Journal of Recent Activities in Architectural Sciences

Volume 1 Issue 3

Mix Proportion of Cementitious material in pervious

concrete

Pankaj R. Teware1 , Shrikant M. Harle2

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Prof Ram Meghe College of Engineering and
Management, Badnera, Maharashtra, India 1 & 2
E-mail ID - shrikantharle@gmail.com

Abstract
Now a days the concrete industry is constantly looking for supplementary cementious
material with the objective of reducing the solid waste disposal problem and economic in
cost. The Fly ash and Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) are among the solid
wastes generated by Thermal power plant and iron manufacturing industry. To overcome
from this crisis, partial replacement of cement with Fly ash and GGBS can be an economic
alternative. And the cement is partially replaced with Fly ash and GGBS by 10%, 20% up to
30%. The effect of paste density on properties of pervious concrete by addition of various
cementitious admixtures such as Fly ash and Ground Granulated blast furnace Slag (GGBS).
So the physical and mechanical properties of pervious concrete will be beneficial for the
forthcoming use of Fly ash and GGBS in the construction field of pervious concrete which
will lead to reduce the cement consumption, environmental issue and environmental benefit.

Keywords : Fly ash, Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), Pervious concrete, slag,
cement

INTRODUCTION
It is the need of an hour to use the other material than natural resources as it is consumed very
heavily by rapid urbanization. The ecosystem should be conserved and the natural resources
should be preserved. To make the concrete permeable the dolomite might be used as the type
of aggregate according to the study by C. Lian, et al. Corresponding author,
AssistantProfessor (MTech), E-mail: shrikantharle@gmail.com
a
MTech, E-mail: pankaj.teware@gmail.com

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 Journal of Recent Activities in Architectural Sciences
Volume 1 Issue 3

Pervious concrete is a mixture of cement, coarse aggregate, water and any other chemical
admixtures, if necessary but it does not include the fine aggregate. Since it has no sand, this
special type of concrete is permeable and also called as porosity concrete (C. Manoj Kumar,
et al, 2015) [1-5].

The pavements are constructed with the help of pervious concrete and it is found to be unique
and it is good method to capture the rainwater and it can be properly lead in to the ground.
But the use of pervious concrete in the pavement has led to the development of lesser strength
than the conventional concrete pavement. Therefore to improve this strength the proper
amount of aggregate and superplasticizers should be used (Maniarasan, et al 2015).

The shape of the aggregate is also very important parameter and when used in the pervious
concrete then the permeability and compressive strength [6-9]. Therefore the shape of the
coarse aggregate plays a very vital role in the manufacture of the pervious concrete. The
angularity number of the aggregate is also a parameter in the concrete (A.K. Jain, et al 2011).

The roads of India face lot of problems like water logging, run off water, etc. If the pervious
concrete is used in such areas then the results can be more promising. The cement can be
replaced by the byproducts like fly ash and slag then there are many benefits to the
environment. The applications can be the green buildings, low volume roads, etc (Husain n
Hamdulay, 2015).

There are three types of pervious concretes usually found and they are pervious concrete,
pervious interlocking concrete pavers and concrete grid pavers (GordanaToplicic-Curcic, et
al, 2015)[9-12]. The pavement is made from the pervious concrete and it was found that it has
lower modulus of elasticity than conventional concrete pavement. Westergaard‟s model and
fatigue analysis of pervious concrete was carried out (Mary Vancura et al, 2011).

The pervious concrete is considered as an environmental protection agency which is used to

provide pollution control and storm management. It is observed that the silica fume is added
in the pervious concrete as a replacement of sand, this gives the considerable increase in
mechanical strength(M. HarshavarthanBalaji, et al 2015).

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 Journal of Recent Activities in Architectural Sciences
Volume 1 Issue 3

MATERIALS
The pervious concrete consists of Portland cement, water and coarse aggregate. To fill up the
voids the paste is also included (Dania M. Abdel-Aziz, 2015)[13-17].The size of coarse
aggregate used should be of uniform size to minimize the surface roughness. Also it should
be noted that water cement ratio should be within the range of 0.27 to 0.34 (Thushara
Priyadarshana)[18-20].

