This helps to protect fish from a possible shortage of oxygen. Surface
Surface
area (in acres) of a rectangular body of water equals length in feet times
width divided by 43,560 (the number of square feet in an acre).
Total water The whole body of water from the surface to the bottom is treated OR you

volume can treat 1/4 to 1/3 of the water volume (based on surface area) at a time.
Calculate the volume of the body of water and add chemical to obtain the
required dilution.
The concentration of chemical needed to control aquatic plants is often very
small and is stated in parts per million (ppm). For example, if the toxic
concentration for a particular plant is 2 ppm, then the chemical should be
applied at the ration of 2 parts of active ingredient to one million parts of
water (2:1,000,000) in the area to be treated.
1) Calculate the acre-feet of the body of water to be treated. Multiply the
surface acres by the average depth in feet. An acre-foot of water weighs 2.7
million pounds (2,700,000). 2) 2.7 * ppm concentration wanted * acre-feet =
pounds of active ingredient needed.
The following calculation shows how to calculate the number of pounds of
active ingredient needed to treat a body of water containing 10 acre feet at the
rate of 0.5 ppm.
2.7 x 0.5 x10 = 13.5 pounds of active ingredient
Treating the bottom 1 to 3 feet of water is especially useful in deep lakes

Bottom 1 to where it is impractical to treat the entire volume of water. Treatments are
3 foot layer generally made by attaching several flexible hoses at 3 to 5 foot intervals
of water along a rigid, weighted boom. Each hose has a nozzle at the end. The
herbicide is applied as a blanket in the lower 1 to 3 feet of water.
Bottom soil Herbicide applications may be made to the bottom soil of a drained pond,
surface lake, or channel.
Aquatic herbicides generally are available in sprayable or granular formulations.
Sprayable formulations- Most herbicide formulations must be mixed with water and applied
so that they disperse evenly. These include-
 WSP- water soluble powders that dissolve and form true solutions in water.
 WP- wettable powders form suspensions in water. The particles do not dissolve.
 EC- emulsifiable concentrates form milky white "oil-in-water" emulsions

Granular formulations (G)- are small clay-based pellets that carry the active ingredient on
or in the product. They are usually distributed by some sort of slinger-spreader and sink to the
bottom. Slow-release granules or pellets release the pesticide active ingredient over an
extended period of time.
Weed control in static water
Floating and immersed weeds can be killed with direct sprays on the foliage applied
from a boat or the shore.
Submersed weeds and algae can be treated using sprays or granular formulations.
Sprays are applied as water surface treatments, particularly in shallow water. The herbicide is
then dispersed by diffusion, thermal currents, and wave action. Good control depends upon
good dispersion of the chemical in the water. Granules are used primarily to control algae or
submersed weeds. They sink to the bottom and work about the same manner as bottom soil
treatments. Application rates for granules are given as amount per unit of surface area or as a
concentration in ppm. They must be broadcast evenly over the water surface for best results.
Advantages to granular formulations include
 treatment is confined to the bottom are where submersed weeds are

 slow-release formulations can provide extended control
 low concentrations of herbicides can be used
 toxicity to fish may be reduced
Weed Control in Large Impoundments
Herbicides that work well in small bodies of water may perform poorly in large
impoundments because of much greater water movement by thermal currents and wave
action. In these cases, weed control may be improved by
 using maximum recommended rates

 treating relatively large areas at one time
 apply when winds are at a minimum
 use bottom treatments in deep water
 select herbicides that are absorbed quickly by the plants

Weed Control in Limited-Flow Waterways
Flood drainage canals, sloughs, and drains are good examples of limited-flow
waterways. Weed control methods in these systems are very similar to those for static water.
Evaluate the possibility of contamination when planning herbicide use. In some areas,
drainage water may flow onto crop land or into drinking water supplies.
Secondary and Environmental Effects of Aquatic Pesticide Applications
Incorrect applications of herbicides in water may pose serious hazards to humans,

wildlife, fish, and desirable plant life. Select the correct herbicide and apply it at the proper
rate. Follow all restrictions on the label. Water has many uses and herbicides will not always
remain where they are applied.
Improper applications can kill fish directly or deplete the oxygen concentration excessively if
the plants die too quickly. Decomposition of dead fish can contaminate downstream water
supplies. Water may be unsuitable for humans, animals, or irrigation.
In static water- ponds, lakes, reservoirs
If application rates are too low in a static water situation, weed control may be
unsatisfactory. Excessive application rates may kill fish or exclude livestock from use of the
water for a period of time. Use of water supplies for irrigation may not be possible for an
indefinite period of time. However, little effect would probably be observed as far as
downstream hazards are concerned, since little or no outflow normally occurs.
In limited-flow water
Improper application rates could result in contamination of downstream water used by

municipalities or communities for domestic water supplies. The hazardous condition would
exist whether limited-flow water sources were treated with an application rate too low to
accomplish a desired kill of vegetation or if the rate were excessive. Use of excessive rates
might result in a fish kill that could affect downstream water supplies through bacteria from
decay and decomposition of dead fish.

In moving water
Application of pesticides to moving waters may lead to at least temporary

contamination of downstream water supplies which may be utilized for domestic
consumption. In addition, the pesticide, though applied locally for pest control, is certain to
move to other areas of the stream and affect various aquatic organisms.
Faulty Application
There are two major hazards involved in faulty application of pesticides: (1) damage
to non-target organisms (2) unsatisfactory control. For example, it would be hopeless to apply
granular herbicides in fast moving water, whereas they might work quite well in static water
impoundments and even in limited-flow water situations. All currently registered herbicides
employed for aquatic weed control are rated as slightly toxic, or non-toxic to fish, birds,
insects, and other aquatic organisms so long as proper application rates and techniques are
employed. Pesticide labels should be carefully observed to ensure that the aquatic
environment is not contaminated during pest control efforts.
Limited Area Application
Aquatic weeds may occur in the whole body of water as submersed weeds, or may
appear to cover the whole surface of the water as floating weeds. Conversely, the same weeds
or other pests may occur only in limited areas within a body of water, whether it is a static,
limited-flow, or moving body of water. "Limited area application" implies the advantage of
improved safety to aquatic species, specifically the fish population. If pesticides that are
potentially toxic to the fish population are applied to a limited area, the fish population can
move to untreated water areas and escape potential toxic effects. Also implied in this concept
is that a minimal amount of pesticide is applied. This tends to reduce the potential effect upon
downstream environments in the event of spillover from the treated body of water.
What You Need to Know Before Using a Chemical
The most important considerations before buying and applying a herbicide for aquatic
weed control are these:

 Identity of the weed. This can save you a lot of money because certain chemicals will
work only on certain weeds and not on others. Identification help can be obtained from
your county Extension Service.
 Restrictions on use of water treated with herbicides. Although most aquatic herbicides
break down readily and rapidly in water and pose no threat to human or animal health,
there are waiting periods on the use of water treated with most herbicides. These
restrictions--usually on fishing, swimming, domestic use, livestock watering or irrigation-
-dictate which herbicides will be appropriate for your pond or lake. Always check the
herbicide label for possible restrictions.
 Dosage. Calculate carefully, and don't overdo it. Most aquatic herbicide labels give
dosages on the basis of acre-feet (volume measurement). Acre-feet is calculated by
multiplying the surface area by the average depth. For example, a pond with a surface
acreage of l/2 acre and an average depth of 4 feet contains (4 feet x 1/2 acre) 2 acre-feet.
The herbicide label can then be checked for the amount of chemical to apply per acre -
foot.
 Timing. Late spring is usually the best time to apply aquatic herbicides. The plants are
young and actively growing and most susceptible to herbicides. Do not wait until July or
August! If you wait until late summer to treat, you are running a serious risk of killing
fish. By that time, the vegetation is usually extensive and thick. Also the water is warm
and still. Killing all vegetation at once under these conditions could seriously deplete the
water of its oxygen and cause a fish kill. If you must treat this late in the summer, treat
only a portion of the weed growth at a time.
 Temperature. Aquatic weeds are not affected by herbicides when the water is too cold.
The water temperature should be in the 60's, preferably the upper 60's (in the area to be
treated). These temperatures usually occur from late April to early June. This means that
as soon as the plants are up and actively growing, and if the water temperature is right,
the herbicide should be applied.
 Retreatment. More than one treatment may be required for adequate control. Retreatment
is usually required in succeeding years. Plants can regenerate each spring from seeds,
spores, and underground rhizomes. These structures generally are not affected by aquatic
herbicides. Also, new plants can sprout from seeds.

CHPATER 3
COMPONENTS USED
Aqua arc weed remover includes
 Belt conveyor
 DC motor (Brushless motor)
 Cylinder roller
 Transmitter and Receiver
 Battery (Lipo Battery)
 30 A Esc
 3*3 S9 T-Slotted Aluminium frame
 8mm to 8mm Coupling
 Y Servo connector
It is just a prototype of weed removing machine named as Aqua arc. It includes a chain
conveyor driving using high torque right angled DC motor. The conveyor is used to collect
the weed from the river. There are two cylinders, which is mounted for press to remove the
water content of the weed. Then the crushed weed is collected in the storage box made up of
multi wood pvc material and there is a pvc pipe attach both left and right side of the machine
for float over the water. The machine is floated over the water with the help of four brushless
motor attached at the tail of the machine and it is connected to a receiver is controlled by a
receiver is controlled by a fly sky six channel transmitter. The storage units are the batteries
of four thousand mah lipo batteries for each of the motors and the base is made up of iron
square tubes of two mm square.
Water weed cutting machine, the structure is made up of iron 3*3 sq pipe and the body of
the machine is made up of 12 mm multi wood because it‘s a pvc material having less weight,
and emax 340kv brushless motors are used for floating the machine through the water we
using brushless motor because of it have less weight and easy to handle through the receiver
MT4114-340kv motors are use here these are thrust motors. This motor can provide upto 2.02
kg thrust good for heavy lifting.

 30 A ESC is used for control the motor

 11 inch carbon propellers are used for good floating control
 12 mm(4) flange bearing used for the cylinders and 12 mm(4) pillow bearing is used
for the conveyor mechanisms.
 T slotted 1 m aluminium frames are used for the frames of the conveyor for easy to
fix the bearing and motor.
 400rpm geared dc motor is used for the conveyor for smooth lifting te weed from the
river to the pressing cylinders this motor have high torque up to 50kg and it has a long
shaft of 8mm dia
 Cyllinders are made up of pvc pipe to reduce the weight of the machine closethe both
end of the pipe and drill through the centre for the shaft then the flange bearing fixed
in the body of the machine
 10 mm neodymium disk magnets are placed below the body of the two cylinders sides
and top portion for prevent the crushing blade from iron particles. These are high
power magnets that we fixed on the body of the machine.
 Crushing motor these are also brushless motor 1000kv waterproof motors are used
for crushing the weed from the cylinder.
 Leadscerwis provided below the crushing unit for push back the cutted weed to the
back side for the equalising the storage. The lead screw is driven by a geared motor.
 Here 8mm to 8mm coupling coupling is used for connecting lead screw to the motor.
 8mm to 10mm coupling is used for connect motor to the conveyor shaft. And also
coupling is used for connecting motor to the cylinder shaft.
 The cylinder is rotated by a motor it is connected to one shaft and ther is two pulley is
connected in the shaft to give the rotation to the cylinder.
3.1 Belt Conveyor
A conveyor belt is the carrying medium of a belt conveyor system (often shortened to belt
conveyor). A belt conveyor system is one of many types of conveyor systems. A belt
conveyor system consists of two or more pulleys (sometimes referred to as drums), with an
endless loop of carrying medium—the conveyor belt—that rotates about them. One or both of
the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The
powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the idler
pulley. There are two main industrial classes of belt conveyors; Those in general material

handling such as those moving boxes along inside a factory and bulk material handling such
as those used to transport large volumes of resources and agricultural materials, such
as grain, salt, coal, ore, sand, overburden and more.
Fig 3.1 Belt conveyor
3.2 DC motor
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current
electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces
produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism,
either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in
part of the motor. Brushless DC motors exhibit reduced energy use, long life, low noise,
compact size and light weight characteristics. Nidec is the world leader in the development
and production of these high-performance motors.
Brush DC motors have various advantages such as high efficiency, potential to downsize,
ability to run on electric power, and low manufacturing costs. However, these motors have a
number of disadvantages such as noise due to brush friction, generation of sparks and
electrical noise, and limited life due to brush wear. Development of the brushless DC motor
has solved all these problems. In the brushless DC motor, the rotor, made of a permanent
magnet, is driven by the magnetic force of the stator's winding circuit. While the brush DC
motor uses a brush and commutator for current switching, the brushless DC motor uses a
sensor and an electronic circuit for current switching. Development of this motor has been
made possible due to the evolution of the semiconductor and peripheral device technologies.
This motor has advantageous characteristics of DC motors (current and voltage are

respectively proportional to torque and rotating speed) and AC motors (brushless structure).
Features of the brushless DC motor include compact size, high output, long life, and no
generation of sparks and noise, and it is used in a wide range of applications from PCs to
home appliances.
DC motors were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be powered from
existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be
controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the
strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and
appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but is a
lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC motors
are currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, and in drives for
steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of DC motors
with AC motors possible in many applications.
A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an electromagnetic field

aligned with the center of the coil. The direction and magnitude of the magnetic field
produced by the coil can be changed with the direction and magnitude of the current flowing
through it. A simple DC motor has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and
an armature with one or more windings of insulated wire wrapped around a soft iron core that
concentrates the magnetic field. The windings usually have multiple turns around the core,
and in large motors there can be several parallel current paths. The ends of the wire winding
are connected to a commutator. The commutator allows each armature coil to be energized in
turn and connects the rotating coils with the external power supply through brushes.
(Brushless DC motors have electronics that switch the DC current to each coil on and off and
have no brushes.) The total amount of current sent to the coil, the coil's size and what it's
wrapped around dictate the strength of the electromagnetic field created. The sequence of
turning a particular coil on or off dictates what direction the effective electromagnetic fields
are pointed. By turning on and off coils in sequence a rotating magnetic field can be created.
These rotating magnetic fields interact with the magnetic fields of the magnets (permanent
or electromagnets) in the stationary part of the motor (stator) to create a torque on the
armature which causes it to rotate. In some DC motor designs the stator fields use
electromagnets to create their magnetic fields which allow greater control over the motor.