Table 1: Proportion present in products:

Chemical Constituent Portland GGBS
Calcium oxide (CaO) 65% 40%
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 20% 35%
Aluminum trioxide (AI2O3) 5% 10%
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 2% 8%

Effect of these chemical on the pervious concrete, the GGBS can be replaced for Portland
cement in pervious concrete mixes by as much as up to 50% (EN 197–1 allows for up to 50%
replacement).

Table 2: Physical Properties of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)

Sr.No. Properties Values Range As Per IS Code
(1) Specific gravity 2.85 2.30-2.90
(2) Bulk density 1305 1280-1920
(3) Fineness modulus 2.40 2.10-3.20
(4) Water absorption (%) 2.59 0-8

Mix Design Calculations

Mix Proportion For M30 Grade of Pervious Concrete:
Stipulation For Proportioning
 Grade for proportioning: M30
 Type of cement: OPC 43 grade confirming to IS 8112
 Maximum nominal size aggregate: 20 mm
 Minimum cement content: 320 kg/m3
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 Journal of Recent Activities in Architectural Sciences
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 Maximum water cement ratio: 0.35

 Workability: 100 mm (slump)
 Exposure condition: Severe
 Method of concrete placing: Pumping
 Degree of supervision: Good
 Type of aggregate: Crushed angular aggregate
 Maximum cement content: 450 kg/m3

Test Data For Materials

 Cement used: OPC 43 grade conforming to IS 8112
 Specific gravity of cement: 3.15
 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate: 2.74
 Water absorption of coarse aggregate: 0.5%
 Free moisture of coarse aggregate: Nil

Target Strength For Mix Proportion

From table 1, of IS 10262 : 2009, Standard deviation, s = 5 N/mm2
Therefore, target strength = 30 + 1.65 * 5 = 38.25 N/mm2

Selection of Water Cement Ratio

From Table 5, IS 456, Maximum water cement ratio (see Note under 4.1) = 0.45
Based on experience, adopt water cement ratio = 0.35
0.35 < 0.45
Hence, ok.

Selection of Water Content

From Table 2, from IS 10262, 2009,
Maximum water content for 20 mm aggregate = 186 lit ( for 25 to 50 mm slump range)
Estimated water content for 100 mm slump = 186+6/100*186 =197 lit.

Calculations of Cement Content

Water cement ratio = 0.35

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 Journal of Recent Activities in Architectural Sciences
Volume 1 Issue 3

Cement content = 197/0.35= 562.86 kg/m3> 450 kg/m3

Hence, consider cement content = 450 kg/m3………(From IS 456, clause no.8.2.4.2)
From Table 5, of IS 456,
Minimum cement content for „severe‟ exposure condition = 320 kg/m3
450 kg/m3> 320 kg/m3,
Hence, ok.

Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate content

From table 3, of IS 10262: 2009, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20mm size
aggregate (zone) for water-cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.60
In the present case water-cement ratio is 0.35. Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate is
required to be increased. As the water cement ratio is lower by 0.10, the proportion of volume
of coarse aggregate is increased by 0.02. Therefore, corrected proportion of volume of coarse
aggregate for the water-cement ratio of 0.35 = 0.64
Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate = 0.64 * 0.9 = 0.58

Mix Calculation
a. Volume of concrete =1 m3
b. Volume of cement = Mass of cement /Specific gravity of water * 1/1000
= 450/3.15*1/1000
= 0.143 m3
c. Volume of water = Mass of water / Specific gravity of water * 1/1000
=197/1 * 1/1000
= 0.197 m3
d. Volume of all in aggregate = (a-(b+c))
= (1-(0.143+0.197)) = 0.660 m3
e. Mass of coarse aggregate = d * Volume of coarse aggregate * Specific gravity of
Coarse aggregate * 1000
= 0.660 * 0.58 * 2.74 * 1000 = 1048.87 kg = 1050 kg

Mix Proportion
 Cement = 450 kg/m3

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 Journal of Recent Activities in Architectural Sciences
Volume 1 Issue 3

 Water = 197 kg/m3

 Coarse aggregate = 1050 kg
 Water cement ratio = 0.35
 Ratio = (C : S :A) = (1 : 0 : 2.33)