At high power levels, DC motors are almost always cooled using forced air. Different
number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are connected provide different
inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can be controlled
by changing the voltage applied to the armature. The introduction of variable resistance in the
armature circuit or field circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC motors are often
controlled by power electronics systems which adjust the voltage by "chopping" the DC
current into on and off cycles which have an effective lower voltage.
Since the series-wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low speed, it is often
used in traction applications such as electric locomotives, and trams. The DC motor was the
mainstay of electric traction drives on both electric and diesel-electric locomotives, street-
cars/trams and diesel electric drilling rigs for many years. The introduction of DC motors and
an electrical grid system to run machinery starting in the 1870s started a new second
Industrial Revolution. DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries, providing
the motive power for the first electric vehicles and today's hybrid cars and electric cars as
well as driving a host of cordless tools. Today DC motors are still found in applications as
small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel rolling mills and paper
machines. Large DC motors with separately excited fields were generally used with winder
drives for mine hoists, for high torque as well as smooth speed control using thyristor drives.
These are now replaced with large AC motors with variable frequency drives.
If external mechanical power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC generator,

a dynamo. This feature is used to slow down and recharge batteries on hybrid car and electric
cars or to return electricity back to the electric grid used on a street car or electric powered
train line when they slow down. This process is called regenerative braking on hybrid and
electric cars. In diesel electric locomotives they also use their DC motors as generators to
slow down but dissipate the energy in resistor stacks. Newer designs are adding large battery
packs to recapture some of this energy.
The brushed DC electric motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to
the motor by using internal commutation, stationary magnets (permanent or electromagnets),
and rotating electromagnets. Advantages of a brushed DC motor include low initial cost, high
reliability, and simple control of motor speed. Disadvantages are high maintenance and low
life-span for high intensity uses. Maintenance involves regularly replacing the carbon brushes
and springs which carry the electric current, as well as cleaning or replacing the commutator.

These components are necessary for transferring electrical power from outside the motor to
the spinning wire windings of the rotor inside the motor.
Brushes are usually made of graphite or carbon, sometimes with added dispersed
copper to improve conductivity. In use, the soft brush material wears to fit the diameter of the
commutator, and continues to wear. A brush holder has a spring to maintain pressure on the
brush as it shortens. For brushes intended to carry more than an ampere or two, a flying lead
will be molded into the brush and connected to the motor terminals. Very small brushes may
rely on sliding contact with a metal brush holder to carry current into the brush, or may rely
on a contact spring pressing on the end of the brush. The brushes in very small, short-lived
motors, such as are used in toys, may be made of a folded strip of metal that contacts the
commutator.
Typical brushless DC motors use one or more permanent magnets in the rotor
and electromagnets on the motor housing for the stator. A motor controller converts DC
to AC. This design is mechanically simpler than that of brushed motors because it eliminates
the complication of transferring power from outside the motor to the spinning rotor. The
motor controller can sense the rotor's position via Hall effect sensors or similar devices and
can precisely control the timing, phase, etc., of the current in the rotor coils to optimize
torque, conserve power, regulate speed, and even apply some braking. Advantages of
brushless motors include long life span, little or no maintenance, and high efficiency.
Disadvantages include high initial cost, and more complicated motor speed controllers. Some
such brushless motors are sometimes referred to as "synchronous motors" although they have
no external power supply to be synchronized with, as would be the case with normal AC
synchronous motors.
A PM motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame, instead relying on
PMs to provide the magnetic field against which the rotor field interacts to produce torque.
Compensating windings in series with the armature may be used on large motors to improve
commutation under load. Because this field is fixed, it cannot be adjusted for speed control.
PM fields (stators) are convenient in miniature motors to eliminate the power consumption of
the field winding. Most larger DC motors are of the "dynamo" type, which have stator
windings. Historically, PMs could not be made to retain high flux if they were disassembled;
field windings were more practical to obtain the needed amount of flux. However, large PMs
are costly, as well as dangerous and difficult to assemble; this favors wound fields for large
machines.

Fig 3.2 Brushless DC motor
To minimize overall weight and size, miniature PM motors may use high energy
magnets made with neodymium or other strategic elements; most such are neodymium-iron-
boron alloy. With their higher flux density, electric machines with high-energy PMs are at
least competitive with all optimally designed singly fed synchronous and induction electric
machines. Miniature motors resemble the structure in the illustration, except that they have at
least three rotor poles (to ensure starting, regardless of rotor position) and their outer housing
is a steel tube that magnetically links the exteriors of the curved field magnets.
There are three types of electrical connections between the stator and rotor possible
for DC electric motors: series, shunt/parallel and compound (various blends of series and
shunt/parallel) and each has unique speed/torque characteristics appropriate for different
loading torque profiles/signatures.[1] A series DC motor connects the armature and field
windings in series with a common D.C. power source. The motor speed varies as a non-linear
function of load torque and armature current; current is common to both the stator and rotor
yielding current squared (I^2) behavior. A series motor has very high starting torque and is
commonly used for starting high inertia loads, such as trains, elevators or hoists. [2] This
speed/torque characteristic is useful in applications such as dragline excavators, where the
digging tool moves rapidly when unloaded but slowly when carrying a heavy load.
A series motor should never be started at no load. With no mechanical load on the
series motor, the current is low, the counter-Electro motive force produced by the field
winding is weak, and so the armature must turn faster to produce sufficient counter-EMF to
balance the supply voltage. The motor can be damaged by over speed. This is called a
runaway condition. Series motors called universal motors can be used on alternating current.

Since the armature voltage and the field direction reverse at the same time, torque continues
to be produced in the same direction. However they run at a lower speed with lower torque on
AC supply when compared to DC due to reactance voltage drop in AC which is not present in
DC.[3]Since the speed is not related to the line frequency, universal motors can develop
higher-than-synchronous speeds, making them lighter than induction motors of the same
rated mechanical output. This is a valuable characteristic for hand-held power tools.
Universal motors for commercial utility are usually of small capacity, not more than about
1 kW output. However, much larger universal motors were used for electric locomotives, fed
by special low-frequency traction power networks to avoid problems with commutation
under heavy and varying loads.
A shunt DC motor connects the armature and field windings in parallel or shunt with a
common D.C. power source. This type of motor has good speed regulation even as the load
varies, but does not have the starting torque of a series DC motor.[4] It is typically used for
industrial, adjustable speed applications, such as machine tools, winding/unwinding machines
and tensioners. A compound DC motor connects the armature and fields windings in a shunt
and a series combination to give it characteristics of both a shunt and a series DC
motor.[5] This motor is used when both a high starting torque and good speed regulation is
needed. The motor can be connected in two arrangements: cumulatively or differentially.
Cumulative compound motors connect the series field to aid the shunt field, which provides
higher starting torque but less speed regulation. Differential compound DC motors have good
speed regulation and are typically operated at constant speed.
3.3 Cylinderical Roller

A rolling-element bearing, also known as a rolling bearing,[1] is a bearing which carries a
load by placing rolling elements (such as balls or rollers) between two bearing rings
called races. The relative motion of the races causes the rolling elements to roll with very
little rolling resistance and with little sliding. One of the earliest and best-known rolling-
element bearings are sets of logs laid on the ground with a large stone block on top. As the
stone is pulled, the logs roll along the ground with little sliding friction. As each log comes
out the back, it is moved to the front where the block then rolls on to it. It is possible to
imitate such a bearing by placing several pens or pencils on a table and placing an item on top
of them. See "bearings" for more on the historical development of bearings.