Mix Proportion For M30 Grade Of Concrete By The Replacement of Fly Ash Upto 5%
Stipulation For Proportioning
 Grade designation = M30
 Type of cement = OPC 43 grade confirming to IS 8112
 Type of mineral admixture = Fly ash confirming to IS 3812(part1)
 Maximum nominal size of aggregate = 20 mm
 Cement content (minimum) = 450 kg/m3
 Maximum water – cement ratio = 0.35
 Workability = 100mm (slump)
 Exposure condition = Severe
 Method of concrete placing = Pumping
 Degree of supervision = Good
 Type of aggregate = Angular aggregate
 Maximum cement content = 350 kg/m3

Test Data For Materials

 Cement used = OPC 43 grade conforming to IS 8112
 Specific gravity of cement = 3.15
 Fly ash = Conforming to IS 3812 (Part I)
 Specific gravity of fly ash = 1
 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.74
 Water absorption of coarse aggregate = 0.5%
 Free moisture, coarse aggregate = Nil

Target Strength For Mix Proportioning

f| c k = f c k + 1.65* s

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f | c k = Target average strength of compressive strength at 28 days

f c k = Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days
s = Standard deviation
From table 1, of IS 10262 : 2009, Standard deviation, s = 5 N/mm2
Therefore, target strength = 30 + 1.65 * 5 = 38.25

Selection of Water – Cement Ratio

From table 5, of IS 456, maximum water cement ratio (see Note under 4.1) = 0.45
Based on experience, adopt water cement ratio =0.35
0.35 < 0.45,
Hence ok.

Selection of Water Content

Maximum water content for 20 mm aggregate size = 186 lit
Estimated water content for 100 mm slump = 186 + 6/100*186 = 197 lit

Mix Design For Replacement of Fly Ash By 5%

 Water – cement ratio = 0.35
 Cementitious material (cement + fly ash) content = 197/0.35 = 562.86 kg/m3> 450 kg/m3
 Hence, consider cement content = 450 kg/m3………(From IS 456, clause no.8.2.4.2)
 From table 5, of IS 456, minimum cement content for sever exposure condition = 320
kg/m3
 450 kg / m3> 320 kg/m3
 Hence ok.
 Cementitious material content = 450* 1.10 = 495 kg/m3
 Hence, consider cementitious material content = 495 kg/m3
 Water content = 197 kg/m3

w/c ratio = 197/495 = 0.39, but consider w/c ratio = 0.35
 Fly ash @ of 5 % of total cementitious material = 495 * 5%
 = 24.75 kg / m3
 Cement (OPC) = 495 – 24.75 = 470.25 kg/m3
 11. Saving cement using fly ash = 495 – 470.25 = 24.75 kg/m3

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 Journal of Recent Activities in Architectural Sciences
Volume 1 Issue 3

 12. Fly ash being utilized = 24.75 kg/m3

Mix Calculation
a. Volume of concrete = 1 m3
b. Volume of cement = mass of cement / specific gravity * 1/1000
= 495/3.15 *1/1000 = 0.157 m3
c. Volume of fly ash = (mass of fly ash/specific gravity of fly ash) * (1/1000)
= 24.75/1 * 1/1000 = 0.025 m3
d. Volume of water = (mass of water/specific gravity)* (1/1000)
= 197/1 * 1/1000 = 0.197
e. Volume of all in aggregate = ( a – (b+c+d))
= (1-(0.157+0.025+0.197))
= 0.621 m3
f. Mass of coarse aggregate = e*volume of coarse aggregate*specific gravity of coarse
aggregate*1000
= 0.621 * 0.58 * 2.74 * 1000 = 986.89 kg = 1000 kg

Mix Proportion
 Cement = 495 kg / m3
 Water = 0.197 m3
 Aggregate = 1000 kg
 Fly ash = 24.75 kg
 Water cement ratio = 0.35
 Ratio = (C : S : A : F) = (1 : 0 : 2.02 : 0.05)

Mix Proportion For M30 Grade Of Concrete By The Replacement Of Ground Granulated
Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)
Stipulation For Proportion
 Type of mineral admixture = GGBS
 Maximum nominal size of aggregate = 20mm
 Minimum cement content = 350 kg/m3