A rolling element rotary bearing uses a shaft in a much larger hole, and cylinders
called "rollers" tightly fill the space between the shaft and hole. As the shaft turns, each roller
acts as the logs in the above example. However, since the bearing is round, the rollers never
fall out from under the load. Rolling-element bearings have the advantage of a good tradeoff
between cost, size, weight, carrying capacity, durability, accuracy, friction, and so on. Other
bearing designs are often better on one specific attribute, but worse in most other attributes,
although fluid bearings can sometimes simultaneously outperform on carrying capacity,
durability, accuracy, friction, rotation rate and sometimes cost. Only plain bearings are used
as widely as rolling-element bearings.
Roller bearings are the earliest known type of rolling-element-bearing, dating back to
at least 40 BC. Common roller bearings use cylinders of slightly greater length than diameter.
Roller bearings typically have higher radial load capacity than ball bearings, but a lower
capacity and higher friction under axial loads. If the inner and outer races are misaligned, the
bearing capacity often drops quickly compared to either a ball bearing or a spherical roller
bearing. As in all radial bearings, the outer load is continuously re-distributed among the
rollers. Often, only less than half of the total number of rollers carries a significant portion of
the load at all time. The animation on the right shows how a static radial load is supported by
the bearing rollers as the inner ring rotates.
Fig 3.3 Cyllinderical roller

3.4Electronic Speed Control (30A ESC)
An electronic speed control or ESC is an electronic circuit that controls and regulates the
speed of an electric motor. It may also provide reversing of the motor and dynamic braking.
Miniature electronic speed controls are used in electrically powered radio controlled models.
Full-size electric vehicles also have systems to control the speed of their drive motors. An
electronic speed control follows a speed reference signal (derived from a throttle lever,
joystick, or other manual input) and varies the switching rate of a network of field effect
transistors (FETs) .[1] By adjusting the duty cycle or switching frequency of the transistors,
the speed of the motor is changed. The rapid switching of the transistors is what causes the
motor itself to emit its characteristic high-pitched whine, especially noticeable at lower
speeds.
Different types of speed controls are required for brushed DC motors and brushless DC
motors. A brushed motor can have its speed controlled by varying the voltage on its armature.
(Industrially, motors with electromagnet field windings instead of permanent magnets can
also have their speed controlled by adjusting the strength of the motor field current.) A
brushless motor requires a different operating principle. The speed of the motor is varied by
adjusting the timing of pulses of current delivered to the several windings of the motor.
Fig 3.4 30A ESC
Brushless ESC systems basically create three-phase AC power, as in a variable

frequency drive , to run brushless motors. Brushless motors are popular with radio controlled
airplane hobbyists because of their efficiency, power, longevity and light weight in
comparison to traditional brushed motors. Brushless AC motor controllers are much more
complicated than brushed motor controllers.[2] The correct phase varies with the motor

rotation, which is to be taken into account by the ESC: Usually, back EMF from the motor is
used to detect this rotation, but variations exist that use magnetic (Hall effect) or optical
detectors. Computer-programmable speed controls generally have user-specified options
which allow setting low voltage cut-off limits, timing, acceleration, braking and direction of
rotation. Reversing the motor's direction may also be accomplished by switching any two of
the three leads from the ESC to the motor.
ESCs are normally rated according to maximum current, for example, 25 amperes or
25 A. Generally the higher the rating, the larger and heavier the ESC tends to be which is a
factor when calculating mass and balance in airplanes. Many modern ESCs support nickel
metal hydride, lithium ion polymer and lithium iron phosphate batteries with a range of input
and cut-off voltages. The type of battery and number of cells connected is an important
consideration when choosing a battery eliminator circuit (BEC), whether built into the
controller or as a stand-alone unit. A higher number of cells connected will result in a
reduced power rating and therefore a lower number of servos supported by an integrated
BEC, if it uses a linear voltage regulator. A well designed BEC using a switching regulator
should not have a similar limitation.
A motor used in an electric bicycle application requires high initial torque and therefore uses
Hall sensor commutation for speed measurement. Electric bicycle controllers generally use
brake application sensors, pedal rotation sensors and provide potentiometer-adjustable motor
speed, closed-loop speed control for precise speed regulation, protection logic for over-
voltage, over-current, and thermal protection. Sometimes pedal torque sensors are used to
enable motor assist proportional to applied torque and sometimes support is provided
for regenerative braking but infrequent braking and the low mass of bicycles limits recovered
energy. An implementation is described in an [3] for a 200 W, 24 V Brushless DC (BLDC)
motor.[4]
A transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which produces radio

waves with an antenna. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current,
which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates
radio waves. Transmitters are necessary component parts of all electronic devices that
communicate by radio, such as radio and television broadcastingstations, cell phones, walkie-
talkies, wireless computer networks, Bluetooth enabled devices, garage door openers, two-
way radios in aircraft, ships, spacecraft, radar sets and navigational beacons. The
term transmitter is usually limited to equipment that generates radio waves

for communication purposes; or radiolocation, such as radar and navigational transmitters.

Generators of radio waves for heating or industrial purposes, such as microwave
ovens or diathermy equipment, are not usually called transmitters, even though they often
have similar circuits.
The term is popularly used more specifically to refer to a broadcast transmitter, a

transmitter used in broadcasting, as in FM radio transmitteror television transmitter. This
usage typically includes both the transmitter proper, the antenna, and often the building it is
housed in. A transmitter can be a separate piece of electronic equipment, or an electrical
circuit within another electronic device. A transmitter and a receiver combined in one unit is
called a transceiver. The term transmitter is often abbreviated "XMTR" or "TX" in technical
documents. The purpose of most transmitters is radio communication of information over a
distance. The information is provided to the transmitter in the form of an electronic signal,
such as an audio (sound) signal from a microphone, a video (TV) signal from a video camera,
or in wireless networking devices, a digital signal from a computer. The transmitter combines
the information signal to be carried with the radio frequency signal which generates the radio
waves, which is called the carrier signal. This process is called modulation. The information
can be added to the carrier in several different ways, in different types of transmitters. In
an amplitude modulation (AM) transmitter, the information is added to the radio signal by
varying its amplitude. In a frequency modulation (FM) transmitter, it is added by varying the
radio signal's frequency slightly. Many other types of modulation are also used.
The radio signal from the transmitter is applied to the antenna, which radiates the energy
as radio waves. The antenna may be enclosed inside the case or attached to the outside of the
transmitter, as in portable devices such as cell phones, walkie-talkies, and garage door
openers. In more powerful transmitters, the antenna may be located on top of a building or on
a separate tower, and connected to the transmitter by a feed line, that is a transmission line.
Electromagnetic waves are radiated by electric charges undergoing acceleration.[1][2] Radio
waves, electromagnetic waves of radio frequency, are generated by time-varying electric
currents, consisting of electrons flowing through a metal conductor called an antennawhich
are changing their velocity or direction and thus accelerating.[2] An alternating
current flowing back and forth in an antenna will create an oscillating magnetic field around
the conductor. The alternating voltage will also charge the ends of the conductor alternately
positive and negative, creating an oscillating electric field around the conductor. If
the frequency of the oscillations is high enough, in the radio frequency range above about

20 kHz, the oscillating coupled electric and magnetic fields will radiate away from the
antenna into space as an electromagnetic wave, a radio wave.
A radio transmitter is an electronic circuit which transforms electric power from a power
source into a radio frequency alternating current to apply to the antenna, and the antenna
radiates the energy from this current as radio waves. The transmitter also impresses
information such as an audio or video signal onto the radio frequency current to be carried by
the radio waves. When they strike the antenna of a radio receiver, the waves excite similar
(but less powerful) radio frequency currents in it. The radio receiver extracts the information
from the received waves.
3.5 Battery (Lipo Battery)
A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external

connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones,
and electric cars.[1] When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is
the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode.[2] The terminal marked negative is the
source of electrons that will flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal.
When a battery is connected to an external electric load, a redox reaction converts high-
energy reactants to lower-energy products, and the free-energy difference is delivered to the
external circuit as electrical energy.[3] Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a
device composed of multiple cells, however the usage has evolved to include devices
composed of a single cell.[4]
Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded;

the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are
the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic
devices. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times
using an applied electric current; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by
reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-
ion batteries used for portable electronics such as laptops and smartphones.
A lithium polymer battery, or more correctly lithium-ion polymer battery (abbreviated

as LiPo, LIP, Li-poly, lithium-polyand others), is a rechargeable battery of lithium-
ion technology using a polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte. High conductivity
semisolid (gel) polymers form this electrolyte. These batteries provide higher specific
energy than other lithium battery types and are used in applications where weight is a critical

feature, like mobile devices and radio-controlled aircraft. Just as with other lithium-ion cells,
LiPos work on the principle of intercalation and de-intercalation of lithium ions from a
positive electrode material and a negative electrode material, with the liquid electrolyte
providing a conductive medium. To prevent the electrodes from touching each other directly,
a microporous separator is in between which allows only the ions and not the electrode
particles to migrate from one side to the other.
Fig 3.5 Lipo battery
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing
aids and wristwatches to small, thin cells used in smart phones, to large lead acid batteries or
lithium-ion batteries in vehicles, and at the largest extreme, huge battery banks the size of
rooms that provide standby or emergency power for telephone exchanges and computer data
centers. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates
US$48 billion in sales each year,[5] with 6% annual growth. Batteries have much
lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than common fuels such as gasoline. In
automobiles, this is somewhat offset by the higher efficiency of electric motors in converting
chemical energy to mechanical work, compared to combustion engines.
The usage of "battery" to describe a group of electrical devices dates to Benjamin

Franklin, who in 1748 described multiple Leyden jars by analogy to a battery of
cannon[6] (Benjamin Franklin borrowed the term "battery" from the military, which refers to
weapons functioning together[7]). Italian physicist Alessandro Volta built and described the

first electrochemical battery, the voltaic pile, in 1800.[8] This was a stack of copper and zinc
plates, separated by brine-soaked paper disks, that could produce a steady current for a
considerable length of time. Volta did not understand that the voltage was due to chemical
reactions. He thought that his cells were an inexhaustible source of energy,[9] and that the
associated corrosion effects at the electrodes were a mere nuisance, rather than an
unavoidable consequence of their operation, as Michael Faraday showed in 1834.[10]
Although early batteries were of great value for experimental purposes, in practice
their voltages fluctuated and they could not provide a large current for a sustained period.
The Daniell cell, invented in 1836 by British chemist John Frederic Daniell, was the first
practical source of electricity, becoming an industry standard and seeing widespread adoption
as a power source for electrical telegraph networks.[11] It consisted of a copper pot filled with
a copper sulfate solution, in which was immersed an unglazed earthenware container filled
with sulfuric acid and a zinc electrode.[12]
These wet cells used liquid electrolytes, which were prone to leakage and spillage if
not handled correctly. Many used glass jars to hold their components, which made them
fragile and potentially dangerous. These characteristics made wet cells unsuitable for portable
appliances. Near the end of the nineteenth century, the invention of dry cell batteries, which
replaced the liquid electrolyte with a paste, made portable electrical devices practical.[13]
Batteries convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy. In many cases, the
electrical energy released is the difference in the cohesive [14] or bond energies of the metals,
oxides, or molecules undergoing the electrochemical reaction.[3] For instance, energy can be
stored in Zn or Li, which are high-energy metals because they are not stabilized by d-electron
bonding, unlike transition metals. Batteries are designed such that the energetically
favorable redox reaction can occur only if electrons move through the external part of the
circuit. A battery consists of some number of voltaic cells. Each cell consists of two half-
cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing metal cations. One half-cell
includes electrolyte and the negative electrode, the electrode to which anions (negatively
charged ions) migrate; the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the positive electrode, to
which cations (positively charged ions) migrate. Cations are reduced (electrons are added) at
the cathode, while metal atoms are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode.[15] Some
cells use different electrolytes for each half-cell; then a separator is used to prevent mixing of
the electrolytes while allowing ions to flow between half-cells to complete the electrical

circuit. Each half-cell has an electromotive force (emf, measured in volts) relative to
a standard. The net emf of the cell is the difference between the emfs of its halfcells.[16]
The electrical driving force or across the terminals of a cell is known as

the terminal voltage (difference) and is measured in volts.[18] The terminal voltage of a cell
that is neither charging nor discharging is called the open-circuit voltage and equals the emf
of the cell. Because of internal resistance,[19] the terminal voltage of a cell that is discharging
is smaller in magnitude than the open-circuit voltage and the terminal voltage of a cell that is
charging exceeds the open-circuit voltage.[20] An ideal cell has negligible internal resistance,
so it would maintain a constant terminal voltage of until exhausted, then dropping to