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 Journal of Recent Activities in Architectural Sciences
Volume 1 Issue 3

 Maximum water cement ratio = 0.35

 Workability = 100mm (slump)
 Exposure condition = Severe (for reinforced concrete)
 Method of concrete placing = Pumping
 Degree of supervision = Good
 Type of aggregate = Crushed angular aggregate
 Maximum cement content = 350 kg / m3

Test data for materials

 Cement used = OPC
 Specific gravity of cement = 3.15
 GGBS = Recommended
 Specific gravity of GGBS = 2.45
 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.74
 Water absorption = coarse aggregate = 0.5%
 Free-moisture=coarse aggregate -= Nil

Target strength for mix proportioning

From table 1, of IS 10262 : 2009, Standard deviation, s = 5 N/mm2
Therefore, target strength = 30 + 1.65 * 5 = 38.25

Selection of water – cement ratio

From table 5, of IS 456, maximum water cement ratio (see Note under 4.1) = 0.45
Based on experience, adopt water cement ratio =0.35 (0.35 < 0.45, hence ok.)

Selection of water content

From table 5, from IS 10262 : 2009, Maximum water cement ratio for 20mm aggregate size =
186 lit
Estimated water content for 100 mm slump = 186 +(6/100) * 186 =197 lit

Calculation of cement and GGBS content

 Water cement ratio = 0.35

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 Journal of Recent Activities in Architectural Sciences
Volume 1 Issue 3

Cementitious material (cement +GGBS) content= 197/0.35= 562.85 kg/m3> 450 kg/m3
 Hence, consider cement content = 450 kg/m3………(From IS 456, clause no.8.2.4.2)
 From table 5, of IS 456, minimum cement content for severe exposure condition = 320 kg
/ m3
 450 kg/m3> 320 kg/m3,
 Hence, ok.
 Cementitious material content = 450 * 1.10 = 495 kg /m3
 Hence, consider cementitious material content = 495 kg/m3
 Water content =197 lit
 Water cement ratio = 197/495 = 0.43, but consider w/c ratio = 0.35
 GGBS @ 5% of total cementitious material content = 495*5%
o = 24.75 kg/m3
 Cement (OPC) = 495-24.75 = 470.25 kg/m3
 Saving cement using GGBS == 495 – 470.25 = 24.75 kg/m3

GGBS being utilized = 24.75 kg/m3

Mix calculation
a. Volume of concrete = 1m3
b. Volume of cement = (mass of cement/specific gravity of cement)* (1/1000)
= 495/3.15 *1/1000
= 0.157 m3
c. Volume of GGBS = (mass of GGBS/specific gravity of GGBS) * (1/1000)
= (24.75/2.45) *(1/1000)
= 0.01 m3

d. Volume of water = (mass of water/specific gravity)* (1/1000)

= (197/1)*(1/1000)
= 0.197 m3
e. Volume of all in aggregate = (a-(b+c+d))
= ( 1- (0.157+0.01+0.197))
= 0.636 m3

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 Journal of Recent Activities in Architectural Sciences
Volume 1 Issue 3

f. Mass of coarse aggregate = (e*volume of coarse aggregate*specific gravity of

coarse aggregate *1000)
= (0.636*0.58*2.74*1000)
= 1010.73 kg = 1015 kg

Mix proportion
 Cement = 495 kg /m3
 GGBS = 24.75 kg/m3
 Water = 197 lit
 Coarse aggregate = 1015 kg
 Water-cement ratio = 0.35
 Ratio = (C : S : A : G) = (1 : 0 : 2.05 : 0.05)

CONCLUSION
The pervious concrete needs proper mix design. The mix design for the replacement of the
cement in the concrete by fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag up to a few
percentage. The proportion of cement, fly ash or GGBS, water, coarse aggregate and water-
cement ratio have been calculated with the help of Indian standard code (IS: 10262 : 2009).
To cast the concrete cubes the mix design is very essential. The testing such as compressive
strength, split tensile strength, workability test, etc can be conducted properly for the pervious
concrete. The data obtained in this research paper is very useful for further procedure related
to the concreting procedure.

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Volume 1 Issue 3

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