zero. If such a cell maintained 1.5 volts and produce a charge of one coulomb then on
complete discharge it would have performed 1.5 joules of work.[18] In actual cells, the internal
resistance increases under discharge[19] and the open-circuit voltage also decreases under
discharge. If the voltage and resistance are plotted against time, the resulting graphs typically
are a curve; the shape of the curve varies according to the chemistry and internal arrangement
employed.
The voltage developed across a cell's terminals depends on the energy release of the
chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte. Alkaline and zinc–carbon cells have
different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.5 volts;
likewise NiCd and NiMH cells have different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of
1.2 volts.[21] The high electrochemical potential changes in the reactions
of lithium compounds give lithium cells emfs of 3 volts or more.[22] Batteries
convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy. In many cases, the electrical energy
released is the difference in the cohesive [14] or bond energies of the metals, oxides, or
molecules undergoing the electrochemical reaction.[3] For instance, energy can be stored in
Zn or Li, which are high-energy metals because they are not stabilized by d-electron bonding,
unlike transition metals. Batteries are designed such that the energetically
favorable redox reaction can occur only if electrons move through the external part of the
circuit.
A battery consists of some number of voltaic cells. Each cell consists of two half-
cells connected in series by a conductive electrolytecontaining metal cations. One half-cell
includes electrolyte and the negative electrode, the electrode to which anions (negatively
charged ions) migrate; the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the positive electrode, to

which cations (positively charged ions) migrate. Cations are reduced (electrons are added) at
the cathode, while metal atoms are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode.[15] Some
cells use different electrolytes for each half-cell; then a separator is used to prevent mixing of
the electrolytes while allowing ions to flow between half-cells to complete the electrical
circuit.
Each half-cell has an electromotive force (emf, measured in volts) relative to

a standard. The net emf of the cell is the difference between the emfs of its half-
cells.[16] Thus, if the electrodes have emfs and , then the net emf is ; in other words, the net
emf is the difference between the reduction potentials of the half-reactions.[17]
The electrical driving force or across the terminals of a cell is known as the terminal
voltage (difference) and is measured in volts. The terminal voltage of a cell that is neither
charging nor discharging is called the open-circuit voltage and equals the emf of the cell.
Because of internal resistance,[19] the terminal voltage of a cell that is discharging is smaller
in magnitude than the open-circuit voltage and the terminal voltage of a cell that is charging
exceeds the open-circuit voltage. An ideal cell has negligible internal resistance, so it would
maintain a constant terminal voltage of until exhausted, then dropping to zero. If such a cell
maintained 1.5 volts and produce a charge of one coulomb then on complete discharge it
would have performed 1.5 joules of work.[18] In actual cells, the internal resistance increases
under discharge and the open-circuit voltage also decreases under discharge. If the voltage
and resistance are plotted against time, the resulting graphs typically are a curve; the shape of
the curve varies according to the chemistry and internal arrangement employed.
The voltage developed across a cell's terminals depends on the energy release of the
chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte. Alkaline and zinc–carbon cells have
different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.5 volts;
likewise NiCd and NiMH cells have different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of
1.2 volts.[21] The high electrochemical potential changes in the reactions
of lithium compounds give lithium cells emfs of 3 volts or more.[22]
Batteries are classified into primary and secondary forms:
 Primary batteries are designed to be used until exhausted of energy then discarded. Their
chemical reactions are generally not reversible, so they cannot be recharged. When the
supply of reactants in the battery is exhausted, the battery stops producing current and is
useless.[23]

 Secondary batteries can be recharged; that is, they can have their chemical reactions
reversed by applying electric current to the cell. This regenerates the original chemical
reactants, so they can be used, recharged, and used again multiple times.[24]
Some types of primary batteries used, for example, for telegraph circuits, were restored to
operation by replacing the electrodes.[25] Secondary batteries are not indefinitely rechargeable
due to dissipation of the active materials, loss of electrolyte and internal corrosion.
Primary batteries, or primary cells, can produce current immediately on assembly.

These are most commonly used in portable devices that have low current drain, are used only
intermittently, or are used well away from an alternative power source, such as in alarm and
communication circuits where other electric power is only intermittently available.
Disposable primary cells cannot be reliably recharged, since the chemical reactions are not
easily reversible and active materials may not return to their original forms. Battery
manufacturers recommend against attempting to recharge primary cells.[26] In general, these
have higher energy densities than rechargeable batteries,[27] but disposable batteries do not
fare well under high-drain applications with loads under 75 ohms (75 Ω). Common types of
disposable batteries include zinc–carbon batteries and alkaline batteries.
Secondary batteries, also known as secondary cells, or rechargeable batteries, must

be charged before first use; they are usually assembled with active materials in the discharged
state. Rechargeable batteries are (re)charged by applying electric current, which reverses the
chemical reactions that occur during discharge/use. Devices to supply the appropriate current
are called chargers.
The oldest form of rechargeable battery is the lead–acid battery, which are widely
used in automotive and boating applications. This technology contains liquid electrolyte in an
unsealed container, requiring that the battery be kept upright and the area be well ventilated
to ensure safe dispersal of the hydrogen gas it produces during overcharging. The lead–acid
battery is relatively heavy for the amount of electrical energy it can supply. Its low
manufacturing cost and its high surge current levels make it common where its capacity (over
approximately 10 Ah) is more important than weight and handling issues. A common
application is the modern car battery, which can, in general, deliver a peak current of
450 amperes.
The sealed valve regulated lead–acid battery (VRLA battery) is popular in the automotive
industry as a replacement for the lead–acid wet cell. The VRLA battery uses an

immobilized sulfuric acid electrolyte, reducing the chance of leakage and extending shelf
life.[28] VRLA batteries immobilize the electrolyte. The two types are:
 Gel batteries (or "gel cell") use a semi-solid electrolyte.

 Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) batteries absorb the electrolyte in a special fiberglass
matting.
Other portable rechargeable batteries include several sealed "dry cell" types, that are
useful in applications such as mobile phones and laptop computers. Cells of this type (in
order of increasing power density and cost) include nickel–cadmium (NiCd), nickel–
zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride(NiMH), and lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells. Li-ion has by far the
highest share of the dry cell rechargeable market. NiMH has replaced NiCd in most
applications due to its higher capacity, but NiCd remains in use in power tools, two-way
radios, and medical equipment. In the 2000s, developments include batteries with embedded
electronics such as USBCELL, which allows charging an AA battery through
a USB connector,[29] nanoball batteriesthat allow for a discharge rate about 100x greater than
current batteries, and smart battery packs with state-of-charge monitors and battery protection
circuits that prevent damage on over-discharge. Low self-discharge (LSD) allows secondary
cells to be charged prior to shipping.
Battery is a major supplier of electricity to the electrical system scooters. It is an

electrical device that converts chemical energy into electricity. [10] Without battery, electric
scooter will not work. Batteries are divided into two types which are rechargeable batteries
and disposable batteries (which is can not be charge). Electric scooters usually use
rechargeable batteries because these batteries more durable and economical. Its advantage is
it can deliver high electrical current for starting an engine. However, it runs down quickly
and need to be charge about 1 hour and 20 minutes. For this electric scooter, two batteries
will be used and connected in series to produce larger input supply which is equal to 24V.
The types of rechargeable batteries are:

 Seal Lead Acid Battery (SLA)
 Nickel Cadmium Battery (NiCd)
 Nickel Metal Hydride Battery (NiMH)
 Lithium-ion Battery
 Lithium-ion Polymer

There are three main considerations in choosing battery:

 Cost
 Performance for a given application, and
 Environmental friendly.
Seal Lead Acid Battery (SLA) is used for this electric scooter. The model of the battery is
GPP1272. SLA is the most economical for larger power applications where weight is of little
concern.

CHAPTER 4
DESIGN PROCESS
4.1 Working
A mechanical water hyacinth remover or harvester a type of small vegetation cutting

machine used for a variety of tasks, including aquatic plant cutting, and this small pieces
collecting and trash removal in rivers, lakes, bays, and harbours. Harvesters are designed to
cut, collect and unload vegetation and debris using a cutters, guide, and conveyor system on
ship, we built a small prototype so it has adjustable to the small appropriate cutting height, up
to 0.5 feet below the surface of the water. Cutter bars cut, and collect material and bring it
aboard the vessel using the conveyor; when the conveyor has reached capacity, cut material is
transported to a disposal site (ship) although the conveyor continuously operate so no matter
quantity of the vegetation it can transfer also small amount of vegetation and offloaded using
the conveyor. Cutter are typically driven by a 12 volt Direct current motor which has 100
rpm, motor provide powers to a cutter bars with the help of pulley arrangement and the
conveyor system is driven by 200 rpm motor having capacity or torque of 35 kg-cm. Drive
roller is powered by this 200 rpm motor having very high torque. Power is transmitted by
means of belt and pulley arrangement. Pulley having diameter of 50mm. Drive roller are
mounted on top side of the secondary frame with UCFL 204 two bolted bearings as shown in
fig. Also Driven roller is mounted on secondary frame which is fixed on main frame with an
angle of 30 degree to the base of main frame. Driven roller is hollow cylindrical pipe with
rubber coating on it is generally driven by the drive roller. Belt of P.U. material is arranged or
moving on the rollers. Belt is tighten by the driven roller which is linearly move in secondary
frame. It is important that belt will be in proper tension, otherwise only roller rotates and belt
will be idle. When the cutter rotates and cuts the hyacinth grass. The harvested grass is then
transported to the belt. The belt is rotated continuously with the help of drive and driven
roller assembly. Due to this continuous rotation of rollers harvested grass is also continuously
transferred from lower end to the upper end of the system. This harvested hyacinth grass is
then collected in container and this cycle continues till complete removal of material.

4.2 Mechanical Design
DESIGN OF ROLLER SHAFT:
ASME Code for Design of Shaft Since the loads on most shafts in connected
machinery are not constant, it is necessary to make proper allowance for the harmful effects
of loads fluctuations. According to ASME code permissible values of shear stress may be
calculated from various relations. Fs max = 0.18 Sut
= 0.18 x 40
= 7.2 N/mm2 Or
Fs max = 0.30 Syt = 0.30 x 25 = 7.5 N/mm2
Considering the minimum of the minimum of the above values,
Fs max = 7.2 N/mm2
This is the allowable values of shear stress that can be inducted in the shaft material for safe
operation.
TORQUE (T) = 35kg-cm/ 10.19716 = 2.9166N-m
POWER (P) = = POWER (P) = 61.08 W
Diameter of Shaft T = × fs x d3 2.9166×103 = × 7.5 x d3 d = 12.53 mm
Now considering shaft diameter to 15 mm as standard For torsional failure of shaft, a)

Diameter of shaft (d) = 15 mm T = × fs x d3 fs = 16 x 2.9166 x 103/ π x 15 fs = 4.40 N/mm2
(Since, fSmax = 7.5 N/mm2)
As, fSact < fSallowable Therefore, Shaft is safe under torsional load.
Design of conveyor:
Mass capacity of conveyor (M):- Maximum suitable belt inclination (α),
α = tan-1(h/lh) = tan-1(310/550)
α = 30º
From table, select ‗K‘ value K = 2.20 X 10-4

Mass capacity of conveyor (M), M = ρQ = ρk (0.9B - 0.05)2 × V, kg/sec
Where, ρ = density of water hyacinth kg/m3
= 670 kg/m3 k = flowability factor = 2.20 x 10-4 B = belt width = 250 mm = 0.25 m V =
velocity of belt m/sec 4.2.2 Velocity of belt (V), Diameter of Pulley (D) = k1 x k2 x Zp =
1.25 x 40 x 2 =100 mm
Where, k1=Material Factor for plies = 1.25 K2=Belt tension and arc of contact factor = 40
Zp = Number of plies. = 2 V = = (π x 0.1x 200) / 60 = 1.0471 m/s
M = ρk (0.9B-0.05)2 × V = 670 x (2.20 x 10-4) x (0.9 x 0.25-0.05)2 x 1.0471 = 4.7267 x 10-

3 kg/S
M = 17.0162 kg/hr Mm = = (4.7267 x 10-3)/1.0471 Mm = 4.514 x 10-3 kg/m
To calculate power requirement on drive pulley (P0),
F1= Fslack F2 = F1 + Fp1 = F1+ €p1× Fslack = Fslack (1+ €p1) = Fslack (1+ 0.06)
F3 = F2 + Fl = F2 + M = Fslack (1+ 0.06) + (3.544×10-3) F4 = F3 + Fu = Fslack (1+ 0.06) +

Mm ×9.81×h = Fslack (1+ 0.06) + 18.3077 Ftight = F4 + Fp2 = F4+ €p2× F4 = F4 (1+ €p2)
Ftight = Fslack ×1.1236 +19.406 Assume, µ = 0.25 = (180 x ) /180 = 3.1415 rad
As we know, = e (0.25 x3.1415)
Ftight = 2.1932 x Fslack 2.1932 x Fslack = Fslack x 1.1236 + 19.406 Fslack = 17.124 N
Ftight = 37.558 N Power required on drive pulley (P0), P0 = (Ftight - Fslack) x V, W =
(37.558 - 17.124) x 1.0471 P0 = 27.397 W Power rating of standard electric motor selected
is, Pi = 61.08 W.
Factor of Safety for conveyor belt
1)Ftmax = Ftight + Mb x V2 = 37.558+ 1.0412
Ftmax = 38.654 N
2)Fbs = Sut x B x Zp = 200 x 0.25 x 2 Fbs = 100 N
FOS = Fbs / Ftmax = 100 / 38.655 FOS = 2.58

Fig 4.1 Base structure

Fig 4.2 Different materials and part size

Fig 4.2(a) Materials and part size

Fig 4.2(b) Materials and part size

Fig 4.2(c) Materials and part size

Fig 4.3 Structures of different parts

Fig 4.3 (a) Structure

Fig 4.3 (b) Structure

Fig 4.3 (c) Structure

Fig 4.3 (d) Structure

CHAPTER 5
COST OF ESTIMATION

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
A simple definition of an aquatic weed is a plant that grows (usually too densely) in
an area such that it hinders the usefulness or enjoyment of that area. Some common examples
of aquatic plants that can become weeds are the water milfoils, ribbon weeds, and
pondweeds. They may grow in ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, navigation channels, and
seashores, and the growth may be due to a variety of factors such as excess nutrients in the
water or the introduction of rapidly-growing exotic species . The problems caused by aquatic
weeds are many, ranging from unsightly growth and nuisance odors to clogging of
waterways, damage to shipping and underwater equipment, and impairment of water quality .
It is difficult and usually unnecessary to eliminate weeds completely from a lake or stream.
Therefore, aquatic weed control programs usually focus on controlling and maintaining the
prevalence of the weeds at an acceptable level. The methods used in weed control may
include one or a combination of the following: physical removal, mechanical
removal, habitat manipulation, biological controls, and chemical controls.
Physical removal of weeds involves cutting, pulling, or raking weeds by hand. It is

time-consuming and labor-intensive and is most suitable for small areas or for locations that
cannot be reached by machinery. Mechanical removal is accomplished by specialized
harvesting machinery equipped with toothed blades and cutting bars to cut the vegetation,
collect it, and haul it away. It is suitable for off-shore weed removal or to supplement
chemical control. Repeated harvesting is usually necessary and often the harvesting blades
may be limited in the depth or distance that they can reach. Inadvertent dispersal of plant
fragments may also occur and lead to weed establishment in new areas. Operation of the
harvesters may disturb fish habitat. Habitat manipulation involves a variety of innovative
techniques to discourage the establishment and growth of aquatic weeds. Bottom liners of
plastic sheeting placed on lake bottoms can prevent the establishment of rooted plants.
Artificial shading can discourage the growth of shade-intolerant species. Drawdown of the
water level can be used to eliminate some species by desiccation. Dredging to remove
accumulated sediments and organic matter can also delay colonization by new plants.
Biological control methods generally involve the introduction of weed-eating fish,

insects, competing plant species or weed pathogens into an area of high weed growth. While

there are individual success stories (for example, stocking lakes with grass carp), it is difficult
to predict the long-term effects of the introduced species on the native species
and ecology and therefore, biological controls should be used with caution.
Chemical control methods consist of the application of herbicides that may be

either systemic or contact in nature. Systemic herbicides are taken up into the plant and cause
plant death by disrupting its metabolism in various ways. Contact herbicides only kill the
directly exposed portions of the plant, such as the leaves. While herbicides are convenient
and easy to use, they must be selected and used with care at the appropriate times and in the
correct quantities. Sometimes, they may also kill non-target plant species and in some cases,
toxic residues from the degrading herbicide may be ingested and transferred up the food
chain.
Here we successfully designed and developed an aqua arc weed remover to remove
the weeds in water.

REFERENCES
[1] Design& Development Of Rotavator Blade‖, By Subrata Kr. Mandal, Basudeb

Bhattacharyya, Somenath Mukherjee, Priyabratachattopadhyay; 2013.
[2] ―Small Machinery‖, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Ministry Of Agriculture; Department

Of Agriculture & Cooperation Krishibhawan, New Delhi; 2012.
[3] ―THESIS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ROTARY BLADE FOR ROTARY

POWER TILLER UNDER DIFFERENT SOILSIN THAILAND‖, Kasetsart University;
2008.
[4] ―Various Aspects Of Weeders For Economical Cultivation‖, By Mr.Vivek D. Raut,

Prof.B.D.Deshmukh, Prof. Dinesh Dekate; 2013.
[5] ―Static Structural Analysis Of Rotary Weeding Blades Using CAD Software.‖ By
Manjunatha, K., M. Anantachar, Vijayakumar Palled, Sushilendra, K.V. Prakash, Sunil
Shirwal; 2014.
[6] ―Design Data Book‖, PSG College Of Technology, Coimbatore; Kalaikathirachchagam,

Coimbatore; 2012.
[7] ―Design Of Machine Elements‖, V. B. Bhandari; Mcgraw Hill Education (India) Private
Limited; Third Edition, 2013.
[8] Brenzy O, Mehta I, Sharma RK, Studies On Evapotranspiration Of Some Aquatic Weeds.
Weed Science, 1973.
[9] Abbasi SA. Renewable Energy From Aquatic Biomass. In: Processing Of The
International Congress On Renewable Energy Source. CSIE, Madrid. 1987, 60-69.
[10] Devendra Kumar, R.K. Mandloi ―Analysis & Prospects Of Modification In Belt
Conveyors - A Review‖ IJERA Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, Pp.581-587.
[11] VINOD M. BANSODE, ABHAY A. UTPAT ―Fatigue Life Prediction Of A Butt Weld
Joint In A Drum Pulley Assembly Using Non-Linear Static Structural Analysis‖ Dept. Of
Mechanical Engineering, College Of Engineering, Pandharpur, India.

[12] Kathalyn S. Tung ‗The Effectiveness Of Mechanical Control Of Water Hyacinth

(Eichhornia Crassipes)‘
[13] Ratchanon Keawmanee ‗Water Hyacinth - The Green Potential.‘ (5-15-2015)

7.Narasinmha Ramula K And Benargee G, They Provided New Baseline Information On The
Diversity, Distribution And Interspecific Associations Of Floating-Leafed And Submersed
Aquatic Plants In Nagaram Tank, International Journal Of Fisheries And Aquatic Studies
2016.

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Seminar Report AQUA ARC WATER WEED REMOVER

Weed control is the botanical component of pest control, which attempts to

It is just a prototype of weed removing machine named as Aqua arc. It includes a

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -1- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

2.1 Why is aquatic weed control necessary?

Some of the problems caused by aquatic weeds are as follows:

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -2- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

2.2 Water Use Situations

Limited -flow Water Impoundments

Ditches may be intermittently wet or dry, depending upon climatic conditions.

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -3- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

2.3Aquatic Weed Identification

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -4- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

Common underwater weeds are

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -5- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

Rooted floating plants

Emergent (shore or marginal) plants

2.4 Managing Aquatic Weeds

The basic control approaches are

Proper design and construction of ponds is an important factor in preventive control of

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -6- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

3. Chemical Control Methods

Control with Herbicides

Four zones of a body of water may be treated

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -7- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

Treating the bottom 1 to 3 feet of water is especially useful in deep lakes

Aquatic herbicides generally are available in sprayable or granular formulations.

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -8- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

Weed control in static water

Advantages to granular formulations include

 treatment is confined to the bottom are where submersed weeds are

Weed Control in Large Impoundments

 using maximum recommended rates

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -9- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

Weed Control in Limited-Flow Waterways

Secondary and Environmental Effects of Aquatic Pesticide Applications

Incorrect applications of herbicides in water may pose serious hazards to humans,

In static water- ponds, lakes, reservoirs

Improper application rates could result in contamination of downstream water used by

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -10- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

Application of pesticides to moving waters may lead to at least temporary

Limited Area Application

What You Need to Know Before Using a Chemical

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -11- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -12- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

Aqua arc weed remover includes

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -13- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

 30 A ESC is used for control the motor

3.1 Belt Conveyor

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -14- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

Fig 3.1 Belt conveyor

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -15- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an electromagnetic field

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -16- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

If external mechanical power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC generator,

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -17- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -18- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

Fig 3.2 Brushless DC motor

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -19- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

3.3 Cylinderical Roller

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -20- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College

Fig 3.3 Cyllinderical roller

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering -21- Al-Azhar Polytechnic College